—_ Toots oF Posittve ANALysis ee ke rg a ‘zn tar apr yr TA Was Coin Oe ‘yh nen pla gay Se ee ‘Scere mr gent lan Reape i ee nee cl caper te ‘memes Ka sete had sa ogee So see eee > THE ROLE OF THEORY EEN wd ey suet ay Se eg oa rr Ram's a $1 et Ra Te gs eco Ro ‘ay wiry Hes tak yn two ep ‘ieee not reo ec sue eee "many woe Boe ey a nis sey tr pe Se ch ee ‘mere le it ef So ang gly eh i aa pie eae Xtal eo Sov thcaee ert oper meee oc er pe Sinton ts mong ar wy satnctc sl wong pons ‘Rane ee se tp nas ob neg oo SN pap ‘Sictue sa Sto fest Regent noe ee To “i a iy a ee aes ain Sate Sr a thr apt yep or ‘Sty soct capers ey emt rt ‘tio rts Se el thee ee, sot pa nc Ga s ere et ng ste ‘helt gs oi oe ne{Es Semi vy ge sae a ee ‘gar ii eigen a Te Sack sing espa me Bite hate beam data aeytane Canera ‘beamed oa ema nat » CAUSATION VERSUS CORRELATION ‘empl hein at nen ig Shire or am men pg le raat eta ri : ‘Stew Xr tn ayes Yer fet mie i. ia i theo och ec ‘2 eto en yan lea fuser en ce ees ee le sthcateraw ance See cues ‘Sm Frames Ube a yp hgh remade pba Hie cane ia feta ‘Eee cs er rch hoe aes es lengencvommestaieat timers atte Rees Easesdih tec itn cata ro ‘toh ton ee ties bet poe sa es Tt ep fo ng alah y Ta rea or ft pe ee sat ‘tad he penn cn ie Ha ee ‘sary The on at oe fun ng en ae soe wae ‘ent tu do te age hale ye Sey a ‘imate tas lye Oe maint opi yeas » EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Spa mg nt re mem an Seen te maracas the ‘Sin te png fa aa hl aps te ge bX ha a bsered inact wih the impact of cutie fc. a det be competing, Sele St as i Sa ae peed ee an ph yt SS cantina PSeS teeters ec eon wt pix, A al ens Seer mencseccit spe“ teeta we mene a hee en eee enememeear ‘Shemini mee Nee nah ese Sere eect Pesta nee ee me ee eoneeresame sans See — Gemnrternmengrpa ne vil fn Wit een spe eye iScpicscepeeseees =o ‘itn St eal eine noe ome aati ee eens {fear Une patie ait ee Ra a el cee ye peat Bt Sa) ely. eps a fey he ml ‘Sencar si pe ee ay hae Fane enatee eee Saneitetgoreenaeceniae iaauare seeemeees Conducting an Experimental Study lg enn ly oe in of Ueno err ei “ean” wey to rk el ge pe a pt ee es sarin o be these on menage. The final sep it» comvare th beegaect ‘Rett dn ast ws page ae ee pose SSE Seven sw ear ena Pitfalls of Experimental Studies Sastre Siac Spon remain et ‘Respro wa say eng oe eto oe Se eesoee oe reel Se ree cater Seacrest ZA beateaeseeroee ee emer a ange trae Po, ‘Hf ts a wegen ley ear ne veh “omuinon fhe mene, ih en nto coc the ‘cap te cpr wh ao Sool een teal ca SSE St perth rnp ied pen pe pci yt ee eon ‘Spethen et ned hen er cample wpe we Salon expen ‘mouth mae tgs peo a ny haeein ean Serhied amen, Rees oa ‘Pret af $50 wo ae hf at tt 3, eins eee ne he cin a Po ‘fA etc ay on tev hy Son pe sep sen, Ine py he aay win ay Scheitce ll Name war Scere ey th Sy op ar mere ri pe > OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES egal se ly fe sein rey inp ee ite Wel ae ccm ein so ep at we a oly ll 2 pms Conducting an Observational Study pecnomnte tee SEC Snfe nce cieenss Emiiievatasefarcanee cme cohen eerees Shas see Siew aes re eee eee nana ea : Saas oe Sees eee See See cooss Sa Sctineescsee Se ae eer Soap cocoa See i SSeee ae gon or ce of pin ck |e BESS c oe Soe in were ee ‘ome tach dak ad ine Na et 1 i "Sti tte ac npn eed te ene hn Eee | ‘econ cna ete pet ee Tse et Sa ar aadce Tapes af Data Rapeson ys ccs wg Stern yes of | argh deren ce cnc es ies | EERE Ries ine lalate ‘clin aah naan! a nin fas coe inti er met aan Sees ae singe we pec ace ne ME hn ae Pitfalls of Observational Studies rb pas ea ap age Ox ges ma eee Sk Wet me rae sp ara a nd SS ere aetna nen Be ee ‘wt smemay gy cama ewe a rfc the {feo car shes pct vier we rt og bos Sy mal ete ee i ei sat © lace gases in he ers ae er ‘ees ss aloe ei en te vee ‘ce at ekg tw nn cnr sso a ae ‘esl oe npn wii wap minor cen gm ‘fe actors aise mn eran tape en tree goto we me ae a eS a fh ae nla rt ve ser era agi lee eda Snr wer ne eyo meme pei REGSOES fools eet rt ste ee tere ihr sag hose pyc i ah ‘Dp in ceri ey pe fl ioe sn ur a pong Seen ene gant ene Sarin sore pay co > QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES {atte may be ctor impose to perm Otveveona des ate ‘Seis Soe oe alta of ah Ace fees hes Sea Sef cmon ean cal oni, Tce sl ae Eeiae aioe aware pee i rae se eae Sloss ea eeee eee ‘Scamp or rote ncce we fm ne cea ae Shins eed ae me er conpary Howes weft ee wo SS mae Esai eeS THEIConducting a Quasi-Experimental Study ‘ett aps ena: ed go ae Sete tn en fade in as Xow Smee eed uct oad So at ‘tan Seta at td ‘sp lly cons me sed ea ikon a eee smn py wl ene gna ‘Str yw ot se sr Ran elu eae ae "thee rc ec Sara it ae ose ne inn te tts emer ese oe ae ‘to etc hog tS ip ei {Ser wy at fis Se oy a ihre eon tas in hy ee 991 pl oa lee ian ‘hcl go fo» ads a at yee wt os ‘Snome aapes any pia pnt ne tee ‘hur town on bei gon rota te (Ch cree pan eprint che 2 Soe peda pap fn ae We oe fa ellis ees ee fein ele tran eas ae ee peti die eae rarmas ee one ch ie at Ch sat md en aca Ga ‘ned ee Kener [99] As dss ere enc fa da ot Fone ceeea seen ome yee cum a Saale eng consi tre te, Soe see erence oe SSS ete ‘isang besa bth ce ty te ard race. pra ene cones eerie semen on coe ete eee Stages ceascan eta {1 Ss ccm, My ters le ame wen med sicee feamarna darncuneeos ‘ste Hoty on tn tot te cer ett oe Eon Dicontinaly ua pint Se iy eae semi er towel noes rane ‘at ‘te ia te se ce ee a Nae ‘Pp pay eres sso St aad eo a Ra+ Beem eos ee ay tw ele pc + Bet tie sae en pe sees See pa eee et ocean Discussion Questions Weer PU cent ts a ne cheteonemae SS Sma Sige nacre pa piercse oe Leh Bec meruniens See Soneesna =e Se Seuss SS ie cna Metre itu eeage bah tena nto expen, spn of nari woe sc ia er me is ‘Sr wy te mat cons ane ‘pre tpt outer cong eset depo be pes a See er tet ‘Shc’ tie Be eau ook ih ras to ange oe ‘Senge a fw ms Gicatemeiddeone yates ‘Bevin a cons orga tc Seat ce gc i tp ‘cipro peste dene ‘tie at mnren areo Spires Set Tor wm the barat wren Soe ee cmd 2 pce * ioe ivi te nin a ‘Sue se vs We cel ot ‘ewe tao cea pow Stin Gmeen oat aio tps oatentr aati SCS a pt ges oF = fa 8 falete svn py vou ago end nba. In iy ho i et es et we Shas cain Sanne ae eelloes eae een dc ‘th od Liz 200 ck ao poy iin a 1986 by te CONCLUSIONS beecceraetcetaptety ts te ec cgusicemier meters pacer So Saas cicero pec tease emalionwammennanee EES Soap rtoncme SS eet en source eee oe ee ered Sioaieaecseeecunr nee Shae ate eee Eee cueoonenomcmanee Gee isarsiem etre: (Si Sioer por tres Recent tee ‘Sonu Sica eer oro eeeerecenremes on atop iaoses eaten Sais coe eacrone Se ereeseneasmacea pee eee cea Om a of be Se of we Saco pre me + Hoses ary pers me aes bn fee ‘se tes honed, isos cup oes ewe Soares ht ‘pate Bes am ca seltonip een ere lay HEiaemeenin mee SS eal nr ‘hve occured Tait iat we he eso det Be en a icin cv ie sae pay na re eg. ‘ict tr oe fc wl astsec cfm si a i tn Eater Soe a, es Stemesness Eoin, Eat Sohn ararmdo sf cheecimmecnpa™ “ean ta te os Kenton weep Cea ct Et ie ts her ete ‘Bi ites omic cae itgene peo Meal te peecerene Suvaamnena ioe eees gra as we feet Acar tcc “Man Siom pat eerie” ler Sc Ot ‘med = src ol agi omen cas, , Ses ema! ete, Sea asa et SC iemdncadeie "Spices cate memnm. «Spr es oe a ieee Saleen so Sateen chotopioss ‘Sih ae etc eee ‘ag? Ht mel you cn leer ‘item oust semi eng Sg Wamp mo ed he ‘Seeen ieee ea "ined ht vaen cio Pe eee eet ety jm ete ec reba snaralzes ° opment endo Doiecctiienn | Asante sem, BSSENAS ines oeeiomtatee Fierce ki Geteoege ietaters eine ca tei tices Yor mth ormnd Sietar"wg ree Sonera ncn termers peer mie hea Tininimies Ehren te Spies oa MO mie Set de roms pete eects pie mec srmnte a 0s tg aoe en an Sih feet acattey Sytem pe id Sac See Serneemetee «Loves eneoe eee interme Say * bi Staats Sees ge iccntyedes | Merstamwe i lteact Seoeiieeetelindic guarantee cmon Sea Se eeerat St 20) How nips tam wine ss ea a eae Sirota ona tnremionce: IG Cm oes mae a See + Fepinen es fer sie way SGeseew uate “Reenter e Serer agers, Spares aioe | P sceeetereeeeie * leet eee Sac Se Spaces SSeS ors Sacra yee scenes Eiewcmeaneee tite Sateen isrskyaarte «Leterme amr Sa erase te a a carmen ‘pymen dae ‘ce ans psn gue ph tence lwecimtihy “Siewert teen Soca cee ih cannes Sheena =a a a Peete —— ao fe rein caitataey> hr ntes ¢ care y eee coe, Rogie ey aes cies ew ee Se ha ‘ced wh Si he ae as You mS oni Siri retraced epee Sng ceo er pee eee ee Sere Ne roe etal eta eee ‘Mit fcc pe plat mando tt eds en Stglectancacen wea Sienna ‘Shwe mee ty He waned ot mc Riser oneetan mercer * Me ie cn ‘ea pate eee eee (een he hontipnces ZBL Geet cy erm ttt, eae te at See to ie a a feted tno eee Sige fs SE, rowan wes ec. RAND eye o ea eae of Semele iene atmey Sepa een temic ee aenntecimated er ease cer man Minar ah Sieetcte te 5 poets cee Sere te at ely fete mnie pe {emo pls ow cal vou aes tha rt feet ae ‘lang emelag Smteesmpeccfioh 9p ae see noe ey tae