1.

Inthe1500sbonenameswerestandardizedbyafewbrilliantinnovators,Oneofmany
examplesaretheribs.Ribcomefromashortenedversionribbe,whichisanAngloSaxon
word.Anotherexampleisthevertebra,itwasderivedfromthelatinwordverto,whichmeans
toturn.Celsus,whichwasinaboutA.D.30usedthatnametodesignateanyjointaswellasa
boneofthespine.AnotherbonethatisgoingtobenamedistheRadius,whichcomesfromthe
latintermmeaningaray.ThisbonewasalsointroducedbyCelsus.TheRadiusisarodlike
boneoftheforearm,itgotitsnamefromitsshapewhichwasthoughttoresembleaspokeofa
wheel.

InthepicturefromlefttorightshowstheRib,Vertebra,andtheRadius.

Aperiosteumisamembranethatcoverstheoutersurfaceofallbones.Theperiosteumis
surroundedbyalayerofdenseconnectivetissue.Thetrabecularbonehasmanynames,itis
alsoknownasthecancellousboneorthespongybone.Thetrabecularboneisoneofthebone
tissuesfoundinthebody.Itismostlylocatedattheendsoflongbones,mainlyinpelvic
bones.Thecorticalbone,alsoknownasthecompactboneisoneofthetypesofosseous
tissuesthatformbones.Themainfunctionofthecorticalistoprotectthebodyanditsinternal
organs.

BoneMatrix
X

NormalBone

VinegarBone

CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

Present

Present

Absent

MineralSalts

Present

Absent

Present

DiseaseorDisorder

Diseaseofthe
parathyroidgland
whichiscalled
Hyperparathyroidism

Metabolic

Characteristics

Hard

SoftandMushy

Hard

Hyperparathyroidismiswhenyourparathyroidglandscontroltheamountofcalciumthatisin
yourbloodandyourbones.Thediseaseiskindofrare,butithappenstoabout1outof100
people.Thediseaseinmorecommonforwomenthanitisformales,forwomen1outof50
wouldgetit.Themetabolicdiseaseisaclusterofconditions.Whenyouhavethemetabolic
diseaseyouhave,increasedbloodpressure,highbloodsugarlevels,excessbodyfataround
thewaist,andabnormalcholesterollevels.Whenallthosethingsarehappeningatoncethen
thereisahighchancethatyouaregoingtohaveastroke.Whilehavingthatyouareincreasing
yourriskofgettingdiabetesoraheartdisease.

TheprimarygoalofthisresearchonProteinCellularInterfacesistounderstandhow
chemicalandphysicalstructuresaffecttheinteractionsbetweenproteinsandcellsin
guidingcellularbehaviortodevelopnovelregeneratedtissuematrices.Theywantedto
startbydesigningbiomimeticmaterialswithpreciselycontrolledstructuralorganizationthat
closelymimicsthenaturaltissueenvironmentiscriticalforthedevelopmentofregenerative
medicines.Theyhadmanyattemptsthathavebeenmadetomimicorcopynaturaltissue
microenvironmentsinvivobyusinganextracellularmatrixorsyntheticECMmimetic
materialstomanipulatetheECMsbiological,chemicalandmechanicalproperties.The
resultingstructuresimprovedcellbehavior,butemulatingcomplextissue
microenvironmentsusingconventionalapproachesisstillachallenge.Somethingthat
wouldbedesirableinthisresearchisamaterialthatmimicsthenanofibrousstructureof
theECM.Theyhaveanovelphasebasedbiomimeticnanofibermatricesthatcouldeasily
beengineeredtodisplayvariousbiochemicalclues.Theyhaverecentlyexpandedtheir
therapeuticresearchtothenotoriouscancertargetingbasedonthecollagendystrophy.
4.


5.
Everyoneismadewiththesamebonestructure.Asanadultyouhave206bonesthat
iswhatidentifiesusasahuman.Aboneisalivingtissuemadeupofcellswithinamatrixof
proteinandminerals.Theexternalshapeandinternalstructureismadetofitthebodyitisin.
Bonesalsohelpsthemusclestoo,itprovidesanattachmentsitetothemuscleswhichhelpus
movebymeansofjoints.Bonesarealsoprotectingourinternalorgans.Themainthingthat
bonesprotectisthebrain,spinalcord,heart,andthelungs.Boneshelpinforalongtimein
ourlife,andtheyalsolastalongtimeafterwedietoo.Thereasontheboneissostrongis
becausetheyhaveasmoothcompactbone,whichisfoundonallbonesurfaces,andthe
spongyporousboneandthatislocatedbetweenthecompactbonelayersandintheendsof
longbones.Marowsareveryimportanttoyourbody.ThemarrowissosignificantbecauseIt
makesredbloodcellswhichsupplyoxygentooursofttissues,andwhitebloodcellstofight
germsand/ordiseases.Oneothersignificantthingthatthemarrowdoesisitstoresand
releasesfatasweneedenergy.Thatisaveryimportantthingforathletesthatareinasportthat
requiresalotofrunningorrequiresyoutobeinshape.Onequestionaboutbonesthatmost
osteologistsgetis,howlongdoesyourboneslast?overtheyearosteologistshavefoundout
thatbonescanlastforhundredsandthousandsofyears.Thereasonthatbonesareableto
havethatlongonalifeexpectancyisbecauseofthecombinationofcollagensandminerals.The
uniquethingaboutbonesisthatosteologistsareabletoidentifythegenderofthebodyitwasin
justbylookingatthebones.Askeletaloverallsizeandsturdinessgivesthemclues.Males
havelarger,morerobustbonesandjointsurfaces,andmorebonedevelopmentatmuscle
attachmentsites.Thebestsexrelatedskeletalindicatoristhepelvisbecauseofthedistinct
featuresadaptedforchildbearing.Bonescantellyoualotofthings.Bonesalsohelpthepolice
andinvestigatorsonacrimethathasbeencommittedandnoonewastheretowitnessit.Inthe
forensicfilethepolicearetryingtodeterminewhetheramanaccidentallycaughtonfireanddied
fromtheburnsorwashisremainssetonfirebecausethepersontriedtodisguiseamurder.
Whentheosteologistsstartedtoinvestigatethebonetheystartedtonoticethings.Theynotice
thatthemalehadseverecutinhisskeletal,whichwouldhavetakenalarge,sharpknifeto
completelyslicethroughthebone.Whentheosteologistsdidmoreobservingtheynoticesthat
hehadhealedfracturesofthetibiaandfibula,nasalbonesandmaxillae,andpelvis.Whenthey
sawthoseinjuriestheyknewthatitwasamurdercaseandtheyfoundthemanthatdidittook
thesuspecttocourtwherehewasfoundguiltyofmurderandarson.