Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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An English
Latin-Trkmene
*******
1()
2()
(Lang.-.)(en-.)
An English Language
3()
4()
Page
1-28
29- 50
Dil Maz.(.-Lat.)-.
1-3-30 page
31-63 .
Sahypa
64-87
Latin-Trkmene tekst
88-111
114-132
133-160
6()
5()
5()
6()
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- A-28 . 1995
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G. A. Qarajayva
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. - [..1936 - ...] - . , .
1958 ., 1959-65. , . ,
, ., 1965-68 , -
-., 1968-72 ., 1972-81 .
"" ., 1981-88 . ., 1988-93
.., C 1993 - . -
., -. . , -. ., C 1990
.
Page 6 of 111
- The presence and supervision of a faculty member of the Supreme Scientific Council
of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan.
- As an organization outside of the academy, participated representatives of the Office of
Management Department of State University of Magtymguly Pyragy "Makhtumkuli
Firaghi" (Former Maxim Gorky)" of Turkmenistan,
- Official opponents:
- Professor Ata Jikiyev (Dzhykyev) A doctoral of histories sciences from the Institute of
History of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbekistan SSR, and academician in the
Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan.
- Dr. Kasim Nurbatov, - Ph.D. in philology from the Academy of Sciences of
Turkmenistan, Institute of Language and Literature on them. Makhtumkuli Pyragy.
- As well as academic researchers and Turkmenistan professors about Turkmen literature
and languages, including Prof. Dr. Nurmuhammet Ashyrpur Meredov.
- The now leader of national - religious of Iranian Turkmens, Welimuhammet Ahun
Arzanesh, and other researchers, and guests.
Expert Scientific Research Institute on behalf of the Sh. Batyrov of Academy of Sciences
of Turkmenistan, Candidate PhD of Sciences (appointed designated) research associate
OWNUK, Hangeldi Arazgeldi Ogli for the academic degree "PhD" defense was held on:
., 1993 ., . . 90-
. ., . . - - (.).
Page 7 of 111
The Post Card "Courier Happiness" from "Higher Certification Commission of Science
(okary Attestassion Kommissia)" April 1996
Page 8 of 111
"" " .2
25 . 1991 "
3
. [1]. ., , , 3, 1992. ()
* (Bibi Rabia Logashova, The author of the book "Iranian Turkmens" translated Quiros (Sayros) Izadi; Hussein
Tahvili- Original: Russian language - Publication of "knowledge", Moscow - 1976. During the occupation, the author
of these lines (1992), during their presence of the Institute, she had met for some time in the lectures, and the
latest in the company's achievements were the subject of his research notes (years 1990-1994).).
: - " " - *
. - " "
.)1994-1990 (
Page 9 of 111
Based on these events that deal with the theme of "Gulistan", "Turkmenchay", "Akhal
teke" and "Gul Jamal Khan", a strong frontier between the kings Russia and Iran was
created and implemented.
The Republic of Turkmenistan followed the boundary lines between Russia and Iran.
These were: the Atrak River in the north (bordering Russia), to the mountainous region in
the south, reaching from Ghara Su in the west, to Sarakhs in the east; all of which are
located in Iran. These borders were created, based on the contracts set in the end of the
19th century and remaining until today. Even after the fall of the monarchy in Russia, this
border in the Soviet Union is remained intact.
According to the documents about the Turkmens (Turkmenistan) border, we see not
only present borders, but borders going 70 km beyond the slopes northern of the Alborz
Mountains that was controlled by Iran, but supported by Britain!
This situation was mentioned in a book by the famous Russian traveler G. S. Carelin
/. . / in 1839, who wrote: "Yomut Turkmen tribes in the fertile lands with its
waters and rivers, Gharehsou, Gorgan and Atrak are irrigating, and have had housing
during this long historical period. Gharehsou rivers' lines, have been separated the Yomut
Turkmens from lands of Iran and residents of Astarabad (modern Gorgan), as well as the
real border and has been recognized it true. Due south to the border of the river
Gharehsou, even a Persian village can be found there."5 But with the help of Britain's
monarchy, they could have drawn natural boundaries lines in the south of the Atrak
River.
In the years 1978-1979, the people who lived in Iran, in order to gain freedom and
democracy against imperialism and its agents, began and uprising. With this political
storm, there were waves of protests against the centralized government of Mohammad
Reza Pahlavi. The Turkmens also started moving in the direction of justice as they had
been denied their rights. The result was new political forces manifested. With the fall of
the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, the people repressed by imperialism were released. For this
one year, the Turkmens gained political and cultural rights for "self-determination";
regained lost land and water, system-wide cultural and political rights, and once again,
development peaked. Parallel to these movements, cultural and political activities
increased, and functional literacy in the nation's national language in the Turkmensahra
was started. They used slogans such as "rural councils and peasant councils should be
established!", "Back recaptured usurped farms land!", "Education is the national language
5
Page 10 of 111
like as "Okuw gerek, khat gerek, turkmene mekdep gerek! (need education, need native
alphabet, required turkmen schools is!)," A new writing graphics "ABC" is needed!",
"Turkmen schools should be established!", Establishment of education in the national
language, to be accepted as a principle!, With these goals in mind, the nation and the
street protests reached their peak. They found success in their goals, but in early 1980,
again lost their independence with the development of newly formed fundamentalist
organizations and a religious fundamentalist government in Iran including the city of
Gonbad-Qabus, the will of the Turkmen people was once again to demand selfdetermination and independence.
The 1979-1980 movement of the Turkmen people was successful. The autonomy of
the Turkmens in Iran continued for over a year. Reforms including land, water, and
agriculture, general economic, social, cultural and public reforms were undertaken.
Organizational efforts were centered in "Headquarters"6 in the capital city of GonbadQabus.
After the revolution in Iran, the newly formed government of Iran could not
completely eliminate the system that had been revolutionized by the independent
Turkmens. The Council managed by Turkmen people, the village councils, city councils
and peasant councils did not disappear, but had their names and titles changed to the
"Islamic councils".
Thus, the leading intellectuals of Turkmen (Turkmen political and cultural leaders)
believed that as a national duty to the people of Turkmensahra, they needed to launch and
implement the "Council Autonomy system". This organization remains until today, but
the original founders of this movement were taken into captivity and sentenced to death
or to a term of life imprisonment by the religious, fundamentalist government. As a
result, the leadership was broken, and others were forced to relocate to countries outside
of Iran.
This turn of events in the history of Turkmens left footprints that can be seen today.
This incident led to research in the pages of newspapers and magazines and in the form of
a variety of scientific research works and publications. However, the facts have not been
widely published in the Turkmen language.
In scientific research, about the Turkmen People's attitudes to education in the 19th
century, we have witness to see these rows. In the first half of this century, a Russian
6
. At that time, the centrality of rural and peasant councils were called in the Turkmen government autonomy with
this name.
Page 11 of 111
writer, A. Burns, wrote: "There is no mosque in the Turkmen. Their prayers in alcove or
in the open field, which is considered to prayers, took place. Among them are not many
mullahs, in the Spiritual among them not highly respected" 7 However, looking at other
sources from the same period, we see that the practice of Islam was respected amongst
the Turkmens, but not respected by those outside of Turkmenistan.
The Turkmens of Iran are economically and politically dependent on the capitalist and
fundamentalism of Iran. However, spiritual and religious aspects of the culture, and
autonomy and national pride have not been forgotten. The rich base of arts and Turkmen
literature continue, despite attempts to weaken it through national oppression and
discrimination by the government of anti-Turkmens concentrated in Iran. They are
resistant and will not be beaten. Headstrong national cultural activists, that in some
cases, were inevitably separated due to the hard conditions of the country, emigrated
from the motherland, consolidated their positions in the psyche of the Turkmen nation, to
ensure the development of and perpetuation of their culture. Thus, "the Iranian Turkmens,
in the context of the original source of national culture - art, literature, and cultural
attitudes towards their new life and growth dynamics will ensure that future generations
of Turkmen intellectuals will have a source of literature".
. . , , , 1863 ., . 3. . 83.
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Other resources have been accessed, but not able to be dated. Among them, magazine
publications such as "Yol", "Durmush", "Ak-Yol" in Azerbaijani and Turkmen languages
were only published for four or five issues, and were not viable. These publications were
received from the scientific and cultural centers of the Republic of Turkmenistan, and
were reference and studied. That articles and content of these journals includes cultural
events, artists, writers and poets of Turkmen of Iran. Unfortunately, the release of these
publications, while they are progressive, has them confined to a very short period of time.
For seven or eight years after the Iranian revolution, cultural and artistic literature
related to the histories, ethnography, literature, culture, art and Turkmen language in Iran,
was beginning to spread. Included in this was a collection of poems in the Turkmen
language by poet Sattar Soughi; a book titled "The Iranian Turkmens" of Dr.
Mohammadreza Bekdeli; a book by the Dr. Javad Heyat entitled "Overview of the
history of Turkic languages and dialects them"; an album by N. Kasrain and Z. Arshi
entitled "Turkmens Iran" with a 30-page introduction; the book "History of Turkistan" of
A. Sarli; and a publication of the Divan-e Makhtumkuli (translated into Persian). Even
though most of them were examined, but because of the narrowness the time, could not
be to study them recently.
The lack of access to these publications clearly represents a general and deep crisis of
political, social and cultural rights of the ethnics in Iran.
Sources in Persian and English translated to Persian were also studied. Among them
are works by rmin Vmbry entitled "Travels the false dervish in the Khanate of
Central Asia /Travels in Central Asia/"; and Explore Letter/Siyahatnameyeh/ "Memories"
by Lady Shell, who was in Ashuradeh in the years 1851-1836 as the representative of the
United Kingdom with the Russians. Both works were translated from English and then
published in Persian. As well, the "History of Iran" by Sir Percy Sykes, "Iran's foreign
relations history" by A. H. Mahdavi, "The war with the Turkmens" Arthur de Gobineau
(as a historical novel), and similar literature were reviewed.
Page 15 of 111
Therefore, the lives of the writers reflect their experiences, their place and their time.
Works of classical poets and writers who have emerged in the second half of the
nineteenth century is evidence of this belief.
As experience controls art, Turkmen literature has been enriched by the disclosure of
peoples living conditions and their circumstances. The Turkmen narrative encompasses
historical events, literature and individualized experiences, which results in historical
figures coming to life and a rich literary and factual history.
Every historical event depends on the prevailing social conditions of the time and the
result is literature and history. These, in turn, create other events, which become a part of
the historical record. Any researcher of history must carefully select and follow the
expressions their time period.
This thesis examines the dynamics of Turkmen Peoples literature in the second half of
the twentieth century, according to the characteristics of that period. It has been stated
that this era was a period of stagnation of literature in the Turkmen culture. The literary
movement of the time was quite stagnant, and in some cases, we are dealing with a lack
of dynamic literature. As a result, this period in the history of the Turkmen people can be
described as a missed opportunity in literature as a whole.
In the process of the resurgence of the Turkmen people, with the collapse of the Tsarist
dictatorship in Russia, the attitude of the writers of the period were divided into two
parts. However, today, because of the current situation under the rule of religious
fundamentalists in Iran, recent events in literature can be divided into 3 categories
(described in the thesis).
Literary developments and challenges occur in relation to socio-political processes,
and do not occur in isolation. Literature can be likened to a sharp knife: tied to ones
ideology, and serving ones own class. It is a powerful thing that can affect the minds and
emotions of the rest of society. It is a philosophical fact that two types of socio-cultural
literature can be identified - progressive and reactionary. Thus, taking into
consideration of the circumstances and social context in the Iran of the late 1970s and
the current situation in Iran, we find that there are not two varieties of literature, but,
rather, three varieties. Our thesis themes emanate from these three sources, and they are
discussed with regard to the special origins of this circumstance. These three branches of
literature include: the government sanctioned and controlled literature; the protest, antigovernment literature; and the third branch, which is a more neutral perspective of the
socio-cultural and political situation of the times.
Page 16 of 111
In the process of this research, special attention was paid to the origins of the literary
style of Makhtumkuli poetry and literature, and the ancient sources of influence on his
work. Makhtumkuli Fragi, a great Turkmen poet and writer, is compared to creative and
respected Iranian greats including Hafez, Qa'ani, Sa'adi, and Firdausi, as literary
contemporaries of comparable rates.
Nowadays, the spread and use of a literary style related to free poetry has had an
influence on the writing styles of Turkmen poets. As a result, the popularity of free
poetry in the national language of modernist poets of the Turkmen literature has
attracted our attention. In this style of writing, the poet is able to speak real thoughts
without prejudice to the rules of cumbersome classical poetry. This creative style enables
the poet to articulate free thinking and open-mindedness in a softer expression than in
plain text, while still enabling an understanding of the message as in text.
In this thesis, the idea that a Turkmen People's native language-specific alphabet is
considered to be a necessity and the establishment of a Center for National Language
Education and Turkmen literature has been proposed.
Nowadays, in the context of the current geographic integrity, several plans have been
proposed to regulate the Turkmen alphabet. However, none of them have been agreed
upon. Most writers use the Arabic-Persian alphabet in Iran for the Turkmen language. As
a consequence, a certain number of problems are associated with this. Public opinion and
the opinion of the Turkmen intellectuals have agreed that in the future, there should be a
transition to the Latin alphabet.
In the course of this thesis, the experiences of the Iranian Turkmens are examined.
This includes the results of the creation of a democratic public campaign against the
monarchy of Iran in 1979 and how it affected the Turkmens. For more than a year, the
suppression of national civil, economic, and cultural right led to universal suffrage, and
launched the autonomous council of Turkmensahra. During this time, the religious
fundamentalists in Iran used the full force of the organized American military's previous
system (though at this time in dealing with the internal affairs of Iran, the Iranian military
had announced their impartiality) to attack Turkmensehra in order to overthrow the
autonomy of the Turkmens and their political leaders. Captivity and death or long prison
sentences were the punishments. This situation has had an impact on the attitude of
literary and artistic work, scientific research and cultural articles in newspapers and
magazines. The study and research of the events continues until the period of
independence of the Republic of Turkmenistan in 1991.
Page 17 of 111
Page 18 of 111
The first paragraph of the first chapter is about the expansion of government power in
Iran, Khiva, Russia, and the resistance and struggles of the Turkmens against this
expansionism. Invasions and attacks from these governments led to the plunder of the
spiritual and material wealth of this simple country, the failure of acceptance by the
Turkmens of their captivity, and their struggle to preserve their beautiful land. This was
reflected in all genres of poetic expression and in the artwork of Turkmen poets and
writers. Through this literature and their lasting influence on our classic poets, many
historical events and circumstances are revealed and appear. This subject is broadly
addressed in this dissertation.
As mentioned above, during the process of government expansion, Gorgan came under
Russian domination.8 In 1819, the Khan of Khiva, Mohammad Rahim Khan, attacked the
territory of Gorgan (Turkmensahra). In 1836, the Kings of Iran made a motion to
suppress the independence of the Turkmen regions of Atrak to Gorgan. In order to
accomplish this, Irans king requested help through the sea from the Russian monarchy.
In diplomatic terms, the king helped Russia establish a military base in the southwest
corner of the region, near the Caspian Sea. This actions was ostensibly to support the
Iranian government and their goals. When the Island of Ashur-Ada was seized by the
Russians, this co-operative relationship was proven to be a farce. In 1841, the Russians
usurped the Turkmen Ashuradeh territories. The Ashuradeh was captured by the Russian
military, and the Shah of Iran realized that confiscating them would meet with strong
aggression from both the Russians and the Turkmen resistance movement.9
The period of Russian dominance in Ashuradeh, as well as the resistance and struggle
of the Turkmens against the Russians and Iran, relies on a variety of sources and
citations. The documentation of research is also discussed. According the agreement of
February 1921, Russia signed the agreement that gave the area back to Iran.10 An
accurate and complete detail about the strategic role of Ashuradeh with regard to the
relations of the Russian monarchy, Iran and Turkmenistan, is given by the Academician
of the Academy of Sciences Murad Annanepesov research information.
In 1837, the governments of Russia and Iran recognized the border between them.
They used these borders to suppress and punish the Turkmens who lived in the middle of
the rivers Gharehsou and Atrak. This crackdown prevented any Turkmen movements
against the Russians. The Russians were not willing to have a relationship with Turkmen,
8
Page 19 of 111
because the Turkmens were fighting against the tyranny of the government of Iran, and
searching for refuge from the Iranians with the Russian government. For these reasons,
Iran perceived the relationship between Turkmen and Russia to be deepened and
unimpeachable controversial.11
Armin Vambery lived among the Turkmens in Atrak - Gorgan in the role of a false
dervish, and had been searching for and spy on all of the Turkmen villages. When he was
staying in Kumish Depe among the Turkmens, in relation to issues social-political area,
he was busy collecting and reporting information to Europe. He had also invited all the
Turkmens to rebel against the Russians.
In the XIX century, in the jetty of port Ashuradeh, economic and political growth was
considerable. Russian businessmen were willing to have proprietary trading revenues.12
Also in that century, there were incessant raids against the Turkmens by Iran.
The second paragraph of the first chapter of the thesis, has the theme "The Southwest
Turkmen literature of transition between the XIX-XX centuries". It examines famous
figures of the period and the works of many poets whose names are now unknown. The
first investigation is on the social conditions of life of Turkmens in the southwest. Among
them, the names of many characters are introduced and each of them are examples of
poetry and verse. For example, one of them "AllahKuli Sayadly (Allaguly Saatly)" is
included in the following lines:
Arryk-Sakgal diirler i owal bada,
Purkazy grersi mydam swede,
kgn-de, Gyzylda, hli Tumada,
er istese medan erlerim bardyr.13
Translation:
Saying, Arryk14 and Sakgalis15 are at the forefront,
You always can see tribe Purqazs16 at front of war,
In Chukgans17, the Gyzils18 and in the all Tumachs19,
11
Page 20 of 111
. Too
. Too
.279-276 . 1965 . . " " .20
Page 21 of 111
Page 22 of 111
The second paragraph of this chapter is entitled "The effect of old Iranian literature
references to the works of Magtymguly". The great poet Makhtumkuli used a
comparative method, with common examples of lyric poets of classical Persian literature
in creating literature reviews. With examples of literary formats applied at an optimal
level and at the same rhythms and poetic styles, Makhtumkuli Fragi has been able to
enhance Turkmen creativity. For this reason, special consideration of Fragis work was
conducted. Also in this paragraph, the styles and varied forms of Persian literature are
investigated.
One of the features in our classic literature in the effort and resistance against "Persian
- Arabic" languages and literature is the use of the Turkmen language. In the
Makhtumkuli period, he made strong efforts to preserve and promote the Turkmen
language and literature, by using fewer Arabic and Persian words. Since the XVII-XVIII
centuries, poets using the Turkic language have attempted to publish in the Arab and
Persian linguistic sphere. Therefore, the Arabic words and terms - with their Persian
Turkish texts are located in the Turkmen context.
The fourth paragraph of the third chapter is about the Turkmen language and its
alphabet, and how popular it became. It examines the importance of language and the
history of its dynamic growth; the degree of influence over its neighbours Literature; and
the degeneration and disintegration of language based on some of the social and political
conditions.
The results and consequences of this situation are described in the following sentence:
"As if the Turkmen language and literature, a standard method "text - graphical" to be
ignored and, if do not follow a certain rule to learning, then the language and culture of
Turkmens who are living into that conditions, no doubt, no development, but to
deterioration and destruction over time, like died.
In the XVIII century, one of the national Turkmen poets, mentioned in his works 25
Turkmen "Tamugha ( ")letters as the common alphabet among all Turkic tribes. In
one of his poems, he described the symptoms of the tragedy that killed the Turkic
alphabet as a visitation from heaven. Similarly, he had the boldness and audacity in this
period to describe the "word of Arabic as a culture vulture to the Turkmens" and it
eliminated or "ate" Turkish words. A poet in the poem "Gozel yigrimibash (Gzel igrim
b" wrote this:
Bir Asmany bela inip nahandan,
Page 23 of 111
24
Page 24 of 111
. . . " " (. . .
, ., 1928, . 1, ., 1979),
29
. . , " ", " ", , 1990 ., 183- .
. 1370 29-28
" " .30
Page 25 of 111
Original resources:
1. -
. - . . .
, 1994 . 6 .
2. , "
V: / /,
, 1994 . . 10.
3. ,
" ", ,
, / -
/, , "", 1994. . 86.- .
4. , , , "" , 1995
. 7, 10 .
5. - ,
, . . . 1995 . 8 .
6. . "
",
, 1995 .
. ...
Page 26 of 111
[An English]
"An ANNOTATION of ABSTRACT" of my dissertation work
Writer annotation: Dr. Kurbanov Handurdy
PhD work OVNUK, Hangeldi Arazgeldi Ogly on the
"Cultural History of Turkmens of Iran (XIX - XX centuries)"
is dedicated to the actual topic in the history of the Turkmen
people.
The work consists of an introduction, three chapters,
conclusion and bibliography.
In the introduction the urgency and failure of the problem,
directs to a specific goal and objectives of the study.
The first chapter deals with the works, which served as a history about Iranian writers and
poets of the XIX century. It is about strengthening expansion Persian, Khanate of Khiva,
Russian states in relation to the Turkmens and Atrak Gurgen and their struggle against
them.
It analyzes the literature of the Iranian Turkmens at the turn of the XIX - early XX
centuries.
In the second chapter, we study the literature created by the Iranian Turkmens after
World War II. The analysis of the socio - political status of Iranian Turkmens reveals
features of the modern literary process.
The third chapter examines the sources of Persian poetry and the influence of ancient
Persian literature on creativity Makhtumkuli (Magtymguly), committing characteristics
of Persian poetry, its language and graphics.
At the end of the thesis, the findings are summarized.
See the original text here!
Page 27 of 111
ACADEMY of SCIENCES of
TURKMENISTAN from the first
[An English]: The Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
was established in June 1951 on the basis of the Foundation of the Turkmen Academy of
Sciences of the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Union. Initially - Turkestan scientific.
Commission (1922), then the Turkmen.
SRI (Scientific - Research Institute) study of history, geography, literature and art
(1925), followed by Government.
The Academic Council (The State Academic Council) under the People's
Commissariat of Education (1926), then the Cult of the Turkmen * (1928-32).
Since May 1932 the Turkmen Scientific Research Institute. Resolution of the Central
Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen Soviet
Union of the Republic of March 31, 1936 May is divided into two Inst.: Institute of
History and Language and Literature from directly under the Central Executive
Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen Soviet Union
Republics.
The later merged into the Turkmenistan state Research Institute of Language and
Literature Institute of the Republican Committee of Sciences (1937-40).
Since 1940 the Foundation Turkmen Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Socialist
Republic of the Union unites of three Institutes:
Institute of Language and Literature, Biology and Geology: 1 PhD and 12 candidates
of science.
In the context of this Structure, at the end of 1945 - 238 employees, including 9
doctors and 51 candidates of sciences.
Page 28 of 111
Turkmens among researchers was 35, including 11 Candidate and Doctors of Sciences
4 (2 on the history of philology and 2).
Opened the Institute of Animal, Agriculture As part of the physic - technical institute
organizes. Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of oil, seismological dep.
Foundation of the Presidium of the Turkmen Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Socialist
Republic of the Union based on the water sector households, At the Geological Institute
of those - the sector of oil and fossil fuels.
Since 1951, the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan Soviet Socialist Republics: 42
PhD. Sciences, incl. 12 Turkmen.
President T. Berdyev, vice-presidents: M. P. Petrov and A. Jumayev.
In the 1956 - 12 academic, 18 corresponding members, 13 doctors (including 8
Turkmens), 68 Candidates of Sciences (including 32 Turkmen), has learned in graduate
79 people.
In 1956, two Institutions - Agriculture and Livestock moved to the Ministry of
Agricultural Turkmenistan Soviet Socialist Republics.
In January 1957 Opening of the Institute of Chemistry and Economics on the basis of
the department existed at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan
Soviet Socialist Republics. After separation of the Institute of Biology created Institute
Botany and Institute of Zoology and Parasitology.
In 1957, 9 united Research Institute of Geology, Physics and Geophysics, anti-seismic
construction, chemistry, botany, zoology and parasitology, language and literature;
History, archaeology and ethnography; Economy as well as the Botanical Garden, three
museums (History and Studies in Ashgabat and a memorial to them. 26 Baku commissars
- in city Turkmenbashi (former city Krasnovodsk)* number of scientific. Stations and
bases.
In 1986, Academy comprises 15 research institutions, academic staff in 1053,
including 17 academicians and 25 corresponding members, 51 doctors and 522 PhD.
Sciences. In 1994 y., 6210 scientific - employees, 260 doctors of sciences, 1540 PhD
degree.[31]
31
. [1]. The first period of my employment, Dr. H. Ownuk (1989-1997 years) at the Institute History of the Academy
of Sciences of Turkmenistan.
Page 29 of 111
32
. The second period of my employment (from 1997 to 2005), in the Academy of Sciences Turkmenistan (writer
this lines).
33
. : ..
Page 30 of 111
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http://cheloveknauka.com/istoriya-kultury-turkmen-irana-hih-hh-vv#ixzz3KyD7LCS9
Page 31 of 111
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Page 88 of 111
ERAN TRKMENLERINI
MEDENIYETINI TARYHY(XIX-XX aa.)
Ownuk, Hangeldi Arazgeldi ogly
OWNUK, Hangeldi Arazgeldi ogly
A w t o r e f e r a t y
- 2015
Authored by: Dr. Hangeldi Ownuk
1052
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Page 90 of 111
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akademigi
professor
Myrat
Annanepesowi
ylmy
83
. - [..1936 - ...] - . , .
1958 ., 1959-65. , . ,
, ., 1965-68 , -
-., 1968-72 ., 1972-81 .
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., 1993 ., . . 90-
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84
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Page 93 of 111
G. A. GARAJAEWA
. u kmizi ady Sowet dwrde Gogol so Grogly, Trkmenistan Bitaraplyk statusyny alynandan belk,
Bitaraplyk 15 bolup galdy.
Page 94 of 111
II YLMY HSIETNAMASY
Tema ylmy tadan garamagy zerurlygy: z yl agdygyrak wagt bri Russia,
sora SSSR-i hkm sren dwrnde Trkmenistan, bilen Eran trkmenlerini
arasynda agyr zelik emele geldi. ol dwrlerde umumy jahan syasatynda keseki
erlerini kprk basyp almak oly bilen gidilen hkmet syasatlary milleti, hat-da
magalany biri-birinden ayrdy. Netijede bolsa, dogan-dogandan habarsyz aap, olar
arylyyp gitdiler.
XIX asyry ikinji arymynda rus imperiasyny Orta Aziany basyp almagy bilen
kenar aka trkmenlerini arasynda balanan wakalar sora trkmenleri iki dwleti z
aralarynda blnmegine sezewar etdi. Gnorta Trkmenistany ep-esli blegi Erana
tabyn edildi.
Etregi gnorta territoriasynda erlen Det-i Grgen, agny Trkmenshra ilerde
Elburs daglaryny jeellik eteklerine hem Gndogar nkne enli dowam edip,
Gndogar serhedi bolsa, Horasany daglyklaryna enli86 baryp etr. San bouna
bizi elimizdki bar bolan maglumata gr, 1976 njy yla enli Eranda, 20-m
kwadrat kilometer medany bilen bir arym/1.5/million arassa trkmen aaar.87
1804-1881-nji yllarda Rus-Eran aknyyklaryny netijesinde, Erany Gajarlar
dinastiasyny patyalygy bilen Russa patyalygyny arasynda serhet ekmek
meselesinde ertnama baglaylmak, zerureti ze ykar. ol esasda Glstan,
Trkmena, Ahal-Teke hem-de, Gljemal han dilip atlandyrylan ertnamalarda
Eran patyalyklary bilen Russia patyalygyny arasynda serhetleri anyklamak we
ekmek taar edilr. Hzirki zbadak Trkmenistan bilen serhetden ayrda galan
Trkmenshrany demirgazyk serhetleri hem ol ertnama esasynda taarlanan arak
bolup galar. Rus patyalygy ykylyp, SSSR dredilenden so hem bu arak
kliginde galdyrylar.
Grnp duran faktlar bouna trkmenler (Trkmenistan) bilen Eran patyalygyny
aragini hzirki Etrek derasyndan dl-de, esem ondan 70 kilometr ilerde, Grgen
derasyny ayry ginden hem-de, Elburs daglaryny geriinden gemelidir. Rus
syahatysy G. S. Karelin 1839-njy ylda bu barada ele azar: Trkmenleri omut
tapasy Garasuw, Grgen we Etrek deralaryny suwlary bilen suwarylan hasylly
"" " .86
25 . ./1991 ./1370 "
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87
Page 95 of 111
erlerde oturarlar. Garasuw derasy omutlary Erandan blr, astrabatlylar hem ony
hakyky arak hasap edrler. Sebbi Garasuwy sag kenarynda ekeje-de, pars obasy
ok.88 Emma Eran patyalary ilisleri goldamagy bilen serhedi Etrekden ekmegi
baardylar.
1978-nji ylda Eranda aaan halklar imperialisme gary azatlyk we demokratya
ugrundaky gree galkynarlar. Muhammet Rza Pahlewini merkezledirilen hokmetine
gary drli demonstrasialary mw urmagy bilen, Eran Trkmenlerini arasynda hem
depelenen hukugy gataryp almak ugrunda adalatlyl hereketler we syasy gler ze
ykar. 1979-njy ylda Erany Pahlewiler patyalygyny asy ykylyp, Eran
Amerikany imperialistik ekspluatassisyndan azat bolar. ol dwrde trkmenleri z
ykbalyy z zmek, elden gidirilen er, suw, medeni hem syasy hukugyny gataryp
almak hakdaky pikirleri we hereketleri taryhda ene bir gezek r bouna galar. onu
bilen birlikde, halky trkmen dilinde sowatly etmek ii hem tzeden gjer. Oba
uralaryy, dahanlar uralaryny dretmeli!, Elden giden erleri gatadan almak
gerek!, Okuw gerek!, Tze elipbi gerek!, "Trkmene mekdep gerek!, dilen
ygarlar bilen kelerde demonstrassia hereketleri gjp balaar.
1980-nji yly baynda trkmenler tzeden g alan dini fundamental guramalar
bilen Kmmet-Kowus herindki bolup geen aknyykda ene bir gezek zbadak
awtonomia berilmegini talap edrler.
Gre netijesiz bolmaar. ol dwrde Eran trkmenlerini talap edip alan
awtonomiasy bir yldan gowurak wagt dowam etdi. hli er, suw, ekeranylyk /umumy
ykdysadyet/, medeni reformalar trkmenleri merkezledirilen Sytad89 guramasyny
tagallasy bilen riteledirildi.
ol dredilen sowet guramalaryny /Oba soweti, dahanlar soweti/ Eran dwleti doly
ayryp, ok edip bilmedi. ne onu adyny ura-i Islami ( ) diip
tgetdiler.
elelikde, ol dwrde trkmen intelligenssiasyny esasy eden hyzmaty Erandaky
trkmen halkyna we onu milli wezipesi hkmnde ura sistemasyny riteledirip
bildiler. ol sistema bolsa, henize enli dowam edip gelr. Emma ony dredenler bolsa,
tze g alan hokmet tarapyndan tutulyp, atylyp ldrildi a-da, trm basyldy-da,
passiwlediler, birnesi daary urtlara emigrassia gitmge mejbur boldular.
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. . , , , 1863 ., . 3. . 83.
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1851-1836 ,/ -nji yllarda Ayrada-da ruslar bilen bile bolan ilisleri wekili
Lady eli "Yatlama" /""/ atly syahatnamasy, S. Saksi "Eran taryhy", A. H.
Mahdewini "Erany daary yurtlar bilen aragatnaygy" /"" / atly
ii, K. Dogobinony "Trkmenler bilen swe" /"" / roman grnindki
eseri, ... ene oa meze edebiatlar we taryhy emelerden pedalanyldy.
II YLMY TZELIGI:
Ii giilein ylmy materiallar we statistiki maglumatlar arkaly alnyp gidilenini we
tze dwrde /XX asyr/ soky iki azat edi halk hereketini analizi hem-de eper
edebiat arkaly taryhy wakalary beny ii tzeligini grkezr. Umuman
adanymyzda, bu ii Eran trkmenlerini hal-agdayny z iinde ap azmaklyk
awtora miesser etdi. Eran trkmenlerini edebi, taryhy, syasy we medeni durmuy
ilkinji gezek ele kmil grninde ylmy nukda nazardan z iinde aap geleni
garay bilen wrenilr. Ide u wagta enli ylmy barlaga sezewar edilmedik meseleler,
1924-1979-njy yllardan progressiw hereketi halka tsir edii, lkni z il-urduny
sn intelligensisyny sysy-jemgyetilik agdaynda bolup gen zgerilikler,
syasy-jemgyetilik hereketini khalatlarda glenmegi we Milli gozgalalary
barlag etmegi ylmy tadan wrenilr. Ide getirilen dokumentleri we materiallary
kpsi ilkinji gezek jemgyetilige igr edilr.
DISSERTASIANY BARLANYY:
I Trkmenistan Ylymlar Akademisyny . Batyrow adyndaky Taryh institutynda ara
alynyp maslahatlayldy we jemgyet nde goramaga hdrlenildi. Dissertasiany
esasy mazmuny we netijeleri ap bolan birne makalalarda z beanyny tapdy.
DISSERTASIANY STRUKTURASY:
Ol de golan wezip layklykda kesgitlenildi. I giriden, bapdan, jemlemeden
we pedalanylan edebiatlary hem-de, emeleri dzminden ybaratdyr.
DISSERTASIANY MAZMUNY:
Dissertasiany giriinde u temany ilenmegini zerurlygy onu ileni derejesi,
onu esasy maksatlary we awtory barlag geirende de goan anyk wezipeleri, ii
ylmy tzeligi, onu hronologiki ygry, ulanylan emeler bazasy, ii praktiki hmieti
barada adylar. Ylmy barlagy metodologiasy we teoretiki prinsipleri hem-de, onu
emeleri hsietlendirilr.
94
ozup, olary esir edip alyp giden birtopar tfei /tpei/ feodallary atlary faktlayn
gtirilr.97
Bu paragrafy i sounda Meret ahyr, Mmet ahyr, Shet Ian we Araz Muhemmet
ahyry ol nesli i sokulary bolup, dwr sepgidini doldurarlar. Ondan sora Eran
trkmenlerinde edebiat bouna durgunlyk dwri balanar.
balanandan so, dili /trki, pars hem arap/ arasynda medeni arabaglanyygy
bolandygyny gadymy bir rowaat habar berr, agny dwlet gji trkmenleriki,
medeni gatnayk parslaryky, dini gatnayklary araplaryky bolupdyr "99.
ele dil tsirlerini XVIII-XIX asyrlardaky klassyklarymyzy eserlerinde-de, grmek
bolyar. Trkmen edebi dilini esaslandyran hem eper edebiaty milli formasynda,
dnkli trkmen dilinde bolmalydygyny z beik hyzmaty bilen wagyz eden
Magtymguly Pyragyny gogulary edebiata bolan garay rn sarpaly derej
gteripdir. Ol bu hakda ele dir:
Abu Sagyt, Omar Haam, Hemedany,
Ferdwsi, Nyzamy, Hafiz Perwany,
Jelaletdin Rumy, Jamy el-Namy,
Olary anynda men hem san bolsam.100, 101
Bu baby ikinji paragrafy "Erany gadymy edebi emelerini Magtymgulyny
dredijiligine tsiri" diip atlandyrylyp, beik ahyry dredijiligi Erany pars dilli
klassyk ahyrlaryny eserleri bilen deedirme tematikasynda wrenilr. Magtymguly
Pyragy olary dredijilik aratynlyklaryny eterlik zledirip, zi hem drli iwelerde
gogy dredipdir, agny pars hem trki dilleri iwesinde-de gogy dredip bilipdir. Bu
barada rite durlup geilr. ele hem bu paragrafy dowamynda ahyry gogulary,
pars dilindki gogu iwelerini kpsi bilen derelip geilr.
nji baby nji paragrafynda hzirki dwr ahyrylyk olunda "ak gogy"
barad we onu hzirki dwr trkmen a ahyrlaryna etiren tsiri derelr. Bu
formany pars edebiatyna ymykli ornadyran ahyr Nima uij saylar. Bu usulda
kapya dien mesele, ahyry z erkin dugusyna bagly bolup, gerek erinde kapya
bolup hem zerur dl erinde bolmanam biller.
nji baby drdnji paragrafynda dil we azuw meselesi barada shbet aylar.
Dili hmieti we onu gadymyetden gelip ykyy, goy dil medenietlerini oa
nderejede tsir edii, kbir syasy sebplere gr, dili assimillemegi her taraplayn
derelr. azuw, agny elipbi, islendik dili esasy zeni bolup hyzmat edr. Eger-de
1990 " "" " .99
. , ., , "" , 1977 . 112- .
101
. u ylmy ii ilenip 1995-nji yl goralan dwrne enli, Magtymguly Pyragyny bu gogusy barada hi hilli pikir
edilmndi, 2001-2006-njy yllardaky professor Ayrpur Meredowy tarapyndan edilen takykat bouna, bu
gogu "-Magtymguly Pyragydan dl", diilen netije ykarylypdyr. Elbetde bu mazmuna degili Magtymguly
Pyragyny beleki gogulary hem aatlyk edr. (2014 . Toronto, Author).
100
102
108
. , , ,1992 ., 15 .
Dissertasianyny ANNOTASIASY
OWNUK Hangeldi Arazgeldi oglyny kandidatlyk iini Eran Trkmenlerini
Medenietini Taryhy (XIX-XX .) temasy bouna bolup, ol Eran Trkmen halky
barada aktiwal ilenip, hdrlenen ylmy idir.
u i bir giri, bap, netije we pedalanylan edebiat ispisogyndan ybarat bolar.
I z aktuwallygy esasynda, problemany takyk deremegi bilen, bir maksady e tutup
we barlagy zbolulygy bilen hsietlenr.
Birinji bap I njy asyry Eran Trkmenlerini azyjysy we ahyrlaryny
eserlerini taryhynda galdyran yzlary barada grri gidr. Etrek-Grgen Trkmenleri
babatda Eran, Hywa we Russa dwletlerini ekspansiasyny glenmegi we
Trkmenleri olara gary alyp baran greleri.
I asyry balaryndan asyradaky, daary urtlardaky Trkmenleri
edebiatyny analizleri.
Ikinji bapda Eran Trkmenlerini II nji Jahan urundan so dreden edebiaty
wrenilr. Bu bapda Eran Trkmenlerini syasy jemgyetilik ertleri barada analiz
berilr. Bu bolsa, ii hzirki dwri sen edebiatyny prosseslerini grkezr.
nji bapda pars poesiasyny emeleri derelr. Gadymy pars edebiatyny,
Magtymguly Pyragyny dredijiliginde galdyran tsiri gzden geirilr. Pars
poesiasyny we onu dil we elipbiie etiren tsirleri.
Dissertasianyny baglayjy blmnde, dissertanty z gazanan netijeleri barada
gysgaa maglumat berilr.
sti riginal Wariantyny u erde grp bilersiiz!
Annotasia azan: gol ..., 10. II. 1995 - KURBANOW, Handurdy
Ikinji neir, -TORONTO 2015 - OWNUK, Hangeldi
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