Primo Theory: Level 3

Primo Theory
Level 3
How to Use this Book

Although some of the levels in this series have interactive capabilities, each level was designed to serve perfectly well as a stand-alone
text. The interactive web applications and online resources provided throughout are an enhancement and not a requirement for
the completion of the assignments. The web applications serve to reinforce and accelerate the learning process by enabling the
student to practice between lessons.
The Solo Ear Training Exercises

Throughout the text there are ear training exercises are designed for solo practice by the student. These exercises are not be mistaken
for the interactive web applications mentioned above. These exercises largely consist of singing drills aimed at sharpening the
listening skills of the student. The teacher should first work with the student on these exercises until the student becomes familiar
with the procedures. Afterward, the teacher should periodically observe the student perform them to ensure that the student is
maintaining correct practice. The student may discontinue any exercise that can be executed easily. The exercises should be practiced
as the student continues working through different sections of the book.
The Dictation Exercises

The rhythmic and melodic dictation exercises are designed so that the student can work through them using interactive web
applications or with the teacher playing the dictation melodies. The teacher can fill in the missing measures with materials of his
or her choice, or he or she can go to www.primotheory.com to find the complete melodies.
The QR Codes
The QR codes found throughout this series can only be read by using a smart mobile device which has a QR code reader app
installed. If you dont have a QR code reader and dont know where to get one, just follow these directions:
Step 1
With your mobile device, open your App Store (Apple), Market (Android), Marketplace (Windows Mobile), or App World
(Blackberry).
Step 2
Search for QR reader and download and install any one of the apps available. There are free or paid versions. Read the reviews
and star ratings to decide which is best for you. Once installed, its ready to go.
Step 3
To scan a QR code, activate the app and center the QR code in the viewfinder as if you are going to take a picture of it. Adjust
the distance if necessary. Some code readers will scan the code automatically when its in view.
Step 4
The app should load in a few seconds. If you want to bookmark the app in your web browser for later use, follow the instructions
on your particular code reader on how to switch to your web browser.
If you are still unsure what to do, dont give up! Just go to www.primotheory.com for help or email info@primopublishing.com
Online Resources
Throughout the text of this series you will find directions given as follows:
PrimoTheory.com
Resources
Level 7
Page 10
This means to go to the website primotheory.com where you will be taken to a page containing a Resources link. From there
just follow the linksclick on Resources, which will take you to a menu with all the volume levels; click on Level 7, which
will take you to a page listing Level 7 resources by page number; finally, click on Page 10 to find the desired resource.
Be sure to visit www.primotheory.com to find links to an ever-growing list of supplemental materials for each level.
Contents
page 4
Section 1
Notation
Section 2
The Treble and Bass Clef
Section 3
Time Signatures
17
Section 4
Rests
23
Section 5
Intervals
26
Section 6
Half Steps and Whole Steps
28
Section 7
Accidentals
29
Section 8
Ear Training
34
Section 9
Major Scales and Keys
38
Section 10
Musical Symbols and Terms
41
Level 3
Review
44
Section 1
Notation
445 445
A note is a symbol that represents a pitch, or musical tone.

Notes are placed on a staff as space notes or line notes.
LINE notes
The five lines and four spaces of a staff

are numbered from bottom to top.
SPACE notes
44544445
1
The WHOLE NOTE is shaped like a hollow oval:
1.
Circle S for space note or L for line note.
4446444444444444445
S or L
S or L
S or L
S or L
S or L
S or L
S or L
S or L
445444
2.
Write the line and

space numbers.
3.
Write the correct number under each line or space note.

Lines
4446444444444444445
4446444444444444445
Spaces
4.
Draw whole notes in the space between the lines.
5.
Draw whole notes on the middle lines.
The HALF NOTE consists of a note head and a stem.

The note head is not filled in.
note head
stem
The QUARTER NOTE consists of a solid note head

and stem.
Stem Placement: UP Stems

When the stem goes up, it is placed on the right side of the note head.
correct
6.
wrong
A note with an up stem

resembles the letter d.
Trace the note heads.

Add UP stems to each note head.
When drawing a note head with a stem,
shape it like a tilted oval.
7.
Draw half notes with up stems.
Stem Placement: DOWN Stems

When the stem goes down, it is placed on the left side of the note head.
A note with a down stem
resembles the letter p.
correct
wrong
8.
Trace the note heads.

Add DOWN stems to each note head.
9.
Draw half notes with down stems.
MEMORY AID:
Replace the lowercase d and p in doctor pepper with half notes:
octor epper
Stem Direction
Notes above the middle
line have down stems:
4444
middle line
4444
Stems of notes on the 3rd line can go up or down.

10.
Add stems to each note head.
46 64
h
h h h h
h h h h
Notes below the middle line

(line 3) have up stems:
or
4444444444444454
44564444564445556644566
Stem Length
The stem should extend three more
lines or spaces from the note head.
The length of the stem should equal

the length of three more note heads.
4555664
455566444444444445
455566444444444445
h
11.
Add an up stem to each note head. Make sure the stem length is correct.
12.
Add a down stem to each note head.
The DOTTED HALF NOTE consists of a hollow note head,

stem, and a dot placed always to the right of the note head.
For LINE notes, place the dot on

the next space above the note,
regardless of stem direction.
13.
h.
6444
6444
h.
Add stems and dots to each note head.
For SPACE notes, place the dot

on the same space as the note.
Placement of Dots
dot
4444444444444454
444444444444454566
Section 2
The Treble and Bass Clef
The Treble Clef
The treble clef, also called the G clef,
marks the G line on the staff.
Treble G
line 2
w
w
w
w
w
The names of the line and space notes of the treble staff:
Space Notes
Line Notes
w
w
w w
`444444 `444466
E
1.
G B D
Name the line notes.
F A C E
`44444444444444554446
`4444444444444444446
`44444444444444554446
`44444444444444554446
`44444444444444554446
w
Name the line and space notes.
3.
Name the space notes.
2.
4.
Draw whole notes on the lines and spaces indicated.
`466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 `466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 line G
5.
space F
space C
line F
line D
space A
line E
line F
space C
line E
Draw half notes on the lines and spaces indicated.
line B
line G
space E
space A
The Bass Clef

line 4
The bass clef, also called the F clef,

marks the F line on the staff.
bass F
w
w
w
w
w
The names of the line and space notes of the bass clef:
Space Notes
Line Notes
w
w
w w
1444444 144446
6.
Name the line notes.
7.
Name the space notes.
8.
Name the line and space notes.
A C E G
G B D
144444444444444554446
14444444444444444446
144444444444444554446
w
10
144444444444444554446
144444444444444554446
w
9.
Draw dotted half notes on the lines and spaces indicated.
1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 `466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 `466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 line G
space C
line F
space A
line D
space G
line A
space C
line A
10. Draw quarter notes on the lines and spaces indicated.
line B
space E
line D
space A
11. On the staves below, draw whole notes as named.
line G
Use lines or spaces of your choice.
Note the clef signs.
11
The Grand Staff

The treble and bass staves are joined by a brace to form the grand staff.
bar lines
brace
`44544444444
144544444444
4444
4444
double bar line
The bar lines extend through

both staves of the grand staff
The double bar line has a

thin line and a thick line.
Middle C is written on a ledger line between the bass and treble staves.
`445
1445
ledger line
Middle C will be placed closer to the treble or bass staff.
`44
144
Treble clef middle C
`44
144
Bass clef middle C
12
Drawing Middle C
When drawing middle C on the treble clef, the distance between the ledger line and
line 1 should be the same as the distance between the other lines of the staff.
`45
w
The spaces between

the lines are equal.
12.
Draw an X across the middle Cs which are not placed correctly.
13.
Practice drawing middle Cs on this staff. Place the ledger line along the dotted line.
14.
Practice drawing middle Cs on this staff.

Place them the correct distance from the first line.
`45 `45 `45 `45 `45
`4444444444444
`4444444444444
15.
Draw a middle C on the treble staff.
`44
144
13
When drawing middle C on the bass clef, the distance between the ledger line and
line 5 should be the same as the distance between the other lines of the staff.
145
16.
The spaces between

the lines are equal.
Draw an X across the middle Cs which are not placed correctly.
145 145 145 145 145

17.
Practice drawing middle Cs on this staff. Place the ledger line along the dotted line.
18.
Practice drawing middle Cs on this staff.

Place them the correct distance from the fifth line.
14444444444444
14444444444444
19.
Draw a middle C on the bass staff.
`44
144
14
`4444
The D Above Middle C

There is only room for one note between
middle C and the first line of the treble staff.
20.
w
D
Name the notes.
`4444444444444444445`4444444444444444445w
The B Below Middle C

The note between middle C and the
fifth line of the bass staff is B.
14444
B
21.
Name the notes.
1444444444444444444514444444444444444445-
15
REVIEW: Section 2
1. Name the notes.
Notice the clef signs.
`4444444444444455444514444444444444444445`4444444444444444445144444444444444554445w
2.
Draw dotted half notes on the lines and spaces indicated. Notice the clef signs.
`466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 `466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 line E
space F
line B
space E
line G
space C
line B
space A
Middle C
space G
line A
space E
line D
space D
line G
space C
Middle C space A
line F
line F
line E
16
1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 line G
3.
space B
space C
Middle C
line D
space G
line B
Label the parts of the grand staff.
`44544444
144544444
Name the notes.
4.
`445664444444444444446
1445664444444444444446
`445664444444444444446
1445664444444444444446
h
17
Section 3
Time Signatures
Bar lines are used to separate measures.
A double bar line is used mark the end of a piece or section.
`5444-444-444-=
measure
measure
bar line
measure
bar line
double bar line
A time signature is placed at the beginning of a piece of music,

to the right of the clef sign.
4
4
44
`54
The top number shows how many beats in each measure.

The bottom number shows the note value that gets one beat.
44
Examples:
`55
`55
34
1.
There are four beats per measure.

The quarter note ( q ) gets one beat.
There are three beats per measure.
The quarter note ( q ) gets one beat.
Circle the correct symbol for each term.
43
Bar Line
64-= 6-45
Bass Clef
Treble Clef
Double
Bar Line
Time Signature
4
4
4
4
Measure
43
6-46 6-45-6
64-= 6-45-6
18
2.
3.
4
4
Fill in the blanks.

There are four beats in each
The
note gets one beat.
________________________________
___________________
(draw the note)
Write the number of beats per measure according to each time signature.
44
Beats per measure:
43
45
46
42
Here are the note values for time signatures with 4as the bottom number:
Whole Note
Dotted Half Note
4 beats
4.
5.
3 beats
Half Note
Quarter Note
2 beats
1 beat
Write the correct number of beats each note or group of notes gets.
=
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
Write the correct number that completes each statement.

One
note equals
notes.
One
note equals
notes.
One
note equals
notes.
One
note equals
notes.
19
The Counts of the Measure in $4Time
44
44 h
1
h
3
q
2
Rhythm Drills in $4Time

6. Clap the rhythms as you count aloud.
Repeat each exercise until you can clap and count at a steady pace.
A)
4
4
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 .
4
4 .
.
.
20
The Counts of the Measure in #4and @4Time
43 h
1
2
4 h
1
q
3
Rhythm Drills in #4Time

Repeat each exercise until you can clap and count at a steady pace.
A)
3
4
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
B)
C)
3
4
3
4
Rhythm Drills in @4Time

A)
2
4
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
144455-44455-44455-44456-=
B)
C)
2
4
2
4
21
9.
44
Write the counts of each measure below the notes.
154444-4444-4444-4444-=
154444-4444-4444-4444-=
154444-4444-4444-4444-=
154444-4444-4444-4444-=
144444444444444544-=
144444444444444445-=
144444444444444445-=
144444444444444445-=
h
44
h
q q
34
h.
q q q
43 h
10.
h.
q q q q
q q h
q h
q h.
q h
q q q
h.
4
4
Add bar lines where they are needed. Check the time signatures.
4
4
3
4
3
4
11.
Write the top number of the time signature in each measure.
4h
4 h. q
4q h
4 h.
`4445-=44665-=4444-=545446-=
`444-=444-=445-=44444566 -=
h
4q q
4 h.
4q q h
q q
q q
22
Ear Training: Rhythmic Dictation
The act of writing on the staff the notes of a rhythm that is performed is called rhythmic dictation.
As you complete these or any rhythmic dictation drills, always keep in mind the following tips:
At first, just listen carefully and count the beats of the measure as you hear the rhythm.
Always write lightly at first (because you may need to erase a bit!).
Check your answer by playing along quietly as you read your own writing.
12.
Your teacher will play two examples in each exercise.

Each example has two measures.
The first measure of each example is given.
Write the rhythm for the second measure of each example.
1.
`5444-455555-=
`5444-455555-=
`5444-455555-=
`5444-455555-=
`5444-455555-=
1.
1.
1.
1.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2.
3
4
`54456-45564-=
`54456-45564-=
`54456-45564-=
`54456-45564-=
`54456-45564-=
2.
2.
2.
2.
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
The student/teacher exercises should be repeated regularly until they are easily done.
You can find more practice sheets at the following website:
PrimoTheory.com
Resources
Level 3
Page 22
23
Section 4
Rests
A rest is a symbol used to indicate silence for a certain length of time.
The Whole Rest
line 4
3
2
1
The whole rest is a solid rectangle which

hangs from line 4 of the staff.
1.
Draw a whole rest in each measure
44
145-45-45-45-45-45-45-45-=
A whole rest indicates a full measure of silence.

The whole rest looks like
a (w)hole in the ground.
When illustrated outside the staff, a line

is added to the top of the rectangle.
The Half Rest

The half rest sits on line 3 of the staff.
line 3
2
1
4566
Half
Rest
2.
Draw a half rest in each measure.
145-45-45-45-45-45-45-45-=
In time signatures with 4as the bottom number,

the half rest gets two beats.
When illustrated outside the staff, a line
is added to the bottom of the rectangle.
The half rest - think of

two eyes under a hat.
24
The Quarter Rest
454444546
Q
To draw a quarter rest, follow these steps.
In time signatures with 4as the bottom

number, the quarter rest gets one beat.
Start with a
Z shape,
then add a
little curve.
finished
144-44-44-44-44-44-=
3.
Draw a quarter rest in each measure.
In time signatures with 4as the bottom number, each rest receives the
following beats:
Half Rest
Quarter Rest
4 beats
2 beats
1 beat
A whole rest is used to indicate silence

for a full measure, regardless of the time
signature.
4.
34
24
`455- 1455-
Write the correct number of beats each rest or group of rests gets in $4time.
Q
5.
Whole Rest
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
Q Q=
Q Q =
Q=
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
14454-44546-44564-=
Draw the rest named in each measure.
Half Rest
Whole Rest
Quarter Rest
25
REVIEW: Sections 3 and 4

1.
Circle the correct symbol for each term.

Time Signature
64-=
Double
Bar Line
2.
3.
4
4
Measure
64-= 6-45-6
43
Bar Line
6-46
Write the correct number of beats the notes and rests get in time signatures with 4as
the bottom number.
=
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
beat(s).
Write the top number of the time signature in each measure.
4 q
4 h
4 h.
`445-=4445656-=4446-=4464446-=
`544446-44446-44446-44446-=
4.
5.
44
w
Write the counts of each measure under the notes and rests.
h.
q q h
Draw a line connecting each group of notes and rests to the correct time signature.
2
4
3
4
4
4
Q Q
26
Section 5
Intervals
An Interval is the distance in pitch between two tones.

The 2nd on the staff:
2nd
`444-444w w
The interval of a 2nd

is the same as a STEP.
line to space
space to line
Draw a 2nd up from each given note. Use whole notes. Name the notes.
1.
w w
`455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
1455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
Draw a 2nd down from each given note. Use half notes. Name the notes.
2.
E D
The 3rd on the staff:
3rd
w w
`444-444w w
The interval of a 3rd

is the same as a SKIP.
line to line
space to space
Draw a 3rd up from each note. Use dotted half notes. Name the notes.
3.
A B
`455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
1455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
h
Draw a 3rd down from each note. Use quarter notes. Name the notes.
4.
27
4th
5.
The 4th on the staff:
The interval of a 4th

is a skip plus a step.
line to space space to line
Draw a 4th up from each note. Use whole notes. Name the notes.
w w
w w
54556- `445-444skip + step
`455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
1455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
h
Draw a 4th down from each note. Use half notes. Name the notes.
The interval of a 5th

is TWO SKIPS.
The 5th on the staff:
skip + skip
5th
7.
6.
54556- `445-444w
line to line
space to space
Draw a 5th up from each note. Use dotted half notes. Name the notes.
`455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
1455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
h
Draw a 5th down from each note. Use quarter notes. Name the notes.
REVIEW
9. Name the interval in each measure. Example: 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th.
8.
`4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
3rd
28
Section 6
Half Steps and Whole Steps
Half Steps
On the keyboard, a half step is the distance from one key to the very next key.
white to black
black to white
white to white
1.
From each key marked with a dot, draw a
on the key a half step higher.
2.
on the key a half step lower.
Whole Steps
A whole step is made up of two half steps.
On the keyboard, count two half steps from the starting note.
black to black
white to white
white and black keys
3.
on the key a whole step higher.
4.
on the key a whole step lower.
29
Section 7
Accidentals
Sharp, flat and natural signs are called accidentals.
An accidental is always placed on the left side of the note that is affected.
Sharp Sign
A sharp sign before a note raises the pitch one half step.
On the keyboard, a sharped note is played

on the very next key to the right.
A sharped note can be

played on a white key.
D#
D
E E#
`445-6445w
#w
`445#w
If a D is sharped, it is called D-sharp (written as D#).

An E that is sharped is called E-sharp (written as E#).
1.
On each keyboard write a
C#
A#
G#
E#
2.
on the key that is named.
D#
F#
B#
Use sharps to name the keys marked with dots.
30
Name the sharped notes.
3.
`5646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
15646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
w
Flat Sign
A flat sign before a note lowers the pitch one half step.
On the keyboard, a flatted note is played on the very next key to the left.
Fb F
`44-6445- `445w
Db
A flatted note can be

played on a white key.
Notes which have been flatted are called D-flat (written as Db).
4.
Write a
on each key named.
Eb
Ab
Bb
Fb
Db
Gb
Cb
31
6.
Name the flatted notes.
Use flats to name the keys marked with dots.
5.
15646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
`5646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
q
Natural Sign
Db
A natural sign is used to cancel a sharp or flat sign.
Write a
`444445w
On the keyboard, a natural sign will usually

indicate a white key.
7.
on each key named.
A
G
C
B
32
REVIEW: Sections 5, 6 and 7

1.
Draw a 2nd down from each given note. Use whole notes. Name the notes.
`455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
1455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
`455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
1455-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
h
Draw a 4th down from each note. Use dotted half notes. Name the notes.
Draw a 5th up from each note. Use dotted half notes. Name the notes.
5.
4.
3.
Draw a 3rd up from each note. Use half notes. Name the notes.
2.
Name the interval in each measure. Example: 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th.
`4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
2nd
6.
Circle the term which correctly completes each statement or fill in the blank:
A sharp sign (#) RAISES or LOWERS the pitch a half step.
A flat sign (b) RAISES or LOWERS the pitch a half step.
The sign which cancels a sharp or flat is called a
sign.
33
One each keyboard write a
on each key that is named.
D#
A#
E#
Db
Gb
Cb
8.
Use sharps to name the keys marked with dots.
9.
Use flats to name the keys marked with dots.
10.
Name the sharped notes.
7.
`5646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
15646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
w
Name the flatted notes.
11.
34
Section 8
Ear Training
Note to the teacher:

Assignment 1 can be practiced solo by the student or with a teacher. The teacher should first
practice this exercise with the student to make sure that the student knows how to practice it.
This exercise may be discontinued only when the student can match the pitches easily.
Solo Exercise: Singing Intervals
Exercise 1 will help the student recognize the sound of the intervals studied in this unit.
The following drills can be practiced solo or with the teacher.
1.
Start on middle C.
a) Play C. Sing C using the syllable do.
(Do not move to the next step until you can match the pitch.)
b) Play D (the interval of a 2nd above C). Sing and match D using re.
c) Sing C to D as you play.
d) Repeat steps a), b) and c) using another interval above C.
Practice with the following intervals:
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
C to D (sing) do - re
C to E
do - mi
C to F
do - fa
C to G
do - sol
Solo Exercise: Listening to Steps and Skips

Exercise 2 will help the student distinguish between movement by steps (2nds) and movement
by skips (3rds). The following drills can be practiced solo or with the teacher.
2.
Start on middle C.
a) Play four keys going up by steps C, D, E and F.
Go back down by steps to C. (F, E, D, C)
Listen to the sound.
b) Play four keys going up by skips C, E, G and B.
Go back down by skips to C.
Listen to the sound.
c) Repeat a) and b) using different starting tones.
35
Teacher/Student Improvisation Exercises

The student will compose and play accompaniment figures as the teacher improvises a melody.
3. Using two to four different keys on the piano,
a) Make up a few simple repeating step or skip patterns.
Keep the patterns very simple, so that they can be played easily.
Use any combination of hands or fingers to play.
b) Your teacher will play a melody as you play one of your patterns.
Examples of repeating patterns:
skips
44 q q
q q
44
q
qq q
`44456-44555-5 `44456-44555-5
144456-44466-6 144456- 144456or
44
q
qq q
qqqq
qqqq
qqqq
Use the staves provided for assignment 3.
or
or
44
qqqq
44
steps
qqqq
36
Teacher/Student Improvisation Exercises

The student will now improvise a melody using a fixed set of notes and rhythms.
The teacher will play repeating accompaniment figures.
4.
On the piano, improvise a tune using the following method:

a) Use any four keys which are a step apart.
Only stepwise movement and repeated notes should be used.
or
Use any three keys which are a skip apart.
Only movement by skips and repeated notes should be used.
b) Use the rhythms provided below.
At first, only one rhythm, as you focus all your attention on the melodic movement.
When a certain level of comfort is achieved, switch between rhythms, or use your own.
#4time
3
4
$4time
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
37
Teacher/Student Listening Exercises

5. You will hear groups of pitches which step or skip.
Circle the correct group in each box.
1.
2.
w w
w w
6.
w w w w
w w
w w
w w w w
4.
3.
w w
w w
w w w w
`4445- `4445- `4445- `4445`4445- `4445- `4445- `4445w w

w w
w w w w
w w
w w
w w w w
w w
w w
Your teacher will play groups of pitches which move by 2nds and 3rds.
In each measure, there will be three pitches played.
The third note is missing on the staff.
After you hear each group, draw the missing note in each measure.
The third note will repeat the second note or move by 2nd or 3rd.
2.
3.
4.
5.
`4456-4456-4456-4456-4456-=
`4456-4456-4456-4456-4456-=
ww
1.
w w
w w
2.
w w w w
1.
w w
w w
w w w w
`4445- `4445- `4445- `4445`4445- `4445- `4445- `4445w w w w
1.
4.
3.
ww
ww
2.
ww
ww
3.
ww
ww
ww
5.
4.
ww
ww
The student/teacher exercises should be repeated regularly until they are easily done.
You can find more practice sheets at the following website:
PrimoTheory.com
Resources
Level 3
Page 37
38
Section 9
Major Scales and Keys
The Major Scale

The major scale is a series of eight successive tones arranged in the following ascending
order of whole steps (W) and half steps (H):
W W H W W W H
These intervals are the distance between the scale tones.
The tone that begins the scale is called the tonic or keynote.
The tonic names the scale.
This is the
C Major scale
`44444444444645-=
1
Tonic
8(1)
The half steps in the major scale occur between scale tones 3 - 4 and 7 - 8.
You can easily remember the whole/half step sequence by using the following:
We Were Happy When We Went Home
1.
Write the whole step and half step pattern for the major scale:
2.
- .
The half steps in the major scale occur between scale tones - and
The tone that begins and names the scale is called the __________________ .
For the following major scale:
a) Print the whole step and half step pattern on the lines between the letters.
Use W (whole step) and H (half step).
3.
4.
C _______ D _______ E _______ F _______ G _______ A _______ B _______ C

b) Name the tonic note. _______
c) Name the scale using an uppercase letter.
_______
Major
39
5.

G _______ A _______ B _______ C _______ D _______ E _______ F# _______ G
c) Name the scale using an uppercase letter. _______ Major
6.

F _______ G _______ A _______ Bb _______ C _______ D _______ E _______ F
c) Name the scale using an uppercase letter. _______ Major
7.
For each major scale:

a) Draw a slur connecting the notes which are a half step apart.
b) Draw the tonic note in the last measure. Use a whole note.
C Major
`44444444444645-445-=
`44444444444645-445-=
`44444444444645-445-=
G Major
F Major
40
Key Signatures
When the C major scale is used as the main scale of a piece, the piece is said to be in
the key of C major. When the G major scale is the main scale, the key is G major, and
so on.
The key signature is formed by placing sharps or flats to the right of the clef sign.
A key signature identifies the key in which a piece is written.
This is the G Major key signature.
This is the F Major key signature.
or
Circle the key signatures in the following musical examples.
qqqq
44
q q q
qq
#3
4
`4444466-6
9.
`4 14
`4 14
`4 14
or
or
The C Major key signature

has no sharps or flats.
8.
`4444456-6
Below are key signatures written in the bass and treble clefs.
Draw a line connecting the key names (in the boxes) to the correct key signatures.
Each box should connect to a key signature on the right and left.
`4
`4
14
F Major
G Major
C Major
14
`4
14
#
Section 10
Musical Symbols and Terms
Dynamic signs tell how loud or soft the music is to be played.
TERM
MEANING
Pianissimo
very soft
Piano
soft
Mezzo piano
moderately soft
Mezzo forte
moderately loud
Forte
loud
Fortissimo
very loud
1.
List the dynamic signs in order from the softest to the loudest.
(softest)
2.
p f
p pp
(loudest)
Circle the louder dynamic sign.

a)
b)
e)
3.
pp
p
P
F
f
ff
SIGN
f)
f F
P F
c)
g)
P p
ff f
Draw a line from each dynamic sign in the center column to the appropriate term in
the left column and description in the right column.
p
Pianissimo
loud
F
Piano
moderately soft
Mezzo piano
soft
f
Mezzo forte
P
very loud
pp
Forte
very soft
moderately loud
Fortissimo
ff
41
42
The Tie
4
4w
A tie is a curved line that connects two adjacent notes of the same pitch.
1445-5456-=
w
The two notes combine to form one continuous pitch.

This pitch lasts for the combined value of the two tied notes.
4
4
4
4
4 beats
3 beats
`4446-4545-= `4446-4545-=
4.
2 + 2
beats
beats
2
4
2
4
1 + 2
beat beats
Write the total number of beats each pair of tied notes receives.
2
4
`44-456-= `44-456-= `44-456-=

beats
beats
beats
The Slur
44
A slur is a curved line that connects two or more notes of different pitches.
445 444 `444566-44456-6

A slur indicates that the music is to be performed legato, which means to play smoothly
with no break between the notes within the slur.
Remember:
A tie connects only two notes of the same pitch.
A slur connects two or more notes of different pitches.
43
Staccato
The term staccato is used to describe notes performed in a disconnected manner.
The sign used for staccato is a dot placed above or below a note head.
445 444
The staccato dot will always be placed in a space.
The dots will always appear above or below the note head, on the opposite side
from the stem.
Correct
Wrong
A staccato dot should not be confused with the dot of a dotted note.
Staccato notes
5.
6.
Some of the staccato signs on the staff below are placed incorrectly.
Draw an X through the notes with the incorrectly placed staccato signs.
4444444444444444455
4444444444444444455
The staff below contains dotted notes and staccato notes.

Circle the correct term for each note.
Dotted Dotted
Staccato Staccato
7.
Dotted half notes
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted Dotted
Staccato Staccato
Each example below contains slurred notes or tied notes.

Circle the correct term for each example.
445 445 445 445 444

Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
44
LEVEL 3 REVIEW
1.
Draw dotted half notes on the lines and spaces indicated.
`466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -=

1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -=
`466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -=
1466-46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -46 6 -=
2.
3.
line B
space A
line G
space E
line F
space F
Middle C
line G
space E
Middle C
space A
line F
space G
line D
On the staves below, draw whole notes as named. Use lines or spaces of your choice.
Draw the rest named in every measure.
145-45-45-45-45-45-45-45-=
Quarter
rest
4.
Whole
rest
Quarter
rest
Half
rest
Whole
rest
Quarter
rest
Label the parts of the grand staff.
`44544444
144544444
Whole
rest
Half
rest
45
Name the notes.
5.
`445664444444444444446
1445664444444444444446
q
6.
Name the interval in each measure. Example: 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th.
7.
on the key a half step higher.
8.
on the key a half step lower.
9.
on the key a whole step higher.
10. From each key marked with a dot, draw a
on the key a whole step lower.
`4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-4556-=
46
12.
Write a
on each key named.
C#
G#
B#
Eb
Bb
Fb
Name the sharped notes. Circle the notes that are played on the white keys.
11.
`5646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
w
Name the flatted notes. Circle the notes that are played on the white keys.
13.
15646-44-44-44-44-44-44-44-=
w
14.
On the lines below, print the whole and half step pattern for the major scale.
Use W for whole steps and H for half steps.
F _______ G _______ A _______ Bb _______ C _______ D _______ E _______ F
G _______ A _______ B _______ C _______ D _______ E _______ F# _______ G
15.
On the staff below,

a) Mark the half steps in the scale with slurs.
b) Draw the tonic note in the last measure. Use a whole note.
G Major
`444444444446455-455-=
47
16.
Below are key signatures written in the bass and treble clefs.
Draw a line connecting the key names (in the boxes) to the correct key signatures.
Each box should connect to a key signature on the right and left.
14
`4
`4
14
14
`4
G Major
C Major
F Major
17. Write the top number of the time signature in each measure.
4h
4 q h
4 q
144454-=4446-=444455-=56446-=
14454-=444656-=4465-=46445465-=
4 q
44
h.
4 h.
h.
4 q q
4 h
18. Write the counts of each measure below the notes and rests.
h.
15445556-45456-44556-45456-45456-=
15445556-45456-44556-45456-45456-=
43 h .
19.
4
4
q q
q q
Add bar lines where they are needed. Check the time signatures.
q h
1444444444444445444-=
1444444444444444445-=
3
4
48
20.
List the dynamic signs in order from the softest to the loudest.
(softest)
21.
P f
ff F
Circle the softer dynamic sign.

a)
b)
d)
22.
(loudest)
e)
c)
f)
P p
p F
Draw a line from each dynamic sign in the center column to the appropriate term on
the left column and description on the right column.
ff
pp
P
p
F
f
Forte
Mezzo piano
Piano
Fortissimo
Pianissimo
Mezzo forte
23.
f p
pp f
moderately soft
very loud
loud
soft
very soft
moderately loud
The staff below contains dotted notes and staccato notes.

Circle the correct term for each note.
4444444444444444455
Dotted Dotted
Staccato Staccato
24.
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted
Staccato
Dotted Dotted
Staccato Staccato
Each example below contains slurred notes or tied notes.

Circle the correct term for each example.
445 445 445 444 444

Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
Slurred
Tied
49
25.
For each term there are two possible answers. Circle the correct answer.
Dotted Half Note
2nd
Flat
Treble Clef
Measure
6-45-6 64-=
Sharp
Half Note
Key Signature
G Clef
Half Rest
Natural Sign
Middle C
Whole Note
Brace
5th
Quarter Rest
4
4
14
-56565- -56565-
Time Signature
Whole Rest
Middle C
-56565- -565654
4
`45 145
`
64-= 1
Quarter Note
Bass Clef
Bar Line
6-45-6 64-=
Double Bar Line
`45 145
14
3rd
64-= 6-45-6
-56565- -56565-

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Primo Theory

How to Use this Book

The Solo Ear Training Exercises

The Dictation Exercises

The Treble and Bass Clef

Half Steps and Whole Steps

Major Scales and Keys

Musical Symbols and Terms

A note is a symbol that represents a pitch, or musical tone.

The five lines and four spaces of a staff

The WHOLE NOTE is shaped like a hollow oval:

Circle S for space note or L for line note.

Write the line and

Write the correct number under each line or space note.

Draw whole notes in the space between the lines.

Draw whole notes on the middle lines.

The HALF NOTE consists of a note head and a stem.

The QUARTER NOTE consists of a solid note head

Stem Placement: UP Stems

A note with an up stem

Trace the note heads.

Draw half notes with up stems.

Stem Placement: DOWN Stems

Trace the note heads.

Draw half notes with down stems.

Stems of notes on the 3rd line can go up or down.

Add stems to each note head.

Notes below the middle line

The length of the stem should equal

Add a down stem to each note head.

The DOTTED HALF NOTE consists of a hollow note head,

For LINE notes, place the dot on

Add stems and dots to each note head.

For SPACE notes, place the dot

Name the line notes.

Name the line and space notes.

Name the space notes.

Draw whole notes on the lines and spaces indicated.

Draw half notes on the lines and spaces indicated.

The Bass Clef

The bass clef, also called the F clef,

Name the line notes.

Name the space notes.

Name the line and space notes.

Draw dotted half notes on the lines and spaces indicated.

10. Draw quarter notes on the lines and spaces indicated.

11. On the staves below, draw whole notes as named.

Use lines or spaces of your choice.

Note the clef signs.

The Grand Staff

The bar lines extend through

The double bar line has a

Middle C will be placed closer to the treble or bass staff.

Treble clef middle C

Bass clef middle C

The spaces between

Draw an X across the middle Cs which are not placed correctly.

Practice drawing middle Cs on this staff.

`45 `45 `45 `45 `45

Draw a middle C on the treble staff.

The spaces between

Draw an X across the middle Cs which are not placed correctly.

145 145 145 145 145