-3

(Historical Perspective of Psychological Research)

3.1
3.2
3.3 (Structuralism)
3.4
3.5 (Functionalism)
3.6 (Psychoanalysis)
3.7 (Behaviourism)
3.8 (Gestaltism)
(Cognitivism)
3.9

3.10

3.11
3.12

3.1

27







3.2

(Introduction)

,


,


: ,





,


?



3.3

(Structuralism)

19 ,
:
28


(Schools of Psychology)
(Structuralism)
19
(Wilholm Wandt)
(1832-1920)
(Psychology Laboratory) 1879 .
( )


(introspection)

,
1873-74
(Principles of Physiological
Psychology)

,


(Kraeplin), (Kulpe), .. (E.B. Tichner) . .
(J.M. Cattle), .. (G.S. Hall),

(Structuralism)
)
1886

(Outline of Psychology)

29

 :
, ,

: (Definitions and subject matter of
Psychology)
(Principle of Connection)
(Methods of Psychology)
(Appreciation)
(Mind Body Problem)








(Introspection)

- (Self-observation)
(Controlled observation)
(Trained Introspections)

:

,
, ,
30

 (Control), (Replicable)

:

3.4

1879
1883
1886

(Wilhelm Wundt) ,





31

1888
1890
1892
1895
1900
1904
1905
1908
1912
1912
1913
1916

1924
1925
1932
1940
1944
1946
1951
1953
1954
1973

1900

(Wilhelm Wundt)

(William James)

(American Psychological
Association or APA)

(Sigmund Freud)
(Ivan Pavlov)

(Binet) (Simon)
(Gosset) t-


The Behaviorist
Manifesto ,

(Luis Terman)
= ( / ) X
100
. (John B. Watson)

Statistical Method for Research Workers

Insightful Learning)

(Carl Rogers) -
(Client Centered Therapy)
.. (B.F. Skinner)


(AbrahamMaslow)

(Konrad Lorenz) (Niko Tinbergen)

32

1978
1981
1981
2002
2005

3.5

,
(Herbert Simon)

(David Hubel) (Torsten Wiesel)

(Roger Sperry)

(Daniel
Kahneman)

(Thomas Schelling)

, (William James) ,
1883
, (functionalist)



, ,




(John Dewey)




,
,

:


33


, ,




,








3.6

,
(behaviorism)


: (Psychology: How a Behaviourist
Views it)
,



,

34


/
?

,

:




,







11
( )

,

-
: :

35

 20 (John Watson)

(Ivan Pavlov)


,

( )
, 20




(Skinner)

36


, ,

3.7

,



(psycho-analysis)

: (Conscious Mind)

(Sub-Conscious Mind)

, ,
(Unconscious Mind)
, , ,


,


, ,


: (Id)
, ,
(Ego)

37


(Super Ego)

- , -















3.8

,
(Gestalt psychology) (Max Werdayimer) ,
1912 (
Phenomenon)


,
-




,
1940 ,

38


,
, ,







:
(Kurt Lewin),

(Lewins Field
Theory) , 1944

,




3.9

,

(De-Moivere) 1733 mal Distribution)
(Gauss)

39


-I -II (Type
I and Type II error)
1829

,
(Gosset) 1908
t-


(Analysis of Variance) t
,
1925
Statistical Methods for Research Workers
(Meta Analysis) (P-value)
(1822-1911)
(1857-1936)
1932

(Likert Scale)

(SS Stevens)
1946 On the
theory of scales of measurement
,


(Reliability of Test)


3.10

(Schools of Psychology) (1832-1920)
(Psychology Laboratory)
1879 . (
)
,
40

 ,



, ,

,












(Kurt Lewin) 1944

,


: (De-Moivere) 1733
mal Distribution) (Gauss)
(Normal Probability Curve) , 1829
, (Gosset) 1908
t- , (Analysis of Variance),
(Meta Analysis) (P-value) (1857-1936)
, 1932 (Likert
Scale) (SS Stevens) , (Lee
Cronbach) (Reliability of Test)

41



3.11 /
Aahuja, R. (2006). Research Methodology, Rawat Publishers, New Delhi
Best, J.W. & Kahn, J.V., (2008) Research Methodology in Education,
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
Garret H.E., (2005). Statistics in Psychology & Education, Paragon
International Publisher, New Delhi
Gupta, S.P., (2013). , Sharda Prakashan, Allahabad
Kaul, L. (2009) Methodology of Educational Research, Vikas Publications,
New Delhi
Kerlinger, F.N., (2012). Foundations of Behavioural Research, Surjeet
Publications, New Delhi
Kothari, C.R., (2008).Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques,
New Age International, New Delhi
Kumar, A., (2006) Measurement and Evaluation in Research and Statistics,
Bharti Bhawan, Patna, Bihar
Ranjit, K. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step by Step Guide for
Beginners, Sage Publications

3.12
1.
2.

3.
4. ?
5. ?
6.
*******

42