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Lesson5|

AneasypacedapproachtolearnSanskrit

Lesson5

SimpleSanskritLesson5
PostedonApril16,2012May2,2012byslabhyankar

SimpleSanskritLesson5

InLesson3,whenexplainingexibilityofsyntaxavailableinSanskrit,thepointwasillustratedby
thesentence
.WhendoingthisandalsoinTables35,36and37,agood

numberofnewwordshadbeenintroduced.InTable51,theyarenowtabulatedbycaseand
gender.
Table51
TabulationofwordsbyCaseandGender
case

MasculineNouns

NeuterNouns

First(or
Nominativecase)

,,
,,
,,

(8)

,
,,

,
,
,
(3)
,
,
,

,
(9)

Second(or
Accusativecase)

,,

(3)

(1)

Third(or

,
,

instrumentalcase)

(3)

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FeminineNouns

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instrumentalcase)

(3)

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Fourth(orDative
case)

,
,

(3)

,
(1)

Fifth(orAblative
case)

,
,

(3)

Sixth(orgenitive
case)

,
,
(3)

Seventh(or
Locativecase)

(3)

Wow!Asmanyas41newwordswereintroduced!Butwedonothavetheirdeclensionsinall
sevencasesandallthreenumbers.YouwillwonderwhetherIintendtomake41tabulationsfor
the41words.Well,theanswerisyesandno.Somepaernsarealreadyobvious.So,weshall
explorethepaerns.SinceSanskritisastructuredlanguage,wehavetoidentifypaernsand
learnprimarilythepaerns.Forexample26nounformsinthemasculinecolumncanbesorted
bytheirnumberinthefollowingmanner.Forreadyreferenceandcomparison,masculine
declensionsofpronounarealsoaddedfromTable34inbold.

Table52
MasculineNounsbytheirNumberandCases
case

Singular

First(or
Nominativecase)

,(),,
,

Second(or
Accusativecase)

Dual Plural

Third(or
instrumentalcase)

Fourth(orDative
case)

Fifth(orAblative
case)

Sixth(orgenitive
case)

Seventh(or

,
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Locativecase)

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Locativecase)

Noticeabledierenceswithdeclensionsofareat

,
FirstCase,plural

Fourthcase,singular

Fifthcase,singularand

,Seventhcase,singular

InFirstcasesingular()isdierentfromtherest.ThatiswhyIhaveputintobrackets.
Leavingasidethesedierences,paernofasmanyas17declensionsisidentical.Thedierences
arebecauseisapronounandothersarenouns.Actually
isanadjective.Thatisokay.

Lookingsomewhatdeeperintothefollowing24words,(Wordisusedbothatsecondand
fthcase,dual)theirrootwordsare

,,,
,
,,,,,
,
,,
,,

,,
,
,
,
,,,and

Alltheserootwordshaveendingsoundofthevowel.So,theserootwordsareor
(Note=+=havingvowelattheend;=+=
havingattheend)
Bytheway,rootwordsofnounsarecalledas.Itwasmentionedintherstlessonthat
rootwordsofverbsarecalledas.
AllMasculinenounshavingattheendwillfollowdeclensionsinaparticularpaernasis
evidentinTable52.The21declensionsarelike21dresscodestobewornbytheifitis

.
Justtomention,theisboth

and

.When

itmeans

sunandwhen

itmeanssky.InTable37intherowforsecondcase,Ihadusedit

withthemeaningofsky.SoinTable51,Ihaveputitinthecolumnofneuternouns.This
informationthatisboth

and

.When

itmeans

sunandwhen

itmeanssky.isfromdictionary.Wecanexpecttond

sindictionary.
Whenwewouldknowwhattoexpecttobeavailableindictionary,referringthedictionary
shouldbeconsideredasanimportantpartofstudyofSanskritorforstudyofanylanguagefor
thatmatter.
Comingbacktotheconceptthatpaernsofdeclensionsarelikedresscodes,wecantabulatethe
declensionsforanyofthe24words.Forreadyreferenceletmetabulatethedeclensionsof.
Table53
Declensionsof

case

Singular Dual Plural

First(orNominative

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First(orNominative
case)

Second(orAccusative
case)

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Third(orinstrumental
case)

Fourth(orDativecase)

Fifth(orAblativecase)

Sixth(orgenitivecase)

Seventh(orLocative
case)

Byusingthispatternoneshouldbeabletomakedeclensionsofallthe24words.
Howeveroneneedstobeconsciousoftheforms/declensionsat
singularofthirdcaseand
pluralofsixthcase.
Ifthecontainsvowelor
orconsonant
orconsonant,thentheending

changesto.Soforthes
,,,
,,
,
,,and
the
declensionswillbe

,
,
,

,
,
,
,
,and
inthethirdcaseand

,
,
,
,
,
and

,
in
thesixthcase.
InTable33,wealreadyhavetheSingulardeclensionsoftherootword,

.
Thiswordisalso,butitsgenderisneuter

.Wecancompletethetableby

addingitsdeclensionsinDualandPlural
.

Table54
Declensionsof

case

Singular Dual Plural

First(orNominative

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First(orNominative
case)

Second(orAccusative
case)

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Third(orinstrumental
case)

Fourth(orDativecase)

Fifth(orAblativecase)

Sixth(orgenitivecase)

Seventh(orLocative
case)

Followingtheabovepaernwecanmakedeclensionsof11moreneuternounsnotedinTable51
,,
,,
,,,,,and.
Bythewaytheruleofchangefromtowouldnotapplyfor
and,becausethey
havethechangealreadytherein.Buttherulewillapplyto
and.
Withlotofdeclensionsofverbs,nounsandpronounsonhandwithus,letustryanexerciseof
translatingthestoryofthethirstycrowintoSanskrit.
1.Acrowwasverythirsty.
2.Helookedforwaterhereandthere.
3.Hedidnotseewateranywhere
4.Hewenttoanotherplace.
4.Hesawajar.
5.Therewaslittlewaterinthejar.
6.Hethoughtofanidea.
7.Hepickedupstonesandputtheminthejar.
8.Watercameup.
9.Hedrankthewaterandbecamehappy.
Firstweneedtocompileglossaryofwordswhichwillhelpustomakethesentences.
Table55
Glossary
No.

Word

or
or

crow

tobe

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tobe

verythirsty

tolook

water

here

and

there

anywhere

10

togoto

11

toanotherplace

12

tosee

13

jar

14

little

15

tothink

16

idea

17

topickup

18

stone

19

toput,todrop

20

tocome

21

up

22

todrink

23

tobe

Itisbettertodotranslationsanalytically.Bythatwewouldbeabletoselectproperdeclensionsof
nounsandverbs.
Wecanmakedousingjustthepresenttenseinsteadofpasttense.
24

happy

Table56
Analyticalviewofsentences
No.

Subject

Verb

Object

Acrow

was

verythirsty

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Complement

Adverbial
phrasesand
conjunctions

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He

looked

He

didnotsee

He

wentto

He

saw

littlewater
(There)was

He

thoughtof

anidea

8a

He

pickedup

stones

(and)

put

them

inthejar

8b
9

Water

came

10a

He

drank

10b

forwater

hereand
there

water

anywhere

anotherplace

ajar

inthejar

up

thewater

became

(and)

happy

Itwouldbeinterestingtoseehowthestorywouldreadasonecontinuousnarration!
:
:||
||

||

Onecanturnthewordsaroundtogetsyntaxandthereadingtoonesliking.Butsoundsgoodfor
arstaempt!Rathertheplacementofincompoundsentenceshasnothappenedproperly.Its
placeshouldratherbeafterthesecondverb,i.e.

|shouldratherbe

|Also

|shouldratherbe

Importanttonotethat
1. InSanskritsubject,objectandcomplementandalsoadverbialphrasesaredeclensionsof

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1. InSanskritsubject,objectandcomplementandalsoadverbialphrasesaredeclensionsof
nouns,pronouns,adjectives.Theyallhavea.Sonouns,pronounsandadjectives
makeoneclassofwords.Theirdeclensionsaredictatedbygender,caseand
number.
2. Verbsarefrom
s.Theirdeclensionsaredictatedbytenseor
mood,
person
andnumber
3. Conjunctionssuchasandadverbssuchasandverbalauxiliariessuchasare
primarilyindeclinables.
4. WecansaythatasagainsteightpartsofspeechinEnglish,inSanskritwehaveprimarilythree
classesofwords
1. derived(ordeclined)from
2. derived(ordeclined)from
and
3. s,whichareindeclinable.
5. Ifsubjectisapronoun,itspersonandnumbermustmatchwiththepersonandnumberofthe
verbandviceversa.
1. Whensubjectisanounitspersonisthirdperson.ItsnumbercouldbeSingularor

DualorPlural
.Theverbwillbeinthirdpersonandcorresponding

number.Againtherule,..personandnumberoftheverbmustmatchwiththepersonand
numberofthesubject.applies.
2. Whentheverbintransitive,thesentencewouldoftencontaincomplements.Theyare
adjectivalinnature,qualifyingthesubject.Theruleisthatgender,caseand
numberofanadjectivemustmatchthegender,caseandnumberof
thenounorpronoun,whichitqualies.Thereisagoodverseonthishavingforits
meaningexactlythisrule

1. AstudyofthisverseisdetailedinLessonNo.22athttp://slabhyankar.wordpress.com/
(http://slabhyankar.wordpress.com/)
2. Thecomplementsverythirsty
:inFirstsentenceandhappy

insentence10

bqualifythesubjectAcrow:Heinrespectivesentences.Thesubjectsare
masculine,rstcase,singular.Soarethecomplements.
3. Alsoinsentence6,thephraselilewater
containsanadjectiveanda

noun.Thenounisneuter,rstcase,singular.Sois
.

isactually
+
.Here
isasuxaddedto
.Thesux
canbeaddedto

everyotherdeclensionofthepronounandwouldgiveameaningofsome.Forexample

1.
2.
3.
4.

=somewhat,because
=whatand
=some.

Likewise=+
=somewhoi.e.someone,
=someone(feminine)

=
+=bysomeone

Likewise=ofsomeone;
=fromsomeone,etc.

Note,
whenisaddedto
theresultantsoundbecomes
.

Whenisaddedtotheresultantsoundbecomes

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Whenisaddedtotheresultantsoundbecomes

Whenisaddedto
theresultantsoundbecomes
.

Thisconceptofresultantsoundiscalledas
or
.Whereasresultantsoundis
substantiallyamaerofnaturalexperience,thesenaturalexperienceshavebeenformulatedinto
rules!ThatiswhatmakesSanskritastructuredlanguage!

scriptofSanskritisaphoneticscript.Thealphabetsofthescriptwritereallythesounds.
Whatyouwriteiswhatyousay.Thereisnoproblemofrememberingthespellings.Thereisno
problemofthespellingofawordinUSbeingdierentfromitsspellinginUK.
scripting
andpronunciationofeverySanskritwordoughttobethesameallaroundtheworld,eternally.
Inpreviouslessons,Iwasgivingacountofnumberofsentencesonecanmakefromgivendetails.
Nowthedatabasehasbecomesowide,thatnumberofsentencesonecanmakeislimitless.This
willgoonbecomingmoreandmoreinfinite,primarilyby
GeingtoknowNewerpaernsandstructuresofdeclensionsofwordsdecliningfrom
sandwordsdecliningfrom
s
Expandingourrepertoireofglossary
LearningSanskritisbasicallylearningjustthesethings!Isntthatsimple,especiallywhen
everythingissowellstructuredandrhythmic?

!
oOo
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