1

Journal:
(False)

Number & Answer T (true) or F

1.

People prone to delinquency & violence have fewer vivid fantasies.

2.

Everyone dreams several times a night.

3.

People who sleep 8 hours a night tend to outlive those chronically sleep-deprived.

4.

The most common dreams are those with sexual imagery.

5.

The majority of the characters in mens dreams are female.

6.

Most psychologists believe that dreams provide a key to understanding our inner
conflicts.

7.

Under hypnosis, people can be induced to perform feats they would otherwise find
impossible.

8.

Under hypnosis, people can be induced to perform acts they would otherwise find
immoral.

9.

Those given morphine to control pain often become addicted to the drug.

10.

In large amounts, alcohol is a depressant; in small amounts, it is a stimulant.

11.

Marijuana is not addictive.

12.

The most widely used and abused mind-altering substance in the United States is
alcohol.

Biological Rhythms
Fall into three main categories
Circadian Rhythms
Ultradian Rhythms
Infradian Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms
Biological rhythms that occur
approximately every 24 hours

Ultradian Rhythms
Biological rhythms that occur
more than once each day
Example: Stages of sleep

throughout the night

Infradian Rhythms
Biological rhythms that occur
once a month or once a season
Example: Phases of the moon

How does your body get

you ready for sleep?
Each of us has an internal clock which runs our

circadian rhythm

Governed by activity in the hypothalamus

When it is dark outside, the pineal gland secretes

melatonin, which pushed the body toward sleep

When the sun rises, our melatonin levels have

dropped and we wake up

Research shows that our

bodies would work on a 25 hour clock.

Awake & Alert

During strong mental engagement brain
exhibits low amplitude, fast, irregular beta
waves (15-30 cps). A person awake in
conversation shows beta activity.

Beta Waves

Awake but Relaxed

When eyes are closed, but the individual is
awake, brain activity slows down to large
amplitude, slow, regular alpha waves (9-14
cps). A meditating person exhibits alpha
brain activity.

Sleep Stages 1-2

During early light sleep (stages 1-2) the
brain enters a high amplitude, slow, regular
wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A
person daydreaming shows theta activity.

Theta Waves

Sleep Stages 3-4

During deepest sleep (stages 3-4) brain

activity slows down. There are large
amplitude, slow delta waves. Sometimes
called delta sleep

Stage 5: REM Sleep

After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4)
the sleep cycle starts moving backward
towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the
brain engages in low amplitude, fast and
regular beta waves (15-40 cps), much like
awake-aroused state.

A person in this sleep phase exhibits

Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams.

Why is REM sleep important?

In an REM deprivation study an individual is

intentionally awakened at the onset of each

REM phase over a period of days
The subject is then allowed to sleep
normally
During this time they are likely to spend a
great deal more time in the REM stage
Called REM rebound
Suggest our body really needs REM sleep and

will do what it takes to get it

Supported by cognitive development of early
years and need for reduced sleep in later life

Sleep Changes through Life

Review

Why do we sleep?

We spend one third

of our life sleeping.

Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis

If an individual
remains awake for
several days they
deteriorate, in terms
of immune function,
concentration and
accidents.

Sleep Deprivation
1. Fatigue and subsequent
death.
2. Impaired concentration.
3. Emotional irritability.
4. Depressed immune system.
5. Greater vulnerability.

Sleep Theories

1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness

when predators loom kept our ancestors
out of harms way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore
and repair brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep
restores and rebuilds our fading
memories.
4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep pituitary
gland releases growth hormone. Older
people release less of this hormone and

Stage 1
Stage 2

Stage 3
Stage 4
REM

Light sleep; Fantastic images resembling hallucinations

Body relaxes; Hypnogogic sensations: falling, floating
Irregular and small brain waves
Relax more deeply
Sleep spindles bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave
activity
Can be awakened without too much difficulty
Clearly asleep; Garbled sleep talking is possible
Transitional stage
Brain begins to emit delta waves (large slow waves
associated with sleep)
Continual delta waves; Stages 3 and 4 termed slowwave sleep
Sleep-walking, bed-wetting, night terrors
After Stage 4 goes back to stage 3, then 2, then REM
(Rapid Eye Movement)
Dream here
Heart rate rises, rapid and irregular breathing, eyes dart
around, genital arousal, brain waves rapid and sawtoothed
Motor cortex is active, but brainstem blocks it messages
Muscles EXTREMELY relaxed and little movement
Cannot be easily awakened
Termed paradoxical sleep as internally body is aroused
while externally appears calms

5 minutes
20
minutes

Few
minutes

10
minutes

20

21

 Dream theories
Sleep disorders
Hypnosis theories

Why do we dream?
Information Processing Theory
Physiological function
Activation synthesis
Cognitive development
Freuds reasoning

Information-Processing Theory
Dreams serve an important
memory- related function by
sorting and sifting through the
days experiences
Research suggests REM sleep

helps memory storage. (memory

consolidation theory)

Physiological Function Theory

Neural activity during REM sleep
provides periodic stimulation of
the brain.

Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams are the minds attempt
to make sense of random neural
firings in the brain as one sleeps.
Our minds make sense of the

firing by creating a story line

Should sound like Gestalt from

sensation and perception

Cognitive Development Theory

Dreams part of the maturation
process
Dreams reflect our knowledge
Reflection of normal cognitive

development

Freud
Believed dreams offer a safe outlet for wish

fulfillment

Manifest vs Latent content

The Royal Road to the Unconscious Mind
Too subjective, too many interpretations

Dream Theories
Summary

Sleep disorders
and problems

Insomnia
Recurring problems falling asleep or

staying asleep

Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress

REM sleep; worsen the problem

Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also

worsens the problem

Studies show most people overestimate

how long it took them to get to sleep

Sleep Apnea

Sleep disorder characterized by

temporary cessations of breathing

during sleep and consequent
momentary reawakenings.

Tend to be loud snorers

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

machine

Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Person may lapse directly into

REM sleep

Nervous system getting aroused

tends to trigger the sleep attack

Somnambulism
Formal name for sleepwalking
Starts in the deep stages of N-REM

sleep

Person can walk or talk and is able

to see

Rarely has any memory of the event

Night Terrors
Sleep disorder characterized by
high arousal and appearance of
being terrified
Unlike nightmares
Happens during stage 4 sleep;
mostly children
The children seldom remember
the event.

Other Sleep Disorders

Bruxism teeth grinding
Enuresis bed wetting
Myoclonus sudden jerk of a

body part occurring during stage

1 sleep
Everyone has occasional
episodes of myoclonus

Is Hypnosis an Altered State of

Consciousness?
1. Social Influence

2. Divided

Consciousness:
Theory: Hypnosis is a
special state of
dissociated (divided)
consciousness
(Hilgard, 1986, 1992).

(Hilgard, 1992)

Courtesy of News and Publications Service, Stanford University

Theory: Hypnotic
subjects may simply
be imaginative actors
playing a social role.

Aspects of Hypnosis
1. Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried

out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.

2. Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to

recall what one experienced during hypnosis.

Mimi Forsyth

Both Theories

Essay
Using your notes, write a well

developed essay describing the

reason why we sleep and the
process of dreaming. Include
psychology terminology and both
sleep theories and dream
theories. I also want to know your
opinions on each and which you
lean towards
40

Drugs
Drugs and Consciousness
Groups of psychoactive drugs
and the neurotransmitters
they mimic

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance
that alters perceptions and mood (effects
consciousness).

Dependence & Addiction

Continued use of
psychoactive drug
produces tolerance.
With repeated
exposure to a drug,
the drugs effect
lessens. Thus it
takes bigger doses
to get the desired
effect.

Withdrawal & Dependence

1. Withdrawal: Upon stop taking a drug

(after addiction) users may experience

undesirable effects of withdrawal.

2. Dependence: Absence of drug may lead

to feelings of physical pain, intense

cravings (physical dependence) and
negative emotions (psychological
dependence).

Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.

1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Hallucinogen
s

Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Most depressants act as an agonist at barbiturate site on the GABA-A receptor

1. Alcohol
2. Barbiturat
es
3. Opiates

Alcohol
1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment,

and memory increases

aggressiveness reduces self awareness.
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images

Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS

Drinking and Driving

Barbiturates
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous system,
reducing anxiety but impairing memory
and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and
Amytal are some examples.

Depressants

http://opioids.com/timeline

3. Opiates: Opium and

its derivatives
(morphine and
heroin) depress
neural activity,
temporarily
lessening pain and
anxiety. They are
highly addictive.

Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural
activity and speed-up body functions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamin
es

Caffeine & Nicotine

Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates, and other autonomic
functions to provide energy.
http://office.microsoft.com/clipart

http://www.tech-res-intl.com

Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing
speeded-up body functions and associated energy
and mood changes, with devastating effects.

National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works

Ecstasy

Greg Smith/ AP Photos

Ecstasy or
Methylenedioxymethamp
hetamine (MDMA) is a
stimulant and mild
hallucinogen. It produces
euphoric high and can
damage serotoninproducing neurons
resulting in permanent
deflation of mood and
impairment of memory.

Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a
crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked.
Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

http://www.ohsinc.com

Hallucinogens

Ronald K. Siegel

Hallucinogens are
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs
that distort
perceptions and
evoke sensory images
in the absence of
sensory input.

Hallucinogens

Hemp Plant

http://static.howstuffworks.com

1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide)

powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot
fungus) also known as acid.
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is
the major active ingredient in
marijuana (hemp plant) triggers a
variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations.

Dopamine :
Pleasure and reward Movement, Attention, Memory
Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Amphetamine
Virtually all drugs of abuse directly or indirectly
augment
dopamine in the reward pathway
Serotonin:
Mood, Sleep, Sexual desire,
Appetite
MDMA (ecstasy), LSD, Cocaine
Glutamate:
Neuron activity (increased rate), Learning,
Cognition, Memory
Alcohol
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Neuron activity (slowed), Anxiety, Memory
Anesthesia Sedatives, Tranquilizers, Alcohol

Drugs

Summary