Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope- Deflection Equations In this chapter we will briefly outline the basic ideas for analyzing structures : using the displacement method of analysis. Once these concepts have been yy Presented, we will develop the general equations of slope deflection ands then use them to analyze statically indeterminate beams and frames, ; 11-1 Displacement Method of Analysis: General Procedures Allstructures must satisfy equilibrium, load-displacement, and compati- bility of displacements requirements in order to ensure their safety, It ‘Was stated in Sec. 10-1 that there are two different ways to satisfy these requirements when analyzing a statically indeterminate structure, The foree method of analysis, discussed in the previous chapter, is based on identifying the unknown redundant forces and then satisfying the structure's compatibility equations ‘This is done by expressing the displacements in terms of the loads by using the load-displacement relations. The solution of the resultant equations yields the redundant reactions, and then the equilibrium equations are used to determine the } remaining reactions on the structure, The displacement method works the opposite way. It frst requires satisfying equilibrium equations for the structuite. To do this the unknown displacements are written in terms of the loads by using the load. i displacement relations, then these equations are solved for the displace- i ments. Once the displacements are obtained, the unknown loads are i determined from the compatibility equations using the load. displacement relations. Every displacement method follows this general i Procedure. In this chapter, the procedure will be generalized to produce { 4 453 t454. CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Siope-Deflection Equations Pip et the slope-deflection equations. In Chapter 12, the moment-distribution method will be developed. This method sidesteps the calculation of the displacements and instead makes it possible to apply aseries of converging corrections that allow direct calculation of the end moments Finally, in Chapters 14,15, and 16, we will illustrate how to apply this method using matrix analysis, making it suitable for use on a computer, Inthe discussion that follows we will show how to identify the unknown displacements in a structure and we will develop some of the important Ioad-displacement relations for beam and frame members The results will ‘be used in the next section and in later chapters as the basis for applying the displacement method of analysis. Degrees of Freedom, Whon astrugthdl is loaded, specified points on fi, called nodes, wil undergo unknown displacements These displacemen's aire referred to as the degrees of freedom for the structure, and in the displacement method of analysis itis important to specify these degrees of freedom since they become the unknowns when the method is applied. “The number of these unknowns is referred to as the degree in which the structure is kinematically indeterminate. To determine the Kinematic indeterminacy we can imagine the structure to consist of a series of members connected to nodes, which are usually located at joints, supports at the ends of a member, ot where ‘the members have a sudden change in cross section. In three dimensions, cach node on a frame or beam can have at most three linear displace- ‘ments and three rotational displacements; and in two dimensions, each node can have’ at most two linear displacements and one rotational displacement. Furthermoré, nodal displacements may be restricted by the supports, or due to assumptions based on the behavior of the structure. For example, if the structure is a beam and only deformation due to bending is considered, then there can be no linear displacement along the axis of the beam since this displacement is caused by axial- force deformation. ‘To clarify these concepts we will consider some examples, beginning with the beam in Fig. 11-la. Here any load P applied to the beam will cause node A only to rotate (neglecting axial deformation), while node B is completely restricted from moving, Hence the beam has only one ‘unknown degree of freedom, 6.4, and is therefore kinematically indeter- minate to the first degree. The beam in Fig. 11-16 has nodes at A, B, and C, and s0 has four degrees of freedom, designated by the rotational displacements 04, 8», Qc, and the vertical displacement Ac. It is kinematically indeterminate to the fourth degree,*Consider now the frame in Fig, 1l-Ic, Again, if we neglect axial deformation of the members, an arbitrary loading P applied to the frame can cause nodes B and C to rotate, and these nodes can be displaced horizontally by an equal amount. The frame therefore has three degrees of freedom, Bp, Ses Ag, and thus it is kinematically indeterminate to the third degree.StcHIon 11-2 Slope-Deflection Equations 455 In summary, specifying the kinematic indeterminacy or the number of unconstrained degrees of freedom for the structure is a necessary first step when applying a displacement method of analysis It identifies the number of unknowns in the problem, based on the assumptions made regarding the deformation behavior of the structure, Furthermore, once these nodal displacements are known, the deformation of the structural members can be completely specified, and the loadings within the members obtained 11-2 Slope-Deflection Equations As indicated previously, the method of consistent displacements studied in Chapter 10 is called a force method of analysis, because it requires writing equations that relate the unknown forces or moments in @ structure, Unfortunately, its use is limited to structures which are not highly indeterminate, This is because much work is requited to set up the compatibility equations, and furthermore each equation written involves all the ursknowns, making it difficult to solve the resulting set of equations unless a computer is available. By comparison, the slope deflection method is not as involved. As we shall see, it requires less work both to write the necessary equations for the solution of a problem and to solve these equations for the unknown displacements and associated internal loads, Also, the method can be easily programmed on a computer and used to analyze a wide range of indeterminate structures. The slope-deflection method was originally developed by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr for the purpose of studying secondary stresses in trusses. Later, in 1915, G. A. Maney developed a refined version of this technique and applied it to the analysis of indeterminate beams and framed structures. General Case. ‘The slope-deflection method is so named since it relates the unknown slopes and deflections to the applied load on a strueture. In order to develop the general form of the slope-deflection equations, we will consider the typical span AB of a continuous beam as shown in Fig. 11-2, Which is subjected to the arbitrary loading and has a constant EY. We wish torelate the beams internal end moments M ay and My in tetms ofits three degrees of freedom, namely, its angular displacements 8, and 65, and linear displacoment & which could be caused by a relative setlement between the supports, Since we will be developing a formula, moments and angular displacements will be considered positive when they act clockwise on the span, as shown in Fig. 11-2. Furthermore, the linear displacement & is considered positive as shown, since this displacement ‘causes the cord of the span and the span’s cord angle # to rotate clockwise. “The slope-detiection equations can be obtained by using the principle of superposition by considering separately the moments developed at each support due to each ofthe displacements, 04, 0, and A, and then the loads, « deflection ‘curve ETisconstant postive sign convention Fig 2 | |“ag 456 + CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations | Me Vo, congate beam © ig 8 ‘Angular Displacement at A, 04. Consider ie A of te member shown in Fig. 11-3a to rotate 0 4 while its far-end. thie’ is held fixed. To determine the momont Map needed to cause this displacerient, we will use the ‘conjugate-beam method. For this ease the conjugate bear is shown in Fig. 11-3, Notice that the end shear at A’ acts downward on the beam, since 0, is clockwise. The deflection of the “real beam” in Fig. 1l-3a is 10 be zero at A and B, and therefore the corresponding sum of the moments at each end A’ and B' of the conjugate beam must also be zero. This yields cere ACEC) ea from which we obtain the following load-displacement relationships. (tM a = (42My = By (tt) fan = 7 Oa 2EL L 4 (2) Mn, ‘Angular Displacement atB, 0». In a similar manner, fend B of the beam rotates to its final position Bp, while end A is held fixed, Fig, 11-4, we can relate the applied moment Mya to the angular displacement 6p and the reaction moment M ,q atthe wall"The results are 4EL Msa= "76 ay) May = Ey amSecnON 11-2 Slope-Deflection Equations . 457 Relative Linear Displacement, A. If the far node B of the member is displaced relative to A, so that the cord of the member rotates clockwise (positive displacement) and yet both ends do not rotate, then equal but ‘opposite moment and shear reactions are developed in the member, Fig 11-Sa. As before, the moment M can be related to the displacement & using the conjugate-beam method. In this case, the conjugate beam, Fig. 11-56, is free at both ends, since the real beam (member) is fixed supported. However, due to the displacement of the real beam at B, the ‘moment at the end B" of the conjugate beam must have a magnitude of A as indicated.* Summing moments about 5, we have eos ZI Hut) (32)]- Aso | noET, | eek « LL-S) = ars) (+2My May = Maa = M = By our sign convention, this induced moment is aegative since for equilibrium it acts counterclockwise on the member. at att Hu, zeal ge conjugate beam @ = ©) Mig. us —_~ >-f~ nis Gta sn t areas Bilan LEI a ae ve, © | | |466» CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations Determine the moment at A and B for the beam shown in Fig. Lila, ‘The support at B is displaced (settles) 80 mm, Take F = 200 GPa, 1 = (109) mm*, @ te Solution fig. Ht Slope-Deflection Equations, Only onespan (AB) must be considered | in this problem since the moment Mgc due to the overhang can be | calculated from statics. Since there is no loading on span AB, the | FEMS are zero. As shown in Fig, 11-120, the downward displacement (settlement) of B causes the cord for span AB to rotate clockwise. Thus, 0.08 m 4 a= bea = = 0.02 rad “The stitiness for AB is © 1 5(208) mm‘(10-) m/s RPT ain Applying the slope-deffection equation, Eq. 11-8, to span AB, with 04 = 0, we have | | | | | My = 28( 4) oy + Gp ~ 39) + (FEM) 25(10°) m? Mas = 2(200(10°) N/m?)[1.25(10-%) m°I]2(0) + By ~ 3(0.02)] +0 (A) Mog = 2(200(10") N/m?}(1.25(10-*) m°I}20y + 0 — 3(0.02)] +0) Equilibrium Equations, ‘The free-body diagram of the beam at support B is shown in Fig, 11-I2c. Moment equilibrium requires Ve, SON Moa (J FE] | amon) (42Mp = 0; M4 ~ S000N(3m) = 0 Substituting Eq, (2) into this equation yields 4 . 1(10°)0p — 30(10°) = 24(10°) 05 = 0.054 rad 2 ‘Thus, from Eqs (1) and (2), | | | Map = ~3.00kN+m | Maa = %A0kNemSECHON 11-3 Analysis of Beams NNN Determine the internal moments at the supports of the beam shown in Fig, 11-134. The support at € is displaced (settles) 0.1 ft. Take B= 29(10°) ksi, 1 = 1500 int, a Fan — 0 @ Fig. 1-13 Solution Slope-Deflection Equations, ‘Three spans must be considered in problem. Equation L1-8 applies since the end supports A and D are fixed, Also, only span AR has FEMs, wit (FEM) an = — Fysy(eay = meet (FEM) 54 me = 5 5)(24)? = 72.0 kit As shown in Fig. 11-136, the displacement (or settlement) of the support C causes # acto be positive, since the cord for span BC rotates clockwise, and yep to be negative, since the cord for span CD rotates ‘counterclockwise. Hence, oft ft thao 39 q¢ = 0005 tad Yep = — TE = ~ 000667 rad Also, expressing the units for the stiffness in feet, we have 1500 1500 0.003014 fey = = 0.003617 a5 aay me 20(12)" 1500 kev . ascanyt 7 200823 Noting that 04 = 6p = 0 since A and D are fixed supports, and applying the slope-deflection Eq, 11-8 twice to each span, we have «I ! CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations For span AB! Man = 229(40°)(12)"I(0.008014){2(0) + 6 ~ 3(0)] ~ 72 Mag = 25 173.60n ~ 2 «) Moya = 2(29(10°)(12)°(0.003014)[285 # 0 ~ 3(0)] +72 ia Maa ~ 50347.20p + 72 @ For span BC: Myo ~ 2(29(10°)(12)"I(0.003617)[265 + 80 ~ 3(0.005)] + 0 Mag = 6041610, + 30 208.38 ~ 453.fy 4+ @) Men = 229(10')(12)?1(0.003617) [24474 ~ 3(0.005)] + & Men = 60 416.10¢ + 30 208.308 — asia @ For span CD! ; Mop = 2(29(107)(412)21(0.004823)[28e + 0 ~ 3(-0.00667)] + 9 Mop = 80:555.68¢ + 0 + 805.6 © Mage ~ 2(29(10°)(12)°](0.004823)[2(0) + Be ~ 3(-0.00067)] + © Mpc = 4027786 + 805.6 © auilibstum Equartons, ‘Thesesix equations conan eightunknowns Va Mac Vez, Meco Wiitng the moment equilbrium equations for the supports at B and C, 7 ¢. Fig, 10-13¢, we have (teal) (teal) : Ma} Yn Mey | Ya StEMa =O Mpa + Mee oO 5 G (+ 3Mc = 0 Mcp * Mcp = ® Tn order to solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (9) into Ba, (7), and Bas. (4) and (5) into Eq. (8). This yields ¢ + 3.66105 = 0.01262 Oc ~ 0.2148 = 0.00250 © ‘Thus, fy = 0.00438 rad Oe = ~0.00844 rad “the negative value for Oc indicates counterclockwise rotation of the tangent at Fig, 11-134, Substituting these values into Bas (1)-(6) elds Myp = 2k-f Ans. u Mya = 292K ft Ans. Mac = ~292Ke-ft Ans. Mop = ~529 Kft Ans Mcp = 529k Ans. Mpe ~ 667 kft Ans. aSecHON 11-4 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway - 469 | 11-4 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway | | A frame will not sidesway, or be displaced to the left or right, provided it is properly restrained, Examples are shown in Fig. 11-14. Also, no | sidesway will occur in an unrestrained frame provided it is symmetric i with respect to both loading and geometry, as shown in Rig. 11-15, For both cases the term y in the slope-deflection equations is equal to zero, since bending does not cause the joints to have a linear displacoment, ‘The following examples illustrate application of the slope-defiection ‘equations using the procedure for analysis outlined in Sec. 11-3 for these . types of fremes. hy Ren | | | | Fig. ta470 = CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations ¢—__ Determine the moments at exch joint of the frame shown in Fig. 11-16a. ETis constant. Solution Slope-Deflection Equations. ‘Taree spans must be considered in this problem: AB, BC, and CD. Since the spans are fixed supported at A and D, Eq, 11-8 applies for the solution, From the table on the inside back cover, the FEMs for BC are 2 scaahee)? (HEM) ge = = 22 = — EE son Swi? _ 5Q24)(8)R 4 Eg OE = BOKN-m (FEM)ca = Note that 04 =p = Oand tay = Hac = We = 0, since no sidesway will occur, ‘Applying Eq, 11-8, we have My = 2EK(20y + Op ~ 31h) + (FEM) Map= 2x5 )ac +6) ~3(0)] +0 May = 0AG67TEIO, Qo Moa = 2"(£)e% +0 -3(0)) +0 Mp, = 0.333ET0g 2 Mac = 26(2)any + 46 ~ 3] ~ 80 Mac = 05EI0y + 0.25EI0¢ — 80 8) Mes = 2e(4)2re + Oy ~ 3(0)] + 80 Meg = OSEI0¢ + 0.25EI6g + 80 @ Mep = 2e( 5). +0 ~ 3(0)] +0 Mep = 0333El0¢ (5) Mpc = 28(Z)e@ + 0c ~ 3(0)] + 0 Moye = 0.1667E10¢ ©SécHON 11-4 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway » 471 qtr Bquaion, Ts preseing i tons ean sit | unknowns, The remaining two equilibrium equations come from moment equilibrium at joints B and C, Fig. 11-166. We have Maa + Mpc = 0 a Mca + Mcp= 0 8) To solve these cight equations, substitute gs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7) and substitute Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (8). We get O.833E10y + 0.25E10¢ = 80 O833E10¢ + 0.25E18y = ~80 Solving simultaneously yields © ra Sa = bo = er \witich conforms with the way the frame deflects as shown in Fig.11-16a, Substituting into Eqs. (1)-(6), we pet May = 22.9 KN-m Ans. | Moy = 43.7 Nom Aas, | Myc = ~45.7 KN+m Ans, Meg = 45:7 kN+m Ans. Mep = ~45.7KN +m + Ans. Mpc = —22.9kN+m Ans, i Using these results, the resctions at the ends of each member can bbe dotermined from the equations of equilibrium, and the moment diagram for the frame can be drawn, Fig, 11-16e. 23kN-m 29KN-mEe ST 472 «CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations Oa Soa Determine the internal moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig. 11-174. The moment of inertia for each member is given in the figure. Take E = 29(10*) ksi Solution Slope-Deflection Rquations. Fou spans must be considered in this ‘problem, Equation 11-8 applies to spans AB and BC, and Bq, 11-10 ‘vill be applied to CD and CB, because the ends at D and B are pinned I ‘Computing the member stiffnesses, we have | 400 200 001286 ft? = 2, = 0.000643 f° isc ea 800 650 Kye = PO = o002M 8 kee = Fpe49)8 ae 36(12)* er 42(12) ‘The FEMs due to the loadings are (FPM)pe = ~ FE Kan PL (FEM)oa =e (FEM) ce =~ Sd kof snd 11-10 to the frame and noting that @4 = 0 | Applying Bgs 11-8 a dan = boc = Yen = Yce = 0 since no sidesway occurs, we have My = 2EK(20y + Op ~ 3p) + (FEM) | Map = 2{29(40°)(12)?I(0.001286)[2(0) + Ay ~ 3(0)] + 0 | May = 10740.705 @ |Secnon 11-4 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway + Moa = 2{29(10")(12)°](0.001286)[205 + 0 ~ 3(0)] + 0 Mp, = 21 481.505 @ Moe = 2[29(10%)(12)"I(0.002411)[20p + Oc ~ 3(0)] ~ 12 Myc = 40277.80p + 20 138.90¢ ~ 12 @ Men ~ 2(29(10°)(12)°I(0.002411)[28e + Oy ~ 3(0)] + 12 Mn = 20138.90y + 40.277.80¢ + 12 : @ My = 3k (y ~ ) + (FEM) Mop = 3(29(10*)(12)"I(0.000643)[¢ — 0] + 0 oy Men = 8055.68 : Mex = 3{29(10°)(12)"(0.002612)[6, ~ 0] ~ 54 Meg = 32.725:10¢ ~ 54 © Equations of Equilibrium. These six equations contain eight Moc Mee unknowns. Two moment equilibrium equations can be written for) sS joints B and C, Fig. 11-17b. We have matee Maa + Mac =0 Vu SY Meo Mea + Mcp+Mep=0 + ® te Eqs. (2) and (2) into Eq, (7), and Eqs. (4)-(6) Tnorder to solve, substi into Eq, (8). This gives 61.759.30p + 20138.9%¢ = 12 20 138.90y + 81 059.06 = 42 Solving these equations simultancously yields 6 = 2.758(10°) rade = 5.113(10°) rad ‘These values, being clockwise, tend to distort the frame as shown in Fig. 11-10, Substituting these values into Figs (1)-(6) and solving, we get Map ~ 0.296 k+ft Ans. My, = 0592 Kft Ans, Mpc = ~0.59%k- ft Ans, Mea = 33.1k ft Ans. dak+ft Ans. 37.3 kf Ans. ® araee ———————— 474 © CHAPTER 11 Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations EEE Se ccee ee eee eee eee eeeeree eee Analysis of Frames: Sidesway ‘A frame will sidesway oF be displaced to the side, when i the loading seting on itis nonsymmetic. TD illustrate this effect, consider the frame ae nF. Li-18. Here the loading P ewtses unequal moments Me and Mon a the joints B and C, xespectvely. Mac tends 0 displace joint B to rach, whereas Mp tends to displace joint C19 he eft, Since Myc is Invper than Mcp the net result is asesway & of both joints B and C to te ght a8 shown in the figure.* When applying the slope-deflection equation to cach column of this frame, we must therefore consider the cat acon y (Since = A/L)asuaknowninghecqualon Asaresult cola eqiibrium equation nvust be include for he soln. Tn the drew seins itwasshown that unknown jar displacements 8 were related by joint moment equilibria equations, {a a similar manner, when, are join near displacements & (or span tations Y) oso ‘must vente force equilibrium: equations inorder vo obtain the ‘complete sotution, wre Fores qm these equations however, must only invo)ve (he internal itements acting at the ends of the columns, since the slope-deflection, canuations involve these moments. The technique Tor solving problems for | Feumes with sidesway is best illustrated by examples : pp eR ean Coen CE Serer Determine the momentsateschjointofthefrauneshown in ig 1.19 Bis constant solution Slope-Deflection Equations. Since the ends & and D are fixed, Pl t1-8 applies forall three spans ofthe frame, Ses ‘occurs here ea poth the applied foading and the geometry of the Name Oo osymmetric. Fere the toads applied decty tojoitt and therefore | aos act atthe joints. As sown in Fig. 1h-19a, both jos Band ae assumed to be displaced an equal “amount A. Consequently, | Cas SND and ge = 4/8, oth texms ar postive ince the cords | Of members AB and CD “rotate” clockwise. Relating Wan (0 Woes WE | { | i) |__ ast have Was = (18/12)pc- Applying Fig, 11-8 to the frame, we have 1 o 1 8 \ | — san (£20) toa ee) +0 BxersHe = 97840) : : vnanon( Sou 0-2( Shu) r0= mon 84m) | vane tea} reson vores | \ a secant epionotalireemenivert eosin and asa fre meee 7SecHioON 11-5 Analysis of Frames: Sidesway + 475 oy = 26(E.)He + 05 = 01 +0 025M + 033805) (4) Meo = 28( ere £0 = 3px] +0 £1(02226 — 0388Ync) (5) | Moo = o( eo) + 6 — Wye] +0 = EMO ~ 0333%pc) (6) woe Equations of Equilibrium. The sixequations contain nine unknowas. ‘Two moment equilibrium equations for joints B and C, Fig, 11-19, can be written, namely, Meo! Mag + Mrc = 0 o | Men + Mep ® ! Since a horizontal displacement A occurs, we will consider summing \. | forces on the entire frame in the x direction. This yields + 2r, = 0; 40-V4-Vp=0 i ‘The horizontal reactions or column shears V4 and Vp can be related € to the internal moments by considering the free-body diagram of each column separately, Fig. 11-19c. We have Man + Mea | Mz = 0; Ware age lise Me Vp = ~ Moc + Men Ve 18 ’ Thus, y, 404 Maat Moa , Moc + Men _ 4 © o ae 2 18 In order to solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Bq. (7), Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (8), and Eqs. (1), 2), (5), (6) into Eq. (9). This yields SE 0.605 + 0.1338 = 0.15thp¢ = 0 0.13305 + 0.489% ~ 0333nc 0150p + 0.2228 ~ 1.944) pe = Solving simultaneously, we have Ely = 43881 El0c = 13618 Elbe = 375.26 Finally, using these results and solving Eqs. (1)-(6) yields 480, EI - My = ~208 Kft Ans. | L Mya = ~135 eft Ans. | E Myc = 135 k+ft Ans. : Mey = 8K ft Ans. E Men = ~94.8k-ft Aus. Moe = —110k-ft Ans.476 ees CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflectlon Equations connected. EJ is constant for each member. Solution He My = (Faw 4 Op = 34) + (FEM) Mig, 11-20 Mar = 28(L)20) + On — 3H) +0 Maa = 28(1)c209 10-34) +0 = 36(E) eu —W) + (eEMDy Myo 36(4) 00-0) +8 Myo ~ 34(4)oo—w +0 requires Mpa + Moe = 0 direction, we have Determine the moments at each joint ofthe frame shown in Fig.11-20. ‘The supports at A and D are fixed and joint C is assumed pin ~] Slope-Deflection Bquations, We will apply Eq, 11-8 to member AB ‘inde itis fixed connected at both ends Equation 11-10 can be applied from B to Cand from D to C since the pin at Csupports zer0 moment. ‘As shown by the deflection diagram, Fig. 11-200, there is an unknown linear “displacement A of the frame -and ynknown angular displacement Oy at joint B.* Due to A, the cotd nsgghbers AB and CD rotate clockwise, = Yan ~ oc = 4/4. Reali and that there are no FEMS for the members}we have, a @ @) @ Equilibrium Equations, Moment equilibrium ofjoint B,Fig.11-20e, ©) If forces are summed for the entire frame in the horizontal @ @ f EF, =0; 10-V,~—Vp=0 [As shown on the free-body diagram of each column, Fig, 11-20d, we have 2Mp =Me The angular displacements Yow and Geo at joint C (pin) axe not inckuded fm the o analysis since Eg, 11-10 to be usedSecnow 11-5 Analyss of Frames: Sidesway 477 ‘Thus, from Eq. 6), 10+ @ Substituting the slope-deflection equations into Egs. (5) and (7) and simplifying yields On= Te 10+ 2(3oy~ 9) Thus, = 2 320 * DET MET Yo Substituting these values into Eqs. (1)-(4), we have | May = ~171 KN-m, Mpg = ~114KN+m Ans. @ Moc = 1LAKN+m, Mpc = —11.4 kN+m Ans. Op Using these results, the end reactions on each member can be determined from the equations of equilibrium, Fig. 11-20e. The ‘moment diagram for the frame is shown in Fig. 11-20f, 381 kN S8LkN 38r'eN | 286KN = — 2964 286K | MLARN-m TL¢ kN 38tkN abe 28610 a 114 | 2.86 KN 114 km 38LKN | 74 8S. ITLRN. ina a 381kN © 0478 «CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations © fig. 1-21 -Expltin how the moments a eaeh joint ofthe two-story frame shown | in Fig. 11-2ia are determined. EY is constant. | \ Solution Slope-Deftection Equation, Since the supports at A and Fate fied, eq. 11-8 applies forall six spans ofthe frame. No FEMs have to be Cateulated, since the applied loading acts atthe joints. Here the Ioading displaces joints B and £ an amount 4,, and C and D an amount ‘hy + Ay, As a result, members AB and PE undergo rotations of tha = Ay/S and BC and ED undergo rotations of yy = Aa/ ‘Applying Eq. 11-8 to the frame yields Ny. | : | an 26() 2) + 05 ~ Biro; | Myx =24(£)[200 + 0-301 +0 @) | Mne = 2($)0em» + 00 ~ Bal +0 @ i () o| (5) i © | a | @ | 5) © Moe 28(£)2% Og — Sux) +0 (10) Men = 2e(£)ia00 405 ~ 3m] +0 ay | ~ age =26( 2) + 0~ ah +0 ca | “These 12 equations contain 18 unknowns,Secnon 11-5 Analysis of Frames: Sidesway 479 | Sten (Mee | pr (Sp | "Moo st Moe Mae Msp PS PS 7 als ee ma(=]2 | wo Later | Maa } w Equilibvium Equations. Moment equilibrium of joints B, C,D,and B, Fig, 11-216, requires | Mna+ Mop + Mac =0 (3) Mcp + Mcp = 0 (4) Moc + Mpg =0 (1s) Mer + Mea + Meo = 0 . (16) As in the preceding examples, the shear at the base of all the columns for any story must balance the applied horizontal loads, Fig, 11-2te. ‘This yields f2r, 40 — Vac — Vp = 0 so « Hse + Men , Mio * Mos 7 | PSR. = 40 + 80 — Van — Ven = 0 194 Man + Moa , Mer + Me _ 4 8) 5 5 Solution requires substituting Eqs. (1)-(12) into Bags. (13)-(18), which yields six equations having six unknowns, vi, Yo, 8p, 8s Op, and Op. ‘These equations can then be solved simultaneously. The results are resubstituted into Eqs. (1)-(12), which yields the moments at the joints. a| 480 = CHAPTER 14. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations i Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig.11~22a, Elis constant for each member. o | 4 Solution | a Slope-Deflection Equations. quation 11-8 applies to each of the | : } three spans, The FEMs are + : wi? 212) y (FEM)pe =~ "Gy = ig | EM)gg = ME = BOP = aot 4 (FEMea = "9-3 i “The sloping member AB causes the frame to sidesway to the right t ‘as shown in Fig. 11-222. As a result, joints 8 and C are subjected to : both rotational and linear displacements The linear displacements are ‘ ‘shown in Fig 11-22b, where B moves dy to B' and C moves 3 10 C’. i ‘These displacements cause the members’ cords to rotate Wa» vs (Clockwise) and fa (counterclockwise) as shown.* Hence, } \ A _% —3s I wey oop 8 i [As shown in Fig, 1-226, the three displacements ene seated For fl sMomple Ay — 058 and Ay = 08664. Ts from the above equations | sve have ' a= AIM, Hy = 04834 Usiug these sosults, the slope-deflection equations for the frame are ‘cal that distortions cine to axial foress are neglected and the are displacements ‘pp end CC" can be considered a straight lines since oy and are actuely very smallSecHON 11-5 Analysis of Frames: Sidesway © 481 [2(0) + Op — 3d] +0 @ [29 + 0 - Sy] +0 @ [205 + ec — 3(-0417$4,)] -24 3) [280 + Op -— 04174) +24 (4) [20g + 0 — 3(0.433y,)] + 0 6) . ‘e [2(0) + de ~ 3(0.433y,)] + 0 © \ ‘These six equations contain nine unknowns Equations of Equilibrium. Moment equilibrium at joints B and C yields Maa + Myc = 0 0) Mev + Mca =0 ® ‘The necessary third equilibrium equation can be obtained by summing moments about point O on the entire frame, Fig. 11-22. ‘This eliminates the unknown notmal forces N, and Np, and therefore 1+2Mo Maat Mig ~ (Mart Maa aq) — (Mae * Meo 4a) — 246) = 24M gg — 34Mgq ~ 2.04Mep ~ LO04Mye ~ 144= 0 (9) Substituting Egs (2) and (3) into Eq, (7), Bqs. (4) and (5) into Eq, (8), and Eqs, (1), (2), (5), and (6) into Eq, (9) yields 0.73365 + 0.1670¢ ~ 0.3924 = % 0.1676p + 0.5336¢ + 0.0784, = 1.84009 ~ 0.5128. + 38809, = At Solving these equations simultancously yields Ely = 8167 Ele = 823 Ely = 67.83 Substituting these values into Eqs, (1)-(6), we have May = ~23.2 Kft Myc = 5.63K-ft Mey = -253k-ft Ans, Mya = 563k Mop =25.3k-ft Mpc = -I70k-i Ans. o No ay482» CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Siope-Deflection Equations Cee eee “The unknown displacements of a structure are referred to as the degrees of freedom for the structure, They cons either joint displacements or rotations. | | Fiovlop denon equa ot he unkaowe moment ach joao srr meni othe known ‘The lope dll os caton apie tic toca tober ox span soiperng cach ie as the “neat” end and its counterpart as the far end. My = 2EK(2Iy + 8p ~ 38) + EEMn | rer Intel Spo ind Spa ith Fad Fe | “far” end is at the pin or roller support. No “This equation is only applied once, where the My = 3EK(Oy — #) + (FEM) | Only for Bad Span with Far Bad Pinned or Roles Supported | they are substituted into the equations of moment equilibrium at | veture (frame) has sidesway, then an unknown a imn shears ntust be related to the moments the unknowa displacements are obtained, ‘Once the slope-deflection equations are written, ‘cach joint and thea solved for the unknown displacements. Ifthe str horizontal displacement at each floor level will occur, and the unknown colt atthe joints using both the force and moment equilibrium equations, Once U the unknown reactions are found from the load-displacement relations.Prostems © 483 PROBLEMS JIL, Determine the moments at the supports A and C, then draw the moment diagram. Assume joint B is « roller. BY is constant, 11-2, Determine the moments at A and B, then draw the moment diagram for the beam. EY is constant, 413. Determine the moments at A and B, then draw the moment diagram for the beam. Eis constant 200 bf ‘ao to HI “| “{1-4, Determine the moments at B and C, then draw the moment diagram. Assume A, B, and C are rollers and Dis pinned, ET is constant. 4 eos (ILL See Tae! Nd rab tat ULS, Determine the moment at B, then draw the moment diagram for the beam. Assume the supports at A and C are fixed, ET is constant 1SKN20KN 1-6, Determine the internal moments at the supports A,B, and C, then draw the moment diagram. Assume A is pinned, and B and C are rollers, Ais constant. Prob. 11-6———————— 4e4 «CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations 11-9. Determine the moment at B, then draw the moment diagram for each member of the frame, Assume the supports at A and Care pinned and B is a fixed joint, Es constant 41-7. Determine the reactions at A, and C, then draw the moment diagram for the beam. Assume the support at A is pinned. EF is constant Prob, 1-9 sx4-8, Determine the moments at B, C,and D, then T1-40, Determine the moments ai B and D, thes oy ee eermant diagram for ABDE. Assume As the moment diagram. Asse A and Care pinned and 2 pinned, D ise roller, and C i fixed. Bis constant. and D ate fixed connected. EUs constantPropiems + 485 AI, Determine the moment at #, then draw the 11-13, Determine the horizontal and vertical components moment diagram for cach member of the frame. Assume of reaction at A and C. Asstime A and C are pins and B is the supports at A and C are fixed and 2 isa fixed joint, a fixed joint. Take Z ~ 29(10°)ksi Elis constant. 2k aK toxn/n ish Prob. 113 1-14, Determine the internal moments at A and B, then draw the moment diagram, Assume B and C are rollers, £7 is constant, Prob. HA 10EN/m "142, Determine the moments at B and C. Assume B i | and Care rollets and A and D are pinned, £7 is constant. draw the moment diagram. Assume A is fixed. HU is ‘constant. 1-18. Determine the moments at A, B, and C, then |————————— a6 «CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: SlopeDeflection Equations LL-i8, Determine the moments at each joint and support of the baitered-column frame, The joints end Supports are fixed connected, #1 is constant 11-16. Determine the moments at the ends of each saemnber ofthe frame, The supports at A and Cand joint B are fixed connected. ET is constant. 3iN aan [nef tae — pa tt Pros 11-18 Prob, 1-86 11-39. ‘The frame is made from pipe that is fixed ‘connected. If it supports the loading shown, determine the moments developed at each of the joints and supports Ls constant. A117. The continuous beam supports the three ‘concentrated loads, Determine the maximum moment in the beam and then draw the moment digrain. EI is constant. igen IRKN11-20, Determine the moments at each joint and fixed 11-22, Determine the moments at A, B, C, and D then support, then dravr the moment diagram, ZTis constant, draw the moment diagram, ‘The members are fixed 1 Prowiems + 487 ‘connected at the supports and joints, BY is constant, | Pevb, 1-20 Pret 11-22 U-21, Determine the moments st each joint amd ‘ 11-23, The side of the frame is subjected to the support. There are fixed connections at Band Cand fixed hydrostatic loading showa. Determine the moments at supports at A and D. Bis constant each joint and support. EI is constant 6k ‘ Prob. 1-2 Prob 11-23rr ‘age + CHAPTER 11. Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope-Deflection Equations “41-24, Determine the moment at each joint of the gable frame.’The oof load is transmitted 10 eack of the purlies over simply supported sections of the root ecking. Assume the supports at A and B are pins and the joints are fixed connected, ZZ is constant. 11-25, Solve Prob, 11-24 assuming the supports at A and E are fixed. 41-26, Determine the moment at each joint of the pattered-colunan frame. The supports at A and D are pins Elis constant. ee Prob, 11-26 11-27, For the battered-column frame, determine the moments at each joint and at the fixed supports A and 2 Elis constant. aft rob, 1-274 Prosect Proms + 489 PROJECT PROBLEM LL-1P. The roof is supported by joists that rest on two girders. Each joist can be considered simply supported, and the front girder can be considered attached to the three columns by a pin at A and rollers st B and C. Assume the roof will be made from 3 in, thick cinder concrete, and cach joist hes a weight of 350 tb. According to code the roof will be subjected to a snow loading of 25 psi. The joists have a length of 25 ft Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the gitder. Assume the supporting columns are sigid 4 B oe 9 2 aRvan, 3836, 30 etic eviatial Project Prob, 1-18 : |