Chemical element distribution in the upper

continental crust

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES URAL BRANCH

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

N.A. Grigoriev

CHEMICAL ELEMENT
DISTRIBUTION IN THE UPPER
CONTINENTAL CRUST

EKATERINBURG
2009

..

2009

UDK 550.42 + 549.1

G r i g o r i e v N . A . Chemical element distribution in the upper continental crust. Ekaterinburg: UB RAS, 2009.
The present paper is the continuation of the author's monograph
Introduction into mineralogical chemistry, (Ekaterinburg, UB RAS,
1999). The results are published concerning the development of rather
detailed fragment of the earth crust chemical structure model of A.B.
Ronov, A.A Migdisov and A.A. Yaroshevsky (1990) into a mineralogogeochemical model of the upper continental crust. Calculations are made on
the published in literature results of many thousands determinations of
chemical element compositions in rocks , as well as more than 3400 quantitative mineralogicals analyses of rock samples. New more detailed data is
presented on middle chemical and mineral composition of the upper continental crust, its layers (sedimentary and granite-gneissic) and the rocks
composing them. New values of middle compositions of 71 elements in
these objects are given. It is characterized a chemical element mass distribution in the association of rocks presenting the upper continental crust and
in mineral associations presenting the rocks. Middle compositions of 276
minerals and their varieties, as well as three non-mineral substances in the
upper continental crust, in its layers and in the composing them rocks are
cited.
Mass shares are determined of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,
B, Al, C, Si, Sn, Pb, , As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce,
Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn,
Fe, Co, Ni concentrated in potentially commercial minerals containing in
the rocks. The results obtained give the first views on rocks as of possible
reserve of the potential mineral raw materials, as well as of the containing
here masses of substances dangerous for the environment.
The paper is aimed at geologists, geochemists, mineralogists and on
specialists dealing with problems of mineral resources and environmental
control.
Editor-in-chief:
doctor of geol.-min. sciences, prof. V.N. Sazonov
Reviewer
doctor of geol.-min. sciences V.V. Kholodnov

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Urals Branch of Russian

Academy of Sciences, 2009
Grigoriev N.A., 2009

 550.42 + 549.1
. . . : , 2009.
(: ,
1999).
.. , .. .. (1990) - .


, 3400 .
, ( -)
, 71 . , , , . 276 , , . Li, Na,
K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, C, Si, Sn, Pb, , As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F,
Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti,
Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, , .
,
,
.
, , , ,
.

09-05-12035- . .

- ..

- ..

ISBN 978-5-7691-2083-1

, 2009 .
.., 2009 .

ISBN 978-5-7691-2083-1

..
40-
.
, , .
. ,
.
. , .
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, ,
(, ). , ,
, .
-
. , , , : - , .. .
, , , .
.

71 52 ,
7

 .
. , 7.15%,
, , 0.3%,
1.6% .
.
() , , .
. ,
. , , .
, , , . , , , , -, , - .
-
..

, , ,
.
, 3400 .
- .. , ..
.. (1990).
, . , (,
2001). , ,

.
, , , . ,
.
, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, C,
Si, Sn, Pb, , As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu,
Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni. .
276 ,
. ,
. H, O, Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg,
Ca, Na, K ,
.
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Ga, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, ,
As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu,
Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, ( ). 9

 , .
.. , .. .. (1990).
XXI .
,
, - (
- ) .
, , XX .
, ,
.. (1990) .
.
213 2. :
-. . , : 4.7, - 14.1. ,
, . (, 2002). ( ) , . ,
-. , , - ,
(, 1975). ,
.. ,
, . ,
, .. . (1990). - , -. ( ) .. (1981). - 1:2 (, 2000). - .. . (1990) , -
. - . ( )
.
,
. , %: ( 10

) 5.11; (
< 50%) 10.40; ( > 50%) 3.85; 0.33; 0.26; 0.44; 1.13;
2.11; 23.63. - , %:
8.21; ( ) 3.38; 1.5; (
) 0.05; ( ) 0.05; (
) 2.92;
30.56; 1.13; 0.38; - 23.21; 0.66; 1.03;
3.29; 76.37.

. .. (2002)
.. (1990)
. .. - .
,
, . .. , - :
8 10 .

.. (. . 1.1). ,
.. (2006),
.. (1990).

Si . ,


.
,
, .
, , . . , Au
10 000 . ,
16
.. . (1990) 100%,
. . . 2 . 2 ..
(1990): 3.93, 2.46%.
.
11

 , , , , , .
XX . (, 1999). , , XX . ,
. ( !)
.
, . .
, .. , .. , .. , ..
.
.
. ..
(1981), .. , .. (1988), .. (1990),
.. (Wedepohl, 1995) (Rudnick, Gao, 2004)
(, 2003)

.
. .. . (1990) , ,
,
.
, 1.
. XX . (Clarke, 1924; Berg, 1929; , 1933;
Wedepohl, 1967; , , 1967; , 1971; Nessbitt, Young,
1984; , 1996). 620 .
, 41 (, 1999). 66
(, 2007). ,
, 12

 ,
. , , . , , -
,

(, 1999). 66 . 1. ()
.
, ( ), .. .. (1952). .. (1961) .
(, 1999). ,
, , , .
, , (, 1999). , , , .
:
. .. (1960). , - . - .
, ,
, , - (, 1999).
.
, ,
.
, . .
, , 13

 -. -, , . , . .
( ) ( < 1)
( > 1). , (, 1999). - , -
. .
, , - , . - . ,
-. . , . -
. (, 1999).
. Fe , (. 15). Fe .
Fe 0.1 24.1%, 77,54%
Fe, Fe 35.59
71.6%. . 20.45% Fe.
Fe 24.235.5% 0.05%
. . , , . , ,
. , , , . 14

 ( )
C = C C ,
, %: ( ), C , (, 1999).
( ), ,
, .
. . .
.
, . , .
,
Mg, . Al , .
.
. . , .

, .
.
. , ,
,
, .

, . .

.. , , , .

 1

,

1.1.

1.1.1.
, - . : . .. (1990). 11
- 5
. ..
(1990) , .. . ,
, , ( ).
,
, (, 2002, 2003).
, (
). , .. . , 90% .
C , Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, P, C, Si, O, S, F, Cl, Ti, Mn, Fe
, , , , .. (1990) 16

 . 1016 100%.
Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, P,
Si, O, Ti, Mn, Fe .. (1990),
. , C, S, F, Cl : , , ( ., 1963; , ,
1963; , 1963; , 1975); , , (, 1973); ,
(, 1963); (, 1981).
.. (1981). -
- ( ., 1990) ( ., 1981). .. (1990). .. (, 1987), .. .. (1995, 1998) ; ..
(1981) .
(, 1987; , , 1995; , 1980), (, , 1976; ,
, 1995, 1998), ( ., 1981).
,
, , , , ,
.. (1990).
, . , , .

.
.
Li, Rb, Cs. ..
(1986), .
.
, , , ,
: , , , , , , ,
( ., 1977);
(Van de Kamp, Leake, 1994); ( )
(, , 2000); , , - (, ,
1989); , , ,
(, , 1982); ,
17

, , (,
, 1989).
: - (, 1973); -
(, , 1989).
.. (1973).
: , , -, (, , 1970); , , , , , , -, , , -, (,
1973; , 1981; , 1987); (, 1981; , , 1975); - - (,
, 1997); () (-, 1965; , , 1973); -, , ( , 1986).
: - ( ., 1994);
(, 1980); (Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990);
(, , 1986).
: (, 1980); - - ( ., 1994);
- (Sighinolfi, 1976); , , (, 1978); , , (, ,
1975; , , 1986; , 1974);
, , ( ., 1980; Gromet et al., 1984; Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990).
: (, 1980); ( ., 1994; , , 1984);
(, , 1986).
: ,
( ., 1977); (~ 7% Fe)
( ., 1995).
-: - ( ., 1985); ,
, (, 1978),
(, 1975), - (Whitney, 1984), (, , 1996); , , , ( ., 1985),
(, , 1986), (, , 1980; , 1980), ( ., 1980).
18

: (, 1981; , 1987), (,
, 1976), (, 1987);
(, 1975) (, , 1986).
: (, 1981), (, , 1976);
(, 1975);
(, 1985) (, , 1986).
: - ( , 1986); (,
, 1987); (Grenne,
Roberts, 1980); ( ., 1995);
(, 1987), (, , 1993; , 1975);
, (, , 1986), (, 1952); , ,
(, 1980; , 1980; , 1980).
Be, Sr, Ba. : 3959
, Sr ..
(1986). ,
.
, , , , :
, ,
(, , 1976); , , , , , ( ., 1972; ., 1972; , 1972); , ,
(, , 1987).
.. (1973), Sr .. (1986).
: , , , , ( ., 1963);
-6 (, , 1997).
: (,
1952) ( ., 1988).
: -
- ( ., 1994);
(, 1988);
, ,
, ( , 1982; 19

, 1952; , , 1980; , , 1980); ( ., 1970)

(Buttler, 1966).
: (, , 1991) (, 1974).
-: (, , 1972);
( ., 1970); -
(Buttler, 1966) (, 1952).
(): (, , 1976); ( ., 1980).
( ): (, 1981);
(, , 1976), (, 1985), (, , 1980).
: - ( ., 1992; , , 1996); (, 1992); (, , 1971); (Buttler, 1966).
B, Ga. .. (1976) .. (1971).
, .
, , , , : , , , , , , , (
., 1977); , , (, , 1965; , 1965); - (, 1966); (Van de
Kamp, Leake, 1994); , ,
, , - (
., 1972; ., 1972); , ( ) (, , 1999,
2000); , , , , , , (, 1975; , , 1970); ( ., 1989).
.
(, , 1971) (, 1980).
.. (1973), .. (1976), .. (1989),
( ., 1977).
20

: (, ,
1981); , , , -,
( ., 1963);
( ., 1982; , 1981); , -, , - (, 1966).
: - ( ) ( ., 1994);
(, 1980); ( ., 1970); ( ., 1995); ( , 1980; , , 1986; ., 1988; , 1952).
: (, 1980); - - ( ., 1994); , ,
, (, , 1980; , 1982; , , 1986; , , 1970;
., 1988; , 1952; , 1974).
: (, 1980); ( ., 1994);
(, , 1986; , 1952; ., 1988).
: ,
( ., 1977) ( .,
1971).
-: -, -,
(, , 1996); -, - -, - ( ., 1985), (, , 1986; , , 1970; , 1952).
() (,
, 1986).
: ( ., 2000);
(, , 1980; , , 1986).
: (, , 1971); ,
(, , 1986); ( - ) ( ., 1992, 2000; , , 1996); (, 1952).
In. .. (Shay, 1952), ..
.. (Handbook 113, 1972). ..
21

(1990) , .. (1973) , .. (1994) .

Tl. .. (Shay, 1952).
.. (1994), .. , .. (1975),
.. (1977) .
Ge. .. (El Wardani, 1957). .. (1996, . 3).
.. (1973). (, , 1981); , , (, , 1984; ., 1994; , , 1986); ( ., 1971).
Sn, Pb. , (. B, Ga, Tl, Ge) .
, , , : - (, 1966); , , ,
(, , 1989).
: ( , 1987); , -,
, , , -
(, 1966); -
( , 1986).

(Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990).
:
- (, 1966);
(Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990); ( .,
1970) (, , 1975).
: , (, 1974), ( ., 1994; , , 1984).
-: - (, 1966); (, , 1972); ( ., 1970); (, , 1980; , 1980).
(
, 1986).
(, 1982); (, 1987).
N .. (1990).
As, Sb. . .. (1959), ..
(1990), .. , .. (1981), .. (1994), L.P. Gromet et al. (1984).
Bi. .. (1975), .. , .. (1990), .. (1996, . 3).
22

Se. , , ,
.. (1996, . 3).

(, , 1976); , , (, , 1970); (, , 1958).
(, , 1970).
.. (1973).
: ;
- ; (, 1996, . 3); , (, , 1958;
., 1987).
, ,
- (, , 1970).
: (, , 1958); ( ., 1987) (,
1996, . 3).
Te .. (1990), ..
(1996, . 3)
( ., 1987).
Br, I. .. (1957),
.. (1970), .. (1996, . 3), . , ..
(Muramatsu, Wedepohl, 1998), (, , 1970);
(,
, 1989) (, , 1965).
Cu, Zn. , , , , : (,
, 1976); (Van de
Kamp, Leake, 1994); -
( ., 1972); , ( ) (, , 1999,
2000); (, , 1989);
(, , 1987).
.
(, , 1971) (, 1980).
: , , , , ( ., 1963); (, , 1981; , 1987); (, , 1973); -, -, ( , 1986).
23

: - - (
., 1994); (, 1980); - (
., 1997), , ( , 1980;
, , 1986; ., 1988).
: (, 1980); - - ( ., 1994); (Buttler, 1966); - ( ., 1997),
, , , (, , 1975; , , 1980; , , 1980;
, 1982, , , 1986;
., 1988; , 1974); ( ., 1980).
: (, 1980); ( ., 1994; , , 1984); (, 1974; , , 1986; ., 1988).
: ,
( ., 1977) ( ., 1971);
(~ 7% Fe) ( ., 1995).
-: (, , 1996), ( ., 1970),
(, , 1972),
( ., 1985); (, ,
1986), (Buttler, 1966), (, , 1980), ( ., 1980).
(): (, 1987), ( ., 1980),
(, , 1986).
: ( ., 2000);
(, , 1980; , , 1986).
: ( , 1986); ( ., 1987); (, ,
1971); (-, , 1977); , (, ,
1986; -, , 1977); - ( ., 1992, 2000; , , 1996); (, 1987);
(Buttler, 1966); (, 1980).
24

Ag, Au. (Handbook, 1974) , .

, , , :
( ., 1974); ,
( ) (, ,
1999, 2000); (
., 2000); , , , , , , ( -, 1976).
: (, ,
1981); ,
( ., 1974; , 1996, . 3; , , 1973); -, -, ( , 1986); ( ., 1987); ( -, 1976).
, , :
(, 1980); - - ( ., 1994); ,
( ., 2000; , , 1985; ,
1982; ., 1997; ., 1965; , ,
1994; , , 2000); ( .,
1996); ( ., 1973).
: ( .,
1971), ( ., 1996; ., 1973);
(~ 7% Fe) ( ., 1995).
-:
(, 1985; , 1986; , , 1972; ., 1973); - ( ., 1974).
: - ( ., 1974); ( -, 1976); (, 1992, 1997; ., 1987);
(, 1985; , , 1986),
( ., 1973; ., 1996).
Cd. .. (1997, . 5). , , :
, , ( ., 2000); (, ,
1973); (Brooks et al., 1960).
Hg. .. , .. (1965), .. , .. (1972), .. (1977). ,
25

 : (, , 1999); ,
(, , 1965); - - (
., 1994).
Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, U.
: Th U .. (1974), .. (1997). , .
, , , , : , , -
(, , 1989; ., 1979); (, , 1970); (Van de Kamp, Leake, 1994); - ( ., 1972); , ( ) (, , 1999, 2000); , , , (, ,
1970); , , (, , 1989); (, 1997); (, , 1989).
(, , 1989).

(, , 1989).
: , , , , -, ( ., 1963; , , 1970; ., 2001); (, , 1981; , 1987); (, , 1999); , (, , 1970); (, , 1973); (, , 1966); ( ., 1989); - (, ,
1997); ( ., 1980);
(, , 1989).
: - ( ) ( ., 1994); ( ) (Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990); ( ) (, , 1970);
, ( , 1980; , , 1986; , 1952; ., 2000);
( ., 1976).
26

 : -
- ( ., 1994);
(Buttler, 1966);
(Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990); (Gromet et al., 1984); (, , 1970), , , , (, , 1975; ., 1976; , , 1980; , 1982; , , 1986; , 1974); (, , 1985).
: (, 1980); (, , 1984);
(,
1974; , , 1986) (, 1952).
: ( .,
1971); (~ 7% Fe) ( ., 1995).
-: (, , 1996), (, , 1970),
( ., 1976), ( ., 1985), (, , 1986;
., 2000), (, 1952), (, , 1980; , 1980).
:
(, 1987; , 1981);
(, 1987); (, , 1997; , , 1986).
: (, ,
1980; , , 1986; , , 1997) , (Lidden et al., 1982).
: - ( ., 1996); (, , 1987; ., 1987); ( ) (, , 1996) (, , 1995);
(, 1982; , 1963);
(, , 1971); , (,
, 1986; -, , 1977); - ( .,
1992, 2000; , , 1996); (, 1987); (Buttler, 1966);
( ., 1987); ,
(Lidden et al., 1982).
27

Zr, Hf, V, Cr, Co, Ni. , .

, , , , :
, ( ., 1983); , , , - ( ., 1983); , ,
(, 1959); , , (, , 1989; ., 1979, 1983); (Van de Kamp, Leake, 1994); - ( ., 1972); (,
, 1983); , (
) (, , 1999, 2000);
( ., 1972);
, , - (, , 1989); - (, 1972); (,
, 1989).
, , ,
- (, 1959; , , 1989).
: (,
1959); , ,
(, , 1989).
: , , , ,
-, (
., 1963); - ( , 1984); (, ,
1981; , 1987);
- (, , 1999);
(, 1981);
(, , 1973); (, , 1966); (
., 1989); - (, , 1997); ( ., 1980).
: - ( ) (, , 1980; ., 1994);
( ) (Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990); - ( ., 1997),
, ( , 1980; , , 1986; , 1952; ., 2000); ( ., 1976).
: -
- ( ., 1994); - ( ., 1997);
(Buttler, 1966); (, 1959); 28

 (Wronkiewicz, Kondie, 1990);

( , 1984);
(Gromet et al., 1984);
, , ,
(, 1974; , , 1975; ., 1976;
, , 1980; , , 1980; ,
1982; , , 1986; , 1974); ( ., 1980).
:
(, , 1991);
( , 1984);
(, , 1984);
(, , 1986) (,
1952).
: ( .,
1971) (, 1969).
-: (, 1959); (
, 1984); (, ,
1996), ( ., 1976), ( ., 1985), (,
, 1972; , , 1986; , , 1980;
., 2000), ( ., 1980), (Buttler,
1966), (, 1952), (,
, 1980; , 1980);
(Cooper, Field, 1981).
: ( , 1980);
(, 1987); ( ., 1980); (, , 1997; , , 1986; .,
2000);
(Goodwin, 1979).
: (,
1981); ( ) (, , 1980; , , 1986; , , 1997;
, 2000), (Goodwin, 1979; Lidden
et al., 1982).
: (, 1963; , 1982; , , 1987; ., 1987); (, , 1996) (, , 1995); ( ) (Wilkinson, Cann, 1974); (Grenne, Roberts, 1980); (, , 1971);
29

,
(, , 1986); (, 1980); - ( ., 1992; , ,
1996); (, 1987); (Buttler, 1966); ( .,
1987);
(, 1969; ., 1976),
(Goodwin, 1979; Ludden et al., 1982);
(, 1980).
Nb, Ta, Mo, W. : Nb Ta .. (1982), Mo W ( , 1971; ,
1997). , . .. (1973).
Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt.
.. (1990) .. (1997).
: (,
1985); - (, 1994; .., 1999);

(, 1987); ( ., 1975);
(, 1987); ( ) ( ., 1975; ., 1995;
., 1999).
20032008 . . .
1.1.2.
. 1.11.7.
(, 2002, 2003),
. -
, . ,
, .

.. (2002). 30

31

0.11
0.15
0.19
0.17
0.12

* .

0.002
0.0022

Upper continental crust.

19672004 . (Rudnick, Gao, .
2004)

2.23

2.33

2.8
1.55
1.14
0.7
2.46

1.97
2.07
0.34
0.41
1.99

3.58
2.52
0.69
5.78
0.29
2.98

1.88

3.65
1.49
0.77
1.34

1.76
2.73
0.46
0.91
0.22
1.98

0.00084
0.0013
0.00028
0.00038
0.00012
0.00095

Cs

0.00017
0.0003
0.00003
0.00013
0.00007
0.00021

Be

0.00073
0.00036
0.00025
0.0007
0.00001
0.00058

0.0005
0.0007*
0.0004*
0.00034
0.00048

0.00018
0.0003
0.00027
0.00015
0.00018
0.0098 0.00055 0.00023

0.0101 0.00044 0.00024

0.009
0.013*
0.006*
0.0019
0.0081

1.98

0.22
0.85
3.92
2.84

1.12
1.65
3.45
0.56
0.24
1.83

Mg

1.77

1.71

1.34
0.73
2.17
4.28
1.7

1.33
1.8
8.09
1.81
1.96

0.00045 0.33
0.00018 1.1
0.0001
4.3
0.00041 1.06
0.00002 14.56
0.00034 1.04

0.0057 0.0002 0.00016

0.0105 0.00039 0.00026
0.0026 0.0002 0.00008
0.0015 0.00003 0.00006
0.0098 0.00036 0.00024

0.0205
0.009
0.0029
0.0174
0.0004
0.0154

0.0086 0.00089 0.0002

0.0135 0.0015 0.00032

0.0062 0.00067 0.00014
0.0028 0.00028 0.00013
0.0051 0.00054 0.00016

0.0064
0.0133
0.0026
0.0052
0.0034
0.0092

Rb

3.89

2.92

2.34
1.53
3.72
6.66
2.88

1.77
2.72
22.62
2.11
3.28

1.11
2.4
6.29
2.7
3.99
2.05

7.02

0.79
4.44
7.2
5.59

2.83
2.21
27.43
1.01
7.09
7.28

Ca

0.027

0.026

0.025
0.02
0.031
0.04
0.027

0.013
0.026
0.058
0.016
0.026

0.015
0.044
0.046
0.02
0.0007
0.026

0.029

0.024
0.039
0.044
0.04

0.022
0.024
0.038
0.011
0.096
0.027

Sr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

0.081

0.059
0.11
0.14
0.12

0.051

0.054

0.07
0.069
0.024
0.02
0.062

0.038
0.044
0.036
0.028
0.043

1.83
3.3
8.25
3.31
10.4
2.97

3.98

1.5
5.04
8.06
6.35

0.077

0.075

0.04
0.059
0.11
0.13
0.054

4.06

4.08

3.55
3.02
5.38
8.08
4.13

0.0042

0.0008
0.0051
0.0073
0.0058

0.0017

0.0017

0.0017
0.0009
0.0017
0.0049
0.0021

0.005

0.0052

0.0023
0.0027
0.004
0.013
0.0036

0.0046
0.0078
0.0012
0.0018
0.0073

0.0001 0.00035
0.0016
8104
0.0048
0.014
0.0003 0.0004
0.015
0.2
0.00087 0.003

0.0016

0.00048
0.0019
0.003
0.0024

0.086 3.47 0.0016

0.098 4.41 0.0019
0.13 1.56 0.00069
0.076 24.14 0.0005
0.098 4.45 0.0018

0.075 0.042
0.056 0.075
0.029 0.14
0.16
0.12
8105 0.15
0.065 0.062

0.041

0.048
0.041
0.039
0.041

0.037 0.059 3.21 0.0013 0.0035

0.046 0.08 4.71 0.0019 0.0049
0.036 0.077 1.09 0.00051 0.0019
0.03
0.11 3.19 0.00013 0.0037
0.042 0.0008 0.029 . .
0.041 0.073 3.54 0.0014 0.0038

Ba

1.1

2.09 2.22 0.0082 0.00035 0.00013 1.27 2.43 0.0266 0.055 0.054 3.18 0.0012 0.0019
2.89 2.81
0.011 0.00073 0.00031 1.82 3.03 0.038 0.107 0.077 4.49 0.0018
0.006

2.07

2.26

0.0032
0.0033

0.13

0.167

2.62
2.93
2.96
1.83
2.55

1.55
2.00
0.19
0.96
1.89

2.69
2.74
1.93
3.59
0.59
2.61

1.46

2.58
2.72
1.94
2.26

1.39
1.02
0.22
0.33
28.64
1.31

Na

0.0030
0.0026*
0.0026
0.002
0.0029

0.0026
0.0038
0.0015
0.0002
0.0036

0.14
0.16
0.15
0.09
0.157

0.0036

0.286
0.058 0.0034
0.09 0.0023
0.16 0.0015
0.063 0.0022
0.33 1.2104
0.079 0.0029

0.0027
0.0021
0.0019
0.0021

0.079
0.088
0.09
0.088

0.0029
0.0054
0.0018
0.0004
0.0008
0.0039

Li

0.28
0.44
0.083
0.16
0.18
0.322

(%) .
, , , ,

32
0.0029
0.0038
0.0009
0.002
0.0064
0.0013
0.0012
0.0005
0.0009
0.0003
0.0012
0.0017
0.0036
0.0017
0.007
0.0034
0.002
0.0024
0.0016
0.0013
0.0019
0.0025
0.0034
0.00092
0.0028

Upper continental crust. 19672004 . (Rudnick, Gao, 2004)

7.5
8.52

7.61

7.87

8.37
7.28
8.35
7.48
8.24

5.33
8.13
0.96
3.02
7.61

7.36
8.6
7.94
9.84
3.03
7.74

6.77

6.99
8.83
8.66
8.51

5.99
8.89
1.19
2.48
0.04
6.44

Al

0.0014
0,0018

0.0019

0.002

0.0027
0.0023
0.002
0.002
0.0026

0.0009
0.0018
0.0006
0.0002
0.0017

0.0018
0.0018
0.0016
3105
0.0002
0.0018

0.0014

0.0026
0.0029
0.0026
0.0027

0.001
0.0016
0.0005
0.0002
0.0008
0.0012

Ga

0.03
0.02
0.033
0.011
0.041
0.028
0.34
0.35
8.86
0.25
0.62

4.4105
6.3105
.
.
6105
6.9105
.
5105*
2105*
1105*
7105

.
.
.
.
2105*
3.2105
.
.
1.1105
2.8105
2.3105

5105
1,55104

7.710
5106
6,1106

1.910

1.910
8.6105
1.8105
1.4.104
1.5105
1.4104

8.6105

4.5106
2.210
1.7105
2105
1105
1106
2.105

2.1104
.
.
7105*

5.6106
4106*
6.7106
5.7106

0.32**

0.81

0.3

0.019
0.087
0.2
0.076
0.034

2.45

0.19
0.13
0.18
0.17

0.93
1.4
9.79
0.88
0.18
2.87

8105
1.3104
6106
.
.
8.9105

3106*
6.3106
9107
1106
4106
4.3106

Tl

In

* ; ** (Wedepohl, 1995).

0.0026
0.011
0.0037
0.001
0.0038
0.0072

30.26
31.74

28.32

29.62

30.12
32.83
27.41
24.19
29.39

33.84
29.42
7.35
23.73
29.01

33.83
30.5
23.54
26.83
20.69
31.73

24.12

33.99
27.44
22.9
25.62

31.42
26.88
5.92
38.32
0.18
23.84

Si

1.3104
1.6104

1.310

1.2104

5105
5105
5105
9105
5.5105

8105
1.5104
3.9105
2.5104
1.4104

2.810
1.3104
1.4104
1104
1.3104
2.2104

1.4104

1104
1.5104
1.5104
1.4104

1.1104
2104
3.6105
.
5105
1.4104

Ge

Sn

1.7104
5.5104

3.5104

3.8104

3.3104
5.3104
1.9104
3104
3.3104

4.4104
4.6104
4.1104
4.5104
4.6104

3104
2.2104
2.7104
4104
5105
2.8104

2.7104

3.5104
2.9104
2.5104
2.7104

0.0017
0,0018

0.0017

0.0019

0.0019
0.0031
0.0012
0.0009
0.0018

0.0018
0.002
0.0013
0.0027
0.002

0.0019
0.0015
0.0006
0.0012
4.6105
0.0016

0.0012

0.0023
0.0018
0.0011
0.0015

0.0014
0.0014
0.0007
0.0006
.
0.0012

Pb

1.2

2.8104
3.5104
0.8104
1.4104
.
2.7104

(%) .

33

0.069
0.052
0.087

0.003*
0.0032
0.0036
0.0034
0.036
0.0022
0.002
0.0019
0.003
0.0007
0.0021
0.02*
0.02*
0.02*
0.02*
0.02*
0.0037
0.003*
0.003*
0.003*
0.003*
0.0026
0.0106

Upper continental crust. - 0.008

19672004 . 0.0083
(Rudnick. Gao, 2004)

0.067

0.087
0.048
0.074
0.011
0.076

0.057
0.054
0.13
0.047
0.057

0.06
0.11
0.089
0.087
0.035
0.076

0.072

0.044
0.096
0.109
0.097

0.062
0.079
0.048
0.066
4104
0.067

0.012
0.058
0.039
0.04*
0.06*
0.042

-5

7.8105
8.1105

5.2104
5.6104

47.87

47.8

47.97
49.15
47.41
45.11
47.64

49.27
47.8
48.84
42.69
47.9

48.46
47.9
44.39
45.73
44.89
47.83

1.5104 3105 1.2105 .

4.8104 4.5105 2.3105

2.9105

3.1105

3.3105
1105
5105
1.5105
7105* 1.5105
1104*
2106
4.3105 9.4106*

3.1105
5.8105
1.3105
.
5.4105

7.6104 7105*
9.5104 1.3104
4104* 2.5105*
7.5104 .
9.2104 1.2104
1.4104
4104*
7104
3.3104
1.9104

210
1.1105
5.2106
1.8105
9107
1.6105

2.3105

310
5105
1.1104
2.2105
9105
4.4105

1.610
1.8104
2104
1.4104
1.3104
1.7104

8.9105

6.8104
48.10

49.13
46.71
44.78
45.89

1.4105
7106
5106
6.7106

5105*
7105
1.1104
9.1105

4.3104
2.5104
2104
2.4104

Bi

49.8
48.46
49.12
51.07
13.15
48.51

Sb

7.2104 6.3105* 2105

9.3104 1.3104 3.8105
4.4104 2.5105
5106
4.4104 . .
4104 . 3106
7.7104 8.9105 2.6105

As

0.031
0.095

0.14

0.09

0.106
0.036
0.03
0.1
0.1

0.053
0.1
0.228
0.076
0.1

0.03
0.03
0.1
0.03
0.088
0.038

0.31

0.058
0.071
0.071
0.069

0.19
0.36
0.25
0.19
5.34
0.36

.
.
.
.
1107*

110
1.6107
3.5107
3.4107
1107
1.4107

8.9107

1.8107
4.1107
2.3107
2.8107

1107*

1.5105 .
9106

1.5105 2.9107*

1.3105

Cl

Br

0.05
0.061

0.051

0.053

0.029
0.05
0.058
0.053
0.033

0.03
0.065
0.047
0.016
0.061

0.082
0.056
0.04
0.12
0.01
0.07

0.047

0.051
0.05
0.046
0.048

0.01
0.064

0.15

0.022

0.021
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.021

0.025
0.022
0.03
0.045
0.023

0.019
0.016
0.02
0.047
0.0074
0.018

0.55

0.018
0.025
0.033
0.029

8105
5105
5105
7105
3105
6.9105

1104

2105
3105*
6105
5105*

1.6104

0.0011

2104*

2104*
2104*
210-4*
2104*
2104*

1.4104

4.9105

3.3105

3105
3105*
3105*
3105*
3105*

1104
5105
0.0002
2105
. 3105
. .
2104* 2.3105

0.00017
0.00043
0.00035
0.00027
9105
0.00026

0.004

2104
3104
0.00041
3.5104

1104
1.2104
1.1104
.
4.8105
1.1104

1.3

. 0.033
0.059
0.0048
1106*
0.061
0.085
0.0057
. 0.033
0.053
0.00058
. . . .
. 0.024
44.21
0.03
1106*
0.047
0.65
0.0047

Te

7106* .
9.1106* .
. .
1.1105* 5107
7.3106* 1107*

1105
2105
.
.
1.8105

710
8106
7106
5106
5106
7.2106

2.4105

9.3106
6.3106
1.1105
9.4106

1105
3.6105
2.7105
.
4107
2.7105

Se

(%) . , ,

34
40

1432

Upper continental crust. 19672004 .

(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)

39

29
28
39
86
36

44
52
21
57
50

35
10
29
92
5
10
24

15
44
73
57

31
36
21
7
.
31

Cu

0.05
0.055

0.11

0.11

0.081
0.11
0.11
0.1
0.085

0.1
0.14
0.08
0.044
0.13

0.086
0.14
0.11
0.05
0.14
0.1

0.11

0.12
0.16
0.083
0.11

0.074
0.15
0.056
0.026
0.08
0.11

Ag

0.0012
0.0018

0.0044

0.0046

0.0049
0.0026
0.0036
0.0034
0.0048

0.0066
0.005
0.0053
0.0089
0.0052

0.0027
0.0028
0.0035
0.002
0.006
0.0028

0.0036

0.0039
0.003
0.0039
0.0036

0.0031
0.0046
0.0022
0.002
.
0.00365

Au

5271

75

76

63
35
100
110
69

65
94
59
130
91

39
53
110
130
46
51

71

35
31
114
79

67
89
26
21
.
69

Zn

0.0750.1

0.64*

0.62*

0.44*
0.3*
0.3*
0.4*
0.43*

0.7*
0.9*
0.6*
.
0.86*

0.41
0.44
0.4*
0.13*
0.05*
0.41

0.71

0.2
0.2
0.4
0.31

0.74
0.91
0.58
0.39
.
0.78

Cd

0.012
0.096

0.065

0.068

0.058
.
.
0.049
0.053

0.08
0.085
0.031
0.045
0.082

0.057
0.052
0.07
0.026
0.02
0.059

0.066

0.058
0.049
0.061
0.057

0.049
0.068
0.038
0.068
0.033
0.057

Hg

715

15.6

16.5

21
9
11
34
22

5.4
16
1.8
.
14.4

6.5
13
30
3
12
11

12

4.2
15
31
23

5.6
15
1.7
4.5
.
9.7

Sc

17.424

26

25

17
53
24
24
19

15
24
4
20
23

50
36
23
17
2
43

28

24
19
25
23

29
31
30
.
.
29

63

67

65
43
69
26
60

37
76
51
.
71

72
75
48
95
8.6
70

51

58
50
43
47

39
75
12
15
.
52

Ce

8.7

9.4

11
3.1
.
3.2
9.5

5.2
11
4.6
.
10

7.4
6.4
5
10
1.4
6.9

6.6

10
4
4.7
5.1

4.3
10
2.6
.
.
6.8

Pr

28.471 57.566.4 6.37.1

32

33

33
20
34
12
30

22
32
26
.
31

48
51
17
45
3.9
45

30

31
28
19
23

20
48
7
16
.
32

La

25.630.4

29

31

32
11
.
13
28

24
36
23
.
34

31
23
22
42
4.8
28

24

27
20
21
21

16
36
6.6
7
.
24

Nd

1.4
(n104 %) .
, , ,

35

5.7
4.595.09

Upper continental crust. 19672004 .

(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)

5.8

5.1
2.7
2.6
3.7
4.8

3.4
6.4
2.4
.
6

5.4
7.5
8.2
5.3
10
0.83
7.4

5.2
4.3
5.1
4.9

3.8
8
1.9
.
.
5.5

Sm

0.881.21

1.3

1.4

1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.5

0.76
1.4
0.6
.
1.3

1.4
1.4
1.3
1.8
0.24
1.4

1.5
1.2
1.6
1.5

0.84
1.2
0.5
0.28
.
0.94

Eu

2.84.21

6.3

8.1
3.9
.
3.9
7.2

4.3
7.5
2.2
.
7

6.8
6.1
5.2
10
0.93
6.4

4.2

5
4.5
5.1
4.9

2.8
5.8
1.5
.
.
4

Gd

0.480.7

0.89

0.94

0.94
0.68
1.5
0.88
0.95

0.48
0.94
0.15
.
0.87

1.1
1.3
0.83
1.6
0.2
1.1

0.72

0.82
0.71
0.95
0.86

0.7
0.83
0.38
0.22
.
0.69

Tb

2.93.9

4.8

5.1

5.2
.
.
4.2
4.8

4.9
5.7
2.1
.
5.5

5
5.2
2.5
7
0.28
4.8

3.8

6
3
5.1
4.6

2.9
4.4
2.9
1.5
.
3.6

Dy

0.620.83

1.3*

1.4*

1.3
.
.
1
1.2

1
1.7*
0.28
.
1.6*

1.3
1.9
0.99
2
0.16
1.4

0.96

1.7
0.72
1.3
1.2

1.5*
0.9*
0.35
.
.
0.92

Ho

2.3

2.7

2.9

2.9
.
.
2.5
2.7

2.7
3.2
0.9
.
3

3.1
3.8
2.2
4.4
0.35
3.2

1.9

3.6
2.1
2.6
2.6

2.3
1.9
0.75
.
.
1.7

Er

0.30.33

0.42*

0.43*

0.34*
.
.
0.46
0.33*

0.38
0.5*
0.3*
.
0.48*

0.6*
0.3
0.25
0.44
0.06
0.48*

0.42*

0.5*
0.4
0.4
0.41*

0.3*
0.5
0.14
0.4
.
0.42*

Tm

1.472.26

2.5

2.6

2.2
3.8
3.5
2.9
2.4

1.6
2.5
0.7
4.5
2.4

4
3.6
2
4.3
0.48
3.7

2.5
2
2.3
2.2

1.8
2.5
0.9
2
.
2

Yb

0.230.35

0.48

0.53

0.38
.
0.51
0.48
0.39

0.26
0.54
0.1
.
0.5

0.9
1.1
0.5
1.2
0.07
0.9

0.32

0.55
0.32
0.46
0.43

0.3*
0.39
0.11
.
.
0.3

Lu

1.5
(n104 %) .

36
8.0
9.5
6*
3.9
7.4
9.2
9.1

Upper continental crust. - 8.610.8

19672004 .
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)

7.3
9.2
1.7

8.7

9.1

13
4.1
2.7
4.4

18
9.9
3.2
13
0.004
14

6.7
14
4.3
3.2
0.7
9.9

Th

1.52.8

2.5

2.4

2.4
.
.
0.9
2.2

1.7
2.3
0.7
.
2.2

3.9
2.7
0.8
3
0.001
3.2

2.9

4.5
1.1
0.86
1.4

2.0
4.3
2.2
2.4
0.68
3.2

30004000

3930

3960

3300
2300
4600
8600
3830

2900
3500
480
1800
4470

1800
3800
6600
4000
3600
2870

3830

1600
4600
7100
5670

3500
4700
610
1700
.
3500

Ti

160237

160

160

190
170
160
110
180

170
150
32
30
150

180
140
130
500
43
160

160

110
110
110
110

230
190
51
19
33
170

Zr

4.35.8

4.5

4.7

5.1
7.6
.
2.3
4.6

4.7
5.5
.
.
5.2

3.9
2.5
2.6
11
0.46
3.4

3.9

4.1
3.6
3.7
3.7

4.5
5
0.61
1.5
.
3.9

Hf

53107

120

130

86
42
110
240
100

80
180
31
35
170

38
91
240
30
42
75

100

60
71
220
160

75
120
49
.
.
91

9.826

12

13

9.8
14
8.1
6.8
9.5

7.1
15
1.4
14
14

21
20
19
35
13
20.5

8.7

26
19
10
15

6.4
11
0.8
.
.
7.6

Nb

0,745.7

1.4

1.5

1.6
1.2
1.3
0.56
1.5

0.45
1.1
0.3
0.3
1

3.6
2.8
0.74
2.1
0.41
3

1.8
1
0.8
1

1
1.4
0.1
0.3
.
1

Ta

35112

92.4

96.8

61
33
47
270
84.2

65
140
43
36
129

7.8
22
175
2
1800
37.2

78.1

8.5
30
130
85

58
110
20
32
.
76.6

Cr

0.781.5

1.56

1.57

1.3
1.2
2.2
1.2
1.32

1.5
1.9
1.2
4
1.86

1.4
1.1
1.5
1.1
0.3
1.33

1.53

1.8
1.4
1.4
1.45

1.5
1.6
1.6
.
.
1.53

Mo

0.913.3

2.03

2.07

1.4
.
.
4
1.62

2.1
2.6
1.7
.
2.5

2.2
1.6
0.75
0.16
0.3
1.87

1.88

1.4
1.4
1.1
1.23

1.6
2.6
1.2
.
.
2

1.6
(n104 %) .
, ,

 1.7
(106 %)

Ru

Rh

Pd

Os

Ir

Pt

Upper Continental Crust.

19672004 . (Rudnick,
Gao, 2004)

0.65
0.85
.
0.22
.
1.7
5.6
2.3
.
.
1.8
0.034

0.5
1.1
.
0.1
.
0.16
.
0.5
1.3
3.4
1.3

14?
6.2
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.6
3
2
97?
160?
60?
0.052
0.146

.
.
.
0.004
.
0.05
.
.
.
.
0.0031
0.005

.
.
.
0.09
0.004
0.004
0.03
0.2
.
.
0.27
0.002
0.0022

3
1.4
.
0.7
0.8
.
7
14
38
9
33
0.050.051

1.8
(%)

Si
Ti
Al
Fe
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
P
C
S
F
Cl
H

28.32
0.393
7.61
4.06
0.077
1.77
3.89
2.07
2.23
0.069
0.81
0.14
0.051
0.15
0.167

(, 2002)

26.53
0.34
7.7
4.03
0.062
1.61
4.11
2.04
2.31
0.061
0.88
0.126
0.2
0.19
0.12

28.89
0.34
7.77
4.02
0.062
1.64
3.9
2.01
2.35
0.061
0.76
0.098
0.17
0.17
0.1

Upper Continental Crust.,

(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)

30.2631.74
0.30.64
7.58.52
3.184.49
0.0540.077
1.271.82
2.433.03
2.092.89
2.222.81
0.0520.081
0.32
0.0310.095
0.050.061
0.010.064
.

Si
(. 1.8).
,
50 (. . 1.11.7).
37

 ,
. , , . . .. . (1990)
, . , , ,
.
. , ,
(.
2). , , .
(, 2003), , 20032008 . ,
2002 .
,
, . . , : Ni ; Ga, In, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, V ; Cd, Br, Y, Pr, Nd, U, Th. Zr ; As ; Sc -; Ho, Er, Lu
; Cl , Yb . , Na, Pb, Nb, Ta ; Cs -; Tl ; Ge , Sn .
, .
. . .
, , , .
, ,
Al Ti,
-
.
38

 , .
. () - . .
, , %: Cl 30, C
9.6, S 4, B 2.9, H 2.5, Ca 2.5, Cs 2.2, Se 1.8, As 1.5, U 1.5.
, , %:
Li 1.2, Ge 1.2, Y 1.2, Zr 1.1, Sb 1.1, Mg 1.1, P 1, Sr 1, La 1, O 1,
Ag 1, Mn 1.
, , %: Ti
0.9, F 0.9, K 0.9, Rb 0.9, Be 0.9, Fe 0.9, Sm 0.9, Mo 0.9, Zn 0.9,
0.8, Co 0.8, Cu 0.8, Hg 0.8, Au 0.8, Al 0.8, Si 0.8, Ce 0.8, Nd 0.8,
Yb 0.8, Th 0.8, Bi 0.8, Cr 0.8.
, , - , %: Pr 0.7, Eu 0.7, Ta 0.7, Sn 0.7, Tb
0.7, Dy 0.7, Ho 0.7, Ni 0.7, Na 0.6, Ga 0.6, Pb 06, Sc 0.6, Gd 0.6,
Er 0.6.
. Na
. ,
.
.
1.1.3.

, - , . , Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs,
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Ga, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, , As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu,
Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta,
Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni ,
,
. , -
.
.
.
39

1.2.

1.2.1.

XIX XX . (, 1933). 1999 .

. 620 (Clarke, 1924; Berg, 1929; Wedepohl, 1967; ,
1933; , , 1967; , 1971; Nessbitt, Young, 1984; ,
1996). 1999 .
..
(1990). 41

(, 1999).
. .
.

. 3000 . .
( )
. , ,
. .
.
,
, , , , , .
.
, , . ,
Fe .. (1967) 40

 Fe 74.84%. ,
, . , , - , (, 1999). 66
.
.
29 44
, .
, .

O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe, ( > 0.5%), 95105%.
. 66 , .

: , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , . -
2000 .

, ( )
.
, .
, .
, , . , ,
, .
(Be, Li, Mn, Al .) . .
.
41

1.2.2.

. .. (1990)
, . . ,
, .
. . ( 2+).
.


, .. . (1990).
, %: 21.63; 44.01;
16.29; 1.4; 1.1; 1.86;
4.78; 8.93.
, , .
.
. ( ., 1963; , 1976);
(, , 1972); (Van de Kamp,
1973); (, 1951); ( ., 1966); (, 1992); ( ., 1965);
(, 1990); - (Pryor,
1971); (Van de Kamp, Leake, 1994); (, 1986).
. - (, 1971); (, 1969); (, 1968);
( ., 1965);
( ., 1966); ( ., 1981; ., 1975); 42

 (,
1992); , (, 1975; ., 1969); - (, 1975); ( ., 1965).
(Davis et al., 1965); , (, , 1977, 1978);
(, 1971); (Van de Kamp, Leake, 1994); (,
1956); , , (Scotford,
1965).
. (, , 1966);
(, 1960); (Davis et al., 1965); ( 428) (, 1969);
- (, 1971); (, 1976);

(, 1997).
. (, 1954); (Davis et al., 1965).
. , , ( ., 1966; , , 1969; , 1969; , 1989). .

(. 1.9) ..
(1990). , .
, ,
: .
(, , ) . 25 85%, 025%. 040%, 2450. . , ,
( ) , .
(. . 1.9),
, %: 46;
54. (, ,
) 48% .
,
, 51.6% .
43

 1.9
(%)

.
.
.
.
0.2
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

26109
6.9108
4108
18108
0.075
15109
4.5104

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
0.005
.
.
.

1109
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.0001
.
.
.

2.6108
2.6108
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3.4108
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35107
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3108
2.6109
210-8
4.610-8
0.1
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5109

.
.
.
.
.
.

74
0.25
.
.
0.01
0.05

0.96
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0.00065

.
.
0.008
.
.
.

.
.
0.0005
.
.
.

13108
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110
2.5108
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.

.
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.
0.1
.
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.
.
1108
.
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.
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1107
1107
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.
1108
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.
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.
.
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.
.
.
.
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.
.

.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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44

510
0.0026
0.18
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.
0.0004
0.05
0.0001
.
0.003

.
.
.
.
.
0.0001

 . 1.9

0.017
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34.5
8.2
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0.04
8107
1104
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1105
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6106

0.097
0.05
19.7
6.86
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0.03
5107
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2104
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0.015
.
3.6
3
0.0002
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4105
1104
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6105
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e .
e .

0.004
0.13
57.8
15.4
0.012
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e .
9104
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8104
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e .
e .

0.05
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0.2
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.
1105
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .

0.059
0.08
20.76
6.51
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0.028
4.7107
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15107

e .
e .
1
0.01
e .

e .
e .
e .
e .
e .

0.21
0.026
0.42
7.6104
0.092

e .
e .
0.0098
1.5
0.0037
e .
e .
0.0052
e .
e .
e .
e .

e .
0.0001
e .
0.01
e .
1
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .

0.0084
0.031
0.0014
16.45
0.002
2.29
0.19
0.0014
0.085
110-7
13108
78105
1.6108

e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .

16
e .
e .
e .
0.33
8

0.23
7.8104
0.0034
0.002
0.0034
0.12

0.017
0.0021
0.6
0.0002
0.0074

0.39
0.049
0.4
0.001
0.17

0.012
0.0016
0.2
1104
0.0051

Mn-

e .
0.02
5.210-4
5.5
0.0006
0.01
e .
5.5104
0.005
410-7
5107
0.001
6.2108

0.005
0.03
0.0019
4
0.0019
0.1
e .
0.0018
0.05
e .
e .
0.001

0.03
0.055
0.0007
67
0.0041
11.5
1
0.0014
0.3
e .
e .
e .

0.03
.
0.007
0.0016
e .
e .

0.03
0.001
0.0026
0.003
e .
0.014

e .
0.0018
0.0015
e .
e .
0.07

45

 . 1.9

e .
e .

e .
e .

7.7108
3.810-8

e .
e .
0.005
e .

e .
e .
0.0001
e .

1105
3.8104
0.014
0.041

e .
0.0001
e .
0.0003
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
0.0001
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .

2.5107
0.017
0.0097
0.0069
5105
0.0082
0.0004
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2.10-8
0.0074
0.034
0.047
0.11
0.029
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18109

e .
0.0001

3.8106
0.0096

e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .

0.039
0.0074
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0.17
0.039
0.0089
0.55

e .
e .
e .

0.0026
0.0052
0.78

310
1.5107

e .
e .

e .
e .

410
0.0015
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0.16

e .
e .
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1105

e .
e .
e .
e .

1106
0.032
e .
0.011
14106
0.024
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0.3
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e .
0.005
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0.0078
9105
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0.01
0.032
0.016
0.01
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e .
e .

e .
e .
0.05
5107
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
0.02
e .
e .
0.01
0.1
e .

e .
0.4
e .
e .
e .
0.02
e .
0.045
e .
0.025
0.016
e .
1.8
0.006
0.2
e .

1.510
0.023

e .
0.0066

e .
1.2104

e .
0.012

e .

0.025

0.001

e .

4105

e .

0.5

e .
0.002
0.001
0.023
0.0006
0.017
0.8

0.2
e .
e .
0.8
0.2
e .
e .

e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .
e .

46

e .
e .
1

0.005
0.01
1

e .
e .
e .

e .
e .
e .

 . 1.9

0.2
1.5
3
9.5
3

6.4
0.3
5
18.3
3

0.02
0.001
1
2.3
0.3

e .
5.9
e .
5.3
e .

0.0001
0.0001
0.01
0.05
0.04

3.39
0.64
3.57
12.51
2.39

2
1
1.5
0.1
0.5
2
2
e .
0.7

3
1
4
0.5
0.7
2.7
4
0.003
2

0.5
e .
2
e .
0.1
e .
0.5
e .
0.3

0.3
e .
e .
e .
e .
1
2.5
e .
e .

e .
e .
e .
e .
0.0001
0.1
0.1
e .
e .

2.18
0.78
2.86
0.29
0.51
1.94
2.74
0.0016
1.28

e .
e .
e .
e .
0.001
e .
e .
e .

0.0019
0.1
0.62
1.68
3.51
2.8
4.51
0.43

e .
e .

0.002
0.57

e .
e .
1
2.5
5.5
5
6
1

e .
0.2
0.7
2
4
2.7
4.9
e .

0.01
e .
e .
e .
0.01
0.45
2
0.9

e .
e .
e .
e .
1
1.8
2
0.3

0.002
0.28

0.002
0.8

e .
0.36

e .
0.48

. ,
20% , , ,
.
, ( Si) , 21.651% . , %: 0.08,
0.1, ( ) 0.96, 0.26, 0.75,
( ) 19.06, 0.36, ( ) 0.055, ( )
0.026%. 20% , ,
, , , , , .
( 47

, , , , , ) 21.5%. , (, , , .), 1.5%, (Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Th) 0.0002%.

(,
1977; , , 1986); -
(Hoffer, 1971; Condil, Barsky, 1972); , ,
, , - (, 1965); (, 1963); - ( .,
1982); , - , , , (, 1965); - - (, 1978);
(, 1974); (, 1967;
, 1959; , 1975; , , 1967); ( ., 1975); (, 1973).
(. 1.10)
89.79%, 9.73. ,

2.6, (, , ,
) 1.53, , ,
0.1, 5105 %.
1.2.3.
-
- .. (1990)
, , , , -, , . - (, 1975).
. , .. . (1990) . .
- , %: 10.75,
4.43, 1.96, 0.07, 0.07, 3.82, 40.01, 1.48, 0.5, - 30.39, 0.86, 1.35, 4.31.
48

 1.10
(%)

8106
3.3108
e .
3107
6107

7.3106
6108
1.21011
7.2107
1.1106

.
0.0001
1108
2108
0.0001
1.5104
0.001
1.6108
1108
0.0003
0.05
7105
.
.
1108
2.2108
0.05
.
.
5106
5106

3.6106
5.7105
2108
3.8108
5.7105
1.1104
0.001
3108
2108
1.7104
0.029
1.1104
4.3107
3.6106
1.8108
4.1108
0.056
1.2105
4.8106
7.7106
1.7105

0.0001

2.7104
0.62
1.4
4104
1105
2105
0.2
0.7
0.2
.

1.5104
0.66
0.96
2.5104
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0.3
0.56
6.6
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210
8.3108
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8106
1107
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1106
2106

310
.
2.9108
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.
6105
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.
.
3.5108
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.
0.35
0.01
.
.
1106
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31.6
0.15

.
0.84
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0.49
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.

49

 . 1.10

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.

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1106
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.
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0.5
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.
.
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310
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.
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50

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3
4
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.
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2.110-6
0.59
9.26
0.88
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4.48
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0.18
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3.86

.
7.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
.

0.72
6.16
0.25
0.75
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1
4
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9
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0.7
.
.
0.04
0.01

0.18
0.63
2.5
19.91
10.57
3.56
3.66
3.76
1.67
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0.006

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7.2
.

0.47
8.42
0.84

1.2106
1104
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910
1104
3105

.
0.01
5106
0.1
0.02
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0.001
0.01
.
0.03
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0.1
0.005
0.1

0.5
0.9
5106
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0.8
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6

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.
.

0.5
5.5
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0.05

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.
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17
16
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14
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51

 .
, .
. (, 1967);
(, 1968); ( ., 1969); - (, , 1968); (, , 1976; , 1991; ., 1989); (, 1973; , , 1973); , , (Wright, 1966; Lipman, 1963;
Erikson, 1969); , (Kalliokoski, 1965; Kovisaris,
1971); - (Young, 1971).
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1968); ,
(, 1968); ( ., 1969); , ,
- (, , 1968);
(, , 1976; , 1991; ., 1989); (, 1991; , , 1973); , , , , (Wright, 1966;
Lipman, 1963; Erikson, 1969); (Kalliokoski, 1965;
Kovisaris, 1971).
. , -, - (, 1989; , 1968; .,
1968; , 1991); (, 1973); (, 1960); (Lipman, 1963;
Erikson, 1969).
. , , - (, , 1968); , , ( .,
1964); (, ,
1961); - (
., 1968);
- (Young, 1971; Maxey, 1976); , ,
(, , 1984, 1985;
, , 1988; , 1978; , 1976).
. ( ., 1965); , , , , ,
(, , 1965; , 1989; , 1968;
., 1968; , 1991).
. 1.11. ,
( Si)
, 2 %
52

 1.11
(%)
-

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3710
5.2108
4.2108
15108
.
.
.
9109
73109
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2106
8.1108
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
.
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5.8108
4.2108
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.
35106

.
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.
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5.3108
.
2104

.
1106
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1.5108
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0.004
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1106
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.
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.
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.
5.6108
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.
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53

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.
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76105
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.
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1105
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.
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.
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.
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.
0.0063

.
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54

35107
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6410
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27107
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.
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.
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.
12
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.
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.
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310
.
0.04
.
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.
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55

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1
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14
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30
3.5
26
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24
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. , %: 0.037, 0.004, 1.69,

, , , , 0.26. 20.5% , , , . ( , , , , , , ) 0.21%, , (, .)
0.1%, (Hg, Be, Pb, As, U,
Th) 0.0006%.
57

 .
, , ,
.
.

.
(, , .). . .
. , (, , 1973; , , 1986; ., 1966); ( ., 1971; , 1971); (Ernst, 1965); (, 1971; ., 1986);
(, , 1966; , , 1972).
. (Kovisars,
1971);
(Davis et al., 1965); (Ernst,
1965); (, 1973); ( ., 1976);
(, 1971; , 1971); -- (,
1963); , (Fisher, 1971) (Buttler, 1966); - (Yung, 1971);
(-, 1978; ., 1986); (, , 1973); (Kalliokoski, 1965);
, (, 1975; , 1987); :
, , , , (,
, 1972; , , 1966).
. ( ., 1966); (-,1974; , 1975; ., 1986); (, 1975), (, , 1972; ,
, 1966).
58

 .
(, 1959), (, 1965); (
., 1975; , 1965, 1968; -, 1974; , 1978; , , 1965; , 1969; ,
1969).
(. 1.12) ,
: , , ( ), ,
, , , 4.92%. 11%
, ( Ti, Mn,
Al, , , ). 3.1% (, ,
, ). 0.15% (, ), 0.00003% (Pb, As).
, , , , .
.

.
, .
-. - (Kovisars, 1971);
- (Buddington,
1963); (, 1968; ., 1966;
, 1969); . (, 1984); (, 1975); -
(Buttler, 1966); - - (Young, 1971); ( ., 1986); ( .,1988); - -
(, 1971); - (, 1975)
(, , 1972).
. , , , ( ., 1975; , 1958; ,
1973; ., 1999);
( ., 1986). . ( ., 1988).
. - (, 1991);
59

 1.12
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4105
.
.

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.
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.
.
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.
5.6
.
.
.

.
3
.
0.5
3.3
.
.
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.
.
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0.05

2.52
0.11
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.
.
.
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3
1
0.05
.
.
.

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1.79
6.27
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6.89
8.2
1.6107
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0.16

.
.
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6.5
9
9
.
.
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.
.
2
7
12
7
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.
.
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0.03
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5106
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.

(, , 1986); --
(, 1975);
--- (, , 1972).
. (Kovisars, 1971); (Davis et al., 1965);
-
(, 1989, 1991);
( ., 1999); , , -, ( .,
1966, 1968); (Ernst, 1965);
- (Blank, 1972);
(-, , 1977);
( -246) (, , 1984); (, 1971); (, , 1986);
63

 ( ., 1986);
(Kalliokoski, 1965); (Buttler, 1966); , , -
(-, 1974; .,
1986; , 1975); , (, 1975); - --
(, , 1972).
(. 1.13)
.
, . , ( Si) , 1.417%
, , %: 0.057, ( ) 0.62, , , , 0.42; , Ti, Al 0.32. 12.88%
, ;
( , , , , ,
, ) 0.47%; ,
(, .),
0.057%;
(Hg, Pb, As, U) 2.3105 %.
(. . 1.14), , ,
, , , . , .
. ,
, .
, , . .
1.2.4.


(. 1.14) , . , %:
38.27, 26.31 ( Si 25.28),
() 18.44, 7.06, 4.893 ( 4.02), 3.27, 0.34, 0.201, 0.193, 0.14 ( 0.13), 0.12,
64

 1.13
(%)
-

.
.
.
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.
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7
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> 99.09

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67

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4.6106
1.9104

71

 . 1.14

U-

.
0.0082
0.0004
0.0033
2108
0.0074
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.034
0.047
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.029
0.11
.
1.8108
.
.
0.023
.

.
.
.
.
1105
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.0005
0.0027
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.5106
.
.
0.42
1105
0.0004
.
.
.
0.057

.
0.0069
0.0003
0.0028
1.6106
0.0062
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.029
0.04
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.3107
.
0.025
0.16
1.6106
6105
.
.
0.019
0.0089

6.5107
6.8105
1.2105
6.7105
3.1105
4.9105
.
.
1.7104
.
.
.
3105
0.16
0.0012
1.3104
6108
6108
1.2104
41010
1.9106
4108
3.8105
1.9105
.
0.0093
0.13
.
0.0058
3.2106
.
5.8106
.

.
0.49
0.1
0.034
7.2104
0.078
0.0035
9.4104
.
0.0016
0.0024
0.0043
.
0.245
0.009
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
1.1107
0.39
0.054
1.76
0.048
0.0064
.
0.023
0.035
0.26

1.1107
0.41
0.083
0.028
0.0006
0.065
0.0029
7.8104
2.9105
0.0013
0.002
0.0035
5.2106
0.23
0.0077
2.2105
1108
1108
2.1105
1.71011
3.3107
6.9109
6.6106
3.4106
0.32
0.046
1.48
0.04
0.0063
5.5107
0.019
0.029
0.22

8.6108
0.31
0.063
0.022
4.6104
0.051
0.0022
0.0006
2.2105
0.001
0.0015
0.0027
4106
0.18
0.015
1.7105
7.6109
7.6109
1.6105
1.31011
2.5107
5.3109
5106
2.7106
0.24
0.041
1.17
0.031
0.0048
4.2107
0.015
0.027
0.17

.
.
.
2.2105
.
0.014
0.0032
.

1.5105
3.3106
15106
4.2105
7.2108
0.012
0.0031
3.5109

1.1105
2.5106
11106
3.3105
5.5108
0.0088
0.0043
2.7109

72

.
.
.
3.8106
.
.
0.0096
.

.
.
.
1.4106
.
4105
2105
.

.
.
.
3.4106
.
6106
0.0081
.

8.7105
19106
87106
1.4104
4.2107
.
0.0025
2108

 . 1.14

.
0.39
0.013
0.078
1.5107
0.0046
0.069
.
1.07
0.0003
0.031
0.34
0.73
0.035
0.59
0.26
5.4104
0.0023
0.08
0.47
4.22
0.0053
0.008
.
8.9104
5.3104
.
.

.
0.49
0.011
0.065
1.3105
0.0038
0.09
3.3104
1.13
0.014
0.084
0.34
0.6
0.029
0.49
0.22
6.5104
0.0019
0.066
0.4
3.81
0.0044
0.0066
1.5104
7.4104
4.4104
2.4107
6.6106

0.069
0.48
0.0082
0.05
1105
0.0029
0.09
2.5104
1.21
0.044
0.065
0.43
0.46
0.055
0.39
0.17
0.0031
0.0015
0.051
0.31
3.16
0.0033
0.0051
1.1104
5.7104
3.3104
1.8107
5106

0.072
.
0.64
1.87
.
0.061
0.018
9.17
7.2106
1.4106
8.8107
0.12
0.0054

0.06
.
0.53
1.69
.
0.05
0.017
8.59
7.7106
4.5106
9.4107
0.1
0.0045

0.046
0.001
0.56
1.99
0.13
0.039
0.013
7.49
5.8106
3.4106
7.1107
0.076
2.51

.
0.039
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.0074
.
.
0.0008
.
0.17
0.039
.
0.0089
.
.
.
0.55
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1.87
2.6
.
.
2.1106
.
0.59
.
9.26
0.88
0.016
4.48
.
0.009
0.18
0.021
0.021
0.0006
.
.
3.86
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

0.29
0.44
.
.
3.3107
.
0.09
.
1.45
0.14
0.0025
0.7
.
0.14
0.061
0.0033
0.011
9105
.
.
1.07
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
0.95
.
0.0038
7.2105
.
0.19
0.0019
1.41
0.08
0.34
0.32
.
.
.
0.0011
0.0012
.
.
0.072
1.84
.
.
8.7104
2.2108
.
1.4106
3.8105

0.0026
0.0052
0.78
3.39
0.64
.
.
3.57
.
.
.
.
12.51

.
.
.
0.72
.
.
.
6.16
.
.
.
.
.

0.0022
0.0044
0.66
2.97
0.54
.
.
3.97
.
.
.
.
10.56

7.6104
.
.
0.84
.
.
0.012
5.84
1105
1.9105
1.2106
0.0019
.

73

 . 1.14

2.39
.
2.18
0.78
2.86
0.27
.
0.51
1.94
2.74
.
.
0.0016
1.28
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.25
.
0.75
0.11
.
.
0.015
.
.
.

2.02
.
1.84
0.66
2.41
0.23
.
0.43
1.68
2.31
0.12
0.017
0.0014
1.08
0.0023
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
0.13
.
1.36
.
.
.
.
.
0.064
.
.
.

.
0.045
.
.
.
.
0.41
0.93
2.09
.
0.14
.
.
.
0.1
2.1105
2.8105
2.8104

.
0.037
.
.
.
.
0.36
0.77
1.96
.
0.12
.
.
.
0.094
1.7105
2.3105
2.3104

0.48
0.028
0.43
0.16
0.57
0.054
0.27
0.69
1.89
0.55
0.12
0.004
3.3104
0.26
0.072
1.3105
1.8105
1.8104

.
.
0.0027
0.23
2.91
7.36
16.2
4.73
9.81
.
.
.
.
.
8.9108
0.028
.
0.094

0.0081
6.6106
0.012
0.25
2.84
7.64
17.64
4.33
11.49
.
2.9105
8.4105
3.3105
3.3104
6.5106
0.023
3.3104
0.078

0.0062
0.0066
0.033
0.3
3.02
6.56
14.31
4.00
9.81
0.061
2.2105
6.4105
2.5105
2.5104
5106
0.018
0.088
0.06

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

0.017
0.31
0.031
0.11

.
.
0.0019
0.1
0.62
1.68
3.51
2.8
4.51
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.43
.

.
0.18
0.63
2.5
19.91
10.57
3.56
3.66
3.76
1.67
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.035
0.006

.
0.028
0.11
0.47
3.62
3.06
3.52
2.93
4.39
0.26
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.37
0.0009

0.047
3.8105
0.055
0.33
2.52
9.01
24.53
2.41
19.52
.
1.7104
4.9104
1.9104
0.0019
3.7105
.
0.0019
.

.
.

0.002

0.57
74

0.47
8.42
0.84
.

0.073
1.31
0.13
0.48

.
.
.
.

 0.11, 0.094, 0.071, 0.013, 7.3106,

1.6106.
87.55, 11.52%. ,
(
Si) , 7.15% , , %: 0.12, 1.6106, 0.094, ( Si)
1.03, 0.201, 4.893, 0.071,
0.14, 7.3106; Ti, Al, Mn
0.6. 12% : , , , . (, , , )
5.32%; , (, .), 0.3%, (Hg, Pb, As, U,
Th, Be) 1104 %.
, 10100 . ,
. ,
. , , ,
: ( ); ,
: , , , ; . , ,
.
.
, (, 1999).
1.2.5.
276 ,
, 215 , 62 . 66
.
.
75

, ,
( Si) , 7.15% . 12% : , , , . (, , , )
5.32%; ,
(, .), 0.3%;
(Hg, Pb, As, U, Th. Be) 1104 %.
, ,
, . .

2.1. , ,

2.1.1. , Na, K

. 2.1 Na K
(, 2003).
.. . (1990) , ..
(1981). Na, K -
.. (1990) -
.. (1981). Na, K
, .
,
,
.
, , . ,
.. (1990) .. (1981), ,
. , Si, Al, Fe, Na, K, Mg, Ca
.
, ,
, 2+ 2.
. , , , , 5%.
( ), %: 0.35 0.28;
77

 2.1
H, Na, K (%)

, %

Na

Na

5.11

0.28

1.39

1.76

8.57

3.43

4.03

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92

0.44
0.083
0.16
0.18
0.079
0.088
0.09
0.058
0.09
0.16
0.063
0.33
0.14

1.02
0.22
0.33
28.64
2.58
2.72
1.94
2.69
2.74
1.93
3.59
0.59
1.55

2.73
0.46
0.91
0.22
3.65
1.49
0.77
3.58
2.52
0.69
5.78
0.29
1.97

27.4
1.91
0.32
0.28
0.21
0.59
1.14
2.85
1.82
1.44
0.02
0.1
2.45

5.13
0.41
0.05
3.6
0.55
1.49
1.98
10.67
4.47
1.4
0.09
0.01
2.19

12.73
0.79
0.13
0.03
0.72
0.76
0.73
13.18
3.82
0.46
0.13
0.01
2.58

30.56

0.16

2.07

29.28

29.53

28.37

1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

0.15
0.09
0.11
0.15
0.19
0.17

0.19
0.96
2.62
2.93
2.96
1.83

0.34
0.41
2.8
1.55
1.14
0.7

1.01
0.21
15.29
0.59
1.17
3.35

0.1
0.18
29.38
0.93
1.47
2.91

0.17
0.07
29.14
0.46
0.53
1.03

100
19.95

0.167
0.322

2.07
1.31

2.23
1.98

100
38.48

99.97
12.62

99.87
17.71

3.68
23.63

0.088
0.286

2.26
1.46

1.34
1.88

1.94
40.42

4.02
16.64

2.21
19.92

13.19
34.99
28.19

0.079
0.157
0.12

2.61
1.89
2.55

2.98
1.99
2.46

6.23
32.95
20.4

16.64
32
34.69

17.6
31.19
31.16

76.37

0.13

2.26

2.33

59.58

83.33

79.95

0.43 0.44; 0.27 0.083; 0.21 0.16; 0.37 0.322; 0.092 0.079; 0.094 0.09; 0.092 0.088; 0.17 0.16; 0.066 0.063;
0.39 0.33; 0.08 0.079;
0.2 0.19; 0.18
0.167.
78

.
(. . 2.1), ( ), . , ,
, 71.43% . .
0.322% (0.106%), -
( ). .
. Na . Na
, , (. . 2.1). Na . 66.69% .
Na .
1.31% (1.85%),
- .
.
. (. . 2.1). : -, ,
. . 62.35% .
(1.97%)
, - (1.91%).
2.1.2. , Na, K

: , Na K , , ,
Na K . , Na K
, , . . ,
( ., 1990) . , (, , 1969; , 1969; , 1989).
.
, , 79

 2.2
(%)

00.2
0.20.4
0.40.6
0.60.8
0.81
11.2
1.21.4
1.41.6
01.6

6.52, 3.6, 1.01,

1.43
16.59, 1,54, 1.2
6.08, 1.74, 1.64,
0.97
12.78, 0.57
3.21, 2.16, 0.28
3.89, 0,81, 0.57
14.94, 5.08, 2.27, 1.78, 1.18
2.44, 0.68, 0.54

12.56

95.50

19.33
10.43
13.35
5.65
5.27
25.25
3.66

(. 2.2). - .
(. 1, ). - < 1% ( 0.20.4%). , .
- 61.32% , , , ,
. () 11.6% ( 1.21.4%).
. 34.18% .
. Na , Na, (. 1, ). -.
Na < 3%, 11.58%
Na. Na 39 % ( ), 85.73%
Na. - . .
. (. 2.3). (, 1999), Na 8.9%
. , . 3.58% Na, .
.
, , ,
80

25
20
15
10
5
0
0

60

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

H , %

Na , %

H , %

30

50

40
30
20
10
0
0

1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 37.5 39.0

Na , %

K, %

50
40
30

. 1. H, Na ,

20
10
0
0

2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 11.0 13.2 15.4

K , %

(. 1, ). 93%
. , 4.48.8%, (. 2.4),
1113.2%. . .. . (1990) . ,
, ,
, .
, .
( ). . -
6.4% .
, . (, 1999), 10%. 81

 2.3
Na (%)

Na

01.5
1.53
34.5
4.56
67.5
7.59
937.5
37.539
039

Na

Na

5.69, 1.3,
1.24, 2.25
0.35, 0,99
4.9, 0.1
15.8, 1.24, 0.37
45.1
16.5, 0.38
*
3.58

10.24

99.55

1.34
5
17.41
45.1
16.88
0
3.58

* .

2.4
K (%)

02.2
2.24.4
4.46.6
6.68.8
8.811
1113.2
13.215.4
15.450.6
50.652.8
052.8

3.21, 1.18, 0.46,

1.55

5.85, 0.31, 0.22

27.5, 7.5
0.16
51.9
0,0008

6.4
0
6.16
35
0.16
51.9
0.0008
0
0.016

99.6368

-.

, . 51.92% .
,
> 10%. , .
( )
. ,
.
82

2.1.3.
, , ,
71.43% , 34.19
. .
Na K .
. 3.58%
Na. ,
51.9% . , , . 0.019% .
2.2.

(> 8000
Li, > 2500 , 70 Li).
2.2.1. Li

(. 2.5)
, ,
. : (
., 2006; ., 1980); (, , 1981; , 1981; , , 1975; , , 1974; , , 1965; , , 1981; ., 1980; , , 1983); (, 1977; , , 1966; , 1981; , 1960; , , 1960; , , 1970; ., 1974; , 1985; , , 1992; , 1968;
., 1974; , , 1981); (, 1991; , , 1986;
., 1990; ., 1992, 1994; , , 1996; ,
, 1975; , , 1984; ., 2000; ,
, 1994). Li (. . 2.5) (, 2003).
Li 0.0033%, , , 0.0020.0022% (Rudnik, Gao, 2004;
Wedepohl, 1995), 0.003%,
(, 2003) 0.0032% Li .. (1962). Li 83

 2.5
Li, Rb, Cs (%)

, n104 %

Li

Rb

Cs

Li

Rb

Cs

5.11

29

64

8.4

4.49

3.34

7.8

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92

54
18
4
8
27
21
19
34
23
15
22
1.2
26

133
26
52
34
135
62
28
205
90
29
174
4
57

13
2.8
3.8
1.2
15
6.7
2.8
7.3
3.6
2.5
7
0.1
2

17.02
2.1
0.04
0.06
0.36
0.72
1.21
8.46
2.36
0.68
0.03
< 0.01
2.3

14.11
1.02
0.18
0.09
0.61
0.72
0.6
17.17
3.1
0.44
0.09
< 0.01
1.7

24.58
1.96
0.23
0.06
1.2
1.38
1.07
10.9
2.21
0.68
0.06
< 0.01
1.06

30.56

38

105

3.9

35.19

32.74

21.67

1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

15
2
3
26
26
20

26
15
90
130
60
19

2
0.3
5
7
4
3.4

0.51
0.02
21.1
0.52
0.81
1.99

0.3
0.06
21.32
0.88
0.63
0.64

0.41
0.02
21.1
0.84
0.75
2.03

100
19.95

33
39

98
92

5.5
9.5

99.97
23.71

99.74
18.74

100.01
34.63

3.68
23.63

21
36

51
86

5.4
8.9

2.29
26.00

1.93
20.67

3.65
38.28

13.19
34.99
28.19

29
36
29

154
98
81

5.8
3.6
4.8

11.53
38.02
24.42

20.8
34.8
23.47

13.85
23.16
24.72

76.37

32

101

4.4

73.97

79.07

61.73

, , , 1.64 1.15.
Li (61.73%) . .
(0.0039%) ,
- 0.0026% ( ).
84

2.2.2. Li

Li. .
210 . 10
, , ,
Li.
, Li (. 2.6). (, , ,
< 50%). Li. Li
(. 2.6).
.
Li . Li 7.2 8.2% . Li . -. Li , . ,
Li . , ,
16.9 17.5% Li.
Li .
2.2.3. Li

. Li . Li (. 2.7, 2.8). Li , , , ,
, . Li
. Li . (. . 2.8),
, , Li .
Li
(. 2.9). Li 0.110.77%
(. 2.10).
, , - ( ., 1969; , 1967; , 1970). ,
Li .
(. 2.11) 85

86

895
993
915
201
1307
516
317
372
242
978
451
517

0.0038
0.0034
0.003
0.0029
0.0027
0.0023
0.0021
0.0026
0.002
0.0019
0.0018

0.0054

Li

24.4
40.9
48.3
6.1
40.9
49.2
38.7
27.7
51.6
68.3
71.9

2.1

< 0.002

41.2
38.2
35.3
92.1
52.3
47
60.8
69
46.1
26.8
26.7

43.8

0.0020.005

32.6
16.5
11.9
1.6
5.1
2.5
.
2.1
1.9
3.8
1

52

0.0050.008

1.8
4.4
4.5
0.2
1.7
1.3
0.5
1.2
0.4
1.1
0.4

2.1

> 0.008

Li

2.6

6.6
12.1
19.7
2.9
20.9
25.2
22.6
10.9
36.7
44.9
49.8

0.5

< 0.002

33.9
39.4
35.9
93.2
57.6
62.4
74
76.2
54
35.9
43.4

37.9

0.0020.005

51.3
31.6
26.9
3.3
12.1
6.8
.
5.1
6.7
11.9
3.1

54.4

0.0050.008

8.2
16.9
17.5
0.6
9.4
5.6
3.4
7.8
2.6
7.3
3.7

7.2

> 0.008

Li

Li, %

87

0.0001

17.8
99.4

96.5

1.8

4.7

79.9
10.1

100

61.4

33.9
0.0
4.7
61.4

0.005

0.00076

0.0002

0.092
0.00076

97.18

9.34

1.36

86.48
9.34

100

31

30
0
3
36

0.0132

0.0018

0.0008

0.4262
0.0029

349/65

97.9

4.1

1.8

84.3
7.7

98

31

25
2
10
30

0.0253

0.00034

0.0005
0.3523
0.1543
0.007

825/65

98

0.4

0.5
27.8
61
8.3

2.7

98.2

0.0016

0.0005
0.0037

0.0033

0.0011
0.00015

181

101.6

2.8
2.3

62.7

32.9
0.9

99.8

4.2
4.7
0
38.7
30.1

0.0045

0.004
0.0426

0.003
0.0012

83

4
45

26
8

22.1
. .
. . .

98.6

0
.
7.3
.
5.4
23.4
62.5
62.5

0.0065

90.35

. .
0.0131
14.75
. .
0.0656
54.5
0.0043
15.55
0.00058
5.55
0.00058
5.55

167

100

31
0
0
7
9
0
53
53

0.012

0.001

0.009
0.09

0.004
0.004

125

93.1

2.6

5.3
67.5

17.7
17.7

2.8

. 181 (, , 1981); (, , 1972); 167 - (, , 1970); 125 (, 1960).

8.8
1
0
30.4
0
0
47.8
10.2

Li

. 25 (, , 1981); (, 1987); 349/65 825/65, - (, , 1968).

. 2.82.10: 1 , %, 2 Li , %, 3 Li, , , %.
.

0.001

0.00018

0.017
0.0002

26.3
0
4.7
50.6

25

Li

 2.9
Li
,

448

-39

-449

11.2
0

0.0017

8
1

0.0014
0.025

4
10

8
0

0.0012

17.3
66.5

0.0013
0.0028

9
75

11
80

.
0.0025

0
80

14
74

.
0.004

0
87

95

0.0025

91

100

0.0025

94

96

0.0034

90

. 448 - -
(, , 1975); -39 -449
( , 1984).

2.10
Li ( ., 1980)
,

25
0.0013

5
0.08

5
2

45
0.004

20
0,028
.

0.3

3.6
90.1

1.6
5.1

30
0.4
15
3
4
1
25
20
1.6

0.0025
0.3
3
0.06
2.5
0.06
0.01
0.005
0.05

0.1
0.2
81.8
0.3
18.2
0.1
0,5
0.2
0.1

30
0
22
4
0
0
30
12
2

0.003

3.5
0.04

0.005
0.004
0.03

0.1

100
0.2

0.2
0.1
0.1

100.7

100

0.55

101.5

100

0.77

100.7

100

0.11

, . , , .

Li . Li
. (. 2.10)
.
Li
. ,
Li 0.04%. Li
0.040.77% , %: 3, 1.6, 0.9. . 2.6 ,
Li > 0.04% 0.001%
-. 88

 2.11
Li, , 1.6105 %

3.36% Li*

0.006

(5106)**

0.008

(5106)
0.003

(2.1106)

0.086

(8.7105)
0.1

(7105)
0.083

(7.2105)

- 0.0004
(4107)
0.0003

(3.3107)

0.014
-(1.3105)

0.01

(1105)

2.23% Li

1.67% Li

0.83% Li

Li-
0.19% Li

0.006

0.008

0.003

0.01
(1.6105)
.

0.015
(3105)
.

0.0005
(2106)
.

4.61
(0.087)
1.5
(0.019)
3.66
(0.059)
4.62
(0.077)
.

27.63

0.008
0.011
0.0003
(1105) (1.9105) (1.2106)
0.012
0.017
0.0006
(1.6105) (3105)
(2106)
. . .

22.91
(0.41)
8.3
(0.1)
18.34
(0.28)
22.8
(0.36)
.

0.005
0.002
0.0002
(7.7106) (4.5106) (9.4107)
0.004
0.002
0.0002
(5.8106) (3.4106) (7.1107)

9.5
(0.16)
6.9
(0.12)

1.91
(0.034)
1.42
(0.026)

Li-
0.18% Li

9.9
22.1
27.45
0.0003
11.43
8.34

* Li ; ** , %.

- (. 2.11)
.
Li 0.09% (, 1999). Li (, 1994, . 1),
. .
Li . Li ,
. .
49 Li
(, , 1966; - ., 1975; , 1960; , , 1960; , , 1970; , 1976;
, , 1968; , , 1972; , 1987; , 1972; , , 1981; , , 1976; ,
1960). Li 0.09%, Li- Li-. Li , Li, 0.0045%. , : 0.0020.005, 0.0050.008
0.0080.027% Li, , Li-89

, : 5, 37 54%. Li Li-
0.13, 0.16 0.24%. Li , Li-, 0.009%. , 0.0080.027% Li, , Li-, 27% Li Li- 0.18%.
. 2.6 , Li- 22.8% Li. Li Li- 0.19%. Li 4.6% Li Li 0.18% (. . 2.11). ,
. , Li- 8.66% Li,
Li- 1.51%. , , -. Li - (. . 2.6).
Li < 0.005%. .
,
0.0162% Li. ,
0.09% Li, 8.32% . Li , , -.
2.2.4.
Li ,
,
.
.
,
.
, Li . Li .
Li .
.
, Li,
, . .
, ,
Li,
. .
90

2.2.5.
Li 0.0033%.
, , 0.0054 0.0038%. 52.21% Li.
Li (< 0.002%), (0.0020.005%), (0.0050.008%) (> 0.008%). Li , , %: 0.5449.79; 33.8693.17; 33.0954.35 0.3917.49%. ,
Li 0.09%. ,
8.34% Li. , .%: Li- 6.9, Li- 1.42, 0.01, 0.004, 0.002, 0.0002. .
2.3.

2.3.1. Rb

Rb
8000 .
Rb, ,
. : (
., 2004; ., 1980; Gallet et al., 1998; Gtze, 1998; Di Leo P. et al.,
2002; Huber et al., 2001); (, , 1981; , 1981; , , 1974; , ,
1971; , , 1965; , , 1981;
., 1980; Goodman, 1972; Toothill et al., 2007); - (, , 1966; , 1981; , , 1970; ., 1974; ., 2006; , ,
1963; , , 1992; ., 1985; , 1987;
, 1968; ., 1974; , , 1981); (, 1991; ., 1980; ,
, 1986; ., 1994; , , 1996; , , 1975; , , 1994; , ,
1984; , 1978; Condie et al., 1991; Yang et al., 1998).
Rb (. 2.5)
(, 2003). Rb
, , 0.0098%, 0.00820.0112
(Rudnik, Gao, 2004; Wedepohl, 1995). Rb
, , 91

, 2.11 1.8, 17.26%

Rb. (53.54%)
. Rb 0.0092%
- 0.0083
( ).
2.3.2. Rb
Rb.
.
210 . 10 ,
, , Rb. ,
,
Rb. 83.1% (. 2.12). ,
2.12

Rb , %

Rb

< 0.005

0.0050.01

0.010.03

0.030.05

> 0.05

1036

4.83

32.04

45.56

14.58

2.99

951
853

8.2
22.85

53.93
39.04

36.9
31.32

0.42
5.74

0.55
1.05

1279
1258
915
913
860

26.66
26.59
65.02
92.76
95.33

53.08
71.10
22.85
6.03
4.2

18.07
2.31
11.69
1.1
0.47

0.24
.
0.33
0.11
.

1.95
.
0.11
.
.

Rb

92

< 0.005

0.0050.01

0.010.03

0.030.05

> 0.05

0.7

16.2

46.92

27.23

8.95

2.2
4.22

46.5
28.7

47.15
46.37

1.02
14.77

3.13
5.94

5.46
14.56
23.51
75.83
76.24

49.39
79.37
42.55
14.46
18.66

32.14
6.07
31.18
8.45
5.1

1.11
.
1.74
1.26
.

11.9
.
1.02
.
.

 , ,
Rb. Rb, .
Rb.
2.3.3. Rb

Rb . Rb (. 2.13, 2.14). Rb , , , Rb . Rb (. 2.15).
, ,
Rb (. 2.16) . Rb
(. 2.17).
Rb 0.2% (, 1990)
(Rb 0.46 3.07, 0.91%) (Rb 0.15 4.5,
1.3%).
.
(. 2.18) Li (. ). Rb 0,2 % , .
. Rb- Rb
(. . 2.16),
2.13
Rb
45

849/65

32.5
0
3.3
39.1
24.6

0.00037
.
0.14
0.001
0.0612

0.5
0
20.8
1.8
68.1

30
0
3
36
31

0.0008
.
0.415
0.0019
0.082

1.8
0
29
2
65.7

37.4
1.4
3.2
27.8
29.9

0.011
0.5
0.33
0.028
0.09

6.8
11.7
17.7
13
44.8

99.5

0.0221

94.3

100

0.0431

98.5

99.7

0.06

94

. 45 (, , 1981); 849/65 (, , 1968); (, , 1963). . 2.142.17:

1 , %, 2 Rb, %, 3 Rb, %;
Rb, .

93

 2.14
Rb
-28

17.22
9.33
0
19.52
47.8
5.65

99.52

. .
0.0016
1
.
0
0.04
63
0.0072
28
0.026
12
0.0124

104

6.1
3.8
3.2
0
53.6
30.2

.
0.0041
0.0029
.
0.0016
0.0355

< 0.1
1
1
0
7
89

13.3
7
0.2
0
51.4
25.5

96.9

0.012

98

97.4

0.001
1.7
0.0005
0.4
. .
.
0
0.001
6.4
0.026
82.9
0.008

91.4

. -28 (, 1972); - (, , 1966). .

2.15
Rb
31-8

-39

0
3.3
16.6
2.5

.
0.018
0.0018
0.0029

0
2
0.9
0.3

8.4
1.3
10.5
.

0.0008
0.085
0.019
.

0.1
2
4.2
.

76

0.036

93.8

79.8

0.053

88.1

98

0.029

97

100

0.048

94.7

. 31-8 (, , 1975);
-39 ( , 1984).

2.16
Rb

30
0
22
4
0
0
30
12
2

100

0.002
0.6
. .
0.01
2.3
0.8
33
. .

0.008
2.1
0.5
61.9
0.01
0.2
0.097

100.1

28
0.3
5.7
6
0.12
0
18
41.5
0.38
100

.
0
0.04
0.1
.
0
0.392
17
1.7
1.5
. .
0.002
0.3
0.269
81
0.036
0.1
0.138

. ( ., 1980); ( ., 1971).

94

100

30
0.4
15
3
4
1
25
20
1.6

0.005
0.15
0.015
1.8
1.5
1
0.01
1.5
0.02

0.3
0.1
0.5
11.5
12.8
2.1
0.5
63.8
0.1

100

0.47

91.7

 2.17
Rb Cs - ( ., 1980)
Rb

Cs

2
1.2
2
2
10
68
3
3

0.003
0.01
0.005
0.006
0.3
0.3
0.006
0.005

< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
12.5
85
< 0.1
< 0.1

6
2.8

0.002
0.01

0.1
0.1

0.001
0.03
0.0005
0.0075
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.0006
0.0007
0.001
0.001

0.1
1.2
< 0.1
0.5
3.3
90.7
90.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1

100

0.24

97.7

0.03

96.3
2.18

Rb,

-
-

1.3% Rb*

0.91% Rb

Rb-
0.2% Rb

Rb-
0.2% Rb

1.37 (0.14)
.

0.52 (0.053)
.

1.8911
0.002

0.001 (7.7106) 0.0001 (9.4107)

0.3 (0.015)

0.11 (0.0057)

0.4111

0.0008 (5.8106) 0.0001 (7.1107)

0.23 (0.011)

0.091 (0.0044)

0.3219

0.001 (1.6105)** 0.0001 (2106)

0.002 (1.6105) 0.0002 (2106)

* Rb ; ** , %.

. Rb- Rb-, .
. , Rb . Rb
,
. , . Rb- Rb-.
Rb-. Rb , Rb-, 0.027%,
Rb 0.040.05%. Rb 0.1 0.42% ( 0.2%). Rb > 0.05%
. , , Rb-. , 95

 Rb 0.2%. ,
Rb-
4.8%.
Rb-. Rb 0.315.06,
6.8, , Rb > 0.03% , Rb-. Rb 0.2%. ,
Rb- Rb- Rb . , . 0.32% Rb (. 2.18).
2.3.4.
Rb
, Rb
,
, , .
, , , . . . , , . ,
Rb-
Rb < 0.5%. . , , Rb.
2.3.5.
Rb
0.0098%. Rb 0.0205% , 17.17% . Rb (53.54 %) . Rb : (< 0.005%), (0.0050.01%), (0.010.03%), (0.030.05%) (> 0.05%). Rb , , %: 0.776.24; 14.4679.37; 5.147.15; 027.23 011.9.
,
0.3219% Rb,
Rb- 0.23, Rb- 0.091, 0.0008, 0.0001. .
96

2.4.

2.4.1. Cs

Cs
7000 .

Cs,
, . : ( ., 2006, 2007; ., 2006; ., 1980;
Gallet et al., 1998; Gtze, 1998; Huber et al., 2001);
(, , 1981; ., 1973; ,
, 1974; , , 1971; ., 1971;
., 1980; ., 2007; Kay et al., 2007; Kobayashi et al., 2007;
Krienitz et al., 2007; Marshesi et al., 2007; Toothill et al., 2007); - (, 1977; , 1981;
., 1974; ., 2007; ., 2006; ,
, 1992; , 1968); (,
1991; ., 2000; , 1978; Condie et al., 1991; Yang at al.,
1998). Cs (. 2.5) (, 2003).
Cs , , 5.5104 %. 3.551047.3104 % (Rudnik, Gao, 2004; Wedepohl, 1995).
Cs
, , , 2.73
2.36. , . , , 1.53, 1.33 1.27. Cs (57.79%)
. .
9.5104 % - 4.5104 % ( ).
2.4.2. Cs

Cs. .
210 . 10 , , , Cs. . 97

 2.19
Cs (n104 %)
Cs

,
,

867
775
611
520
718
904
1046
642

Cs
< 5

510

1050

50100

> 100

15.11
9.42
35.52
65.39
91.22
50.22
78.57
94.54

59.22
16.91
23.9
20.86
4.1
29.92
18.41
3.35

25.66
73.41
36.74
12.6
3.62
18.53
2.73
1.8

.
0.26
2.37
0.38
1.06
1.33
.
0.31

.
.
1.47
0.77
.
.
0.29
.

Cs

,
,

< 5

510

1050

50100

> 100

4.21
2.28
4.99
16.84
43.04
15.41
45.15
75.15

56.41
10.89
11.75
22.9
10.59
29.24
32.17
6.32

39.38
85.6
51.55
29.75
20.91
42.51
11.42
11.67

.
1.23
10.66
4.25
25.46
12.84
.
6.14

.
.
21.05
26.26
.
.
11.27
.

(. 2.19). (, , , < 50%), (, , ) . Cs. Cs . , , Cs

(>0.01%).
2.4.3. Cs

Cs . Cs (. 2.20, 2.21), Cs . Cs , , , Cs .
98

 2.20
Cs
25

376/65

26.3 .

50.6
1.7

17.8
2.3

. .

4.7
14.6

0
43
20.5
0
34.3

25
30
31
2
10

.
5
9
100
105

0
8.8
16.2
11.8
61.8

88.9
88.9
88.9
8
2.8

<2
<2
<2
190
45

< 10
< 10
< 10
84.4
7

97.8

98

17

98.6

99.7

18

< 101.4

99.4

. 25 (, , 1981); 376/65 (, 1976); , .. (, 1987).

. 2.212.23: 1 , %; 2 Cs , n104 %, 3
Cs, , %; .

2.21
Cs
18290

31-8

-39

15.5
.

13.8
2.5

. .

43.5
2

24.8
4.5

< 1.5

21.6

19.7

<2

14.7
0
37.2
47.7

9.5
9.4
45.6
12.2

0.5
10.4
2.8
2.8

1.9
39.1
51.1
13.7

101.1

98.3

2.5

105.8

97.6

2.34

. .
10
82
70.3
3
70.3
3
100

12

0
68.3
17.6
17.6
87.9

. 206 - (, , 1981);
129 (, , 1981); , .. (, 1987).

2.22
Cs
458

-449

448

12.5

<1

11.2

24

<1

11.2
1.3
69.4

12
.
47

4
0
86

1
0
81

17.3
0.5
66.5

170
110
3300

1
<1
95

94.4

38

92

82

95.5

2300

96

18
12
. .
74
220
100

200

. 448 458 - - (, , 1975); -449 ( , 1984).

99

 2.23
Cs : ( ., 1980),
( ., 1971)

30
0.001
Cs-
0

22
0.005

4
0.05
Cs- .

30
0.004

12
0.03

2
0.005

3.7

13.7
25

15
45
1.3

103.7

100

0.008

28
0.000
0.3
1.035
5.7
0.007
6
0.048
0.12
0.239
.

18
0.003
41.5
0.026
0.38
0.0007

0
17.2
2.2
16
1.6

3
59.9
0.1

30
0.4
15
3*
4
1
25
20
1.6

0.002
2
0.03
1.5
0.5
30
0.005
0.1
0.01

0.2
2.3
0.4
12.9
5.7
85.7
0.4
5.7
< 0.1

0.018**

100

100

0.35

113.3

100

* Cs-, ** Cs .

Cs , .
Cs
(. 2.22). ,
, Cs
, (. 2.23). Cs
(. . 2.17).

Cs 0.351.9% ( ., 1980;
., 1972), Cs (. . 2.23). Cs
.
Cs , . Cs
(0.11%) (, 1990) : ( 0.0005 6.28, 0.33%), (
< 0.01 3.83, 0.54%) ( < 0.01 1.13,
0.39%).
.
(. 2.24)
Li (. ). Cs 0.11% .
.
Cs- Cs-. Cs .
Cs , .
(, 1976; , 1987; , , 1981). 100

 2.24
Cs (%),
( )
0.54% Cs

0.39% Cs

0.33% Cs

Cs-
0.11% Cs

Cs-
0.11% Cs

Cs

0.006

1.5 (0.02)

1.502

0.001

0.009
(1.6105)
.

1.8
(0.012)
.

1.911

0.002
(2106)
.

0.001

0.037

0.021

0.002
(2106)

0.012
(1.6105)

0.006
(1.5105)
0.002
(9106)
0.001
(1.2106)
0.1
(2.2104)
0.001
(8107)
0.037
(4.4105)
0.021
(1.3105)
.

0.014

0.001
(7.1107)

0.004
(5.8106)

0.2
(9.9104)

0.018
(8.8105)

0.243

0.02
(3.3105)

, 0.0018% Cs,
< 0.11%. () Cs 4.418.2, 10.2. Cs 0.76.2, 3.3. , Cs- Cs-
, Cs > 0.011 > 0.033%.
, Cs > 0.011
0.25% . ,
, 4.8%. ,
Cs- 0.012%.
Cs > 0.033% , .
Cs- ( ) Cs 0.1% ( , 1984; , , 1975). , , ,
Cs- (Cs > 0.11%) 0.02%. .
, ( Cs-) 0.24% Cs (. 2.24). Cs 8 , , .
101

2.4.4.
Cs
, Cs . , , . ,
, .
. . , ,
Cs.
. .
2.4.5.
Cs 5.5104 %,
1.3103 1.5103 %. Cs . 1/4 Cs > 1102 %.
, Cs 0.11%.
. , 0.243% Cs, , %: Cs-
0.2, 0.02, Cs- 0.018, 0.004,
0.001. .

 3
-

3.1.

3.1.1.


10 000
( ). . , , . : (, , 1989; ., 2004; Hirst, 1962); (, 2003; ., 1963; ., 1980;
., 2006; , , 1981; , 1981; , , 1974; , , 1981; , , 1971; ,
, 1983); - (, 1977; , 2007; ., 1980; , , 1985; , 1960; , 1960; ., 1978; , 1972; , 1982; .,
1974; ., 1973; ., 2006; ., 1970;
., 1974; ., 1969); (, 1991; , , 1985; , 2004; ., 1970;
, 1989; , , 1996; , , 1975; , , 1984; ., 2000; , , 1994;
Buttler, 1966).
3989 - ,
, , (, 1976; , 1984; , , 1988;
, , 1994). (. 3.1) ,
(, 2003). 2.3104 % 1.31043.1104 %,
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004), : ,
, 16.84%
103

104

0.00017
0.0003
0.00003
0.00013
0.00007
0.00032
0.00014
0.00013
0.00045
0.00018
0.0001
0.00041
0.00002
0.00016
0.00026
0.00008
0.00006
0.00018
0.0003
0.00027
0.00015
0.00023
0.00021
0.00016
0.0002
0.00034
0.00024
0.00018
0.00024

100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

Be

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

, %

1.04
1.96
1.7
1.71

1.77
1.83
2.84
1.98

1.12
1.65
3.45
0.56
0.24
0.22
0.85
3.92
0.33
1.1
4.3
1.06
14.56
1.33
1.8
8.09
1.81
1.34
0.73
2.17
4.28

Mg

2.05
3.28
2.88
2.92

3.89
7.28
5.59
7.02

2.83
2.21
27.43
1.01
7.09
0.79
4.44
7.2
1.11
2.4
6.29
2.7
3.99
1.77
2.72
22.69
2.11
2.34
1.53
3.72
6.66

Ca

0.026
0.026
0.027
0.026

0.027
0.027
0.04
0.029

0.022
0.024
0.038
0.011
0.096
0.024
0.039
0.044
0.015
0.044
0.046
0.02
0.0007
0.013
0.026
0.058
0.016
0.025
0.02
0.031
0.04

Sr

, %

0.065
0.043
0.062
0.054

0.051
0.041
0.041
0.041

0.037
0.046
0.03
0.09
0.042
0.048
0.041
0.039
0.075
0.056
0.029
0.16
8105
0.038
0.044
0.036
0.028
0.07
0.069
0.024
0.02

Ba

19.54
37.23
22.4
79.37

99.95
19.19
2.5
20.69

3.79
13.62
0.5
0.19
0.79
0.62
0.69
1.2
16.13
2.66
0.65
0.09
< 0.01
2.04
34.7
0.4
0.1
18.24
0.87
1.21
2.16

Be

7.71
38.78
27.03
73.52

99.97
20.55
5.9
26.45

3.23
9.68
7.5
0.1
0.04
0.05
1.18
4.67
1.53
2.1
3.64
0.03
0.41
2.19
31.04
5.16
0.39
17.55
0.27
1.26
7.95

Mg

6.94
29.50
20.84
57.28

99.99
37.34
5.28
42.62

3.72
5.91
27.15
0.09
0.47
0.09
1.29
3.9
2.34
2.08
2.43
0.04
0.05
1.33
21.37
6.59
0.21
13.96
0.26
0.99
5.63

Ca

, %

12.67
33.5
28.03
74.2

99.53
19.87
5.46
25.33

4.16
9.24
5.42
0.13
0.92
0.39
1.63
3.44
4.56
5.51
2.56
0.04
< 0.01
1.41
29.43
2.43
0.23
21.49
0.49
1.18
4.87

Sr

16.79
29.55
34.53
80.87

100.01
16.21
2.93
19.14

3.71
9.38
2.72
0.19
0.21
0.41
0.91
1.61
12.07
3.71
0.85
0.16
< 0.01
2.17
26.37
0.8
0.21
31.86
0.89
0.49
1.29

3.1
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba

. (59.63%) . . 2.1104 %. (2104 %), ( ).

3.1.2.

. .

210 . 10 , , , .
(. 3.2). ,

(41041103 %) (11035103 %) 70%
. , , . .

> 0.001%. (, 1999). 0.15
8.15% .
3.1.3.
Be
Be
, , , , , , , .
0.09%
(, 1999). .

.
, :
(0.0010.0015% ), (Griffitts, Oda, 1960);
(
5186, 0.0024% ), ( ., 1969); - ( 368, 0.0011% ), ( , 1972); ,
105

106
835
417
425
251
891
657
454
208
206
455
690
808
365
316

4.1
3.2
3
3
2.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1
0.8

3157

4.5

, n104 %

49.82
52.21
67.63
75.49
72.34
81.54
83.91
79.4
77.03
90.51

44.63

32.93
60.18
45.4

21.8

< 1104 %

29.06
36.99
21.14
23.55
20.37
11.42
7.83
18.77
19.82
7.91

35.06

30.06
11.51
30.35

36.75

14104 %

19.85
10.65
11.23
0.48
7.29
5.94
8.26
1.83
2.7
1.26

18.72

28.86
21.83
22.12

34.47

41041103 %

1.27
0.15
.
0.48
.
1.1
0.45
.
0.45
0.32

1.59

8.15
6.48
2.13

6.93

15103 %

Be

3.2

19.14
3.58
32.1
55.66
39.16
42.39
47.33
50.6
21.88
46.23

19.32

8.04
18.06
16.44

6.06

< 1104 %

31.78
59.22
35.74
37.07
33.59
21.27
16.81
41.65
54.85
26.41

31

21.86
10.46
29.94

24.17

14104 %

41.47
36.12
32.16
1.6
27.25
25.78
30.06
7.75
15.67
7.98

40.34

43.18
43.52
43.62

46.34

41041103 %

7.61
1.08
.
5.67
.
10.56
5.8
.
7.6
19.38

9.34

26.92
27.95
10

23.43

15103 %

Be

. 2. ,
,
.
5000 5186 (
., 1969); -7116, -2, -1 1
(, 1999); 263/1 (
., 1969); -7120, -7128 (, 1999); -7127
(, 1999)

Be
, %

(0.001% ), ( ., 1969);
: ( -7120, 0.0034% ) ( -7116, 0.0024% ) (, 1999);
- ( 4003, 0.004% ), (, 1999); , ( , 34, 0.0011% ), (, 1984).
< 0.0005% (Griffitts, Oda, 1960) .
,
, , , , ,
< 0.005%.
( ., 1969; , 1984; , 1967; , 1971; , 1970;
., 1969) , , .
, ,
(, 1999).
.
, 10 , . ,
(. 2) (, 1999).
> 0.001%. 0.0010.005% 1763%
, 1/4 (, 1999).
23.43% (. . 3.2). , , , 5.9% .
100
80
60
40
20
0

-2
-1
-7120 -7128
5186
231/1

-7127

-7116
5000
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Be , .%
107

 Be
, %

. 3.
, ,
.

100
80

60
40
20

4003

1
2

.
: 1
-
(, 1999), , 4003 , ,
; 2
(, 1971)

0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Be , %

.
. . , , ,
,
(. 3). ,
.
. 3.2 , . : .

0.064%
82%, (, 1971).
- (, 1999). (, ) 0.004%
, , 38%.
4003 0.004% , , 64%. ( ) (
) 0.014 0.012%, , , 71 75%, .
,
, , 1.29% (. 3.3).
, -

, , 108

 3.3
Be,
( )

, %

3.4
4.5
4.8
6.7
14.3
15.8
20

.
0.4 (1.5105)
.
0.1 (2.5106)
.
0.09 (1106)
.

.
0.13 (9106)
.
.
0.4 (9106)
.
0.25 (4106)

< 0.01 (1109)

0.04 (1.2106)
.
.
0.15 (1.5106)
.
.

0.59 (1.9105)

0.78 (2.2105)

0.19 (2.7106)

0.38 (5105)
2.2 (2.2104)
0.64 (6105)
0.67 (4.5105)
0.95 (3105)
1.05 (3105)
.

.
0.76 (4.4105)
.
.
.
0.04 (7107)
.

.
0.73 (1.3105)
0.3 (5106)
0.42 (5106)
1.07 (6106)
1.38 (7106)
.

0.06 (4106)
0.65 (3.3105)
0.1 (5106)
0.11 (3.9106)
0.17 (2.7106)
0.2 (2.9106)
< 0.01 (1.8108)

5.89 (4.4104)

0.8 (4.5105)

3.9 (3.6105)

1.29 (5.2105)

. 0.02% .
, , (. 3.3)
. ,
, ,
.
3.1.4.
Be
.
.
, . , Be, . .
.
109

3.1.5.
2.3104 %.
Be
: (< 1104 %), (11044104 %),
(41041103 %) (> 1103 %). > 0.001%,
. 0.15 8.15%
. , , ,
23.4327.95% . 1.29%
Be, , %: 0.65, 0.2, 0.17, 0.11, 0.1, 0.06, < 0.01.
3.2.

3.2.1. Mg Ca

Mg a (. 3.1)
(, 2003). .. (1990). Mg a . Mg 0.128.23, a
0.267.05. : Mg , a . Mg a . (Mg 59.33, a 66.84%). - Mg - ,
. . , - . Al. .
() - , .%: Mg 1.07, a 2.49, Al 0.81. ( : Mg 1.15, a 1.13, Al 0.92,
: Mg 1.07, a 2.49, Al 0.81.
3.2.2. Mg

. 3000 , - Mg , 110

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

4.1 8.2 12.3 16.4 20.5 24.6 28.7 32.8 36.9

Mg , .%

Ca , %

Mg , %

35

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

5.2 10.4 15.6 20.4 26.0 31.2 36.4 41.6

Ca , .%

. 4. Mg Ca, ,

, , . , ,
, , 1.
, . .
.
Mg , %: 93.13, 7.65. Mg (. 4, ). : 16.420.5%
Mg ( 7.9111.3) (. 3.4). ,
. .
2.25% Mg.
, , . , > 1.77% Mg. Mg (90.99%) . . ,
. 5.85%
Mg.
Mg
- .
.
Mg, %: 7.21
(5.33 ), 88.4 (17 ,
12.4 , 11.6 , 10 , 8.07 , 7.07 ,
5.21 , 17.05); 1.81 (1.77 ), 2.18 (1.47 ,
111

 3.4
Mg

Mg

< 1

17.91

* 7.9111.3

> 11.3

Mg

, %

Mg, %

Mg, %

2.51

1.42
0.83
2.25

0.11.77
0.43
3.98
0.48
0.31
0.85
0.55
7.49
0.39
0.46
3.16
1.21
0.48
0.43
0.7
0.055
0.69
1.89

2.4
2.4
2.76
4.63
3.1
6.92
5.1
7.78
9.2
9.65
9.65
9.74
9.87
12.7
13.1
13.2
13.7

0.58
5.4
0.75
0.81
1.49
2.15
21.58
1.71
2.39
17.23
6.6
2.64
2.4
5.02
0.41
5.15
14.68
15.47
90.99

0.046

18.2

0.47

0.044
0.27
0.037
0.072
0.015
0.001
0.0015
0.011
2.5104

20.82
21.1
25.6
25.7
28.1
28.9
31.2
34.87
41.6

0.52
3.22
0.54
1.05
0.24
0.02
0.03
0.22
0.01
5.85
99.56

* , .

0.58 , 0.1 , 0.03 ). (. 3.5)

(. 3.6) Mg .
< 1% Mg. , 3.27% Mg
.
112

 3.5
Mg (%),

Mg

8.48
1.31
9.79

11.1
1.67
12.77

0.67
0.28
0.95

9.46
0.86
10.32

6.84
1.17
8.01

2.54
11.8
13.7
12.4
0.11
24.5
23.59
88.64

0.35
5.82
15.5
16.8
0.77
22.5
20.17
81.91

< 0.01
46.6
1.48
1
42.33
.
6.17
97.58

20.02
6.43
.
30.89
.
24.46
3.5
85.3

0.66
21.57
9.95
10.36
15.89
14.54
15.16
88.13

1.36

4.61

2.41

0.09

0.24

0.13

99.79

99.38

98.77

95.62

98.68

Mg

3.6
Mg (%),

Mg

Mg

15.9
6.03
21.93

3.03
0.58
3.61

0.73
0.65
1.38

1.34
0.85
2.19

55.6
4.39
0.88
.
0.44
0.45
19.72
81.48

15.2
31.3
20.9
2.62
4.74
8
7.8
90.56

9.5
8.62
34.5
7.43
9.94
17.6
4.27
91.86

11.06
13.12
31.46
6.39
8.92
15.57
4.67
91.19

0.09

5.84

6.45

0.58
.
0.58

0.07
0.69
0.76

3.27
.
3.27

2.61
0.14
2.75

104.08

103.93

102.35

102.58
113

 3.7
Mg (%),
-

Mg

0.57

0.46

0.85

2.54

0.18

0.56

7.22

28.6

74.2

14.6

2.92

6.23

2.05

100

40.57

6.29

26.32
13.16
.
21.17
1.39
102.61

14.59
18.4
18.12
23.26
5.77
86.43

4.55
2.65
77.4
.
.
7.36
. .
12.56
3.96
101.73
13.97

17.1
13.1
8.9
17.9
3.7
89.3

9.88

5.55

.
.
.
.
< 0.01
.
.
< 0.01

.
0.96
.
.
.
.
.
0.96

0.97
4.91
< 0.01
1.19
0.18
.
.
7.25

100.57

104.03

104.41

Mg

16.6

.
21.45
. .
.
0.03
0.24
21.1
.
28.24
.
0.39
.
1.43
0.24
72.64
104.51

103.39

1.6
2.64
< 0.01
1.67
1.58
0.02
0.07
7.58
102.99

* , (16.35) (0.25).

- Mg, %:
0.68, 93.12 (25.6 , 21.5 , 15.9 , 6.38 , 5.94 , 17.8);
1.37 Mg ( 0.73, 0.64);
7.18% Mg (4.44 , 1.41 , 0.51 , 0.31 , 0.28 , 0.17 , 0.04 , 0.02
).
, Mg
(. 3.7). - , , .
3/4 Mg , . Mg (. 3.8).
Mg .
(. 3.9).
, , , .
114

 3.8
Mg (%),

Mg

1.42

1.15

0.01

4.03

1.11

24.9

25.5

0.95

1.41

22

25.4
0.19
19.8
17.5
9.84
97.63

30.6
0.71
12.5
10.7
14.65
94.66

0.95
29.83
0.49
1.86
20.53
54.61

13.86
1.4
.
15.9
49.43
82

26.2
4.54
11.2
9.93
15.46
89.33

10.45

1.41

2.38
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.38

9.03
.
0.03
.
.
.
.
9.06

.
4.75
17.81
3.47
0.32
0.39
4.94
31.68

.
.
.
7.76
.
1.72
.
9.48

7.43
0.63
2.36
0.53
0.04
0.07
0.57
11.63

101.43

104.87

96.75

95.51

103.37

Mg

* (1.45) (9).

3.9
Mg (%),

Mg

0.14

1.88

0.45

0.25

0.17

43.8
.

17.5
.

6.58
8.48

6.91
12.5

30.2
4.06

15.1
7.2
28.6
9.69
104.39

13.2
5.29
37.5
21.81
95.3

21.3
6.67
22.7
28.74
94.47

18
20.3
12.2
27.52
97.43

16.2
11
23.6
16.26
101.32

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

0.39
1.98
2.37

0.12
0.58
0.7

1.44

2.91

1.97

0.73

104.53

98.62

97.83

100.05

102.92

Mg

115

 Mg, %: 24, 2.9, 0.5.

Mg, %: 0.007, 0.001, 1.7104.
.
, %: 3,38, 94.59%.
(. 4, ). 2631.2%
(. 3.10). , .
13.31% , 45.38. , Mg, Fe, Al, Na, Ti. . : , .
. : , ,
. 39.21% (37.5% ).
- . ,
- .
, %:
3.87 (1.38 ); 21.55 (6.11 , 4.64 , 2.84 , 2.22 ), 0.8
(); 73.4 (73.3 ).
(. 3.11) (. 3.12) . (
) , (84%). (92.32%) ,
90.98%. : , .
: , , , .
, . 60.26%
, , %: 22.2, 14.7, 8.61, 8.54. ( ) .
.
- , %: 20.11 (16.3 ); 63.87 (13.3 , 11.7 , 8.75 , 8.36 , 5.3 ); 0.25 (); 13.46 (11.3
).
- (. 3.13), .
( ) ,
(0.83%), , (0.49%).
, 116

 3.10

< 1

, %

, %

, %

9.81

0.2

0.5

4
7.49
1.89
0.43
0.46
0.57

0.4
0.5
0.74
1.24
1.35
1.92

14.31

2.7

0.41
0.96
0.36
0.14
0.16
0.28
0.57
9.93
13.31

16.43

0.31
6.56
0.85
0.39
0.31
3.16
3.02
0.06
0.055
0.3
0.24
1.21
1.17
0.05
0.48
0.18
0.17
0.7
0.031
0.027

4.8
5.1
6.3
7.84
8
8.96
9
9.21
9.32
11
11.5
13.7
16.5
16.9
17,3
19.1
19.4
22.1
24.1
25.6

0.38
8.6
1.38
0.79
0.64
7.28
6.99
0.14
0.13
0.85
0.71
4.26
4.96
0.22
2.14
0.88
0.85
3.98
0.19
0.18
45.38

6.449

0.045
0.0083

29.4
35

0.34
0.08
0.03
0.45

> 9

0.038
3.98
0.13
0.0022

36.7
36.7
39.4
51.3

0.36
37.5
1.32
0.03
39.21

98.35
117

 3.11
(%),

11.06

15.18

0.21

8.45

3.7

12.5

13.86

9.85

32.34

11.32

0.31

0.4

0.19

5.03

1.01

0.26
.
71.33
0.68
72.27

< 0.01
.
66.4
0.04
66.44

.
1.34
90.98
.
92.32

.
.
54
0.19
54.19

0.03
0.96
82.93
0.08
84.0

96.14

95.88

102.57

100.01

100.03

3.12
(%),

22.2
8.54
29.52
60.26

.
5.66
1.97
7.63

.
0.26
2.37
2.63

0.38
1.72
2.94
5.04

.
1.94
1.13
0.34
0.14
0.35
0.22
1.34
5.46

15.1
20.1
12.1
27.4
1.98
12.3
3.51
2.72
95.21

4.8
6.38
4.36
34.4
6.11
26.7
9.62
5.78
98.15

7.23
9.64
6.19
32.1
4.92
22.8
8.06
4.87
95.81

38.5
0.55
0.05
39.1

1.65
0.27
.
1.92

1.53
0.05
.
1.58

2.17
0.11
< 0.01
2.28

104.82

104.76

102.31

103.13

. ,
, 81.3% . .

(4.7327.24%). , , .
118

 3.13
(%),
-

73
8.33
81.33

23.63
3.61
27.24

1.72
3.01
4.73

6
11.3
17.3

.
8.59
8.59

32,3
5.06
37.36

8.27

51

12.2

20.8

22.4

4.04
1.62
.
1.23
.
3.38
18.54

11.2
2.62
.
8.56
.
3.09
76.47

9.26
27.9
0.43
17.9
22
7.38
97.07

1.66
8.98
. .
.
28.5
43.13
.
.
47.7
9.14
8.38
74.73
93.56

8.04
11.1
0.36
9.42
8.03
4.69
64.04

0.4
2.13
0.25
2.78

0.31
1.15
0.01
1.47

0.29
0.63
< 0.01
0.92

1.22
1.61
0.79
3.62

0.83
0.49
.
1.32

0.34
1.31
0.1
1.75

105.18

102.72

95.65

103.47

103.15

Ca

102.65

3.14
(%),

Ca

9.92
6.97
16.89

11.9
4.85
16.75

0.08
0.21
0.29

3.84
8.95
12.79

9.12
3.9
13.02

2.59
5.34

13.1
3.47

0.11
0.02

14.5
14.93

9.75
2.86

17.7
2.54
16.8
.
0.25
21.11
66.33

18.8
6.62
15.2
.
0.81
14.85
72.85

0.32
0.04
0.07
0.3
18.6
3.41
22.87

11.04
.
0.78
32.04
2.09
9.31
84.69

14.5
4.91
11.8
0.29
4.72
13.27
62.1

1.4

0.6

0.49

10.4
5.12
0.07
15.59

4.05
2.9
0.08
7.03

76.3
0.21
.
76.51

0.17
1.87
.
2.04

20.3
2.4
0.07
22.77

102.21

97.23

99.67

99.52

98.38

119

 3.15
(%),

Ca

30
5
35

25.76
8.62
34.38

10.9
3.87
14.77

0.81
4.04
4.85

21.1
4.64
25.74

17.4
.

.
2.56

16.5
4.22

11.1
5.89

15.4
1.82

8.04
13.1
5.85
0.71
.
10.02
55.12

5.86
.
3.58
28.04
.
11.16
51.2

11.6
7.26
5.52
10.2
9.31
8.82
73.43

10.8
16.2
18.5
17.3
4.42
14.38
98.59

8.9
13.5
9.23
5.96
1.62
10.8
67.23

1.88
3.03
4.91

14.39
1.96
16.35

9.47
0.48
9.95

0.55
0.24
0.79

2.04
2.19
4.23

95.03

101.93

98.15

104.23

97.2

. (. 3.14). ,
, ,
. , , 7.04 76.51% . (. 3.15)
, , .
3.2.3.
Mg a , - . (, 2006), ,
, , .
, Mg a
. (
) Mg , a
120

 . , , . , , Mg. , Mg , .
3.2.4.
Mg 1.77,
a 3.89%, , - . Mg a
, - .
Mg , %: 93.13
7.65% . 5.85% Mg ( 3.22, 1.05, 0.54, 0.52, 0.24, 0.22, 0.03, 0.02,
0.01). Mg
(72.64 31.69%, ). , ,
.
94.59% 3.38%
. 39.21% ,
37.5% . -
: (92.32 76.51%, ). (90.98 76.3%, ).
3.3.

3.3.1. Sr Ba

Sr Ba
(. 3.1) (, 2002), .
Sr Ba 0.027 0.051% ,
: Sr 0.02660.038 Ba
0.0550.107% (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Sr
Ba ( , 121

, ) . Sr 0.42.1 Ba 0.41.5. (Sr 61.53, Ba 64.08%)

- . : Sr 1.04, Ba 0.76, ( Al 0.81).
3.3.2. Sr Ba,
Sr Ba ,
, Sr 1.5% Ba 1.8 ( ) (, 1999) .
Sr Ba .
, .
.
2700 , ,
, . ,
:
, .
( ). > 1190. 423 , 5815 ( ., 1963),
0.019%; (, 1989), 250 ,
0.0034%; (,
1986)
(, , 1972) > 320 , 3106 % ( ).
. > 220. (, 1949) 6 , 0.0019%, 5.5104 %; (,
1969), , 0.28%, 0.12%; (, 1992) , 3106 %
( ).
. 33.
, 428 (, 1969), 0.39%, 0.12%.
: 0.13, 0.5 ( 0.28% Sr 0.06%).
. > 54. , ,
- (, 1965; ,
1965) > 20 , 0.00010.0063%; -
(, , 1982), , 1105 %.
. 867. ( ) .. (1967), .. ,
.. (1968), .. (1968), .. . (1982).
122

 3.16
Sr

Sr -

, %
,
Sr, %
%

5
6.2
10.1
41.9
55.4

,
%

Sr, %

,
Sr, %
%

0.0031
.
.
7.3104
.

0.59
.
.
1.05
.

4.5107
7.2108
6.6106
2.9106
2.6107

< 0.001
< 0.001
0.003
0.005
0.001

7.3104
5.5108
5107
1.7104
2107

0.14
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.26
< 0.01

0.0038

1.64

1105

0.009

0.0009

0.4

3.17
Sr (%),

1.59
(0.007)
.

0.54
(0.0026)
1.75
(0.001)

0.2
(0.0015)
1.99
(0.0018)

0.63
(0.0034)
1.35
(8.7104)

0.63
(0.003)
.

0.39
(0.003)
.

0.16
(0.0013)
.

1.59
(0.007)

2.29
(0.0036)

2.19
(0.027)

1.98
(0.0043)

0.63
(0.003)

0.39
(0.003)

0.16
(0.0013)

. . , %.

. > 468.
.. (1982): 0.016, 1.1104 % ( ). 11 0.13% (, 1978). 0.1% (, ,
1965; , 1976).
. > 103. ( -4), (
., 1999), ( 0.005%).
, ,
. (. 15.1.3).
. ,
0.4% Sr (. 3.16), .
, (. 3.17). -
.
,
123

 3.18
Sr (%),
-

< 0.001 (110 )

.
.
0.001 (4107)
< 0.001 (9109)

0.001 (110 )
.
.
0.061 (6.4105)
0.005 (4106)

< 0.01 (610 )

0.03 (1.1104)
5.05 (0.01)
.
.

< 0.001 (2.6106)

< 0.001 (4.2107)
0.015 (3.8105)
0.027 (1.7105)
0.003 (1.5106)

0.001 (5.1107)

0.067 (7.8105)

5.08 (0.0101)

0.045 (5.9105)

3.19
Ba

Ba -

, %
,
Ba, %
%

5.1
11.6
11.7
13.8
50.4

,
%

Ba, %

,
Ba, %
%

.
0.0009
.
7.3104
0.0031

.
0.26
.
0.25
3.81

6.6106
1.3104
8.4104
2.9106
4.5107

< 0.01
0.03
0.18
< 0.01
< 0.01

5107
3.1104
6.4104
1.7104
7.3104

< 0.01
0.07
0.15
0.05
0.72

0.0047

4.31

9.7104

0.21

0.0018

0.99

3.20
(%),

0.16 (0.0005) 0.38 (0.0015) 0.03 (0.0001)

.
0.3 (0.001) 0.69 (0.0018)
9.54 (0.007) 2.85 (0.0026) 2.1 (0.0015)

3.09 (0.008) 0.31 (0.0011)

.
0.29 (8.7104)
.
4.18 (0.0034)

9.7 (0.0075)

3.09 (0.008)

3.53 (0.0051) 2.82 (0.0034)

4.78 (0.0054)

. , %.

3.21
a (%),

.
0.002 (1.2105)
<0.001 (4107)
< 0.001 (1107)

.
.
0.02 (6.4105)
0.01 (1105)

0.32 (0.01)
.
.
< 0.01 (6106)

0.003 (3.8105)
0.001 (7.5106)
0.004 (1.7105)
0.002 (2.6106)

0.002 (1.3105)

0.03 (7.4105)

0.32 (0.01)

0.01 (6.5105)

124

 3.22
a (%),

0.05 (1.7104)
1.42 (0.0039)

0.08 (2.9104)
0.53 (0.0017)

0.02 (5105)
0.23 (0.0006)

0.08 (2.8104)
0.58 (0.0018)

1.47 (0.0041)

0.61 (0.002)

0.25 (6.5104)

0.66 (0.0021)

. (. 3.18).
, ,
1107 %.
.
0.99% (. 3.19) ,
, - .
(. 3.20), . , %: 3.15,
3.69, 1.6.
-
(. 3.21).
(. 3.22).
(4105 % ).
3.3.3.
Sr Ba . , .
,
,
> 30250 . , , . .
, .
(, 1999). ,
Sr Ba .
, , , .
Sr Ba
125

.
,
.
3.3.4.
Sr 0.027,
Ba 0.051%.
- : Sr 61.53, Ba 64.08%.
, %: Sr 0.4 (
0.26, 0.14), Ba 0.99 ( 0.72, 0.15, 0.07, 0.05).
.

Al. Ga, In, Tl

.
Ga In (, 1999).
4.1.

4.1.1.

(. 4.1) (, 2003).
0.0034% ,
40 ,
0.000920.0028% (Rudnick, Gao, 2004).
, - (. 4.1).
. (0.0072%) 3.5 ,
- (0.002%, ).
4.1.2. ,

, .

. . (1965) ,

. : , , , .
. , .
(, 1994).
127

 4.1
Al

,
%

, %

, %

Al

Al

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26

0.0026
0.011
0.0037
0.001
0.0038

5.99
8.9
1.19
2.48
0.04

3.91
33.68
4.19
0.1
0.29

4.02
12.16
0.6
0.11
< 0.01

0.44
1.13
2.11

0.0029
0.0038
0.0009

6.99
8.83
8.66

0.38
1.26
0.56

0.4
1.31
2.4

8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05

0.0013
0.0012
0.0005
0.0009
0.0003

7.36
8.6
7.94
9.84
3.03

3.14
1.19
0.22
0.01
< 0.01

7.94
3.82
1.57
0.07
0.02

2.92
30.56

0.0017
0.0036

5.33
8.13

1.46
32.39

2.05
32.65

1.13
0.38

0.0017
0.007

0.96
3.02

0.565
0.78

0.14
0.15

23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

0.002
0.0024
0.0016
0.0013

8.37
7.28
8.35
7.48

13.66
0.47
0.485
1.26

25.53
0.63
1.13
3.23

100

0.0034

7.61

100.00

99.93

19.95
3.68
23.63

0.0072
0.002
0.0064

6.44
8.51
6.77

42.17
2.2
44.37

16.89
4.11
21.00

13.19

0.0012

7.74

4.57

13.42

34.99

0.0034

7.61

35.2

34.99

28.19
76.37

0.0019
0.0025

8.24
7.87

15.88
55.64

30.52
78.93

128

 4.2

-
, .% , % , .% , % , .% , % , .%

0.89
1.5
1.9
3.09

.
.
.
0.0081

.
.
.
3.91

7.8104
1108
1.5105
0.0031

0.28
< 0.01
0.01
3.83

0.0006
7.6109
1.1105
0.0043

0.16
< 0.01
0.01
3.91

0.0081

3.91

0.0039

4.12

0.0049

4.08

. . ..
(1963) 0.059%. .. (1967) 0.00120.0018%.
,
0.0066% (, 1999). , 23%. ,
, , . > 3500
. :
(> 1164 ), (> 739 ), (459 ), (> 539 ), (> 96 ),
(> 84 ), (> 76 ), (> 72 ). (> 23 ).
, 50.
1.2.
, .
, , - , (. 4.2), . , , , (. 4.3).
- : , , -.
. 1.4104 %, 1107 %, , , 0.2 < 0.01%.
(1107 %), < 0.01%.
8.7105 %,
6108 %. , 129

 4.3
,
, ,
.%

, .%

0.023
0.0066
1.2104
0.012
0.0001
0.0096

27.3
1.85
0.1
37.1
0.08
4.12

3105
5105
.
2105

0.03
0.04
.
0.03

0.003
0.002
0.001
1.3104
3105
0.0025

7.13
5.15
6.18
0.45
0.31
6.44

0.0007
0.0033
.
.
0.0029

1.27
2.83
.
.
2.64

0.004
0.0022
1.7104
0.0023
0.0036

6.18
2.83
0.33
5.47
5.85

, 0.14 < 0.01%. . 0.0019%, 0.47 %. 0.0017%,

0.45%.

. . (Piller, 1951).
, , , 0.134%. , 42 ( ) (, , 1968; , , 1972; ,
1983; ., 1982; , 1984; , ,
1984; , 1987; Shearer, Parike, 1986). . ,
130

 4.4

839/65

-4133

18.6 0.00084

0.03
3.53

10.3
0.0025

24.4
0.0013

46.6
0.002

6
39
10
12
35

32
.
.
4
28
34
.

0.0008

0.0007
0.0083
0.0009

1
80
11

5.3
.
.
0.3
2.9
4.2
87

0.001

0.0014
0.0018
0.0012
0.047

<1

<1
<1
<1
100

102

98

0.0029

101

99.7

0.041

100

99.93

0.0027

. , (, 1987); 839/65
- , (, , 1968); -4133 ( ., 1981). . 4.5: 1 , %; 2 , %; 3 .

4.5
* -, ,
(Shearer, Parike, 1986)
OSM

PQB

PQM-1

61
0.0015
11.5
0.0018
.

16
0.065
3
0.026
.

7
0.0015
100

0.012

8
2

87
6

1
104

19
0.0011
.

4.5
3.15
.

4.5
0.01
8.5
0.0024
58
0.0022
100

0.15

<1

95

<1
<1
1

20
.
4
.
14
4.5
57

0.001

4.1

0.003
0.0048
0.0022

<1

108

<1
<1
1

96

99.5

0.152

109

* : OSM --; PQB --; PQM-1 --.

, . 0.0010.1%,
(. 4.4). 0.15%
(. 4.5).
4.1.3.
(,
2001) .
131


,
30250 > 3050 . ,
,
. , , .
,
, ,
,
.
, 4 ,
- . ,
. , , .
.
4.1.4.
0.0034 %.
, 77.37% . 4.08% , 3.91, 0.16,
0.01%. . , (27.3% )
(37.1% ),

.
4.2.

4.2.1. Al

Al (. . 4.1) .. (1990) .
.. (1981), -,
, - (,
2003, ). Al
7.61%. 7.58.52%,
132

(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Al , , , , , Al 1.11.29. 51.88% Al

(. . 4.1).
4.2.2. Al

Al. .
Al , , . 25 ,
630 . :
(, 1997; , 1979, 1983; , , 2000; ,
, 1983; , 1973; , 2005; ., 2004;
., 1983, 1996; , 1987; , 1981; ,
1982; , 1934; , -, 1988; , 1975; Condie et al.,
2001; Di Leo, 2002; Gallet et al., 1998);
( ., 1972; , 1991; ., 1971; ,
1978; , 2002; , 1976; , 1981; ., 2006; , 1991; , 1981; , 1990;
, 1971; , 1987; , 1982; , , 1972; , 1934; , 2005; ., 1988; , -, 1988;
, 1980; , 1973; , 1983; Condie et al., 1991; Yang
et al., 1998).
(, , ;
), 1639 .
Al 5.35%,
(5.99%). , Al
(> 10.63%) 0.79% (. 4.6),
2% Al, .
(, , , ,
), 1506 . Al 8.84%,
(8.9%). , Al , , 11.16
3.05% (. 4.7). , , 15.61 6.57% Al, .
(, , ) Al. . Al2O3/SiO2 > 0.87. 133

 4.6
Al
Al
, %

Al, %

Al, %

(< 5.3)
(5.310.6)
(10.613.22)
(13.2215.87)
(15.8718.51)
(18.5121.16)
(> 21.16)

47.11
52.1
0.55
0.12
.
0.12
.

7.44
78.35
9.23
1.93
1.19
1.59
0.27

26.5
71.5
1.22
0.33
.
0.45
.

3.26
74.56
12.44
3.17
2.33
3.58
0.66

100

100

100

100

4.7
Al
Al
, %
Al, %

(< 5.3)
(5.310.6)
(10.613.22)
(13.2215.87)
(15.8718.51)
(18.5121.16)
(> 21.16)

Al, %

(792 )

(1796 )

47.64 (2.62)*
51.97 (2.49)
0.26 ( .)
0.13 ( .)

5.51 (0.49)*
81.07 (5.01)
6.68 (1.45)
2.95 (0.95)
2.56 (1.41)
0.95 (0.62)
0.28 (0.16)

24.03
75
0.63
0.34

2.22
75.59
9.22
4.97
5.09
2.16
0.75

100 (5.11)

100 (10.09)

100

100

* , ( ).

.
637 . Al2O3/SiO2 > 0.87 8 30 ,
(, , 1958;
, 1964). Al2O3/SiO2 > 0.87
0.8% . 1% Al.
( , , -, ). 792 .
Al 5.16%
5.33%. Al 0.39%
(. . 4.7), 0.97% Al .
134

 ( , <50% ). 1796 . Al 8.64%,

8.13%.
Al 9.63 3.79% , , , 14.16 8% Al, (. . 4.7).
(
). 401 , 330
Al < 2.65%. Al2O3/SiO2 > 0.87 33 . , - .
4.2.3.
Al
, , ,
(. 4.8) ,
(, 2003).
.
Al .
, , . 4.8

Al

Al
,
%

27.8
32.4
32.73
34.4
38
44.64
45
52.9

0.007
0.03
0.002
0.01
0.024
0.13
0.017
0.1
0.0026 0.02
0.0074 0.06
0.0021 0.02
1.3104 < 0.01

0.01
0.004
0.0033
0.39
0.0004
0.17
0.049
0.003

0.05
0.01
0.1
1.51
< 0.01
0.85
0.25
0.02

.
.
.
0.012
.
0.0051
0.0016
0.0001

.
.
.
0.35
.
0.19
0.06
< 0.01

0.0074
0.0033
0.0082
0.21
0.0009
0.092
0.026
0.0016

0.03
0.02
0.04
1.12
< 0.01
0.64
0.18
0.01

0.06223

0.6297

2.79

0.0188

0.6

0.3494

2.04

0.37

. 4.10: 1 , %, 2 Al, %.

135

 4.9
(%)
Al

Al

< 5.3

0 (0)?

5.310.6

0 (0)

117

10.613.22

51

13.2215.87

0.01
(0.008)
0.11
(0.007)
0

15.8718.51

18.5121.16

11

> 21.16

0.5
(0.046)
0.7
(0.014)
8.4
(0.1)
11.4
(0.18)
17
(0.046)

0.073
(0.059)
0.32
(0.021)
0.56
(0.017)
0.93
(0.024)
1.6
(0.015)**
2.8
(0.008)**

36

0.39
(0.386)

203

0.14
(0.144)

0.02
(0.02)

11
12
1
2

0
0.47
(0.005)
0

0.06
(< 0.01)
0.18
(0.15)
0.74
(0.05)
2.53
(0.08)
9.73
(0.25)
27
(0.26)**
65
(0.18)**

0.33
(0.018)
0.016
(0.013)
0.063
(0.004)
0.52
(0.016)
0.18
(0.005)
0.8
(0.008)**
1.5
(0.004)**

0.05
(0.0027)
0.006
(0.0049)
0.005
(0.0003)
0.019
(0.0006)
0.051
(0.0013)
0.12
(0.0011)**
0.26
(0.0007)**

0.97
(0.97)

0.068
(0.068)

0.012
(0.0116)

. Al, (% Al ); *n ; ** , .

,
200800 (, 1977), , , , , (. 4.8) Al.
, .
Al:
.
Al > 17.7%, Al > 12%.
.
, , , (, 1960;
., 1975; , 1952; , 1975; ., 1969,
1976; , 1975; , , 1977; ., 1977).
Al (. 4.9). , , , ,
.
. .. ..
(1942), , () 136

 4.10

Al (%),

Al

27.8
29.3
32.4
32.4
32.73
33
38
45
52.9

0.08
0.04
0.14
. . 0.0015
0.003
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.3
0.2
0.23
1.41
0.97
0.003
0.02
0.007
0.03
0.21
0.068
. . 0.16
. . 0.012
0.396

1.5785

0.48
0.01
0.08
0.8
3.91
0.03
0.32
0.89
0.08

.
0.0009
.
.
.
.
0.04
0.009
0.01

.
0.03
.
.
.
.
1.58
0.42
0.55

0.13
0.0033
0.018
0.18
0.87
0.0064
0.062
0.14
0.01

0.47
0.01
0.08
0.77
3.74
0.03
0.31
0.83
0.07

6.6

0.0599

2.58

1.4197

6.31

Al2O3 78.9% XX .
. .. (1964)
. .. c (1977) , ,
, 6095% . . .. .. (1958) ,
, , Al Si.
(Al2O3 0.16.11,
SiO2 02.68%). Si Al , Al .
. , 0.6% Al,
(. . 4.8).
, .
4.2.4. ()
Al

.
Al > 6.03% (, , 1977),
, . . , , 137

 100 (Bauxite, 1967). , ,

900 . 40% (,
, 1975). .
39.687.6% Al 12.9319.59% (
., 1975). (0.001%)

. , , . ,
Al, , < 0.01%.
4.2.5.
Al
. ,
5.11% 10.03% .
, (, 2002, ),
( ., 1966; , 1972; , 1971) Al. (, 1981; , 1980; .,
1965; , , 1966; , , 1972; Moore, 1949; Scotford,
1956) , Al
. , , ,
. Al . . 4.9. , , (, 2007, ). . , 311
, 3 .
Al 18.87, 19.89 26.36% 5, 26 45% (, , 1978), , .
,
Al (. . 4.10).
. , , . 138

 ( , 1975; , ,
1966; , , 1972; ., 1966) , , .
,
0.04%, 1.58% Al.
. . Al2O3/SiO2 > 0.87 8.2% , Si Al
( Al ). Al
. . , Al,
, 2.58%.
1% Al.
,
. , Al (. . 4.10).
4.2.6. Al

.
, (,
2007). Al, , 0.01%, .
, (,
1976). -
. :
715, 544, 103. . , (, 1968;
, 1979; , , 1973; , 1967; , 1982; , 1968; , , 1968; , , 1982). Al,
, 9105 % 0.002% .

0.001% Al, 3104 % , , 2104 , 1104 , 5105 , 2105 . , ,
: 302, 55, 13, 211. ,
(, 1971; ., 1988; .,
1999; , 1966, 1967; ., 1986; , , 1972;
139

Fisher, 1971; Kovisars, 1971). Al, , 0.007%

0.44 -. 0.38% Al,
0.22, 0.11, 0.05%. .
4.2.7.
Al

Al (, 1999)

. ( 90
) ( 920 ), (. 4.11).
, , (. 1).

. , , (. . 4.11).
Al
, . , Al Al .
, 93.04% Al . 2.66% Al,
Al
(. 4.12). , (, , 2006).
4.11

- (%)

140

,
D.M. Shaw et al.
(, , 1988)

H.W. Nesbit,
G.M. Yung (,
-, 1988)

39.3
8.6
0
0
11.2
7.6
3.3

34.9
11.3
1.8
1.2
7.6
4.4
1.9

(, 1999)

27.41
8.3
4.6
2.88
5.5
7.2
4.1

28.22
9.81
4.61
2.45
7.49
1.99
3.52

 4.12
Al , %

Al

- Al

07.6% Al

7.621% Al

** 2127% Al

> 27% Al

Al

3.16

Al

4.98

2.07
1.63
3.7

3.7

0.31
7.49
0.12
0.55
9.81
0.061
4
0.69
0.43
1.17
0.85
14.31
1.89
0.17
6.56
0.16
0.088
3.02
0.48
2.51
0.039
0.072
0.3
0.06
0.24
0.0062
0.033
0.26
1.99
0.56

7.7
9.3
9.35
9.74
10
10.32
10.4
10.7
10.9
11.1
11.2
12.1
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.8
14.23
15.3
15.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.5
17.1
17.2
17.5
19.1
20.4
20.5
21

0.31
9.15
0.15
0.7
12.89
0.08
5.47
0.97
0.62
1.71
1.25
22.75
3.2
0.29
11.38
0.29
0.16
6.07
0.97
5.38
0.08
0.15
0.65
0.13
0.54
0.01
0.08
0.7
5.36
1.55
93.04

0.31
32.99

0.051
0.022
0.063
0.31
0.0022
0.043
0.022
0.018
0.055
0.0038

27.8
32.4
32.4
32.73
33
34.4
38
44.64
45
52.9

0.19
0.09
0.27
1.33
0.01
0.19
0.11
0.11
0.33
0.03
2.66

0.19
1.7

99.33

99.4

Al

38.07

13.98

7.69

0.19
0.11
0.44
0.03

* ; ** .

141

4.2.8. Al ,


. ,
, , Al, , 50%. Al 11.64% (22% Al23). Al, %: () 46, 27,
18, 9 (, , 1959). Al ,
.
(, ) Al 13.7% (25.9% Al23). ( .,
1966) , 71.63% Al (. 4.13). Al 14.88%, , ( ).
4.13
Al ,
.
Al

Al , %

Al
, %

0
4.98
9.3
10
11.2
12.1
13.2
17.4
32.13

694

29-66
1

46.9
0
34.6
0
38.5
0
52.5
0.2
0.15 . . . . .
15.15
24.5
6.8
6.09
5.1
4.14 .
5.6
8.58
10.7
10.31
10.2
8.89 .
1.6
2.74
23
24.82
32.9
32.13
16.5
29.1
53.92
10.3
12.01 . . .
. . . .
5.5
6.33 .
. . 12.1
20.28 . . .
1.2
6.02
2
6.31
7
19.97
29
99.75

95.91

6.53

99.5

79.81

10.38

99.2

71.46

11.47

0
.
.
.
13.49
.
.
.
71.63

98

71.63
13.7

. . 4.14: 1 , %; 2
Al, %. : , , 8 (, 1972); 694
- , (, 1972); 29-66 . , (, 1971); (1.9%) ( ) , . ; Al
33.84% ( ., 1966).

142

 4.14
Al ,
, Manhattan Schist, New York (Scotford, 1956).

Al , %

0
9.3
10
11.2
12.1
20.5
32.13

42.7
13.1
11.5
2.8
24.9
.
4.7

Al
*, %

. 57

. 97
2

. 60
2

0
40.9
0
25
16.85
28.3
33.83
38.8
15.91 . . 25.2
4.34 . .
1
41.67
21.4
33.28
2
.
3.7
9.75 .
21.28
5.5
23.14
4.7

99.7

100
7.23

99.8

100
7.78

. 59
1

0
. .
44.99
20
21.04
31.42
30
33.94
1.4
10
12.67
3.02
2
2.74
. . .
19.18
8
29.62

96.7

100
8.02

100

100
8.84

* .

, < 12% Al, . ,

(, 1972) Al (. . 4.13). Al , Al, ,
. ,
Al , (.
. 4.13, 4.14). ,
, .
, Al . ,
Al 1.6 , , Al , .
4.2.9.
Al 7.61%.
.
51.88% Al, . 143

 Al > 10.6%. 14.21% 13.42% . 2.66%

Al, , , %: 1.33, 0.33, 0.27,
0.19, 0.19, 0.11, 0.11, 0.09, 0.03, 0.01.

5.1.

5.1.1.

(. 5.1)
(, 2003). .. (1990) .
. .
, 2.87%, 11.7 -
, .
(97.59%) ,
58.83% . - 1.19% .
5.1.2.

.
. ,
,
.
.
,
, (. 5.2). (. 5.3)
(. 5.4). -
,
. ( 18.586)
145

146

0.93
1.4
9.79
0.88
0.18
0.19
0.13
0.18
0.03
0.02
0.033
0.011
0.041
0.34
0.35
8.86
0.25
0.019
0.087
0.2
0.076
0.811
2.87
0.17
2.45
0.028
0.62
0.034
0.3

100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

5.11
10.4
3,85
0,33
0,26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

31.73
29.01
29.39
29.62

28.32
23.84
25.62
24.12

31.42
26.88
5.92
38.32
0.18
33.99
27.44
22.9
33.83
30.5
23.54
26.83
20.69
33.84
29.42
7.35
23.73
30.12
32.83
27.41
24.19

Si

2.8104
4.6104
3.3104
3.8104

2.2104
1.4104
5.5105
1.2104

1.6103
1.97103
1.79103
1.85103

1.71103
1.23103
1.46103
1.25103

3.5104
2.7104
2.7104
2.7104
1.3104
1.4104
1.4104
1.4104

Pb

1.4103
1.4103
7104
6104
.
2.3103
1.8103
1.1103
1.9103
1.5103
6104
1.2103
4.6105
1.8103
2103
1.3103
2.7103
1.9103
3.1103
1.2103
9104

Sn

1.1104 2.8104
3.5104
2104
8105
3.6105
. 1.4104
5105 .
3.5104
1104
4
2.9104
1.510
1.5104 2.5104
3104
2.8104
1.3104 2.2104
1.4104 2.7104
4104
1104
5105
1.3104
4.4104
8105
1.5104 4.6104
3.9105 4.1104
2.5104 4.5104
3.3104
5105
5.3104
5105
1.9104
5105
3104
9105

Ge

0.44
26.88
1.17
28.49

99.95
70.71
0.75
71.46

5.86
17.95
46.48
0.36
0.06
0.1
0.18
0.47
0.3
0.08
0.06
< 0.01
< 0.01
1.22
13.19
12.35
0.12
0.54
0.07
0.25
0.31

14.79
35.85
29.26
79.9

100.02
16.8
3.33
20.13

5.67
9.87
0.81
0.45
< 0.01
0.53
1.1
1.71
9.81
3.64
1.25
0.05
0.04
3.49
31.75
0.29
0.32
24.69
0.76
1
2.81

Si

22.77
38.13
11.86
72.76

97.32
21.49
4.07
25.56

4.32
16
1.07
.
0.1
0.34
1.3
2.43
17.68
3.38
1.62
0.04
0.05
1.8
35.26
0.34
0.73
8.93
0.25
0.4
2.28

Ge

10.31
45.25
26.04
81.6

99.82
15.36
2.86
18.22

4.05
10.31
0.87
0.13
.
0.44
0.93
1.49
6.98
2.11
1.15
0.06
0.01
3.64
39.82
1.31
0.48
21.7
0.99?
0.55
2.8

Sn

12.66
40.32
29.47
82.45

100.00
14.41
3.14
17.55

4.19
8.52
1.58
0.12
.
0.59
1.19
1.36
9.13
2.97
0.53
0.03
< 0.01
3.08
35.78
0.86
0.6
25.82
1.2
0.72
1.73

Pb

5.1
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb (%)

 5.2
, %

Mg-

Mn-

0.86
1
5.4
8.27
10.4
10.44
11.34
11.7
11.7
12
12.04
12.5
12.9
14.2

.
0.035
.
0.0006
0.19
0.0012
.
0.0012
0.16
13.94
0.0017
0.072
1.94
0.0071

.
0.01
.
< 0.01
0.81
0.01
.
0.01
0.76
69.28
0.01
0.37
10.2
0.04
81.5

85
0.56
(7595)
100
0.0063

19.43

0.023
0.07
0.018
5.2106 < 0.01 0.001
4.2104 0.01 3.2104
. . 1.8104
0.096
3.32
0.12
0.0012
0.04
0.0012
0.0078
0.29
0.0059
0.001
0.04
0.001
. . 0.038
0.9
36
3.98
5.6104 0.02 8.3104
0.018
0.75
0.031
0.32
13.96
0.7
0.017
0.8
0.015

55.13

0.02
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
1.54
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.55
58.89
0.01
0.48
11.13
0.26
72.59

. .

0,12

12.58

0.26
19.69

0.13

43.33
43.33

0.12

14.8
27.38

101.19

98.63

100.37

. .

. . ,
. 58.89% . . (14.8% ) (12.58% ).
- - (. 5.2).
81.5% . 1/5 . . - .
.
, (. 5.3). - . 147

 5.3
(%),

0.02
0.01
0.22
< 0.01
.
72.15
0.07
0.14
.
72.61

< 0.01
0.01
0.22
< 0.01
.
34.9
0.45
0.92
0.05
36.55

.
.
0.06
0.01
1.2
83.49
0.38
15.2
0.04
100.43

.
.
.
.
.
20.8
.
.
.
20.8

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.11
0.01
1.01
69.93
0.37
10.29
0.04
81.76

30.11

57.1

3.68

54.5

19.86

0.02
30.13

7.14
64.24

1.02
4.7

22.7
77.2

2.61
22.47

102.74

100.79

105.13

98

104.23

5.4
(%),

0.04

0.02

Mg-

2.14
.
17.65
.
0.76
.
20.55

2.97
.
10.3
.
3.69
.
16.96

0.35
0.64
63.7
1.69
27.7
0.16
95.72

58.24
4.54
0.48
2.49
10.32
28.4
100.47

2.01
0.31
35,03
0.79
14.6
0.85
53.61

79.41

85.7

45.2

99.96

102.66

95.72

100.47

98.81

.
. , (. 5.4).
, . . , , , -
, .
148

5.1.3.
0.811%.
, (97.59%).

, , %: 58.89, 14.8, 12.48, 11.13,
1.54, 0.55, 0.48, 0.26, Mg- 0.08,
0.02, 0.02, Mn- 0.01, 0.01.
.
5.2.

5.2.1. Si

Si (. . 5.1),
, (, 2003)
.. (1990). Si
28.32%. (28.1131.74%) (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Si ,
. , 23.84% , - 24.29%.
5.2.2. Si


Si -
(. 5.5).
: ( ) Si
1032.5% Si > 41%.
60% Si, 40%. , . ,
. Si
, . < 0.01% Si. (32.541%), .
.
Si .
149

 5.5
Si
, %

Si

Si < 25%

Si
2532.5%

Si 32.541%

10.8
16.6
17.1
17.2
17.8
21.4
21.4
22
22.2
22.5
23.4
23.5
23.6
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.9
< 25

Si

1.68
0.75
3.97
2.73
0.16
0.11
0.0069 < 0.01
0.014
0.01
2.97
2.64
1.08
0.96
2.41
2.2
10.56
9.72
2.02
1.89
1.07
1.04
0.7
0.68
0.47
0.46
0.061
0.06
1.45
1.45
. .
0.44
0.45
3.62
3.74
. 3.56

32.45

1.96
8.59
1.48
0.37
1.11
1.69
.
.
.
.
3.81
0.34
0.25
0.49
1.13
0.6
0.49
2.84
.

Si

0.72
1.89
4.81
7.49
0.85
1.17
0.21
0.29
0.67
0.85
1.22
1.99
. 0.26
. 0.57
. 2.51
. 0.48
3.01
3.16
0.27
0.43
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.39
0.92
1.21
0.49
0.46
0.4
0.48
2.39
3.02
2.25 .
18.81

0.72
4.39
0.71
0.18
0.53
1.5
0.2
0.44
1.97
0.38
2.61
0.36
0.25
0.33
1.03
0.4
0.41
2.66
2.6
21.67

2.09
3.5
4.31
5.55
3.79
2.73

21.97

41.24

0.18

0.04

41.7
46.7

5.5
18.56

9.5
35.9

25.64

40.4

0.063
22.91

1.91
39.54

45.4

40.4

41.45

100

100.45

100.19

Si

. . 0.43
7.64
7.12
6.56
17.64
17.6
14.31
11.49
11.8
9.81
4.33
4.56
4
. 0.16 .

Si

27.4
1.84

27.6
3.06

29.5
3.52

30.5
4.39

31.2
2.93

2532.5 .

-
Si > 41%

150

Si

0.42
6.39
14.91
10.57
4.41
0.33
37.03

 5.6
Si ,

1
*

1.94

0.51

2.74

3.57

0.11

0.008

0.017

0.78

3.39

1.28

0.78

2.86

0.64
12.51

2.39

0.55

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.1

0.039

< 0.01
.

0.039

0.62

0.07

34.94

2.18

1.68

3.51

4.51

2.8

0.32

15.08

< 0.01

6.51

20.76

27.27

77.21

.
0.88
0.3
1.43
2.49
0.08
< 0.01
0.01
.
0.7
3.04
1.15
0.7
2.64
0.58
11.65
2.26

0.75
0.25
.
.
6.16
0.42
.
< 0.01
.
.
0.72
.
.
.
.
.
.

0.29
0.1
.
.
3.99
0.28
.
< 0.01
.
.
0.6
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
1.36
.
.
5.84
0.13
< 0.01
0.03
0.072
.
0.84
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
0.46
.
.
3.06
0.07
< 0.01
0.02
0.04
.
0.57
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
1.42
1.66
.
8.46
2.34
0.79
1.49
.
1.15
2.52
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
0.53
0.8
.
4.84
1.38
0.47
0.91
.
0.85
1.86
.
.
.
.
.
.

0.25
2.93
0.023
.
10.06
1.04
0.027
1.14
1.06
.
1.07
.
.
.
.
.
.

0.08
1.08
0.01
.
5.68
0.61
0.02
0.69
0.67
.
0.78
.
.
.
.
.
.

0.54
3.86
3.53
1.84
1.36
5.32
4.29
2.86
2.28
< 0.01
4.48
4.1
0.32
0.24
0.074
006
0.66
0.53
. 1.87
1.72 . . . . . .
< 0.01
0.63
3.53
0.055
0.04
0.001 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
0.1
2.5
2.3
0.33
0.25
0.002 < 0.01
0.52
0.42
0.04
0.18
0.17 . . 0.52
0.43
0.67
0.55
< 0.01
9.26
8.75
1.41
1.08
0.37
0.31
1.94
1.6
. . . . . 0.71
0.59
0.75
0.62
0.04
2.6
2.48
0.95
0.73
0.49
0.41
0.27
0.22
0.65
19.91
19.35
2.52
1.98
1.79
1.54
4.31
3.65
0.07
1.76
1.5
0.86
0.74
5.16
2.68
1.19
0.78
29.35
55.35
49.66
16.56
10.64
34.27
21.95
30.77
20.27
2.51
1.95
4.34

. . . . . . . .
10.57
11.39
9.01
7.84
6.27
5.97
8.72
8.19
3.56
4.1
24.53
22.8
11.08
11.3
22.53
22.6

.
5.77
.
3.66
0.4
18.63

8.42
3.76
1.67
3.66
0.88
32.52

9.7
4.48
1.96
4.46
0.92
37.01

. . . . . .
19.52
18.8
8.2
8.62
11.81
12.3
. . . . . .
2.41
2,37
6,89
7.41
2.06
2.19
. . . . . .
55.47
51.81
32.44
33.3
45.12
45.28

< 0.01
11.38
40.67
.
52.05

0.84
0.053
6.6
0.052
6.7

1.11
0.09
12.03
0.09
12.21

. . . . . .
. . . . . .
25.39
37.4
28.83
46.4
21.8
34.6
. . . . . .
25.39
37.4
28.83
46.4
21.8
34.6

100.03

95.41

99.99

97.42

99.85

95.54

101.65

97.69

100.15

. 1 , 2 Si, . * - .

151

 5.7
Si
Si, , %

10.87
10.63
21.11
16.74
0.25
.
0.09
.
.
.
.
.
.

51.28
34.23
28.4
70.44
43.42
14.98
0.41
42.8
32.15
12.1
7.83
64.2
44.4

.
.
.
.
0.21
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
0.07
.
0.1
.
.
.
.
.
.

62.15
44.86
49.51
87.18
43.95
14.98
0.6
42.8
32.15
12.1
7.83
64.2
44.4

.
.
.
.
.
.

30.5
61.1
37.2
49.8
26.75
10.6

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

30.5
61.1
37.2
49.8
26.75
10.6

- Si - (. . 5.5) , Si (. 5.6). ,
Si. ,
. 12.21%
Si. - Si. Si ,
( ), (. 5.7).
5.2.3.
Si 28.32%.
Si .
. , , 21.67 37.03%
Si. , 41.45%
Si. .
, 52.05% Si.
152

5.3.

5.3.1. Ge

- Ge . (. . 5.1)
Ge . .
.
(, 2002). Ge
1.3104 %
1.321041.6104 %,
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). , Ge , , , 1.52.2, Ge .
5.3.2. Ge

. Ge 0.04% (, 1999). , , . . 4 Ge. Ge, ,
0.00010.0005%. Ge
,
(. 5.8, 5.9). Ge - .
5.4.

5.4.1. Sn

Sn , , . Sn (. . 5.1)
(, 2002). :
(, , 1999, 2000, 2001; , 1966);
( , 1987; , 1963; , 153

154
2

5.9
.
.

38
.
19
.
10
2
24
3
2.7
3
99.6
1

Ge

0
0
0
0
20
72
8
100

.
.
6
4
7
2

-8803
Sn

6
0
0
0
30
48
9
93

18

.
.
6
15
3
5

Pb

21
0
0
0
12
72
2
107

1
1.2
13
52
32
.
0.7
99.9

.
24
.
.
6

.
2

Ge

0
14
0
0
96
0
0
110

-8806

.
22
.
.
2

.
1

Sn

0
26
0
0
64
0
0
90

0.92
0.0007
1.4
6.2
73
17
1.1
99.6207

37
.
.
.
5
2
.
5

Ge

7
0
0
0
73
7
0
87

Sn

.
.
.
1
2
2
.
2

0
0
0
3
73
17
0
93

Pb

180
86.6%*
.
10
17
26
.
25

* Pb .

-8816

7
24
0
2
50
18
0
101

0.13
0.0016
0.3
13
83
.
2.6
99.0316

91
.
.
.
5

.
5

Ge

2
0
0
0
83
0
0
85

Sn

2
.
.
.
2

.
2

-8817

<1
0
0
0
83
0
0
83

Pb

38
86.6%*
.
7
25

.
38

<1
36
0
2
55
0
0
93

5.9
Ge, Sn, Pb ,

. . 5.9: 1 , %, 2 , n104 % ( 28 - ), 3 , %.

5.8
Ge, Sn, Pb - ,

, 1981; , 1981; , , 1973; , 1986); , , , ,

( ., 1976; , 1990); ( ., 1994;
, , 1986; ., 1995); ( ., 1994; , 1982; .,
1970; , , 1986; , 1974; , , 1975; , 1966); (, , 1986; , 1974; , , 1984);
( ., 1977; ., 1971); - (
., 1970; , , 1986; , , 1996; ., 1985; , 1966; , , 1972); (, , 1986). ,
Sn
.. (1996, . 3).
, Sn ,
(. 5.1),
. Sn ( Sn, , ),
1.21.3. Sn , , 3.5104 %. 1.731045.5104 %,
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Sn , 71.29%
. Sn
. (2.7104 %) , - (3.1104 %,
).
5.4.2. Sn
Sn,

, . Sn , , , , , , , . 0.2% ( ), .
150 Sn
, ( ., 1981; ,
, 1969; , 1984; , , 1968;
, , 1970; , , 1982; , , 1972; , , 1975; ., 1969; , , 1965; , 1976; , 1989; ., 1966; .,
1971; , 1990). , ,
, Sn
,
155


2225

65

0.6
28
.
.
.
1.4
70
70

40
2
.
.
.
60
2.5

7
16
0
0
0
23
49

.
32.5
0.0001
.
.
1.5
66
66

.
6.2
780 000
.
.
20
1

0
53
21
0
0
8
17

100

3.6

95

100

3.8

99

* . 2225, 65, 47 , (, 1990);

, , .
, Sn, . . .
- (- .,
1990). Sn 0.0335%. Sn, 50100 , 71.2%.
Sn
(1.41040.0214%) 28 . . Sn
( ., 1981; , 1984; , ,
1975). ( ) 84 Sn (, , 1969; , , 1968; , , 1967; , ,
1970; , , 1972; ., 1969; , , 1965; , 1976; , 1989; ., 1966; ,
1990). Sn 2.8104 0.016%. , Sn (< 5104 %), 7%. Sn, , 021%.
Sn 19%, Sn, , 040%.
. ,
. , . 5.10. 22 Sn
3.31040.05% (, , 1967; ., 1968; ,
, 1970; ., 1969). .
Sn , , ,
. ,
156

 5.10
Sn

47

.
37
.
.
.
2.7
30
30

.
0.9
.
.
.
200
3.1
1.2

0
5
0
0
0
1.5
13
5

.
25
0.0004
.
.
0.2
74.8
74.8

.
7.4
780 000
.
.
22
2.6

0
24
40
0
0
1
25

.
35
.
1.5
8
1.5
52
52

.
5
.
20
240
200
10

0
6
0
1
64
10
17

99.7

7.1

100

7.8

90

98

30

98

, (, , 1972); (, , 1969).

2.21041.6103 % Sn, 9 (, , 1976). . , Sn 2.21047.1103 %, (, 1976).

Sn . Sn
0.110.27% 7087% (, , 1982). CuFe- , 11042104 % Sn,
(. . 5.8, 5.9).
26% Sn .
Sn , 0.404 0.559% Sn.
94.5 64.3% Sn ( ., 1989). Sn ( Sn 0.9%, Sn 24.2%). Sn ,
. .
5.4.3. Sn,
2160 .
(> 990 ), (379 ), (210 ) ,
(126 ). , , 157

 . , ,
.
Nb Ta (. 13.3.2).
, : , (, 1999);
- (- ., 1990);
(, 1971);
(, 1967; , 1982;
., 1969; , 1989; , 1990); (
) (, , 1985;
., 1988); (, 1966); - (, 1966, 1967).
, . .
( , ).
. (, 1999)
Sn . (1.7104 1104 %) Sn . , Sn ,
. (-
., 1990) Sn (0.05%), .
, ,
, 0.1% . , , 0.01. . : , , (, 1966), (,
, 1973), ( ., 1986), (, 1987). (5107 1.5105 %). , , , . ..
(1966) , .. .. (1973) ,
1,
0.6. Sn (77%) .
, 0.66% Sn (. 5.11). - , . Sn , , . . , , , : 158

 5.11
Sn,

-

-

, %

Sn, *

8107
5107
1.5105
4106
3.5106
5106
3.2108
4107
3.8106
3106

0.22
0.11
3.85
1.4
0.67
0.84
0.01
0.11
0.77
0.66

* % Sn, ( , ).

8105 %, 3105. Sn 0.32%, 0.37%. Sn (

) 0.085%, 0.037%. ,
.
50250 > 3050 . , . Sn, ,
.
5.4.4.
Sn 3.5104 %.
Sn , 71.29%
.
0.66% Sn. . Sn (3.85%
Sn).
5.5.

5.5.1. Pb

Pb .
- . Pb (. . 5.1)
, .. (1990) , 159

 , , (, 2002). .
Pb , , , Pb . 0.351.8. Pb , 69.79%
. Pb 0.00171%. , , 0.00170.0018%
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Pb
, 0.0012% , - (0.0015% ).
5.5.2. Pb,

XX . , , . ..
(Larsen et al., 1952) , , . . Pb (, , 1959; , 1961; , , 1971; , 1972; , , 1976; ,
1986) , .
Pb, ,
100%, 4980.
Pb - . Pb
(0.0005%) . (0.0025 0.0036%) .
24 36% Pb (, 1999). Pb .
.
,
2.4105 % (, 1999). Pb, , 1.6%. . . 160

 . 2160 .
, .
. .. . : > 990, 379, 210, 126, >
83, 82, 74, 55, > 49, > 35.
30.
Cu (. 9.1.). .
( , 1958). : , , , , ,
- (, , 1982).
( ., 1982; , 1982). .
(, 1982); (, 1982).
(, 1982). . (,
, 1971). (, 1966). , (, 1966). , (, 1966),
(, 1982).
, , ,
.
, 1.02% Pb.
0.97% (. 5.12). (1.6% Pb).
, -, .
(. 5.13), Pb, , . - : (. 5.14) (. 5.15).
. . .
50250 > 3050 . , ,
161

 5.12
Pb

-

Pb
, %
Pb, %

Pb, %

Pb, %

40.4
50.4
55
68.3
76
86.6

.
.
.
.
1106
1.7105

.
.
.
.
0.063
1.23

3.7109
5.2109
5.21010
4.3107
5.2107
1.9105

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
0.02
0.87

2.8109
4109
41010
3.3107
6.3107
1.9105

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.03
0.97

99.7

1.1107

0.009

2107

0.01

1.8107

0.01

1.302

0.92

1.02

5.13
Pb (%),

.
.
1.65 (5105)
.
0.21 (3106) 0.41 (8106)
7
7
4
0.04 (2.610 ) 0.01 (1.810 ) 7.53 (0.0002) 7.22 (1.510 ) 5.51 (7105) 6.35 (1.1104)
.

0.04 (7107) 0.01 (1.8107)

0.087 (2106)

0.06 (1106)

9.267

7.28

0.03 (3107) 0.05 (7.2107)

5.75

6.81

. . 5.14, 5.15 , %.

5.14
Pb (%),
-

162

< 0.01 (4108) < 0.01 (2108)

.
< 0.01 (5109)
.
.
0.13 (3.6106) 0.05 (1106)
.
0.2 (5106)
.
.
1.05 (2.3105) 1.16 (2104) 0.87 (6106)

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.8 (2.5105) 6.78 (3.6106)

< 0.01 (3108)

< 0.01 (3109)
0.11 (2.5106)
0.14 (3106)
3.57 (6.6105)

0.01 (1.5107) 0.05 (7107)

0.17 (2106)

0.02 (2.8107)

0.87

1.97

6.78

3.84

1.39

1.26

 5.15
Pb (%),

0.038
0.23

.
.

0.038 (810 )
0.22 (5106)

.
0.01(3107)

0.19 (4.4106)

0.01 (2.6107)

0.2

.
.
.
0.045 (1106)

0.68 (1.510 )
2.79 (1104)
< 0.01 (1.3108)
0.007 (7108)

0.01 (1107)
.
.
.

0.69
2.79
< 0.01
0.052

< 0.01 (1108)

0.72 (1.5105)

< 0.01 (8108)

0.72

.
, , ,
.
5.5.3.
Pb 1.71103 %.
Pb , , . Pb , 69.79%
.
1.02% Pb, , %: 0.97, 0.03, 0.01, 0.01.

6.1.

6.1.1. N
N
, ,
, . 6.1, . ,
(, 2002). N
0.0106%
0.0083%, (Rudnick, Gao,
2004). ,
N , . 40 N,

> 0.2% ( ). ,
N , .
6.2.

6.2.1.

(, 2003) .. (1990)
. .. (1981), -
. (. : ,1977).

. . 6.1 , (,
2007) . (, , 2000, 2001; ., 2006;
., 2000; ., 2004; ., 2004; , 2005;
Condie et al., 1991, 2001; Di Leo et al., 2002; Gallet et al., 1998; Huber et al.,
2001; Yang et al., 1998).
164

165

0.012
0.058
0.039
0.04*
0.06*
0.003*
0.0032
0.0036
0.0022
0.002
0.0019
0.003
0.0007
0.002*
0.002*
0/002*
0.002*
0.0037
0/003*
0.003*
0.003*
0.0106
0.042
0.0034
0.036
0.0021
0.002*
0.0036
0.0026

100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

0.076
0.057
0.076
0.067

0.069
0.067
0.097
0.069

0.062
0.079
0.048
0.066
4104
0.044
0.096
0.109
0.06
0.11
0.089
0.087
0.035
0.057
0.054
0.13
0.047
0.087
0.048
0.074
0.011

2.9105
2.6105
6.7106
2.3105

8.1105
8.9105
9.1105
8.9105
4.4105
1.2104
4.3105
7.8105

5.6104
7.7104
2.4104
6.8104
1.7104
9.2104
1.9104
5.2104

1.6105
5.4105
9.4106*
3.1105

210
3.8105
5106
.
3106
1.4105
7106
5106
2105
1.1105
5.2106
1.8105
9107
3.1105
5.8105
1.3105
.
1105
1.5105
1.5105
2106

7.210
6.310 *
9.3104 1.3104
4.4104 2.5105
4.4104 .
4104 .
4.3104 5105*
7105
2.5104
1.1104
2104
3105
1.6104
5105
1.8104
1.1104
2104
1.4104 2.2105
9105
1.3104
7.6104 7105*
9.5104 1.3104
4104* 2.5105*
7.5104 .
1.4104 3.3105
5105
4104*
7105*
7104
3.3104 1104*

Bi
5

Sb
4

As

2.62
6.6*
9.51
18.73

99.51
79.59
1.19
80.78

5.79
56.91
14.17
1.25*
1.47*
0.13*
0.34
0.72
1.7
0.64
0.27
0.01
< 0.01
0.55*
5.77*
0.21*
0.072*
8.1
0.19*
0.29*
0.93*

* , .

14.66
28.93
31.58
75.17

100.02
19.63
5.22
24.85

4.62
11.99
2.7
0.32
< 0.01
0.28
1.58
3.36
7.19
5.43
1.95
0.06
0.03
2.43
24.09
2.15
0.26
29.48
0.46
1.11
0.53

4
57.12
9.5
70.62

99.53
27.32
1.59
28.91

6.57
17.27
3.03
0.26
0.19
0.34
0.5
0.75
2.35
1.09
0.54
0.01
0.01
3.96
51.84
0.81
0.51
5.8
0.47
1.29
1.94

As

7.24
51.92
14.82
73.98

99.95
21.85
4.12
25.97

3.97
16.69
1.19
.
.
0.27
0.98
2.87
3.04
2.09
2.04
0.01
0.06
2.52
49.05
0.35
.
9.46
0.41
0.89
4.06

Sb

7.24
64.75
9.1
81.09

99.77
17.84
0.84
18.68

3.52
13.63
0.66
.
0.03
0.21
0.27
0.36
5.66
1.28
0.27
0.03
< 0.01
3.12
61.12
0.51
.
8
0.34
0.53
0.23

Bi

6.1
N, P, As, Sb, Bi (%)

 0.069 % 0.000.17% (0.000.31% 205), 50

(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). , .
( 1.8), . . ,

. , .
(0.067%) - 0.059% ( ). (. 6.1).
6.2.2. ,
.
,
. , .
(, 1999).
.
3330 . , . , 500
. (
) (> 1108), (> 692), (> 336), ,
(> 322), (> 118),
(> 115), - (> 114),
(> 107), (> 97), (> 96), (> 55).
.
,
. ,
.
.
166

, ,
(, , 1972; , 1951; , 1992; ., 1963; , 1989; .,
1965), (, 1990), (, 1986),
( , 1958).
, (, 1992; , 1949; ., 1965), (, 1975, , 1971).

(, 1949).
(, 1954).
:
(, 1973), , - (,
, 1982; , 1945), , -
, , (, 1965; , 1963; , , 1961; , 1965).
: , , - (, , 1982), (, 1965; , 1963; , 1965).
: (, , 1982), , - (, , 1982),
, , (, 1965,
, 1963, , 1965).
(, 1968; , 1979; , , 1976; , , 1973; ., 1982;
, 1976; , 1967; , 1982; , ,
1968); (Kalliokoski, 1965) - (Maxey,
1976; Young, 1971).
(, , 1984, 1985; , 1979;
., 1988; ., 1964; , 1978; , 1976; ,
, 1961; , , 1965; , 1982; , , 1968; ., 1968) - (Yung, 1971).
: (,
1971; , , 1982), , -,
(, 1965, 1968; ., 1968), (, 1982),
(Lipman, 1963).
: , ,
(, 1971; , , 1982), , (, , 1965, , 1968, ., 1968), ( ., 1965).
: , , ( ., 1966; , , 1973;
., 1986), ( , 1986),
( ., 1986) (, 1966), (Ernst, 1965).
167

: (, 1966;
, 1987), (-, 1974; , 1975; .,
1986), (, 1963; , 1966; o, , 1973), (Kalliokoski, 1965), (Butler,
1966), - (Young, 1971),
( ., 1976).
( ., 1986).
(,
1959).
- ( ., 1988; , 1966), ( ., 1986), (, , 1984), - (, 1967), (, 1982), (Kovisars,
1971).
: , ( ., 1966, 1968; ., 1999).
: (, ,
1986), (
., 1986).
: -
(, , 1986), - , (-, 1974; , 1975), (, , 1984), (Buttler, 1966), (Ernst, 1965), -
(Blank, 1972), , , , - ( ., 1966; ., 1986; , , 1999). ,
.
, 1/3 (. 6.2). , (. .
6.2). -
.
. ,
(. 6.3).
(. 6.4),
. 168

 6.2

P , %

6.2
11.3
11.9
12.1
12.2
14.2
15.7
17.8
20.7

P, %
, %
P, %
, %
P, %
, %

.
.
.
3.4104
.
1105
0.035
0.014
.

.
.
.
0.06
.
< 0.01
7.63
3.46
.

9.7109
4.3107
4.8108
0.0016
1.7107
4.6105
5.2106
0.16
6.4108

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.29
< 0.01
0.01
< 0.01
42.5
< 0.01

7.4109
3.3107
3.7108
0.0013
1.3107
3.7105
0.0083
0.13
4.9108

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.23
< 0.01
0.01
1.89
33.54
< 0.01

0.049

11.15

0.16

42.8

0.14

35.67

6.3
(%),

0.29 (0.0015)
0.01 (4.105)
40.5 (0.16)
14.1 (0.049)

.
.
< 0.01 (1105)
0.5 (0.0022)

.
.
.
1.35 (0.005)

0.07 (3.8104)
< 0.01 (1105)
9.61 (0.041)
3.72 (0.014)

54.9 (0.21)

0.5 (0.0022)

1.35 (0.005)

13.4 (0.055)

. , %.

6.4
(%),

0.28 (0.001)
0.01 (3105)
4.45 (0.011)

.
.
5.56 (0.03)

.
.
1.63 (0.01)

0.01 (1.2104)
< 0.01 (3.6106)
2.94 (0.016)

4.74 (0.012)

5.56 (0.03)

1.63 (0.01)

2.95 (0.016)

169

 6.5
(%),
-

< 0.01 (9108)

< 0.01 (4106)
< 0.01 (4.5107)
0.87 (0.0043)
< 0.01 (2106)
0.05 (2104)
< 0.01 (1106)
17.8 (0.06)
< 0.01 (6107)

.
.
.
0.04 (0.0004)
.
< 0.01 (3106)
< 0.01 (1.2105)
11.3 (0.07)
.

.
.
.
0.33 (0.0024)
.
< 0.01 (2.7106)
.
22.5 (0.11)
.

< 0.01 (5.6108)

< 0.01 (2.5106)
< 0.01 (2.8107)
0.45 (0.0028)
< 0.01 (1106)
< 0.01 (1.3104)
< 0.01 (3106)
15.9 (0.068)
< 0.01 (3.7107)

18.72 (0.0645)

11.34 (0.07)

22.83 (0.11)

16.35 (0.071)

. . 0.1 0.05%. , , , 20 25.4.

6.6
(%),

0.06 (3104)
71.8 (0.23)

0.2 (0.0009)
65.93 (0.2)

.
16.4 (0.12)

.
37.9 (0.1)

0.17 (0.0008)
62.5 (0.2)

71.86 (0.23)

66.13 (0.2)

16.4 (0.12)

37.9 (0.1)

62.67 (0.2)

6.7
(%),

0.38 (0.0027) < 0.01 (2106)

.
< 0.01 (4108) 0.3 (0.0022)
0.01 (7.5105)
.
.
.
0.01 (6.2105)
38.9 (0.19) 28.18 (0.076) 10.8 (0.045)
6.47 (0.04)
37.47 (0.16)
37.19 (0.18)

28.18 (0.076)

10.8 (0.045)

6.47 (0.04)

37.77 (0.16)

- .
(. 6.5). , (. 6.6).

(. 6.7),
.
170

6.2.3.
, , , . ,
, .
, ,
(, 1999). .
, .
, . . ..
(1990) , . ,
,
. .
119 , ,
, .
, . , .
. ,
, , .
> 1050 ,
( )
.

. .
( ., 1991). (0.120.28%).
.
0.0870.28%,
0.0440.061%. : 0.17, 171

 0.014%.
, . , 4772% .
.
(, 1999). . (
) . 3 - - (, 1999). ,
c (0.005%) 18%
. (77% ).

(0.08 0.15%) 52 45%
. ,
.
. ,
.
6.2.4.
0.069%.
, ,
,
. , 60.51% .

35.67% , : 33.54 , 1.89 -, 0.23
, 0.01 . . , , .
6.3. , ,

6.3.1. As, Sb, Bi

- As, Sb, Bi
.
(, 1996, . 3). (, 2003) As Sb -
172

 .. (1990). Bi , ,
(, 1990; , , 1990).
As, Sb, Bi . . , . As (Onishi, Sandell, 1995).
( ., 1994; , , 1989; , , 1999;
, 1996, . 3; , , 1981; Gromet et al., 1984). Sb (, , 1959). ( ., 1994; , 1996). Sb 0.00026% (, 1996),
0.00059 ( ., 1994), 0.0042 (, , 1981).
(, 2003). Bi (,
, 1990), ( ., 1994; , 1982; , 1996; ., 1975). (. . 6.1)
, (, 2007)
( ., 2006; .,
2006; Di Leo et al., 2002; Huber et al., 2001).
As, Sb, Bi : As 5.6104, Sb 8.1105, Bi 2.9105 % , 50 : As (1.54.8)104 %, Sb (24.5)105, Bi (0.352.3)105 (Rudnick,
Gao, 2004).
, , 1.62, . .
As, Sb, Bi . As, Sb, Bi . , %: As 84.44, Sb 73.77, Bi 82.59.
, As, Sb .
As, Sb . (. . 6.1) ,
- : As 1.8, Sb 1.5% ( ).
Bi .
6.3.2. As, Sb, Bi,

, - As,
Sb, Bi, ,
. As, Sb, Bi
173

 .
As, Sb, Bi , . , As, Sb, Bi
(, 1996). As, Sb, Bi (, 1996; , , 1981; , , 1982), , . . .
,
2160 , , .
( ) (> 990), (379), (210),
(126). ,
.
, ,
. 6.2.2. ,
, , :
(, 1999); (, 1986); -
, , , (, 1963; , , 1961; , 1965); , -
(, , 1982); , (
) (, 1968; ,
, 1982; , 1976; , 1967; , 1982; , , 1968); (, 1982; , 1971; , , 1982); ( )
(, , 1984; , 1979; , 1982)
- (, , 1968); , , (, 1971; ,
, 1982); (, 1966);
() ( ., 1986); (, 1966; ., 1990); (, 1966, 1967; , 1982;
., 1990); ,
(, , 1986); :
- (, , 1986); ( ., 1986).
174

 6.8
As

-

As
, %
As, %
, %
As, %
, %
As, %
, %

0.73
3.38
3.44
44.3
44.9
44.9
54.9
60.9
69.7
70.9

4.5108
3.3108
2.3108
.
.
1.9106
.
2.6106
1.2106
.

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
.
.
0.13
.
0.23
0.12
.

8.3108
6.5108
4.4108
1.1106
4106
1.1105
6.7106
3.1107
4.81010
6.61010

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.09
0.35
0.95
0.71
0.04
< 0.01
< 0.01

7.4108
5.7108
3.9108
8.4107
3106
8.8106
5.1106
8.5107
2.8108
51010

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.07
0.24
0.71
0.5
0.09
< 0.01
< 0.01

5.7106

0.48

2.3105

3.14

1.5105

1.61

6.9
As (%),

0.02 (3107)
.
.

< 0.01 (8108) 10.4 (1104)

0.18 (1106)
.
.
7.08 (5105) 6.09 (2.5105) 1.52 (5106)
.
2.43 (1.5105) 2.79 (1105) 1.74 (5106)

2.25 (1.2105)
4.31 (1.7105)
2.24 (7.7106)

0.02 (3107)

< 0.01 (8108) 19.91 (1.7104) 6.32 (3.6105) 3.04 (1105)

8.51 (3.7105)

. , %.

As, Sb, Bi
.
Bi . .
. ,
As -
(. 6.8). . (. 6.9).
, , As
(. . 6.9).
(. 6.10).
( ) (. 6.11).
. Sb
(. 6.12),
175

 6.10
As (%),
-

2.77
(1105)

15.7
(5.6105)

0.01
(2.3108)

18.48
(6.6105)

0.09
(4107)
0.45
(2106)
.

1.28
(4106)
.

0.21
(6107)
.

0.51 (1106)

0.54
(2.4106)

1.79
(5106)

0.21
(6107)

9.98
(4105)
2.3
(6.8106)
.
12.28
(4.7105)

1.64
(6.3106)
11.9
(4.4105)
0.64
(1.8106)
< 0.01
(3.8109)
14.18
(5.3105)

6.11
As (%),
-

0.3

0.3
(5106)

0.47
0.44
.
(1105)
(9106)
.
0.02
1.28
(4107)
(4106)
(5106)
0.92
0.08
0.39
(1.6105) (1.4105) (1106)

3.21
(5105)
.

2.72
(2105)
.

1.87
(7.5106)
0.25
(8.2107)

1.39
0.54
(2.6105) (1.1105)

3.21
(5105)

2.72
(2105)

2.12
(8.3106)

1.67
(5106)

6.12
Sb

176

Sb
, %
Sb, %
, %
Sb, %
, %
Sb, %
, %

15.07
21.18
21.65
24.52
25.1
33.83
71.66

2108
2.3108
4.5108
3.3108
.
.
2.2109

0.003
0.005
0.011
0.009
.
.
0.002

4108
4.4108
8.3108
6.5108
5.21010
3.7109
5.2109

0.008
0.012
0.023
0.02
< 0.001
0.002
0.005

3.5108
3.9108
7.4108
5.7108
41010
6.5108
4.4109

0.007
0.01
0.02
0.017
< 0.001
0.001
0.004

1.2107

0.03

2.4107

0.071

2.1107

0.061

 6.13
Sb,

1*

2
9

2
8

2
8

710
8109
1.5108
1.2108
1108

0.002
0.003
0.005
0.005
0.011

3.410
4108
8108
6108
.

0.004
0.007
0.017
0.011
.

210
2.3108
4.6108
3.4108
2.6109

0.003
0.005
0.012
0.009
0.002

5.2108

0.026

2.1107

0.035

1.5107

0.03

* : 1 , %; 2 Sb (% ).

6.14
Sb,

2.6108
2.9108
5.8108
4.2108

0.008
0.012
0.025
0.021

3108
3.5108
7108
5.1108

0.006
0.011
0.021
0.018

1108
1108
2.2108
1.6108

0.001
0.002
0.004
0.004

1.8108
2108
4.1108
3108

0.003
0.005
0.01
0.008

1.5107

0.066

1.9107

0.056

5.8108

0.011

1.1107

0.026

6.15
Sb,
-

1.6108
1.9108
3.8108
2.6108
5109
5108

0.008
0.013
0.027
0.021
0.004
0.12

2.5108
0.008
2.8108
0.012
5.6108
0.024
4108
0.02
. .
. .

1.1107

0.193

1.5107

0.064

1.4108
0.002
1.5108
0.003
3.1108
0.006
2108
0.004
. .
. .
8108

0.015

1.8108
2.1108
4.2108
2.9108
3109
3108

0.006
0.01
0.02
0.016
0.002
0.049

1.3107

0.103

. (. 6.13).
(6.14). (. 6.15).
(. 6.16)
.
177

 6.16
Sb,
-

3.3108
0.007
0.011
3.7108
0.022
7.4108
0.019
5.3108
. .
2107
0.059

8108
0.009
9108
0.015
1.6107
0.027
1.3107
0.025
. .
4.6107
0.076

7.5109
0.003
8.5109
0.005
1.7108
0.011
1.2108
0.009
. .
5.5108
0.028

4.4108
4.9108
9.1108
7.2108
5109
2.6107

0.008
0.012
0.025
0.022
0.002
0.069

* 1107 %.

6.17
Bi
-

Bi
, %

59.5
78.9
81.5
100

, %

Bi,
%

, %

Bi,
%

2.1108
1.2107
1.3107
5.7108
3.1107

0.04
0.31
0.34
0.18
0.87

1.6108
9.2108
1.1107
4.4108
2.9107

0.03
0.25
0.31
0.15
0.74

: 1.3108 %.

6.18
Bi (%),
-

0.6 (210 )
3.94 (1106)
4.07 (1106)
0.36 (7.3108)
8.97 (2.3106)

.
2.19 (5107)
.
.
2.19 (5107)

.
0.07 (5108)
.
0.09 (5108)
0.16 (1107)

.
.
0.82 (1107)
1 (1107)
1.82 (2107)

. Bi
,
- (. 6.17), (. 6.18).
. (, 1999).
6.2105 %.
6.2108 %.
0.25% Bi.
178

6.3.3.
As, Sb, Bi .
As, Sb, Bi
.
As Sb , As, Sb,
Bi .
.
1050 , 100 . , , , , , - . , .
As, Sb, Bi , , .


(, 1999), , . As Bi , Sb .
. (, , 1982). As 0.35 0.55%,
, . , 85 93% As
.
Fe- Cu- (, 1999). As , : 0.0034, 0.035
0.065%. .
As 13 1%. As , , . (, 1999).
. Bi (, , 1982). Bi 0.0052
0.021%. . - Bi . Bi. 5 (-, , 1976).
Bi 21061.2105 %, . . .
, 1105 % Bi, , Bi . 179

 Bi 80 81, 8792%.
Bi ,
, .

As, Sb, Bi ,
.
6.3.4.
, %: As
5.6104, Sb 8.1105, Bi 2.9105. As, Sb, Bi
. , %: As 84.44, Sb 73.77, Bi 82.59.
1.61% As, 0.71, 0.5, 0.24, 0.09, 0.07%.
0.061% Sb, 0.02, 0.017,
0.01, 0.007, 0.004, 0.001%. 0.74% Bi,
0.31, 0.25, 0.15,
0.03%. .
As, Sb, Bi
.
As Bi . .
. Sb , .

As, Sb, Bi , .

7.1.

7.1.1.


.. . (1990); ..
(1981); -, , -
, (,
2003).
(. 7.1). , .
.

. .
(48.51%) ,
- (39.11% ). 55.24% .
7.1.2.



(. 7.2). , , 40 55%.
,
. -
, .
7.2.

7.2.1. S

S , , , , ,
.. (1990) .
181

 7.1
O, S, Se (%)

Se

Se

5.11

49.8

0.19

1105

5.32

6.79

3.41

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92

48.46
49.12
51.07
13.15
49.13
46.71
44.78
48.46
47.9
44.39
45.73
44.89
49.27

0.36
0.25
0.19
5.34
0.058
0.071
0.071
0.03
0.03
0.1
0.03
0.088
0.053

3.6105
2.7105
.
4107
9.3106
6.3106
1.1105
7106
8106
7106
5106
5106
1105

10.53
3.95
0.35
0.07
0.45
1.1
1.97
8.31
3.38
1.39
0.05
0.05
3.01

26.18
6.73
0.44
9.71
0.18
0.56
1.05
1.72
0.71
1.05
0.01
0.03
1.08

24.96
6.93
.
0.01
0.27
0.47
1.55
3.83
1.8
0.7
0.02
0.02
1.95

30.56

47.8

0,1

2105

30.52

21.37

40.75

1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

48.84
42.69
47.97
49.15
47.41
45.11

0.23
0.076
0.106
0.036
0.03
0.1

.
.
7106*
9.1106*
.
1.1105*

1.15
0.34
23.26
0.68
1.02
3.1

1.8
0.2
17.2
0.17
0.22
2.3

.
.
10.83*
0.4
.
2.41

100

47.87

0.14

1.5105

100

99.5

100.31

19.95

48.51

0.36

2.710

20.22

49.85

35.31

3.68
23.63

45.89
48.1

0.069
0.31

9.4106
2.4105

3.52
23.74

1.79
51.64

2.29
37.6

13.19
34.99
28.19

47.83
47.9
47.64

0.038
0.1
0.1

7.2106
1.8105
7.3106*

13.18
35.02
28.06

3.52
24.45
19.89

6.37
42.7
13.64*

76.37

47.8

0.09

1.2105

76.26

47.86

62.71

* , .

182

 7.2
(%)

( )

2530
3035
3540
4045

0.47
0.13
0.17
15.85

5560

(0.38), (0.05), Ti- (0.04)

(0.13)
(0.11), (0.06)
(6.52), (2.96), (1.1),
(1.05), (0.73), (0.62),
(2.87)
(14.44), (9.55),
(6.55), (4.09), (4.05), (2.95), (2.02), (1.89), (0,69), (0.58), (0.56),
(1.94)
(26.7), (2.64), (1.42), (0,75), (0.47), (0.71)
(0.3), (0.19)

99.11

4550

5055

49.31

32.69
0.49

S
, , ( ., 1963; , , 1963; , 1963; , 1975); , ,
(, 1973); ,
(, 1963); (, 1981). S
.. (1981), - - ( ., 1990)
( ., 1981). S .. (1990), ..
(, 1987), .. , .. (1995, 1998), , .. . (1981)
. S
(,
1987; , , 1995; , 1980), (, ,
1976; , , 1995, 1998) ( ., 1981).
S
0.143%. , , 50 0.0390.0953%
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). S ; , . S. 1/4
. . 183

 5 , - ( ).
7.2.2. S,

S (, 1989; , 1969; , , 1969). . S
2500 . . ,
,
.
, . .
. (, , 1972); (, 1971; , 1975); , - (, 1951, 1954; ., 1963);
(, 1989); (, 1969); (, , 1977, 1978); , , (Scotford, 1965); (, 1960); (, 1986).
. (,
, 1961; , 1963);
(, 1965; , 1965); - (, 1978); -
(, 1967; , , 1967).
. (, 1967); (, 1968); - (, , 1968) (, , 1976); ( ., 1966)
(, 1971).
. , - (, 1968; ., 1968); (, 1973);
(, 1971); (, 1971).
184

. -
(, , 1968); (, , 1984, 1985);
( ., 1968).
. ( .,
1968); , ,
(, 1971).
. , , ( ., 1966; , , 1973; ., 1986).
.
(, , 1973); ( )
(, 1987);
( ., 1986).
-. ( ., 1986); - (, 1967).
. (
., 1999); ( ., 1968);
( ., 1966).
. , (, , 1986);
., 1986).
. -4
( ., 1999); ( .,
1986; ., 1966, 1968); - (, , 1986); (, 1971).


. , , Fe/O. ,
.
S . S . , S
3.7% (, 1999). , ,
. .
185

 7.3
S

S , %

13.4
17.4
12.8
13.7
18.1
19.7
23.2
23.3
32.9
34.9
35
38.5
40
53.5
53.4
100

S, %
, %
S, %
, %
S, %
, %

1.7105
7.3104
0.0017
0.0031
0.1
1.9106
0.0029
0.19
1.9105
1.6104
9107
0.0045
7.9107
0.09
0.0022
3.8104

< 0.01
0.04
0.07
0.14
5.84
< 0.01
0.22
14.28
< 0.01
0.018
< 0.01
0.56
< 0.01
15.59
0.38
0.12

1.9105
2.9106
1.9106
4.5107
.
1.1105
.
.
5.5105
9.3105
1.1104
0.036
1.6105
0.055
8.3104
.

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
.
< 0.01
.
.
0.02
0.04
0.04
15.4
0.01
32.69
0.49
.

37.20

1.9105
1.7104
4104
7.3104
0.024
8.8106
6.7104
0.045
4.6105
1.1104
8.4105
0.029
1.2105
0.063
0.0012
9105

48.69

< 0.01
0.02
0.04
0.07
3.1
< 0.01
0.11
7.49
0.01
0.03
0.02
7.98
< 0.01
24.08
0.46
0.06
43.47

7.4
S (%),

.
0.11
0.51
.
.
3.68
50.07
.
.

0.05
0.11
0.1
0.7
.
1.94
22.29
0.74
0.14

0.13
.
0.08
5.07
.
.
21.4
.
0.4

.
.
.
27.12
1.43
69.81
.
.
.

0.04
0.07
0.13
6.03
0.22
14.89
14.86
0.39
0.13

54.37

26.07

27.08

98.36

36.76

, S 43.6% ,
43.47% (. 7.3), 0.12 0.01. S , - . S , -
. S,
(. 7.4) ,
186

 7.5
S (%),

0.05
0.71
0.03
.
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.18
< 0.01
.
0.07
0.03
46.12
46.56

0.03
0.58
< 0.01
.
0.01
0.03
.
0.49
.
< 0.01
0.03
.
52.75
53.34

0.01
.
.
0.04
< 0.01
0.07
.
0.49
0.15
27.11
0.01
.
37.68
65.56

0.02
0.26
< 0.01
0.02
0.01
0.05
< 0.01
0.51
0.09
16.18
0.02
< 0.01
43.42
60.33

7.6
S (%),
-

0.01
< 0.01
0.04
0.04
.
0.14
7.7
.
0.04
35.67
0.78

0.09
0.04
0.03
0.22
.
0.09
17.97
.
0.05
35.67
10.32

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
1.38
0.87
7.7
.
< 0.01
26.75
.

0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
.
0.03
25.67
0.18
< 0.01
17.83
0.89

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.12
0.02
0.88
.
< 0.01
60.8
.

0.02
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.37
0.35
9.73
< 0.01
0.03
33.79
2.53

44.41

64.48

36.71

44.61

61.82

46.91

,
.
, S . , 1/4 S. S (. 7.5). - 187

 7.7
S (%),

0.08
0.03
.
7.26
50.47

0.02
< 0.01
0.04
26.95
42.8

.
.
.
18.58
11.73

.
.
.
.
49.28

0.02
0.01
0.03
25.41
40.66

5.84

69.81

30.3

49.28

66.13

7.8
S (%),

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
.
< 0.01
3.63
< 0.01
20.19
.

0.04
v.
0.02
0.02
0.18
3.21
0.02
50.53
14.09

.
0.03
< 0.01
.
0.01
12.83
< 0.01
53.5
.

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.03
0.28
11.55
< 0.01
32.1
5.34

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
5.01
< 0.01
22.47
0.75

23.83

68.11

66.37

49.3

28.25

:
(. 7.6), (. 7.7), (. 7.8). S . , , 43.33% S . .
S: 1.67%, 9.5,
2.85.
7.2.3.
, S, , ,
(, 1999), .
188

 ( ).

1050 , ( ) .
, . .
XX . ,
S . , .. (1933) S . , , S - (,
1976). , , S 5 . XX . .. (1994)
S . , - 10% S.
. S , . S .
,
10 (, 1999). -8606, S, 72%, 25% S -.
, S ,
8999% S.
S ,
,
S .
7.2.4.
S 0.14%,
0.36, 0.1. 74.3% S,
.
43.47% S, , %: 24.08, 7.98, 7.49, 3.1, 0.46, 0.11, 0.07,
0.06, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 0.02, 0.02, 0.01. .
189

7.3.

7.3.1. Se

Se (. . 7.1) (,
2002, 2003), ,
. Se
1.5105 %
51061.5105 %, 50 (Rudnick, Gao,
2004). Se , 78.01%
Se. . (2.7105 %) 2 , ( ).
7.3.2. Se
Se 0.02% (,
1999). ,
, Se > 0.02% (, 1996, . 3).
Se . , Se
(0.0011% ). (. 7.9).
7.9
Se
, %

Se, %

1.610
1106
1106
4108
3107
1107
.
1107
.
1107
2108

.
.
.
1106
.
.
5107
.
5108
.
.

0.0004
0.007
0.01
0.0004
0.0023
0.0009
0
0.0012
0
0.0009
0.0001

0
0
0
0.021
0
0
0.015
0
0.0004
0
0

0.0004
0.007
0.01
0.0214
0.0023
0.0009
0,015
0.0012
0.0004
0.0009
0.0001

5.9108

9.2108

0.0002

0.0009

0.0011

190

7.3.3.
- Se
. ,
1.5105 %, 2.7105, 1.8105. 78.01% Se .
,
0.0011% Se, 0.0009%
0.0002 . .

8.1.
F, Cl, Br, J

(. 8.1)
(, 2002, 2003). F ,
( ., 2000), Br , (Handbook,
1974), J .. (1957),
. .. (Muramatsu, Wedepohl, 1998).
: ,
. : Cl 0.01295, F 0.21.8,
Br 0.085.2, J 0.42.4. F.
F
. F (60.05%) .
, %: Cl 87.64, Br 85.31, J 44.8. F . 0.047%
0.042% , - .
. : Cl 36 , Br 29, J
5 ( ), () Cl
. 80% ,
0.26% . , Br J, . Br
J, , , .
8.2. F,

- F ,
, F > 1.6% ( ) (, 192

193

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29
100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

0.033
0.061
0.033
.
0.024
0.051
0.05
0.046
0.082
0.056
0.04
0.12
0.01
0.03
0.065
0.047
0.016
0.029
0.05
0.058
0.053
0.051
0.047
0.048
0.047
0.071
0.061
0.033
0.052

0.059
0.085
0.053
.
44.21
0.018
0.025
0.033
0.019
0.016
0.02
0.047
0.007
0.025
0.022
0.03
0.045
0.021
0.01
0.02*
0.03
0.15
0.65
0.029
0.55
0.018
0.023
0.022
0.022

Cl

0.0048
0.0057
5.8104
.
0.03
2104*
3104*
4.1104
1.7104
4.3104
3.5104
2.7104
9105
1104*
2104
1104*
.
2104*
2104*
2104*
2104*
0.0011
0.0047
0.0004*
4104
2.6104
2104
2104*
2104

Br

110
1.2104
1.1104
.
4.8105
2105*
3105*
6105
8105
5105
5105
7105
3105
5105
2105
3105
.
3105
3105
3105
3105
4.9105
1.1104
5105*
1104
6.9105
2.3105
3105*
3.3105

3.29
12.39
2.48
.
0.12
0.44
1.1
1.9
13.15
3.7
1.17
0.12
0.01
1.71
38.8
1.04
0.12
13.15
0.65
1.17
3.41
99.92
18.28
3.44
21.72
18.15
41.67
18.38
78.2

* , .

2.05
6.01
1.39
.
78.19
0.05
0.19
0.47
1.06
0.37
0.2
0.02
< 0.01
0.5
4.57
0.23
0.12
3.32
0.05
0.14*
0.67
99.6
87.64
0.71
88.35
1.65
5.42
4.18
11.25

Cl

Br

10.43
25.47
8.64
.
0.26
0.18*
0.69*
2.58
13.4
3.45
1.53
0.07
0.03
2.98
12.47
0.69
.
14.21
0.4*
0.63*
2.01*
100.12
44.8
3.45*
48.25
18.48
16.14
17.25*
51.87

8.1

22.3
53.89
2.03
.
7.09
0.08*
0.31*
0.79
1.27
1.32
0.48
0.01
< 0.01
0.27*
5.56
0.1*
.
4.22*
0.12*
0.19*
0.6*
100.63
85.31
1.18*
86.49
3.08
5.93
5.13*
14.14

(%)

 8.2
F

F , %

1.9
2.39
3.86
4
6.82
8.2
19.67
48.33

, %

F, %

, %

F, %

, %

F, %

0.014
.
.
.
.
.
1.6106
1.6105

0.57
.
.
.
.
.
< 0.01
0.02

0.16
0.002
3.3107
0.0013
2.9105
4.2104
6104
0.0028

5.85
0.09
< 0.01
0.1
< 0.01
0.07
0.23
2.6

0.13
0.0015
2.5107
0.001
2.2105
3.2104
4.6104
0.0022

4.84
0.07
< 0.01
0.08
< 0.01
0.05
0.18
2.08

0.014

0.59

0.167

8.94

0.135

7.3

8.3
F (%),

2.82 (0.049) 0.07 (0.0022)

.
0.01 (1104) 0.57 (0.014)
8
< 0.01 (710 )
.
.
.
< 0.01 (2108)
7
7
< 0.01 (510 )
.
< 0.01 (510 )
.
< 0.01 (2107)
2.82 (0.049)

0.07 (0.0022) < 0.01 (5107) 0.01 (1104)

0.57 (0.014)

. , %.

, 2002).
F - , F . F , F > 1.6%. F 2500 .
7.2.2.
, 7.3% F (. 8.2).
(4.84% F).
(2.08% F). ,
(2%
F) (, 1999). , (. 8.3). (. 8.4). -
(. 8.5), 194

 8.4
F (%),

0.41 (0.011)
0.04 (1104)
0.76 (8104)

1.14 (0.03)
.
.

0.41 (0.01)
.
.

0.63 (0.016)
< 0.01 (1105)
0.1 (1104)

1.21 (0.012)

1.14 (0.03)

0.41 (0.01)

0.74 (0.016)

8.5
F (%),
-

1.39 (0.06)
2.38 (0.07)
4.75 (0.1)
1.74 (0.11)
0.02 (2.7104)
.
.
.
0.05 (4.7104)
.
.
.
0.01 (3.6105) 0.01 (3.4105)
.
.
3.54 (0.006) 0.39 (4.5104) < 0.01 (4106) 18.93 (0.047)

5.01 (0.067)

2.78 (0.07)

4.75 (0.1)

20.67 (0.157)

9.5 (0.05)
.
.
.
.

1.82 (0.068)
0.02 (1.7104)
0.03 (2.9104)
0.01 (3.1105)
2.72 (0.004)

9.5 (0.05)

4.6 (0.072)

8.6
F (%),

14.57 (0,23)
5.85 (0,2)
.
.
.
.
.
0.45 (0.0015)
4.35 (0.0027) 3.72 (0.005)

4.85 (0.12)
5.09 (0.1)
7.66 (0.09)
.
.

11.88 (0.1)
14.94 (0.1)
.
.
.

6.23 (0.2)
0.17 (0.0043)
0.19 (0.0029)
0.42 (0.0013)
3.64 (0.0046)

18.92 (0.233) 10.02 (0.207)

17.6 (0.31)

26.82 (0.2)

10.65 (0.213)

8.7
F (%),

11.79 (0.18)
0.34 (0.0012)
< 0.01 (4106)
0.03 (2105)

2.89 (0.076)
.
.
0.68 (7104)

1.47 (0.045)
.
.
.

1.43 (0.04)
.
.
< 0.01 (3106)

9.21 (0.16)
0.25 (0.001)
< 0.01 (3.3106)
0.05 (3.3105)

12.16 (0.181)

3.57 (0.077)

1.47 (0.045)

1.43 (0.04)

9.51 (0.161)
195

 (. 8.6). - (. 8.7).
. (
),
( ). ,
,
.
8.3. Cl,

Cl (, 1989; , 1969; , , 1969). .

Cl . 7.2.2.
,
73.04% Cl
(. 8.8). (72.58% Cl), (0.21 0.19% Cl ). , Cl (), .
Cl 1.61%, 2.8%. l
,
.
Cl 8.8
Cl

196

Cl , %

1.61
6.55
34
47
55
57.3

, %

Cl, %

, %

Cl, %

, %

Cl, %

.
.
1.1104
0.0028
5.5104
0.81

.
.
0.01
0.24
0.06
84.39

0.023
8.4105
.
.
.
.

1.68
0.025
.
.
.
.

0.018
6.4105
2.6105
6.6104
1.3104
0.19

0.19
< 0.01
0.01
0.21
0.05
72.58

0.813

84.7

0.023

1.705

0.209

73.04

 8.9
Cl, ,
, %

.
.
0.01 (0.01)
0.27 (0.25)
0.06 (0.05)
95.91 (74)

.
18.12 (0.13)
.
.
.
.

21.47 (0.4)
.
.
.
.
.

24.15 (0.3)
.
.
.
.
.

16.1 (0.3)
.
.
.
.
.

96.25(74.31)

18.12 (0.13)

21.47 (0.4)

24.15 (0.3)

16.1 (0.3)

. - .
Cl (. 8.9).
8.4.

. Br J,
, , .
, ,
F .
, .
50250 > 3050 .
, F .
. .
F Cl
. , . F Cl,
. : F 4, Cl 2 (, 1989).
, F 0.050.12% 2.97.2% . (20%
F).
F > 0.2% , , 50%.
F F- ( F 22.5%).
197

 Cl 0.0080.07 .
F Cl .
8.5.

, %: F
0.051; Cl 0.15; Br 0.0011; J 4.9105. , %: F 0.047; Cl 0.65; Br 0.0047; J 1.1104.
F (60.05%) .
, %: Cl 87.64,
Br 85.31, J 44.8.
7.3% F, 4.84, 2.08, 0.18, 0.08, 0.07, 0.05%. 73.04% Cl,
72.58, 0.21, 0.19, 0.05, 0.01,
< 0.01%.

9.1.

9.1.1. Cu

. 9.1 Cu: - .. (1990), (, 2003). Cu
(0.0039%)
0.00140.0032%, (Rudnick, Gao,
2004), , 0.0053%, (, 1990). Cu .
(0.0031%) ,
-
(0.0033% ). Cu , ,
(. 9.1),
1.92.4. Cu, (44.9%
), 1.3.
- ( ,
- )
14.6% Cu.
9.1.2. Cu,
XX . , Cu (, , 1952). .. (1969) , Cu . .. (1971), .. ,
.. (1971)
Cu ,
-- .
, ,
Cu.
Cu ()
(, 1999).
199

 9.1
Cu, Ag, Au (%)

Cu

Ag,
n104 %

Au,
n1107 %

Cu

Ag

Au

5.11

0.0031

0.074

3.1

4.0

3.44

3.63

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92

0.0036
0.0021
0.0007
.
0.0015
0.0044
0.0073
0.001
0.0029
0.0092
0.0005
0.001
0.0044

0.15
0.056
0.026
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.083
0.086
0.14
0.11
0.05
0.14
0.1

4.6
2.2
2
.
3.9
3
3.9
2.7
2.8
3.5
2
6
6.6

9.5
2.1
0.1
.
0.2
1.3
3.9
2.1
2.5
3.5
< 0.1
< 0.1
3.3

14.18
1.96
0.08
0.19
0.48
1.64
1.59
6.42
4.3
1.5
0.02
0.06
2.65

10.97
1.94
0.15
.
0.39
0.78
1.9
5.08
2.17
1.2
0.02
0.07
4.42

30.56

0.0052

0.14

40.4

38.89

35.05

1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

0.0021
0.0057
0.0029
0.0028
0.0039
0.0086

0.08
0.044
0.081
0.11*
0.11*
0.1

5.3
8.9
4.9
2.6
3.6
3.4

0.6
0.6
17.2
0.5
1
7.2

0.82
0.15
17.09
0.66*
1.03*
2.99

1.37
0.78
26.08
0.39
0.85
2.57

100
19.95

0.0039
0.00308

0.11
0.11

4.36
3.65

100
15.7

100.14
19.85

99.81
16.69

3.68
23.63

0.00571
0.0035

0.11
0.11

3.62
3.64

5.4
21.1

3.71
23.56

3.07
19.76

13.19
34.99
28.19

0.00242
0.00503
0.0036

0.1
0.13
0.085

2.83
5.19
4.79

8.1
44.9
25.9

12.3
42.51
21.77

8.54
41.62
29.89

76.37

0.00405

0.11

4.57

78.9

76.58

80.05

* , .

200

 . :
.
, -

. ,
.

. .. (1963) ..
(1967) .
(, 1999) 0.0011%. Cu (0.7%), .

Cu , .
.. . (1990), (, 2003). , , 1750 , . ,
. . .. .
: > 990, 210, 133,
98, 74, > 59, > 49, > 35.
, 30.
,
, , . .
. - (, , 1972);
( ., 1963); (, 1986); (, 1989).
. , . (, , 1972).
.
(, 1960).
201

 . (,
1963); (,
1965; , 1965); -
(, 1967; , , 1967).
. (, 1967); (, 1968); - (, , 1968); ( .,
1966) (, 1971).
. , - (, 1968; ., 1968); (,
1971);
(, 1971).
. -
(, , 1968); (, , 1984, 1985); ( ., 1968).
. ( .,
1968); , ,
(, 1971).
. , , ( ., 1966; , , 1973; ., 1986).
. (, , 1973); ( ) (,
1987); ( ., 1986).
-. ( ., 1986); - (, 1967).
. (
., 1999); ( ., 1968);
( ., 1966).
. (, , 1986);
( ., 1986).
.
-4 ( ., 1999);
( ., 1986; ., 1966, 1968); - (, , 1986);
(, 1971).
.
, 1.2% Cu,
0.98% (. 9.2). 202

 9.2
Cu

Cu
, %

Cu, %

7.6
23
34.57
38
39
55.3
57.4
63.3
66.5
79.8
100

.
2.6105
1.6104
5.6108
.
1105
5.7106
8.9106
5.6107
5.8107
1.2106

.
0.171
1.58
< 0.001
.
0.158
0.093
0.16
0.011
0.013
0.034
2.22

Cu, %

Cu, %

9.7109
.
9.3105
1.1107
3.5109
1.6107
8.6107
1.4107
4.6106
5.5108
1.6107

2105
.
0.784
0.001
3105
0.002
0.012
0.002
0.075
0.001
0.004
0.881

7.4109
6106
1.1104
9.6108
2.7.109
2.5106
2106
2.2107
3.6106
1.8107
4.1107

1105
0.035
0.975
0.001
3.105
0.035
0.029
0.036
0.06
0.004
0.011
1.186

9.3
Cu (%),

0.034 (3106)
< 0.001 (2108)
0.007 (4107)
0.009 (5107)
0.002 (1107)
0.003 (1107)
0.01 (1107)
0.065

0.029 (3106)
0.001 (1107)
.
.
.
.
.
0.03

0.099 (6106)
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.099

0.039 (3.5106)
0.001 (5.7108)
0.002 (1107)
0.002 (1.3107)
0.001 (2.6108)
0.001 (2.6107)
0.001 (3108)
0.047

. , %.

9.4
Cu (%),

0.015 (110 )
6.91 (0.0003)
0.001 (7.1108)
0.73 (2105)
0.077 (2106)
.
1.33 (3105)
1.6 (3105)
0.13 (2106)
10.793

.
7.86 (0.001)
0.001 (8.6108)
0.25 (2105)
0.26 (2105)
.
.
.
0.18 (8106)
8.551

0.95 (0.0003)
4.74 (0.001)
< 0.001 (2.6108)
0.76 (0.0001)
0.39 (5105)
0.87 (0.0001)
.
.
0.11 (8106)
7.82

0.67 (1.5104)
6.07 (0.001)
< 0.001 (5108)
0.68 (7105)
0.37 (3.7105)
0.63 (5.7105)
0.04 (3.6106)
0.05 (3.6106)
0.13 (7.3106)
8.64
203

 9.5
Cu (%),
-

< 0.001
(9108)

4.15
(1.2104)

0.002
(4.5108)

0.001
(3108)

0.072
(1.3106)

0.115
(2106)

0.082
(1.3106)

0.047
(7107)

.
(2108)

0.037
(3.7107)

4.506

0.954
(8105)
0.001
(6.8108)
.

9.394
(0.0025)
0.001
(3.5108)
.

1.87
(2.7105)
.

1.728
(5105)
.

0.008
(4107)
0.01
(5107)
.

0.046
(2106)
0.001
(1106)
0.069
(2106)

0.063
(1106)
.

0.009

.
(1106)
0.2
(1106)

0.08
(1.2107)
0.031

1.089

9.404

2.07

1.871

< 0.001
(5.6108)
5.47
(3.8104)
0.001
(5108)
< 0.001
(2108)
0.021
(9107)
0.033
(1.4106)
0.021
(8107)
0.026
(9.5107)
0.004
(7.5.107)
5.607
9.6

Cu (%),

0.314 (4105)
0.001 (9108)
0.13 (1105)
0.012 (8107)

0.073 (1105)
0.002 (2.2107)
.
.

0.09 (1.3105)
0.002 (2107)
0.01 (8.4107)
< 0.001 (6.7108)

0.457

0.075

0.102

(0.7% Cu).
, , (. 9.3). (. 9.4), Cu, ,
. - :
,
(. 9.5), (. 9.6).
204

 9.7
Cu (%),

0.074 (6.2106) 2.35 (1.9104)

0.079 (9106)
< 0.001 (2108) < 0.001 (3.2108)
.
0.004 (2106)
0.002 (1107)
.
.
0.475 (2105)
.
.
.
.

3.22 (0.0008)
.
0.027 (4106)
0.773 (0.0001)
0.007 (8107)

0.547 (5.7105)
< 0.001 (2.1108)
0.01 (6.3107)
0.222 (1.2105)
0.002 (9.3108)

0.003 (1107)

0.002 (8.2108)

0.081

2.827

0.079

4.027

0.783

(. 9.7).
.
9.1.3.
Cu ,

Cu , , . , . ,
Cu , Cu.
Cu.
66.9% Cu
, (> 35 ). , .
50250 > 3050 . , , , .
. ,
, ( , 1963; ., 1983; , 1996, . 4), ,
.

. Cu
(, 1999). Cu
205


, . .
. (, , 1971; , 1972) Cu
(0.00030.0007%) . Cu, (0.00070.0016%), 0 18% Cu. Cu (0.0052%) 53% .
(, , 1971; , 1971) Cu (0.00060.0007%)
, , 1.02.9%. ,
(0.00120.005%),
1.0 29% Cu.
Cu, . - Cu, (0.00420.0084%), Cu, , 26 54% (, 1971).

- , .
9.1.4.
Cu
0.0039%. Cu (44.9%)
.
1.2% Cu, , %: 0.975, 0.06, 0.036, 0.035, 0.035, 0.029, 0.011, 0.004,
0.001. Cu
(8.64% )
- (5.61% ). Cu (0.047% )
(0.1% ) . .
.
9.2.

9.2.1. Ag

Ag .
,
. : ( .,
206

2002; ., 1983; , 1977; ., 1974; , 2007; ., 2005); (, , 1977; , , 1974; ., 1974;

., 1969; , 1978; ., 1976; ,
, 1983); - (
., 1977; ., 1981; , , 1981; , 1978; , 1989; ., 1987; Fairbairn et al., 1953;
Hamaguchi, Kuroda, 1959; Handbook, 1974);
(, , 1985; ., 1994; ., 1982; ., 1990; , , 1986; .,
1994; Boyle, 1968).
Ag , Ag : 1.3105 % (, 2002),
1.1105 %. 51065.5106 %, (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). , Ag (. . 9.1). Ag 0.5 1.5. Ag ,
, , . Ag
, . 2/3 Ag (62.36%) . Ag, ( ), 16.1%.
9.2.2. Ag

Ag. ,
29 . 10 ,
Ag. Ag . ,
Ag (> 1.8105 %) 5.7623.17% (. 9.8),
44.11 75.05% Ag, (. 9.9).
9.2.3. Ag
, Ag , , Fe, Cu, Pb , . Ag ( .,
207

 9.8
Ag, %
Ag, n104 %

, ,

, , ,

< 0.06

0.060.18

0.180.54

0.541.62

1.624.86

375

79.47

9.07

9.86

1.6

328

53.66

23.17

17.98

4.88

0.31

1449

22.15

63.98

9.93

3.73

0.21

1241

45.3

39.16

14.18

0.96

0.4

1660
156
660
339

47.53
56.42
48.7
64.3

42.12
37.82
39.36
25.96

9.63
3.2
10.29
8.55

0.54
1.92
0.9
1.19

0.18
0.64
0.75
0

9.9
Ag, , %
Ag, n104 %

, ,

, , ,

< 0.06

0.060.18

0.180.54

0.541.62

1.624.86

375

19.2

13.94

47.9

18.96

328

7.02

17.93

40.77

29.12

5.16

1449

4.81

43.03

21.72

26.93

3.51

1241

13.4

33.7

35.42

8.83

8.65

1660
156
660
339

13.12
22.06
14.35
33.04

46.81
29.69
23.63
22.85

27.35
13.57
21.93
29.37

7.23
18.92
6.87
14.74

5.49
15.76
33.22
0

1977; ., 1981) . Ag ,
. - Ag Fe, Cu, Pb, Ag 0.03%, (, 1999),
. , , , , , . 208

 . Ag, %: ( ) 0.0920.0 12.0; 0.14.0 (Handbook, 1974), , , 0.3; .6.2%, 1.3, 12.7426.4, 18.66.
. .
(, 1968; , 1967;
, 1968). Ag .
Ag . , Ag . :
(, 1967). - Ag (1104 %) :
0.03 0.1, 0.03 0.0, 0.34
0.1, 7.69 1.6, 1520 2. ,
Ag 100, 4, 0.02%. Ag, (,
1989), %: 4.2105, 7106, 0.0078, 1.2105, 6.3105, 5106, 1.76105. Ag 1.5105 2.2105 %.
20 45% Ag. . , , Ag, , . Ag FeCu-
(. 9.10). , , . 30 .
, Ag 61061.8105 % Ag, < 0.01%.
,
Ag (, 1992; , 1975; ., 2003; , 2006), Ag
, . 209

210
100

0.6

53
10

21
0
0.43

-8607

106

41
7

3
0
55

99.27

0.37
1.1
7.4
0.2
16
0
62
0
0
10
2.2

1.3

97
54
0.2
.
0

0.21

0
.

-8602

85

28
46
1
.
0

10

0
.

99.53

0.13
0
0.3
0
13
83
0
0.5
0
2.6
0

1.4

730

0.1
0.5

-8817

99

68

1
30

99.62

0.92
0
1.4
0
6.2
73
0
17
0
1.1
0

1.5

54

0.45
0.86

0.62

-8816

88

33

2
42

9.10

24.4
180*
0

1.07
167
0.13
40
0.0086 30 200
1.1
123
73.29
3.5
.

99.9986 52.2

84

3.4
0.1
5
2.6
4.9

100

, Pb

4.25
310*
18.9
24.2
91
31.6
0

2.7
5.2
0.2
68.85
6.8
6.7
. 42.6**
100
69.7
100

, PbZn

1
6.9
0.5
1
1.7
0.3
45
43.5

99.9

153*
2.1
76.8
7.4
2700
18.8
1110
15.5
113.6
2.6
825
3.5
29.3
18.4
10
6.1
. 25.6**
71.6
100

0.85
80*
1.28
120
0

1.35
50
96
4
.
99.48
170

0.4
0.9

0.4
2.2
96**
100

, AuAg

9.11

* ; ** Ag, , , .

42.4

26.1
1.8
15.4
1.6
12.2

95.5

, PbZn
-

2.71
595*

4.59
216

0.3
230

0.02
29 300

7.97
7.6
84.41
5.5

.

100
38

Ag .
( , 1975)

. -8602 -8607 - Fe- . -8816, -8817 Cu- .

. 9.11: 1 , %; 2 Ag , n104 %; 3 Ag , %.

0.46
0.44
0
0.1
15
77
0
0
7
0
0

Ag

 ( ,
1975), Ag 0.0038 0.017%,
Ag, (?), 5 96% (. 9.11). (, 1992) Ag
0.18%. Ag , %: 0.0083, 0.3, - 17, , , 63.65. Ag, %: 0.9,
27, 25, - 46.
WMo-, 0.036%
Ag, 73% (, 2006). 5
() Ag 0.00270.017% 90 % Ag ( ., 2003).
Ag 0.0047% 65% . MoAuAg-, 1.42104 % Ag, 52.8%
(, 2006),
, .
,
Ag 0.0170.18, 0.00660.0075 0.00380.0052% Ag, , ,
, 80, 44.2 35%.
, Ag, n104 %
0.541.62 1.624.86 Ag, , 5 12%.
. 9.9
Ag, .
( ) . .
,
2.62% Ag, 2.58% (. 9.12).
, -.
(. 9.13, 9.14), Ag, ,
. - (. 9.15) Ag , .
(. 9.16).

.
211

 9.12
Ag

-

Ag , .%

0.3
1.3
12
18
59
68.2
70
86.5
86.9
90.7

, %

Ag, %

, %

Ag, %

, %

Ag, %

1.2106
3.3108
3.4108
2.3108
4.5108
2108
1.9108
2.3108
4108
6.8108

0.03
< 0.01
0.04
0.04
0.24
0.12
0.12
0.18
0.32
0.56

1.6107
6.5108
1.3108
4.4108
8.3108
4108
.
4.4108
8.1108
1.3107

< 0.01
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.45
0.25
.
0.35
0.64
1.07

4.1107
5.7108
1.8108
3.9108
7.4108
3.5108
4.5109
3.9108
7.1108
1.2107

0.01
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.4
0.22
0.03
0.31
0.56
0.99

1.65

2.86

2.62

9.13
Ag

1*

1107
1.2108
5.6108
8109
1.5108
7109
8109
8109
1.5108
2.5108

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.09
0.02
0.12
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.18
0.31

.
6108
4.6108
4108
8108
3.4108
4108
4108
7108
1.2107

.
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.31
0.15
0.19
0.23
0.41
0.73

2.6108
3.4108
4108
2.3108
4.6108
2108
2.3108
2.3108
4108
6.9108

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.04
0.04
0.25
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.32
0.57

0.96

2.11

1.68

* : 1 , %; 2 Ag (% ).

212

 9.14
Ag

2
6

210
4.2108
11010
2.9108
5.8108
2.6108
2.9108
5.4108
8.3108

0.05
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.05
0.28
0.15
0.21
0.39
0.63

2
6

810
5.1108
.
3.5108
7108
3108
3.5108
6.6108
1107

1.76

0.15
< 0.01
.
0.04
0.26
0.13
0.19
0.36
0.57

2
6

810
1.6108
.
1108
2.2108
1108
1108
2108
3.3108

2
6

0.29
7.310
< 0.01
3108
. 1.21011
0.02
2108
0.16
4.1108
0.08
1.8108
0.1
2108
0.21
3.8108
0.36
6108

1.7

1.22

0.2
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.03
0.22
0.11
0.16
0.3
0.49
1.51

9.15
Ag
-

3.7107
2.6108
4.2108
1.9108
3.8108
1.6108
1.9108
3.4108
5.2108

0.01
< 0.01
0.06
0.04
0.26
0.13
0.19
0.34
0.55

2106
4108
5.7108
2.8108
5.6108
2.5108
2.8108
5.3108
8.1108

0.04
< 0.01
0.05
0.04
0.24
0.12
0.17
0.33
0.53

.
2108
7109
1.5108
3.1108
1.4108
1.5108
3108
4.4108

.
< 0.01
0.01
0.02
0.17
0.09
0.12
0.24
0.36

7.5107
2.9108
4.2108
2.1108
4.2108
1.8108
2.1108
3.8108
5.8108

0.02
< 0.01
0.05
0.04
0.24
0.12
0.18
0.32
0.51

1.58

1.52

1.01

1.48

9.16
Ag

. . 5108
5.3108
0.01
1.3107
1.6107
0.19
.
3.7108
0.07
9108
7.4108
0.44
1.6107
3.3108
0.22
8108
3.7108
0.32
9108
7108
0.61
1.7107
1.1107
1
2.5107

0.15
0.01
.
0.12
0.67
0.39
0.56
1.06
1.62

1107
1.2108
.
8.5109
1.7108
7.5109
8.5109
1.5108
2.4108

< 0.01
< 0.01
.
0.02
0.12
0.06
0.09
0.16
0.27

3.7108
7.2108
7.2109
4.9108
9.1108
4.4108
4.9108
9108
1.4107

< 0.01
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.49
0.27
0.38
0.71
1.15

2.86

4.58

0.73

3.1
213

9.2.4.
Ag
.
. .
.
,
. , ,
Ag, . .
9.2.5.
Ag 1.1105 %.
Ag (> 1.8105 %) 5.7623.17% ,
44.11 75.05% Ag, . , , 2.62% Ag, , %:
0.99, 0.56, 0.4,
0.31, 0.22, 0.07, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01.
9.3.

9.3.1. Au

Au ,
(. . 9.1), (, 2002).
, (,
1982; , 1978; , , 2001; ., 1990;
, 1981; , , 1976; , 1967; , , 1990; , 1983). Au , (4.36107 %),
1.21071.85107 %, (Rudnick,
Gao, 2004). Au . Au
.
Au
.
214

 0.46 1.5 . Au , 71.51% Au.

Au .
3.65107 % ,
- (3.72107 %
).
9.3.2. Au

Au.

.
(
Au > 1106 %).
(, 1982; , 1976; , 1985;
., 1983; , , 1986; ., 1971, 1974; , 1981; , 1967; , , 1990; , 1983;
Handbook, 1974). , 97.4% Au,
(. 9.17). 73.5% Au. Au
11065105 %, , 2.6 % .
23.4 % Au, 2.3115. , Au
51055103 %, , 0.01% .
3.1% Au, 115 > 11 500.
9.17
Au ,
Au
Au , %

, %

Au, %

Au

< 110 110

11065106
51061105
11055105
51051104
11045104
51041103
11035103

3.29107
2.5106
7.5106
2.5105
7.5105
2.5104
7.5104
2.5103

6840
150
25
6

97.4
2.14
0.36
0.085
0.01
0.0012
0.0003
4105

73.5
12.3
6.2
4.9
1.7
0.7
0.5
0.2

< 0.22.3
2.311
1123
23115
115229
2291147
11472294
229411 468

4.36107

7021

99.99654

100.0

1
215

9.3.3.
Au
.
Au .
(, 1971; , 1999;
., 1974; ., 1983; , 1989, 1991; , 1971)
Au, , . :
( 2400), ( 1.410), ( 0.58),
. - Au
( 08%, 08% Au), Au (, 1999). Au (, 1999).
Au (. 9.18). , Au

(, 1996, . 4). (, ) Au ( ., 1973). ,
Au, , 3104 % ( ., 2001), 1000
Au .
, , /: 0.12, 0.09, 0.07,
0.022 ( ., 2004). ,
Au , %:
12.690, 1087.4, 08.4 (, ,
2003).

9.18
(> 20 ) Au

(, 1999).

216

Au, 104 %

Au, %

158
3
169
178
214

1.35
0.33
0.11
0.018
0.0042

24
.
20
3
8

 9.19
Au
.
(, , 2003).

Au, 104 %

Au, %

( +
> 25%)

502/74
059
536/78
15/82
0103
057
501/74
507/77
14/82
0102
K16/82
C2064/94.4100.6
C-2
C-1
C2064/37.939.3
C2066/123.6125.3
1/34
C2/7

21.2
8.36
7.9
3.4
2.56
2.54
2.5
2.16
1.36
5.4
4.4
1.83
1.52
1.01
0.93
0.19
0.31
0.29

90
69.9
75.9
53
51.2
64.6
44
50.9
31.6
51.9
34.1
12.6
13.1
20.6
14
15.8
35.4
41.4

( 66.572%)

-
( 2951%,
3659%)

(. 9.19). ,
Au < 5106 % . , .
, . - (. . 9.19),
.
9.3.4.

. , Au. Au, (, 1989; ,
1999; ., 2003). Au . .
Au (. . 9.17). .
. ,
217

 9.20
Au
( < 10 ).
( ., 1969).

Au,
104 %

Au, %

6.29
4.65
2.89
2.78
1.94
0.54

95
71
92
86
74
11

< 10
Au,
104 %

7.96
4.84
0.6
0.52
.
0.46

Au, %

95
67
.
24
.
35

Au > 1105 %. (, 2005;

, , 2000; --, 1999). .. (
., 1989) (. 9.20). 0.1251.0 3
. , ,
.
Au.
,
.
.
, , .
( ., 1969), .
(< 10 ) (. .
9.20) 158 (. . 9.18).
. .. (1960) ( ) 15 , . .
(3040 ) ,
.
1105 %. Au . , > 1105 %.
.
( ., 2003) ,
(, 1965). 1108 %.
. , 1% .
. .. (, 1967), 5108 % ( 218

 9.21
Au, .
, -.
(, 1989)
, -,

3024
3022
3013

Au, 104 %
, %

0.016
0.014
0.012

1.3
4.2
2.9

3174
3067
3141
3079

Au, 104 %
, %

0.08
0.067
0.065
0.024

62
60
46
83

, , -

3175
3027
3090
3124
3139/4
3169
3115
3061

Au, 104 %
, %

0.07
0.07
0.052
0.029
0.020
0.01
0.01
0.0088

86
0.6
0.2
14
30
100
50
2

. 6 , Au, - ,
, .

65). .. (, 1989), , (-) 1108 5106 % (9 )

Au 8.81077106 % (. 9.21).
-
3.7106 % (, 1976).
( ).
21064106 % (4 ), Au
2.41068106 % (, 1989).
(, 1968) < 1107 % (29 ).
. - - (, , 1982) 4106 % (19 ), Au .
- (, 1989) 21086108 %, Au
1.21061.6106 % (3 ).
. , ,
(, , 1982) 8.8107 % (70 ). . ,
1% .
. , , 44
. ,
1.1105 % (, 1966). 40 Au 21074105 % (219

 ., 2003; , 1972). . .. .. (, , 1966) 60 , 4105 % 10 , .

.. (1966) 161 . .
1.6107 %.
. , , 380 . .
9.3.5. Au

, - . , ,
( ), , (. 9.22). , 9.22
Au

, 1107 %

-




-

Au

3.1
4.6
2.2
3.65
3.9
3.62
2.7
2.8
3.5
6
2.83
6.6
5.19
4.36
3.64
4.57

0.56
0.46
0.1
0.4
0.001
0.0001
0.42
0.57
0.07
0.01
0.42
1.6
0.13
0.18
0.34
0.13

, %*

18
10
4.5
13
3104
3105
16
20
2
0.2
15
24
2.5
4.1
9.3
2.8

* % Au : , .

220

221

73.5
12.3
6.2
4.9

1.7
0.7
0.5
0.2
100.0

< 11081106
11065106
51061105
11055105

51051104
11045104
51041103
11035103

, ,
, , ,
, ,

,
, ,

C,
-,

65

5
1

4
16

6
7

14

12

3295
90

023
1392

0.286
055

083

08

77 (77)
90 (90)

12 (31)
49 (51)

42 (12)
29 (21)

13 (6)

0.9 (0.9)

4.6

0.4
0.2

0.5
0.4

0.7
1

0.7

0.7

**

Au,
, %

* , Au, ; ** % Au, .

Au
,
%

Au
,
%

9.23
Au, , ,
Au.
(, 1989; ., 1989; , 1971; , 1999; , , 2003; , 1991)

 4.1% Au.
. , ,
,
.
, Au
(. 9.23). -
(, 1999). ( Au)
: ,
().
. Au
.
(, 1989; ., 1989; ,
1971; , 1999; , , 2003; , 1991).
,
Au Au
< 5106 %. 6 ,
Au - (, 1989).
4.6% Au, .
9.3.6.
Au 4.36107 %,
Au . Au , 71.51% . , 97.4%

Au, ,
73.5% Au. 2.6% Au
11065105 %, , 23.4% Au.
2.3115. Au 51055103 %, , 0.01%
.
3.1% Au. 115 > 11 500. 4.14.6% Au,
.

 10
, ,

10.1.
Zn, Cd Hg

- Zn, Cd
Hg . Cd ,
. , . Zn, Cd Hg
(, 2003)
.
. 10.1. , ( ., 2004; ., 2005; , , 19992001; ,
, 2002; ., 2000; ., 2006; , 1999;
, 1999; ., 1990; ., 2006;
., 2006; , 2003; , , 2004; Di Leo et al., 2002; Huber
et al., 2001). , %: Zn 0.0075 Cd 6.4105 (Zn 0.00520.0071, Cd 7.51061.02105),
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Hg 6.5106 %
, ,
1.231069.6106.
Zn Hg . (
) Zn 0.281.5, Hg 0.311.4. Zn Hg , , 68.38% Zn 67.54% Hg.
Zn Hg 0.0069 5.7106 %,
, - (0.0065 5.8106 %). Cd ,
, , .

223

 10.1
Zn, Cd, Hg

, %

, %

Zn

Cd

Hg

Zn

Cd

Hg

67

0.74

0.049

4.57

5.91

3.85

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26

0.44
1.13
2.11

35
31
114

0.2
0.2
0.4

0.058
0.049
0.061

0.21
0.47
3.21

0.14
0.35
1.32

0.39
0.85
1.98

8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05

39
53
110
130
46

0.41
0.44
0.4*
0.13*
0.05*

0.06
0.052
0.07
0.026
0.02

4.27
2.39
2.2
0.09
0.03

5.26
2.32
0.94
0.01*
0.04*

7.58
2.70
1.62
0.02
0.02

2.92

65

0.7*

0.08

2.53

3.19*

3.59

30.56

94

0.9*

0.085

38.3

42.98*

39.96

1.13
0.38

59
130

0.6*
.

0.031
0.045

0.89
0.66

1.06*
.

0.54
0.26

23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

63
35*
100
110

4.4*
0.3*
0.3*
0.4*

0.058
.
.
0.049

19.5
0.31
1.37
4.82

15.96*
0.31*
0.48*
2.06

20.71
.
.
2.48

5.11

, 104 %

89
0.91
26
0.58
21
0.39
. .

0.068
0.038
0.068
0.033

12.34
14.79
1.33
3.49
0.09
0.2
. .

100

75

0.64*

0.065

99.58

100.81*

100.15

19.95

69

0.78

0.057

18.33

24.39

17.45

3.68

79

0.31

0.057

3.89

1.81

3.22

23.63

71

0.71

0.057

22.22

26.2

20.67

13.19
34.99
28.19

51
91
69

0.41
0.86*
0.43*

0.059
0.082
0.053

8.98
42.38
26

8.57
47.23*
18.81

11.94
44.35
23.19

76.37

76

0.62*

0.068

77.36

74.61*

79.48

* , .

224

10.88
2.25
0.34
0.13

10.2.
Zn, Cd Hg

Zn, Cd Hg . < 1,
> 1. - Zn, Cd Hg, , , Zn, Cd
Hg (Zn 0.7, Cd 0.04 Hg 0.03%)
. Cd,
Hg.
Zn, Cd Hg
, , , . , ,
,
( ) .
9.1.2. .
. - ( ) (, 1963; , , 1961); , ,
(-, , , , ) (, 1965; , 1965); - (, , 1982). Zn, Cd Hg . . 0.05.
. - (, ,
1989); (, 1979) (, 1976, , 1982).
. (, 1971; , , 1982) (, 1982).
. , , , (, 1971; , , 1982).
- -(, ,
1989). ,
, , . . .. , . . Ag
(. 9.2).
225

 10.2
Zn Cd, ,

, %

, %

Zn

Cd

1105
2.6106

0.07
0.02

0.06
0.02

6105
6105
1.5104
1.1104

0.85
0.96
0.65
0.69

1.32
1.32
1.65
1.56

1.9105

0.14

0.12

3.510
2104
1.8105
3106
6106

0.45
1.88
0.08
0.01
0.07

0.38
2
0.2
0.1
0.53

7.5105

0.73

0.81

1.3104
7105
7.2105

0.99
0.37
0.39

0.82
0.34
0.37

3105
2105
1108
2.2106
2.5105

0.24
0.28
< 0.01
0.01
0.18

0.3
0.29
< 0.01
0.02
0.26

5.5105

0.36

0.39

0.31

0.32

4.610

. : Zn 49.7, Cd 0.44%.

10.3
Hg

Hg , %

0.16
0.22
0.22
82
83.4

226

, %

Hg, %

, %

Hg, %

, %

Hg, %

1.2107
3.3108
2.3108
.
9108

0.003
0.001
0.001
.
1.317

4.81010
6.5108
4.4108
1109
5108

< 0.001
0.002
0.001
0.012
0.613

2.8108
5.7108
3.9108
7.61010
5.9108

0.001
0.002
0.001
0.01
0.757

1.322

0.628

0.771

 10.4
Hg,
(% )
, %

Hg , %

2108

0.001

.
1.6107
3108

1107
.
5.7108

.
.
.

.
3.512
0.439

0.003
.
0.002

.
.
.

1106
1106
.

7.1108
8.6108
2.6108

1.5105
1105
5106

14.38
17.02
..

0.003
0.004
0.001

0.414
0.327
0.131

4.3107

5108

7.7106

6.292

0.002

0.216

410
3107
1107
1107

4.510
6.8108
3.5108
.

1.4510
.
.
.

0.556
4.812
1.191
4.17

0.002
0.003
0.001
.

0.137
.
.
.

1.1107

5108

3.4109

1.555

0.002

0.083

0.003

0.005

910

2.2107

2107

0.005

110
.

2108
3.2108

.
.

1.44
.

0.001
0.001

.
.

8.3108

2.1108

1.31

0.001

. : , (4.5109 %) (1108 %), - (2.8109 %) (6109 %).

, Zn Cd
, , (. 10.2). Hg (. 10.3). . ,
(. 10.4).
10.3. Zn, Cd Hg

. 1994 . Zn .
. (, ,
227

1971; , 1961), , - (, 1986) Zn

0.0030.01%. , Zn .
, . Zn 0.0050.0088% ( , 1984; , , 1973). , Ti-, 50.860.4% Zn.
, . Fe- Cu-
(, 1999). , (< 100 )
Zn . Zn
0.030.073% > 10 3657%
Zn. ,
.
. 1999 . Cd Cd (48)105 % (, , 1973; Vincent, Bilefield, 1966). , , Ti- 51.576.1%
Cd. Cd . Fe- Cu-
d 11050.0011% (,
1999). .
832% Cd.
.
Hg 6.61064.1105 %. ,
Hg. ,
, 15% Hg.
10.4.

Zn, Cd Hg . , .

, ,
. (, 1999), .
< 1050 .
,
228

, , - . , , , . Zn Cd

.
10.5.
, Zn 0.0075%, Cd 6.4105 %, Hg 6.5105. 0.31% Zn 0.32% Cd. 0.771% Hg, 0.757, 0.01, 0.003, 0.001%.
Zn, Hg , , Cd ,
. , , .
Zn, Cd Hg , .

 11

11.1. ,

11.1.1. Sc, Y La

(. 11.1) Sc, Y La ,
(, 2003), Sc
, (
., 2004; ., 2006; ., 2007; Condie et al., 2001; Di Leo
et al., 2002; Huber et al., 2001).
, %: Sc 0.00156
Y 0.00256 : Sc 0.00070.0015% Y
0.001740.0024%, (Rudnick, Gao,
2004). La 0.00324% 0.002840.0071%. Sc
0.00097% , 0.0013% , -
,
. -.
(Y 0.0029 La 0.0032%) , - : Y 0.002 La 0.0027% (
). : Sc , Y La . Sc, Y La - (. 11.1),
: Sc 71.98, Y 51.7 La 59.5%.
11.1.2. Y La,
Sc, Y La . ,

Fe Mg. , , , , , ,
.
, %: Sc 0.3, Y 0.4 La 0.3 (, 1999).
230

 11.1
Sc, Y La

, %

, n104 %

, %

Sc

La

Sc

La

20

1.97

5.8

3.2

5.11

29

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26

15
1.7
4.5
.

31
30
.
.

0.44
1.13
2.11

4.2
15
31

24
19
25

31
28
19

0.12
1.09
4.19

0.4
0.8
2.1

0.4
1
1.2

8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05

6.5
13
30
3
12

50
36
23
17
2

48
51
17
45
3.9

3.42
2.82
2.89
0.01
0.04

16
4.8
1.3
< 0.1
< 0.1

12.2
5.3
0.8
0.1
< 0.1

2.92

5.4

15

22

1.01

1.7

30.56

16

24

32

31.34

28.6

30.2

1.13
0.38

1.8
.

4
20

26

0.13
.

0.2
0.3

0.9
.

23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

21
8.6
11
34

17
53
24
24

33
20
34
12

31.24
0.36
0.73
7.17

15.4
1.4
1
3.1

23.6
0.4
1.1
1.2

100

15.6

25.61

32.38

99.04

100

100

19.95

9.7

29.37

31.76

12.49

22.9

19.6

3.68

23

23.04

23.2

5.4

3.3

2.6

23.63

11.7

28.39

30.43

17.89

26.2

22.2

13.19
34.99
28.19

10.9
14.4
22

43.03
22.57
18.92

45.08
30.63
30.29

9.17
32,48
39.5

22.1
30.8
20.9

18.3
33.1
26.4

76.37

16.6

24.75

32.99

81.15

73.8

77.8

48
10
7
0.42
16
0.1
. .

12.6
15.4
4.5
0.8
.
0.2
. .

231

 11.2
Y

Y , %

0.47
1
1.5
2.9
6
8.4
10.2
18.2
22.8
26.5
33
48.2

, %

Y, %

, %

Y, %

, %

Y, %

.
6105
9.3107
4.6. 105
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1105

.
0.02
< 0.01
0.05
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.17

5.5107
0.0063
8.6106
0.0016
4.7107
8.6109
8.6106
3.1106
2.1105
1.2106
5.2106
4.6105

<0.01
2.52
0.01
1.86
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.04
0.02
0.19
0.01
0.07
0.89

4.2107
0.0048
6.6106
0.0013
3.3107
6.6109
6.6106
2.4106
1.6105
9107
4106
3.7105

< 0.01
1.85
< 0.01
1.45
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.03
0.02
0.14
0.01
0.06
0.69

1104

0.24

0.008

5.61

0.0062

4.25

11.3
La

La , %

0.32
1.1
4
5.7
9
13
14

, %

La, %

, %

La, %

, %

La, %

.
.
6105
.
.
4.6105
.

.
.
0.08
.
.
0.2
.

2.1105
3.1106
0.0063
5.2106
5.5107
0.0016
0.00042

< 0.01
< 0.01
7.64
0.01
< 0.01
6.3
1.78

1.6105
2.4106
0.0048
4106
4.2107
0.0013
0.00032

< 0.01
< 0.01
6
0.01
< 0.01
5.28
1.4

1.1104

0.28

0.0084

15.73

0.0064

12.69

Sc, Y La , .
, ,
Sc > 0.3%,
.
Y La
2480 . , 6.2.2.
, Y
La - (. 11.2, 11.3).
(. 11.4, 11.5). 232

 11.4
Y (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

.
.
0.13 (1.3104) 0.03 (3.3105)
0.66 (4105)
0.17 (1105)

1.25 (0.003)
0.03 (5105)
1.21 (0.001)
0.6 (3105)

0.05 (1104)
.
.
.

0.17 (4104)
< 0.01 (6106)
0.15 (1.2104)
0.08 (3.6106)

0.79 (1.3104)

3.09 (0.0041)

0.05 (1104)

0.4 (5.2104)

0.2 (4.3105)

. , %.

11.5
La (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

0.85 (1.3104) 0.13 (3.3105)

0.85 (1104)

0.13 (3105)

3.87 (0.003)
4.19 (0.001)

0.14 (1104)
.

0.7 (4104)
0.68 (1104)

8.06 (0.004)

0.14 (1104)

1.38 (5104)

11.6
Y (%),
-

< 0.01 (1.5106)

1.6 (0.008)
0.02 (7.8105)
2.49 (0.0043)
< 0.01 (4106)
.
0.16 (8105)
0.06 (1.5105)
0.91 (2104)
0.05 (8.7106)
0.33 (5105)
1.93 (2104)

.
0.83 (0.003)
.
0.32 (4104)
.
.
.
0.16 (3.2105)
.
.
.
0.04 (3106)

0.17 (6104)
13.53 (0.023)
.
4.09 (0.0024)
.
0.06 (1.3105)
< 0.01 (8108)
0.04 (3.8106)
.
5.14 (3.3104)
0.06 (3106)
0.08 (2.7106)

< 0.01 (3.2106)

1.35(0.0058)
0.02 (4.9105)
1.89 (0.0028)
< 0.01 (2.5106)
< 0.01 (5108)
0.12 (5105)
0.08 (1.8105)
0.64 (1.2104)
0.04 (6.7106)
0.23 (3105)
1.46 (1.3104)

7.55 (0.013)

1.35 (0.0034)

23.17 (0.026)

5.83 (0.0089)

233

 11.7
La (%),
-

0.01 (2104)
< 0.01 (1.5105)
6.67 (0.008)
0.06 (5105)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
11.65 (0.0043)
1.37 (0.00047)

.
0.01 (3.2105)
2.35 (0.003)
.
.
1.02 (0.0004)
.

.
< 0.01 (3.8106)
20.44 (0.023)
< 0.01 (3106)
1.2 (0.0006)
6.93 (0.0024)
.

0.01 (1.2104)
< 0.01 (1.8105)
5.16 (0.0058)
0.04 (3105)
0.01 (3.2106)
8.09 (0.0028)
0.9 (0.00029)

19.76 (0.013)

3.38 (0.0034)

28.57 (0.026)

14.21 (0.0091)

11.8
Y (%),
-

0.8
(0.0012)
.

3.33
(0.008)
.

3.09
(0.0071)
.

0.58
(3104)
.

1.09
(9104)
.

1.01
(8104)
.

1.38
(0.0015)

4.42
(0.0089)

4.1
(0.0079)

3.88
(0.0066)
< 0.01
(6107)
4.61
(0.0027)
2.13
(7.5105)

1.51
(0.008)
.

10.62
(0.0094)

1.51
(0.008)

< 0.01
(2106)
.

2.95
(0.0056)
< 0.01
(5107)
3.36
(0.0022)
1.57
(6.2105)
7.88
(0.0079)

11.9
La (%),
-

234

2.18
(0.0012)
1.77
(0.0003)
.

10
(0.008)
3.66
(0.0009)
.

9.16
(0.0071)
3.36
(0.0008)
.

8
(0.0066)
10.64
(0.0027)
5.09
(0.0012)

16
(0.008)
0.01
(2106)
.

7.47
(0.0056)
9.53
(0.0022)
4.67
(0.001)

3.95
(0.0015)

13.66
(0.0089)

12.52
(0.0079)

23.73
(0.0105)

16.01
(0.008)

21.67
(0.0088)

 (. 11.6, 11.7), -
(. 11.8, 11.9). . 11.8 11.9 , ( 4108 %), Y La < 0.01%.
11.1.3.
Sc, Y La , . Sc Y , Y -, La .
, .
Sc . , . Y La
.
50250 > 3050 . , , Y La .
Sc, Y La
. , .
.
Sc, (, 1999).
Sc . , ,
, - . - Sc
, , , Sc . .
.
( , 1984), Y 0.008%. . Y .. ( ., 1987). Y : 0.0078 0.0096%.
, Fe-,
. 48 41% Y. .. (, , 1976)
. Y 0.00091
0.002%. . ..
(1970) . Y
: 0.014 0.032%. . 79 50% Y. .. (1980) 4
. 235

 Y : 0.00160.0035%. .
: - (, , 1982) (, , 1984). Y (0.0023%), (0.0077%). , ,
45% Y. -
Y 0.0025% (-, 1989). .
.
( , 1984). La 0.002 0.0041%. .
,
1.6.104 % La, (Stosch, Seck, 1980). , 0.0041% La (, , 1982). ..
.. (1984)
La 0.0060.0093%. . 5661% La.
, , .
Y La.
11.1.4.
, %: Sc
0.0016, Y 0.0026 La 0.0032. Sc .
Y La . Sc, Y La . :
Sc 71.98, Y 51.7 La 59.5%.
Sc . 4.25% Y, 1.85,
1.45, 0.69, 0.14, 0.06,
0.03, 0.02, 0.01%. 12.69% La, 6, 5.28, 1.4, 0.01%.
.
11.2. , E, ,

11.2.1. Ce, Pr, Nd Sm

(. 11.10) Ce, Pr, Nd,
Sm
, (, 2003):
236

237

, %

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29
100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

39
75
12
15
.
58
50
43
72
75
48
95
8.6
37
76
51
.
65
43
69
26
63.07
51.65
47
50.92
69.9
71.11
60.07
66.83

Ce

4.3
10
2.6
.
.
10
4
4.7
7.4
6.4
5
10
1.4
5.2
11
4.6
.
11
3.1
.
3.2
8.7
6.82
5.12
6.55
6.86
10.19
9.5
9.36

Pr

16
36
6.6
7
.
27
20
21
31
23
22
42
4.8
24
36
23
.
32
11
.
13
29.19
24.26
21.4
23.81
27.87
34.19
28.13
30.86

Nd

, n104 %

3.8
8
1.9
.
.
5.2
4.3
5.1
7.5
8.2
5.3
10
0.83
3.4
6.4
2.4
.
5.1
2.7
2.6
3.7
5.69
5.51
4.87
5.41
7.41
5.95
4.79
5.77

Sm

3.2
12.4
0.7
0.1
.
0.4
0.9
1.4
9.4
4
1.1
0.1
< 0.1
1.7
36.8
0.9
.
23.9
0.5
1.1
1.4
100
16.4
2.7
19.1
14.6
39.4
26.9
80.9

Ce

2.5
12
1.2
.
.
0.5
0.5
1.1
7
2.5
0.9
0.1
< 0.1
1.7
38.6
0.6
.
29.4
0.2
.
1.2
100
15.7
2.1
17.8
10.5
40.9
30.8
82.2

Pr

2.8
12.8
0.9
0.1
.
0.4
0.8
1.5
8.7
2.7
1.1
0.1
< 0.1
2.4
37.7
0.9
.
25.4
0.2
.
1.5
100
16.6
2.7
19.3
12.6
41
27.1
80.7

Nd

3.4
14.6
1.3
.
.
0.4
0.9
1.9
10.8
4.9
1.4
0.1
< 0.1
1.7
34.4
0.5
.
20.8
0.3
0.5
2.1
100
19.3
3.2
22.5
17.2
36.6
23.7
77.5

Sm

11.10

, %

Ce, Pr, Nd Sm

Ce 0.0063 Nd 0.0029% : Ce 0.005750.00664, Nd

0.0002560.00304%, (Rudnick, Gao,
2004); Pr 0.00087 Sm 0.000569% , : Pr 0.000630.00071 Sm 0.0004590.000509
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Ce, Pr , Nd Sm .
(Ce 0.0052, Pr
0.00068, Nd 0.0024 Sm 0.00055%) , - (Ce
0.0055, Pr 0.00077, Nd 0.0025, Sm 0.00047% ( ).
,
.
:
Ce 55.8, Pr 56.6, Nd 57.6 Sm 55.9%.
11.2.2. Ce Pr,
Ce Pr , , , , , , , , . Ce Pr Fe Mg.
: Ce 0.5 Pr 0.06% (, 1999).
, Ce Pr .
. , 6.2.2,
12.2.2.
, Ce
Pr -
(. 11.11, 11.12).
, .
(. 11.13, 11.14). -
(. 11.15,
11.16), -
(. 11.17, 11.18). . 11.17, 11.18 ,
( 4108 %), Ce Pr < 0.01%.
Ce Pr .

, Ce Pr . 9 (Ce 7 Pr 2),
Ce Pr, ,
90110% ,
.
238

 11.11
Ce

Ce , %

, %

Ce, %

, %

Ce, %

, %

Ce, %

9.3107
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6105
.
.
4.6105
.
.
.
1104

< 0.01
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.09
.
.
0.22
.
.
.
0.31

8.6106
1.2106
1.3106
2.1105
1.5105
3.1106
5.2106
6.9109
0.0063
1.3106
5.5107
0.0016
4.2104
4.3107
4.8108
0.0084

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.01
< 0.01
<0.01
< 0.01
6.96
< 0.01
< 0.01
5.85
1.56
< 0.01
< 0.01
14.39

6.6106
9107
1106
1.6105
1.1105
2.4106
4.107
5.3109
0.0048
1106
4.2107
0.0013
3.2104
3.3107
3.7108
0.0065

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
5.64
< 0.01
< 0.01
5.06
1.26
< 0.01
< 0.01
11.96

0.8
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.7
3.8
4.5
6.7
7.4
14
18.1
24.5
24.9
27.6
28.1

11.12
Pr

Pr , %

, %

Pr, %

, %

Pr, %

, %

Pr, %

.
.
6105
.
.
.
.
4.6105
1.06104

.
.
0.08
.
.
.
.
0.28
0.36

1.2106
2.1105
0.0063
3.1106
5.5107
5.2106
4.2104
0.0016
0.0084

< 0.01
0.01
5.9
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
1.47
6.81
14.2

9107
1.6105
0.0048
2.4106
4.2107
4106
3.2104
0.0013
0.0065

< 0.01
< 0.01
4.86
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
1.21
5.98
12.06

0.07
0.23
0.88
1.1
1.68
2.3
3.3
4

11.13
Ce (%),

.
.
0.01 (5105)
< 0.01(7108) < 0.01 (1.8108) 3.83 (0.003)
0.82 (1.3104) 0.16 (3.3105)
4.22 (0.001)
0.82 (1.3104) 0.16 (3.3105) 8.06 (0.0041)

.
0.15 (1104)
.
0.15 (1104)

< 0.01 (6106)

0.63 (4104)
0.63 (1.2104)
1.26 (5104)

. , %.

239

 11.14
Pr (%),

.
.
< 0.01 (5105)
< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108) 2.64 (0.003)
1.21 (1.3104) 0.19 (3.3105)
4 (0.001)

.
0.22 (1104)
.

< 0.01 (6106)

0.69 (4104)
0.94 (1.2104)

1.21 (1.3104)

0.22 (1104)

1.63 (1.6104)

0.19 (3.3105)

6.64 (0.004)

11.15
Ce (%),
-

0.01 (7.8105)
< 0.01 (8.7106)
< 0.01 (5106)
0.05 (2104)
.
0.01 (1.5105)
0.03 (5105)
< 0.01 (7108)
8.22 (0.008)
< 0.01 (1.8106)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
14.63 (0.0043)
1.63 (4.7104)
0.02 (4106)
< 0.01 (4.5107)

.
.
< 0.01 (2106)
.
.
0.02 (3.2105)
.
.
2.96 (0.003)
< 0.01 (6107)
.
1.31 (4104)
.
.
.

.
0.04 (3.3104)
0.01 (1104)
.
6.54 (0.023)
< 0.01 (3.8106)
< 0.01 (3106)
.
17.92 (0.023)
2.51 (0.0017)
1.14 (6104)
6.19 (0.0024)
.
.
.

0.01 (4.9105)
< 0.01 (6.7106)
< 0.01 (4106)
0.03(1.2104)
0.03 (8.7105)
0.01 (1.8105)
0.02 (3105)
< 0.01 (4108)
6.13 (0.0058)
0.02(7.7106)
0.01 (3.2106)
9.8 (0.0028)
1.03 (2.9104)
0.01 (2.5106)
< 0.01 (2.8107)

24.6 (0.0131)

4.29 (0.0034)

34.35 (0.052)

17.1 (0.009)

11.16
Pr (%),
-

< 0.01 (8.7106)

0.06 (2104)
9.51 (0.008)
0.02 (1.5105)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
0.16 (5105)
2.1 (4.7104)
23.24 (0.0043)

.
.
4.13 (0.003)
0.06 (3.2105)
.
.
.
2.5 (4104)

0.02 (3.3104)
.
20.2 (0.023)
< 0.01 (3.8106)
1.01 (6104)
0.01 (3106)
.
9.6 (0.0024)

< 0.01 (6.7106)

0.04 (1.2104)
7.4 (0.0058)
0.03 (1.8105)
0.01 (3.2106)
0.1 (3105)
1.39 (2.9104)
16.2 (0.0028)

35.1 (0.013)

6.68 (0.0033)

30.9 (0.0263)

25.2 (0.009)

240

 11.17
Ce (%),
-

2.4
(0.0012)
1.99
(3104)
.

7.79
(0.008)
2.9
(9104)
.

7.4
(0.0071)
2.76
(8104)
.

4.39
(0.0015)

10.69
(0.0089)

10.16
(0.0079)

< 0.01
(6107)
< 0.01
(2106)
7.51
(0.0066)
10.18
(0.0027)
4.6
(0.0012)

22.29
(0.0098)

13.78
(0.008)

.
13.77
(0.008)
0.01
(2106)
.

< 0.01
(5107)
< 0.01
(2106)
6.91
(0.0056)
8.98
(0.0022)
4.15
(0.001)
20.04
(0.0088)

11.18
Pr (%),
-

2.03
(0.0012)
.

6.4
(0.008)
.

6.25
(0.0071)
.

2.31
(3104)

3.27
(9104)

4.34
(0.0015)

9.67
(0.0089)

22.7
(0.008)
.

3.2
(8104)

5.28
(0.0066)
3.6
(0.0012)
9.82
(0.0027)

0.03
(2106)

5.19
(0.0056)
3.47
(0.001)
9.26
(0.0022)

9.45
(0.0079)

18.7
(0.0105)

22.73
(0.008)

17.92
(0.0088)

. ( , 1984)
Ce 0.009%, ; , 0.012 0.0102% , ; - - (,
, 1982) 0.0072 0.01%, ; (,
, 1984) 0.018 0.011%;
() ()
78 57% .
. .. .. (1984) Pr
241

0.0030.0044%, , 71 40% .
, .
11.2.3. Nd Sm,
Nd Sm
(. 11.19, 11.20). ,
. (. 11.21, 11.22),
(. 11.23, 11.24). - (. 11.25, 11.26). ,
( 4108 %), Nd Sm < 0.01%.
Nd Sm .

, Nd Sm . Nd Sm
26128% , Nd Sm
.
9 (Nd 7 Sm 2). , Nd Sm 90110%
, .
,
Nd Sm
11.19
Nd

Nd , %

0.5
0.8
1.41
2.1
2.3
2.7
3.2
7.4
8.5
12

242

, %

Nd, %

, %

Nd, %

, %

Nd, %

.
.
.
6105
.
.
.
.
.
4.6105

.
.
.
0.05
.
.
.
.
.
0.23

8.6106
1.2106
2.1105
0.0063
4.2104
6.9109
3.1106
5.5107
5.2106
0.0016

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
4.27
0.31
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
6.19

6.6106
9107
1.6105
0.0048
3.2104
5.3109
2.4106
4.2107
4106
0.0013

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
3.48
0.25
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
5.38

1.06104

0.28

0.0083

10.79

0.0064

9.13

 11.20
Sm

Sm , %

0.38
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.9
1
1.16
1.7
2
2.27

, %

Sm, %

, %

Sm, %

, %

Sm, %

6105
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.6105
.
.

0.04
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.15
.
.

0.0063
6.9109
4.2104
8.6106
1.2106
5.5107
2.1105
0.0016
3.1106
5.2106

4.13
< 0.01
0.36
0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.04
4.69
0.01
0.02

0.0048
5.3109
3.2104
6.6.106
9107
4.2107
1.6105
0.0013
2.4106
410-6

3.2
<0.01
0.28
0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.03
3.88
0.01
0.02

1.06104

0.19

0.0083

9.26

0.0064

7.43

11.21
Nd (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

0.98 (1.3104) 017 (3.3105)

2.33 (0.003)
4.44 (0.001)

0.11 (1104)
.

0.4 (4104)
0.69 (1.2104)

0.98 (1.3104)

6.77 (0.004)

0.11 (110-4)

1.09 (5.210-4)

0.17 (3.3105)

. , %.

11.22
Sm (%),

< 0.01 (710 ) < 0.01 (1.810 )

0.58 (1.3104) 0.1 (3.3105)

2.19 (0.003)
3.27 (0.001)

0.09 (110 )
.

0.31 (4104)
0.42 (1.2104)

0.58 (1.3104)

5.46 (0.004)

0.09 (1104)

0.73 (5104)

0.1 (3105)

(Gromet, Silver, 1983).

128 111 .%.
. ( , 1984)
, Nd 0.0024 0.004%, ; - , 0.005% Nd, (Francalanci, 1989); 243

 11.23
Nd (%),
-

0.01 (8105)
< 0.01 (8.7106)
0.09 (2104)
5.42 (0.008)
0.35 (4.7104)
0.02 (1.5105)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
0.14 (5105)
16.6 (0.0043)

.
.
.
2.74 (0.003)
.
0.05 (3.2105)
.
.
2.09 (4104)

< 0.01 (8108)

0.06 (3.3104)
.
11.5 (0.023)
.
< 0.01 (3.8106)
1.06 (6104)
0.01 (3106)
6.86(0.0024)

0.01 (5105)
< 0.01 (6.7106)
0.06 (1.2104)
4.35 (0.0058)
0.24 (2.9104)
0.02 (1.8105)
0.01 (3.2106)
0.09 (3105)
12(0.0028)

22.63 (0.013)

4.88 (0.0034)

19.48 (0.0263)

16.69 (0.0091)

11.24
Sm (%),
-

4.05 (0.008)
0.31 (4.7104)
0.07 (8105)
0.01 (8.7106)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
0.31 (2104)
9.75 (0.0043)
0.04 (1.5105)
0.15 (5105)

1.39 (0.003)
.
.
.
.
.
0.83 (0.0004)
0.08(3.2105)
.

8.7 (0.023)
.
< 0.01 (8108)
0.3 (3.3104)
0.6 (0.0006)
.
4.08 (0.0024)
0.01 (3.8106)
0.01 (3106)

2.98 (0.0058)
0.2 (2.9104)
0.05 (5105)
0.01 (6.7106)
< 0.01(3.2106)
0.19 (1.2104)
6.43 (0.0028)
0.05 (1.8105)
0.09 (3105)

14.69 (0.013)

2.3 (0.0034)

13.7 (0.026)

10 (0.0091)

11.25
Nd (%),

1.05
(0.0012)
.

4.67
(0.008)
.

4.39
(0.0071)
.

1.5
(3104)

3 (9104)

2.55
(0.0015)

7.67
(0.0089)

244

15.3
(0.008)
.

2.82
(8104)

4.33
(0.0066)
0.86
(0.0012)
10.1
(0.0027)

0.02
(2106)

4.2
(0.0056)
0.82
(0.001)
9.43
(0.0022)

7.21
(0.0079)

15.29
(0.0094)

15.32
(0.008)

13.63
(0.0079)

 11.26
Sm (%),

1.34
(0.0012)
1.5
(0.0003)
.

4.75
(0.008)
2.39
(0.0009)
.

4.5
(0.0071)
2.27
(0.0008)
.

4.92
(0.0066)
9
(0.0027)
1.18 (0.0012)

11.3
(0.008)
0.01
(2106)
.

4.43
(0.0056)
7.79
(0.0022)
1.04 (0.001)

2.84
(0.0015)

7.14
(0.0089)

6.76
(0.0079)

15.1
(0.0105)

11.31
(0.008)

13.26
(0.0088)

(Gromet, Silver, 1983) Nd

0.0025%, , Nd 70 50 .%; - --
(, , 1982) Nd 0.0045 0.0039%; , 58% Nd,
;
(, , 1984) Nd 0.012%, () (),
68% Nd.
. - , 9.5104 % Nd,
(Francalanci, 1989); (Gromet, Silver, 1983)
Nd 4.3104 %, , 98%
Sm.
.
11.2.4.
Ce, Pr, Nd Sm . , Ce, Pr, Nd Sm .

, , , Ce, Pr, Nd Sm . Ce, Pr, Nd Sm
. ,
.
245

11.2.5.
, %: Ce
0.0063, Pr 0.00087, Nd 0.0029, Sm 0.00057.
, . : Ce 55.8, Pr 56.6, Nd
57.6 Sm 55.9%.
11.96% Ce, 5.64, 5.06, 1.26%; 12.06% Pr, 5.98, 4.86, 1.21; 9.13% Nd, 5.38, 3.48,
0.25, 0.01, 0.01%; 7.43% Sm,
3.88, 3.2, 0.28,
0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01%.
.
11.3. , ,

11.3.1. Eu, Gd, Tb Dy

(. 11.27) Eu, Gd, Tb Dy
(, 2003), n104 %: Eu 1.3,
Gd 6.3, Tb 0.89 Dy 4.8,
: Eu 0.881.21, Gd 2.84.21, Tb 0.480.7 Dy 2.93.9
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004).
. .
(Eu
9.4105, Gd 4104, Tb 6.9105 Dy 3.6104 %) ,
- , , %: Eu 1.1104, Gd 5.7104, Tb 7.7105
Dy 4.2104 ( ).
,
Eu, Gd, Tb Dy . , %: Eu 67.46,
Gd 70.93, Tb 64.3 Dy 68.2.
11.3.2. Eu Gd,
, ,
, , , ,
. , Eu Gd
246

247

, %

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29
100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

0.84
1.2
0.5
0.28
.
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.8
0.24
0.76
1.4
0.6
.
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.297
0.94
1.47
1
1.39
1.3
1.48
1.38

Eu

2.8
5.8
1.5
.
.
5
4.5
5.1
6.8
6.1
5.2
10
0.93
4.3
7.5
2.2
.
8.1
3.9
.
3.9
6.31
4.03
4.91
4.17
6.41
6.98
7.22
6.97

Gd

0.7
0.83
0.38
0.22
.
0.82
0.71
0.95
1.1
1.3
0.83
1.6
0.2
0.48
0.94
0.15
.
0.94
0.68
1.5
0.88
0.887
0.689
0.861
0.716
1.12
0.866
0.947
0.94

Tb

, n104 %

2.9
4.4
2.9
1.5
.
6
3
5.1
5
5.2
2.5
7
0.28
4.9
5.7
2.1
.
5.2
.
.
4.2
4.77
3.62
4.56
3.77
4.76
5.46
4.77
5.08

Dy

3.31
9.62
1.48
0.07
.
0.51
1.05
2.6
8.86
3.65
1.5
0.07
0.01
1.71
32.99
0.52
.
26.84
0.66
1.19
3.55
100.19
14.48
4.16
18.64
14.09
35.22
32.24
81.55

Eu

2.27
9.56
0.92
.
.
0.35
0.81
1.71
8.85
3.27
1.24
0.08
0.01
1.99
36.32
0.39
.
29.79
0.41
.
2.03
100
12.75
2.87
15.62
13.45
38.7
32.23
84.38

Gd

4
9.7
1.6
0.1
.
0.4
0.9
2.3
10.2
5
1.4
0.1
< 0.1
1.6
32.4
0.2
.
24.6
0.5
1.7
3.3
99.9
15.4
3.6
19.0
16.7
34.2
30.1
80.9

Tb

3.1
9.6
2.3
0.1
.
0.6
0.7
2.3
8.6
3.7
0.8
0.1
< 0.1
3
36.5
0.5
.
25.3
.
.
2.9
100.1
15.1
3.6
18.7
13.2
40
28.2
81.4

Dy

11.27

, %

Eu, Gd, Tb Dy

 11.28
Eu

Eu , %

0.019
0.02
0.03
0.042
0.09
0.1
0.13
0.3

, %

Eu, %

, %

Eu, %

, %

Eu, %

6105
.
.
.
4.6105
.
.
.

0.01
.
.
.
0.04
.
.
.

0.0063
1.2106
6.9109
2.1105
0.0016
4.2104
5.5107
3.1106

0.86
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
1.03
0.3
< 0.01
0.01

0.0048
9107
5.3109
1.6105
0.0013
3.2104
4.2107
2.4106

0.7
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.9
0.25
< 0.01
0.01

1.06104

0.05

0.0083

2.21

0.0064

1.87

11.29
Gd

Gd , %

0.19
0.2
0.7
1
1.1
1.2
1.9
2
2.06
3

, %

Gd, %

, %

Gd, %

, %

Gd, %

6105
.
.
.
.
4.6105
.
1105
.
.

0.03
.
.
.
.
0.13
.
0.05
.
.

0.0063
4.2104
5.5107
8.6106
1.2106
0.0016
5.2106
5105
2.1105
3.1106

1.71
0.12
< 0.01
0.01
< 0.01
2.74
0.01
0.14
0.06
0.01

0.0048
3.2104
4.2107
6.6106
9107
0.0013
4106
3.7105
1.6105
2.4106

1.45
0.1
< 0.01
0.01
< 0.01
2.48
0.01
0.13
0.05
0.01

1.06104

0.21

0.0083

4.8

0.0064

4.24

Fe Mg. (, 1999) Eu 0.01 Gd 0.03%. ,

(
Eu 0.98%).
, , . ,
.

( ), . , 6.2.2.
, Eu Gd -
248

 11.30
Eu (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

0.14 (1.3104) 0.03 (3.3105)

0.38 (0.003)
0.6 (0.001)

0.02 (1104)
.

0.05 (4104)
0.07 (1.2104)

0.14 (1.3104)

0.98 (0.004)

0.02 (1104)

0.12 (5.2104)

0.03 (3.3105)

. , %.

11.31
Gd (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01(1.8108)

0.56 (1.3104) 0.1 (3.3105)
0.29 (4105)
0.05 (1104)

1.14 (0.003)
2.4 (0.001)
0.12 (3105)

0.04 (1104)
.
.

0.16 (4104)
0.29 (1.2104)
0.02 (3.6106)

0.85 (1.3104)

3.66 (0.004)

0.04 (1104)

0.47 (5104)

0.15 (3105)

11.32
Eu (%),
-

1.09 (0.008)
< 0.01 (8.7106)
0.06 (2104)
2.76 (0.0043)
0.34 (4.7104)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
0.03 (1.5105)

0.41 (0.003)
.
.
0.26 (4104)
.
.
0.07 (3.2105)

2.43 (0.023)
0.04 (3.3104)
.
1.2 (0.0024)
.
0.43 (6104)
0.01 (3.8106)

0.79 (0.0058)
< 0.01 (6.7106)
0.04 (1.2104)
1.8 (0.0028)
0.21 (2.9104)
< 0.01 (3.2106)
0.04 (1.8105)

4.28 (0.013)

0.74 (0.0034)

4.11 (0.0263)

2.88 (0.0091)

(. 11.28, 11.29). , . : (. 11.30,

11.31), , (. 11.32, 11.33), - (. 11.34,
11.35). . 11.34 11.35 , ( 4108 %), Eu Gd < 0.01%.
249

 11.33
Gd (%),
-

2.24 (0.008)
0.14 (4.7104)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
0.12 (8105)
0.01 (8.7106)
7.59 (0.0043)
0.14 (5105)
0.59 (0.0002)
0.61 (2104)
0.07 (1.5105)

0.93 (0.003)
.
.
.
.
0.79 (0.0004)
.
0.01 (3106)
.
0.16 (3.2105)

8.4 (0.023)
.
0.81 (0.0006)
< 0.01 (8108)
0.7 (3.3104)
5.54 (0.0024)
0.01 (3106)
0.01 (2.7106)
.
0.02 (3.8106)

1.72 (0.0058)
0.09 (2.9104)
< 0.01 (3.2106)
0.08(5.105)
0.01 (6.7106)
5.25 (0.0028)
0.09 (3105)
0.31 (1.3104)
0.39 (1.2104)
0.08 (1.8105)

11.51 (0.013)

1.89 (0.0034)

15.49 (0.026)

8.02 (0.0091)

11.34
Eu (%),

0.3
(0.0012)
0.36
(3104)
.

1.09
(0.008)
0.58
(9104)
.

1.04
(0.0071)
0.55
(8104)
.

0.84
(0.0066)
1.62
(0.0027)
0.8
(0.0012)

1.17
(0.008)
< 0.01
(2106)
.

0.71
(0.0056)
1.32
(0.0022)
0.67
(0.001)

0.66
(0.0015)

1.67
(0.0089)

1.59
(0.0079)

3.26
(0.0094)

1.17
(0.008)

2.7
(0.0079)

11.35
Gd (%),

250

0.53
(0.0012)
.

2.03
(0.008)
.

1.93
(0.0071)
.

0.84
(0.0003)
.

1.44
(0.0009)
.

1.37
(0.0008)
.

1.37
(0.0015)

3.47
(0.0089)

3.3
(0.0079)

1.55
(0.0066)
0.3
(0.0012)
4 (0.0027)
0.2
(7.5105)
6.05
(0.0105)

3.9
(0.008)
.
0.01
(2106)
.
3.9
(0.008)

1.48
(0.0056)
0.28
(0.001)
3.67
(0.0022)
0.17
(6.2105)
5.6
(0.0088)

11.3.3. Tb Dy,

Tb 0.01 Dy 0.06% (, 1999). . - (. 11.36, 11.37). , . -
: ,
(. 11.3811.41), - (. 11.42, 11.43).
. 11.43 , < 0.01% Dy.
11.36
Tb

Tb , %

0.01
0.045
0.1
0.13
0.16
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.54
0.8

, %

Tb, %

, %

Tb, %

, %

Tb, %

.
.
.
6105
4.6105
.
1105
.
.
.

.
.
.
0.11
0.1
.
0.07
.
.
.

6.9109
5.5107
8.6106
0.0063
0.0016
1.2106
4.6105
5.2106
2.1105
3.1106

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
8.71
2.72
< 0.01
0.24
0.03
0.12
0.03

5.3109
4.2107
6.6106
0.0048
0.0013
9107
3.7105
4106
1.6105
2.4106

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
7.01
2.34
< 0.01
0.21
0.02
0.1
0.02

1.16104

0.28

0.008

11.86

0.0062

9.71

11.37
Dy

Dy , %

0.13
0.16
0.23
1.5
1.7
2
3.7
4.3
6.1

, %

Dy, %

, %

Dy, %

, %

Dy, %

6105
4.6105
.
.
.
.
1105
.
.

0.07
0.02
.
.
.
.
0.1
.
.

0.0063
0.0016
6.9109
5.2106
8.6106
1.2106
4.6105
2.1105
3.1106

5.56
0.5
< 0.01
0.02
0.03
< 0.01
0.33
0.18
0.04

0.0048
0.0013
5.3109
4106
6.6106
9107
3.7105
1.6105
2.4106

4.5
0.43
< 0.01
0.01
0.02
< 0.01
0.29
0.14
0.03

1.16104

0.19

0.008

6.69

0.0062

5.42
251

 11.38
Tb (%),

0.15 (4.3105)

< 0.01 (710 ) < 0.01 (1.810 )

0.3 (1.3104) 0.08 (3.3105)
0.29 (4105)
0.07 (1105)

4.76 (0.003)
1.95 (0.001)
0.18 (3105)

0.18 (110 )
.
.

0.6 (4104)
0.22 (1.2104)
0.02 (3.6106)

0.59 (1.3104)

6.89 (0.004)

0.18 (1104)

0.84 (5.2104)

. , %.

11.39
Dy (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

0.07 (1.3104) 0.02 (3.3105)
0.51 (4105)
0.1 (1105)

2.25 (0.003)
0.27 (0.001)
0.19 (3105)

0.15 (1104)
.
.

0.39 (4104)
0.04 (1.2104)
0.03 (3.6106)

0.58 (1.3104)

2.71 (0.004)

0.15 (1104)

0.46 (5.2104)

0.12 (4.3105)

11.40
Tb (%),
-

< 0.01 (1.5106)

0.07 (8105)
9.45 (0.008)
6.25 (0.0043)
0.02 (8.7106)
0.91 (2104)
0.23 (5105)
0.98 (2104)
0.11 (1.5105)

.
.
3 (0.003)
0.49 (4104)
.
0.01 (3106)
.
.
0.2 (3.2105)

0.17 (6104)
< 0.01 (8108)
18.7 (0.023)
2.4 (0.0024)
0.62 (3.3104)
0.01 (2.7106)
0.01 (3106)
.
0.02 (3.8106)

< 0.01 (3.2106)

0.05 (5105)
6.85 (0.0058)
4.07 (0.0028)
0.02(6.7.106)
0.59 (1.3104)
0.14 (3105)
0.59 (1.2104)
0.13 (1.8105)

18.02 (0.013)

3.7 (0.0034)

21.93 (0.0263)

12.44 (0.0091)

252

 11.41
Dy (%),
-

7.2 (0.008)
1.38 (0.0043)
0.15 (5105)
0.27 (8105)
0.03 (8.7106)
1.48 (0.0002)
1.72 (2104)
0.18 (1.5105)

2.6 (0.003)
0.12 (0.0004)
.
.
.
0.02 (3106)
.
0.38 (3.2105)

14.8 (0.023)
0.55 (0.0024)
0.01 (3106)
< 0.01 (8108)
0.94 (3.3104)
0.01 (2.7106)
.
0.03 (3.8106)

5.44 (0.0058)
0.93 (0.0028)
0.09 (3105)
0.18 (5105)
0.03 (6.7106)
1 (1.3104)
1.08 (1.2104)
0.23 (1.8105)

12.41 (0.013)

3.12 (0.0034)

16.38 (0.026)

8.98 (0.0091)

11.42
Tb (%),

3.25
(0.0012)
1 (3104)

11.1
(0.008)
1.53
(9104)
.

10.61
(0.0071)
1.47
(8104)
.

9.13
(0.0066)
4.6
(0.0027)
0.4
(7.5105)

4.25
(0.0015)

12.63
(0.0089)

12.08
(0.0079)

14.13
(0.0094)

.
< 0.01
(4108)
.
< 0.01
(4108)

7.66
(0.0056)
3.71
(0.0022)
0.33
(6.2105)
11.7
(0.0079)

11.43
Dy (%),

1.1
(0.0012)
0.1
(0.0003)
.

6.32
(0.008)
0.25
(0.0009)
.

5.81
(0.0071)
0.23
(0.0008)
.

5.71
(0.0066)
0.83
(0.0027)
0.53
(7.5105)

6.92
(0.008)
< 0.01
(2106)
.

5.25
(0.0056)
0.73
(0.0022)
0.48
(6.2105)

1.2
(0.0015)

6.57
(0.0089)

6.04
(0.0079)

7.07
(0.0105)

6.92
(0.008)

6.46
(0.0088)

253

11.3.4.
Eu, Gd, Tb Dy

,
.
Eu, Gd,
Tb Dy , .
Eu, Gd, Tb Dy
.

Eu Gd . Eu Gd
19144% ,
Eu, Gd, Tb Dy
. (, 1999) 5 (3 Eu 2 Gd)
82101%.
. - , 2.3104 % Eu,
(Francalanci, 1989); (, , 1984)
Eu 1.5104 %, , 57% Eu; (,
, 1984) Eu 2.2104 %, ,
8% Eu.
. (,
, 1984) Gd 0.0018 0.0028%. , ,
67 17% Gd.
. Tb

(Stosch, Seck, 1980), Tb 2.3106 %. . - , 62% Tb. Tb
85% , .
.
(Gromet, Silver, 1983).
Dy 2.6104 %. : . Dy, , Dy 138 .%.

.
254

11.3.5.
, n104 %:
Eu 1.3, Gd 6.3, Tb 0.89 Dy 4.8. , Eu, Gd, Tb Dy
. , %: Eu 67.46, Gd 70.93, Tb 64.3
Dy 68.2.
, 1.87% Eu, 0.9, 0.7, 0.25, 0.01, 0.01%; 4.24% Gd, 2.48, 1.45, 0.13, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01%; 9.71 % Tb,
7.01, 2.34, 0.21, 0.1,
0.02, 0.02, 0.01 %; 5.42% Dy,
4.5, 0.43, 0.29, 0.14, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01%. , ,
.
.
11.4. , ,

11.4.1. Ho, Er, Yb Lu

Ho, Er, Yb, Lu
(. 11.44) (, 2003). ,
Lu
. ,
n104 %: Ho 1.3, Er 2.7, Yb 2.5, Lu 0.48 ,
n104 %: Ho 0.620.83, Er 2.3, Yb 1.472.26, Lu 2.31053.5104, 50 (Rudnick, Gao, 2004).
9.2105, Er 1.7104, Lu 3105 %
, : 1.1104, Er 2.4104, Lu 4.3105 %
( ). Yb
2104 % ,
-
2.1104 %. (. 11.44), :
1.5, Er 1.6, Yb 1.75 Lu 2.5. - , 68.19% ,
68 Er, 61.1 Yb 59.2 Lu.
255

256

, %

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29
100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

1.5
0.9
0.35
.
.
1.7
0.72?
1.3
1.3
1.9
0.99
2
0.16
1
1.7*
0.28
.
1.3
.
.
1
1.3*
0.92
1.16
0.96*
1.42
1.58*
1.19
1.4*

2.3
1.9
0.75
.
.
3.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.8
2.2
4.4
0.35
2.7
3.2
0.9
.
2.9
.
.
2.5
2.68
1.72
3.57
1.86
3.17
3.05
2.68
2.9

Er

1.8
2.5
0.9
2
.
2.5
2
2.3
4
3.6
2
4.3
0.48
1.6
2.5
0.7
4.5
2.2
3.8
3.5
2.9
2.46
1.97
2.23
2.01
3.66
2.39
2.37
2.58

Yb

, n104 %

0.3*
0.39
0.11
.
.
0.55
0.32
0.46
0.9
1.1
0.5
1.2
0.07
0.26
0.54
0.1
.
0.38
.
0.51
0.48
0.478
0.3
0.43
0.321
0.904
0.497
0.387
0.527

Lu

5.9
7.2
1.04
.
.
0.58
0.63
2.11
8.21
4.94
1.14
0.08
0.01
2.25
39.96
0.24
.
23.21
.
.
2.53
100.03
14.14
3.32
17.46
14.38
42.45
25.74
82.57

4.39
7.37
1.08
.
.
0.59
0.89
2.05
9.5
4.79
1.23
0.08
0.01
2.94
36.49
0.38
.
25.12
.
.
3.07
99.98
12.84
3.53
16.37
15.61
39.81
28.19
83.61

Er

5.74
10.57
1.41
0.27
.
0.45
0.92
1.97
13.35
4.95
1.22
0.09
0.01
1.9
31.06
0.32
0.7
20.76
1.02
1.46
3.88
100.05
15.99
3.34
19.31
19.62
33.98
27.12
80.72

Yb

3.21*
8.48
0.89
.
.
0.51
0.76
2.03
15.46
7.78
1.57
0.13
0.01
1.59
34.52
0.24
.
18.45
.
1.1
3.3
100.03
12.58
3.3
15.88*
24.95
36.35
22.85
84.15

Lu

11.44

, %

Ho, Er, Yb, Lu

11.4.2. Er,

(, 1999)
0.02 Er 0.05%. , . ,
, , 6.2.2.
, Er -
(. 11.45, 11.46). 11.45

Ho , %

0.02
0.03
0.045
0.09
0.48
0.5
0.67
0.79
1.2
2.9

, %

Ho, %

, %

Ho, %

, %

Ho, %

.
.
.
6105
.
.
.
.
.
1105

.
.
.
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
0.3

4.2104
6.9109
5.5107
0.0063
1.2106
8.6106
5.2106
2.1105
3.1106
4.6105

0.06
< 0.01
< 0.01
4.05
< 0.01
0.03
0.02
0.12
0.03
1.04

3.2104
5.3109
4.2107
0.0048
9107
6.6.106
4106
1.6105
2.4106
3.7105

0.05
< 0.01
< 0.01
3.32
< 0.01
0.03
0.02
0.1
0.02
0.89

1.06104

0.36

0.0083

5.35

0.0064

4.43

11.46
Er

Er , %

0.06
0.21
0.66
1.7
1.9
3.1
3.4
4.5
6.5

, %

Er, %

, %

Er, %

, %

Er, %

.
6105
.
.
.
.
1105
.
.

.
0.07
.
.
.
.
0.18
.
.

6.9109
0.0063
5.2106
8.6106
1.2106
2.1105
4.6105
5.5107
3.1106

< 0.01
4.55
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.22
0.54
0.01
0.07

5.3109
0.0048
4106
6.6106
9107
1.6105
3.7105
4.2107
2.4106

< 0.01
3.73
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.18
0.47
0.01
0.06

1.06104

0.25

0.0083

5.55

0.0064

4.51
257

 11.47
(%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

0.77 (4105)
0.32 (1105)

0.77 (4105)

0.32 (1105)

1.59 (0.003)
0.51 (3105)

0.13 (1104)
.

0.3 (4104)
0.1 (3.6106)

2.1 (0.003)

0.13 (1104)

0.4 (4104)

. , %.

11.48
Er (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

0.59 (4105)
0.2 (1105)
0.59 (4104)

0.2 (1105)

1.75 (0.003)
0.28 (3105)

0.1 (1104)
.

0.32 (4104)
0.05 (3.6106)

2.03 (0.003)

0.1 (1104)

0.37 (4104)

11.49
(%),
-

0.07 (4.7104)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
5.54 (0.008)
0.03 (8.7106)
0.31 (8105)
0.26 (5105)
1.22 (2104)
0.14 (1.5105)
4.46 (2104)

.
.
1.42 (0.003)
.
.
.
.
0.2 (3.2105)
0.05 (3106)

.
0.14 (6104)
10.4 (0.023)
0.79 (3.3104)
< 0.01 (8108)
0.01 (3106)
.
0.02 (3.8106)
0.04 (2.7106)

0.04 (2.9104)
< 0.01 (3.2106)
3.73 (0.0058)
0.02 (6.7106)
0.18 (5105)
0.14 (3105)
0.68 (1.2104)
0.15 (1.8105)
2.07 (1.3104)

12.03 (0.009)

1.67 (0.003)

11.4 (0.024)

7.01 (0.0064)

, . (. 11.47 11.48). - (. 11.49, 11.50),

- (. 11.51, 11.52).
258

 11.50
Er (%),
-

5.41 (0.008)
0.11 (5105)
0.44 (8105)
0.05 (8.7106)
2 (2104)
2.19 (0.0002)
0.02 (1.5106)
0.31 (1.5105)

1.66 (0.003)
.
.
.
.
0.03 (3106)
.
0.55 (3.2105)

10.97 (0.023)
< 0.01 (3106)
< 0.01 (8108)
1.43 (3.3104)
.
0.02 (2.7106)
6.14 (0.0006)
0.06 (3.8106)

3.81 (0.0058)
0.06 (3105)
0.27 (5105)
0.04 (6.7106)
1.16 (1.2104)
1.38 (1.3104)
0.05 (3.2106)
0.37 (1.8105)

10.53 (0.0085)

2.24 (0.003)

18.62 (0.024)

7.14 (0.006)

11.51
(%),

.
1.08 (0.0012)
.

.
4.24 (0.008)
.

.
3.99 (0.0071)
.

0.18 (0.0012) 0.17 (0.001)

4.57 (0.0066) 4.2 (0.0056)
1.78 (7.5105) 1.45 (6.2105)

1.08 (0.0012)

4.24 (0.008)

3.99 (0.0071)

6.53 (0.0079)

5.82 (0.0067)

11.52
Er (%),

0.93
(0.0012)
.

5.25
(0.008)
.

4.97
(0.0071)
.

4.78
(0.0066)
0.88
(7.5105)

5.8
(0.008)
.

4.36
(0.0056)
0.78
(6.2105)

0.93
(0.0012)

5.25
(0.008)

4.97
(0.0071)

5.66
(0.0067)

5.8
(0.008)

5.14
(0.0057)

11.4.3. Yb Lu,
(, 1999) Yb 0.06
Lu 0.01%. , Yb Lu - (. 11.53, 11.54), . , .
259

 11.53
Yb

Yb , %

0.09
0.3
0.6
0.67
2.2
2.3
2.3
4.06
5.2

, %

Yb, %

, %

Yb, %

, %

Yb, %

.
6105
.
.
.
.
1105
.
.

.
0.9
.
.
.
.
0.12
.
.

6.9109
0.0063
5.2106
5.5107
1.2106
8.6106
4.6105
2.1105
3.1106

< 0.01
7.26
0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.08
0.41
0.33
0.06

5.3109
0.0048
4106
4.2107
9107
6.6106
3.7105
1.6105
2.4106

< 0.01
5.74
0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.06
0.34
0.26
0.05

7105

0.21

0.0064

8.16

0.0049

6.47

11.54
Lu

Lu , %

0.06
0.25
0.2
0.45
0.61
0.7
1.2

, %

Lu, %

, %

Lu, %

, %

Lu, %

6105
.
.
.
.
1105
.

0.11
.
.
.
.
0.22
.

0.0063
1.2106
8.6106
5.5107
2.1105
4.6105
3.1106

7.13
0.01
0.03
< 0.01
0.24
0.66
0.07

0.0048
9107
6.6106
4.2107
1.6105
3.7105
2.4106

6
< 0.01
0.03
< 0.01
0.2
0.58
0.06

7105

0.33

0.0064

8.15

0.0049

6.87

11.55
Yb (%),

< 0.01 (710 ) < 0.01 (1.810 ) 3.6 (0.003)

0.51 (4105)
0.12 (1105)
0.281 (3105)
0.51 (4105)

0.12 (1105)

3.88 (0.003)

0.15 (110 )
.

0.54 (4104)
0.04 (3.6106)

0.15 (1104)

0.58 (4104)

. , %.

260

 11.56
Lu (%),

< 0.01 (7108) < 0.01 (1.8108)

0.93 (4105)
0.23 (1105)
0.93 (4104)

0.23 (1105)

3.27 (0.003)
0.38 (3105)

0.19 (1104)
.

0.56 (4104)
0.07 (3.6106)

3.65 (0.003)

0.19 (1104)

0.63 (4104)

11.57
Yb (%),
-

6 (0.008)
0.08 (5105)
0.46 (8105)
0.05 (8.7106)
2.03 (2104)
1.15 (2104)
< 0.01(1.5106)
0.2 (1.5105)

2.5 (0.003)
.
.
.
.
0.02 (3106)
.
0.46 (3.2105)

16.05 (0.023)
< 0.01 (3106)
< 0.01 (8108)
1.69 (3.3104)
.
0.01 (2.7106)
0.93 (6104)
0.05 (3.8106)

4.7 (0.0058)
0.05 (3105)
0.31 (5105)
0.04(6.7.106)
1.32 (1.2104)
0.81 (1.3104)
0.01 (3.2106)
0.25 (1.8105)

9.97 (0.0085)

2.98 (0.003)

18.73 (0.024)

7.49 (0.0064)

11.58
Lu (%),
-

5.33 (0.008)
0.02 (8.7106)
0.18 (8105)
0.01 (1.5106)
1.36 (2104)
1.56 (0.0002)
0.2 (1.5105)

1.64 (0.003)
.
.
.
.
0.02 (3106)
0.35 (3.2105)

11.5 (0.023)
0.69 (3.3104)
< 0.01 (8108)
2.25 (0.0006)
.
0.02 (2.7106)
0.04 (3.8106)

3.87 (0.0058)
0.02 (6.7106)
0.11 (5105)
0.02 (3.2106)
0.81 (1.2104)
0.78 (1.3104)
0.24 (1.8105)

8.66 (0.013)

2.01 (0.003)

14.5 (0.024)

5.85 (0.0061)

261

 11.59
Yb (%),

2.25
(0.0012)
.

9.6
(0.008)
.

8.86
(0.0071)
.

8.99
(0.0066)
0.78
(7.5105)

6.3
(0.008)
.

6.9
(0.0056)
0.59
(6.2105)

2.25
(0.0012)

9.6
(0.008)

8.86
(0.0071)

9.77
(0.0067)

6.3
(0.008)

7.49
(0.0057)

11.60
Lu (%),

2.77 (0.0012)
.

8.89 (0.008)
.

8.52 (0.0071)
.

10.4 (0.0066) 8.62 (0.0056)

1.47 (7.5105) 1.08 (6.2105)

2.77 (0.0012)

8.89 (0.008)

8.52 (0.0071)

11.87 (0.0079)

9.7 (0.0067)

(. 11.55, 11.56). -
(. 11.57, 11.58), , - (. 11.59, 11.60).
11.4.4.
Yb
, Yb .
, Er Lu ,
.
, ,
, . . , Er Lu , , ,
. , Er Lu, , 26148%
, Er Lu
. ,
262

 Yb. Yb , . , , .
. ( -7)
(, , 1984) 7.6104 %
, 59% . - (, , , , Fe-)
25% . 84%.
.
(Gromet, Silver, 1983) Er 1.3104 % . 138 %, 137% -: , , , , ,
.
. (-39) ( ., 1984) (STR-56) (Francalanci, 1989). Yb
8.2104 3.6104 %, , Yb
. (Gromet, Silver, 1983),
1.12104 % Yb, . Yb ,
Yb 148%. Yb 1.9105 %, . Yb
(Stosch, Seck, 1980), Yb 90%. . -- 211- 191- 3.4104 % 4.4104 % Yb (, , 1982), .
39 46% Yb, Yb 95%.
-162 4.8104 % Yb (, , 1984),
. Yb
, , Yb 103%. -456
-7 (, , 1984). Yb 0.0014 0.003%.
Yb : (74 70%
Yb), , Yb 108 88%. -244 (, , 1984) Yb 2.2104 % . Yb
, , . , 3.3104 % Yb,
, . (Budzinski, 1990).
. (STR-56) (Francalanci, 1989)
(Stosch, Seck, 1980). Lu 7.2105 3.4106 %, 263

. Lu 93 85%. - , 6.7105 % Lu, (54%)

. , (Budzinski, 1990).
, .
11.4.5.
Ho 1.3104 %,
Er 2.7104, Yb 2.5104, Lu 4.8105. , - ,
%: 68.19 , 68 Er, 61.1 Yb 59.2 Lu.
4.43% Ho, 3.32, 0.89, 0.1, 0.05, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02%; 4.51% Er,
3.73, 0.47, 0.18,
0.06, 0.04, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01%. .
. 6.47% Yb, 5.74, 0.34, 0.26, 0.06, 0.05, 0.01, 0.01%; 6.87% Lu, 6, 0.58,
0.2, 0.06, 0.03%. .
11.5.

11.5.1. Th U

Th U
(. 11.61) (,
2003). (, , 2001; .,
1990; ., 2008; ., 2006; Condie et al., 1991; Font et al.,
2006; Huber et al., 2001; Gotze et al., 1998; Osae et al., 2006; Yang et al., 1998).
,
, n104 %: Th 9.1, U 2.5, , : n104 %: Th 8.610.8, U 1.52.8 (Rudnick, Gao,
2004). Th 9.9104 % U 3.2104 %
, - : Th 7.5104 % U 1.9104 % ( ). ,
.
264

 11.61
Th U

, %

, 104 %

, %

Th

Th

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56

6.7
14
4.3
3.2
0.7
13
4.1
2.7
18
9.9
3.2
13
0.004
7.3
9.2

2
4.3
2.2
2.4
0.68
4.5
1.1
0.86
3.9
2.7
0.8
3
0.001
1.7
2.3

3.7
15.9
1.8
0.1
< 0.1
0.6
0.5
0.6
16.2
3.7
0.5
0.1
< 0.1
2.3
30.8

4.1
17.8
3.4
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.5
0.7
12.8
3.6
0.5
< 0.1
< 0.1
2
28

1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

1.7
.
8
9.5
6*
3.9

0.7
.
2.4
4*
1*
0.9

0.2
.
20.3
0.7
0.7
1.2

0.3
.
22.2
1.1
0.4
1.2

100
19.95
3.68
23.63

9.1
9.9
4.4
9

2.51
3.2
1.4
2.9

99.9
21.5
1.7
23.2

99.8
25.7
2
27.7

13.19

14

3.2

20.5

16.9

34.99

8.7

2.2

33.3

30.3

28.19

7.4

2.2

22.9

24.9

76.37

9.2

2.4

76.7

72.1

* , .

Th U , (. . 11.61),
1.42. Th , 56.2% . U ,
56% .
265

11.5.2. Th U

Th U
Fe Mg, ,
, , , , , . Th
U .
. Th U
, . , , .
-,
Th 0.3%, U 0.1 (, 1999).
Th U
.
2370 : > 764, (
) 485, ( ) 461, > 407, > 58, > 47,
- > 47. ( < 50).
.
, . ( ., 1963; ., 1965; ,
, 1972; , 1992; , 1989);
(, 1958).
.
( ., 1972).
. , , : - , , (, , 1961; , 1963; , 1965; , 1965).
. - ( ., 1956); (, 1961; , 1962;
, , 1964; , 1966; , 1967; , 1968; , , 1973; , , 1976; , 1976; , 1979; ., 1989).
( , , 1961; ., 1964; , , 1965; , , 1968; ., 1968; ,
, 1984, 1985; ., 1988).
. , , ( ., 1966; , ,
1973), (, 1966).
. ( ., 1976);
(, ,
266

 11.62
Th

Th , %

U-

0.3
0.57
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.9
2.9
3.2
3.4
3.8
5.8
8
49.2
52.4
62.1

, %

Th, %

, %

Th, %

, %

Th, %

1.6106
.
6105
.
.
.
1105
9.3107
.
.
4.6105
.
4.3105
.
.

< 0.01
.
0.07
.
.
.
0.03
< 0.01
.
.
0.3
.
2.35
.
.

2106
1.3106
0.0063
1.3106
5.5107
8.6106
4.6105
8.6106
3.1106
1.2106
0.0016
2.1105
6.1105
1.1107
4.5.108

< 0.01
< 0.01
7.53
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
0.15
0.03
0.01
< 0.01
10.09
0.18
3.26
0.01
< 0.01

1.9106
1106
0.0048
1106
4.2107
6.6106
3.7105
6.6106
2.4106
9107
0.0013
1.6105
5.7105
8.6108
3.4108

< 0.01
< 0.01
5.8
< 0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.12
0.02
0.01
< 0.01
8.29
0.14
3.08
< 0.01
< 0.01

2.75

21.28

17.47

1973); , , (, 1966; , 1987);

( ., 1986).
- , - (, 1966, 1967),
(, , 1984),
( ., 1986), (, 1966;
., 1988).
. ,
( ., 1966,
1968).
.
( ., 1986).
. (, 1975).
U- .
Th U .
. , 17.47% Th (. 11.62).
Th, ,
6 , -.
(. 11.63) . (.
. 11.63). -
267

 11.63
Th (%),

< 0.01
(7108)
0.17
(4105)
.

< 0.01
(1.8108)
0.03
(1105)
.

0.02
(0.0001)
2.54
(0.003)
0.07
(3105)
0.12
(5105)
4.46
(0.001)
1.89
(5105)

0.01
(1105)
1 (0.0004)

9.1

.
.
.

1.1
(1.3104)
1 (1.4105)

3.2
(9105)

0.19
(3.3105)
2.48
(5105)

2.27

3.2

2.7

0.27
(0.0001)
.
.
.
.
0.27

0.02
(3.6106)
0.04
(6106)
1.58
(1.2104)
0.67
(6106)
3.32

. , %.

11.64
Th (%),
-

U-

< 0.01 (1.5106)

< 0.01 (1.8106)
4.89 (0.008)
< 0.01 (5106)
< 0.01 (1.5106)
0.08 (8105)
0.32 (0.0002)
0.14 (7.8105)
0.03 (1.5105)
0.02 (8.7106)
13.86 (0.0043)
0.89 (0.0002)
3.83 (1.4104)
0.01(5107)
.

< 0.01 (1106)

< 0.01 (6107)
3.33 (0.003)
< 0.01 (2106)
.
.
0.01 (3106)
.
0.11 (3.2105)
.
2.34 (0.0004)
.
19.88 (0.0004)
0.05 (1106)
.

0.21 (0.0009)
0.75 (0.0017)
19.46 (0.023)
0.08 (1104)
0.55 (0.0006)
< 0.01 (8108)
0.01 (2.7106)
.
0.01 (3.8106)
0.96 (3.3104)
10.71 (0.0024)
.
26.49 (0.0007)
0.92 (2.3105)
3.25 (6.8105)

< 0.01 (4.6106)

< 0.01 (7.7106)
4.56 (0.0058)
< 0.01 (4106)
< 0.01 (3.2106)
0.07 (5105)
0.27 (1.3104)
0.11 (4.9105)
0.04 (1.8105)
0.02 (6.7106)
11.6(0.0028)
0.69 (1.210-4)
6.68 (1.9104)
0.02 (6.5107)
0.01 (2.6107)

24.06

25.72

63.4

24.06

268

 11.65
Th (%),

1.81
(0.0012)
.

9.57
(0.008)
.

2.38
5.67
(0.0003) (0.0009)
1.68
1.87
(2.5105) (3.5105)

5.87

17.11

< 0.01
(4106)
8.98
9.07
(0.0071) (0.0066)
.
< 0.01
(2106)
.
0.27
(7.5105)
.
< 0.01
(6107)
5.33
19.57
(0.0008) (0.0027)
1.87
2.71
(3.310-5) (4105)
16.18

31.62

< 0.01
(7107)
.

9.26
(0.008)
.

0.01
(2106)
.

< 0.01
(4108)
37.85
(0.0003)

< 0.01
(3.4106)
8.32
(0.0056)
< 0.01
(1.6106)
0.24
(6.2105)
< 0.01
(5107)
17.24
(0.0022)
2.39
(3.6105)

9.27

37.85

28.19

11.66
U

U , %

U-

0.11
0.27
0.37
1.5
1.7
2.2
2.8
4
5.8
7.3
53.8
69.5

, %

U, %

, %

U, %

, %

U, %

6105
4.6105
4.3105
1.6106
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9.3107

0.02
0.04
0.05
0.01
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.22

0.0063
0.0016
6.1105
2106
2.1105
3.1106
1.2106
4.5108
8.6106
1107
9.7109
8.6106

2.89
1.8
0.09
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.01
< 0.01
0.21
< 0.01
< 0.01
2.49

0.0048
0.0013
5.7105
1.9106
1.6105
2.4106
9107
3.4108
6.6106
8.6108
7.4109
6.6106

2.11
1.4
0.08
0.01
0.11
0.02
0.01
< 0.01
0.15
< 0.01
< 0.01
1.83

0.34

7.68

5.72

269

 11.67
U (%),

< 0.01
(7108)
0.03
(1.4105)
2 (0.0015)

0.08
(9105)
.

0.73
(0.003)
0.04
(5105)
0.6
(0.001)
0.33
(0.0001)
7.72
(5105)

0.1
(0.0001)
.
.
.

< 0.01
(1.8108)
0.06
(5105)
0.32
(3.8104)
.

0.32
(0.0004)
0.02
(6106)
0.24
(1.2104)
0.11
(1105)
3.02
(6106)

2.03

0.08

0.38

9.42

0.1

.
.

3.71

11.68
U (%),
-

U-

2.26 (0.008)
2.98 (0.0043)
0.13 (1.4104)
0.01 (1.5106)
0.87 (0.0002)
0.08 (1.5105)
0.06 (8.7106)
.
1.19 (8105)
0.01 (5107)
0.01 (9108)
13.9 (7.8105)

1.22 (0.003)
0.4 (0.0004)
0.55 (0.0004)
0.01 (1106)
.
0.26 (3.2105)
.
.
.
0.03 (1106)
.
.

8.43 (0.023)
2.16 (0.0024)
0.86 (0.0007)
4.5 (0.0009)
.
0.03 (3.8106)
3.08 (3.3104)
0.91 (6.8105)
< 0.01 (8108)
0.56 (2.3105)
.
.

1.99 (0.0058)
2.36 (0.0028)
0.22 (1.9104)
0.02 (4.6106)
0.64 (1.2104)
0.12 (1.8105)
0.06 (6.7106)
< 0.01 (2.6107)
0.91 (5105)
0.01 (6.5107)
0.01 (5.6108)
10.64 (4.9105)

21.5

2.47

20.53

16.97

. ( ) 1/4 Th (11.64). - 1/3 Th, 2/3 (.

11.65). , , , , , , .
.
5.72% U, 2.11, 270

 11.69
U (%),

3.83
(0.008)
1.06
(0.0009)
0.06
(3.5105)
.

3.6
(0.0071)
1 (0.0008)

3.03
(0.0066)
3.04
(0.0027)
0.06
(4105)
0.03
(4106)
0.17
(6107)

0.78
(0.0012)
0.48
(0.0003)
0.05
(2.5105)
.

2.96
(0.0056)
2.86
(0.0022)
0.06
(3.6105)
0.02
(3.4106)
0.17
(5107)

1.31

4.95

4.66

0.06
(3.3105)
.

< 0.01
(2106)
1.23
(0.0003)
0.01
(7107)
.

6.33

1.24

6.07

1.83, 1.4 (. 11.66). ,

U, , , -. (. 11.67). . , (. 11.67). - ,
(. 11.68). ,
.
, (. 11.69).
11.5.3.
Th U , Th U .
. , Th U , , , , . Th U (. . 11.61). ,
.
Th
U, , . 271


(, 1999). , . .
,
Th 0.00140.0057% (, , U-) 2275% ( ., 1966; ,
1962; , , 1964). , 0.0310.045% Th,
(, Fe-, , , ) 56.678.9% ( ., 1987). Th (0.000760.0033%)
, 034% Th (, , 1965). - Th (0.00490.006%) (, U, , ) 970% Th ( , 1966). ( ., 1956), (Tilton at al., 1955), (, 1961; , , 1961; , 1966) (,
, 1964) , U-, , ,
, . U
(0.00010.00028%) 039% .
U (0.000420.0006%) 449%.
.. ( ., 1987) U
0.00690.0095%. (, , ) 72.675.7% U.
(, , 1965) (, 1964) U
(0.000060.0002%) . (, , 1961; ,
1966) U 0.00050.001% (, U-, ) 019% U.
.
. Th U ,
. Th U (, 1999). ,

Th U , Th . ,
Th .
Th U.
,
, ,
< 1050 .
272

11.5.4.
: Th 9.3104 %,
U 2.5104 %. Th U , , . Th
9.9104 % U 3.2104 %. Th U .
56.2% Th 55.2% U.
17.47% Th, 8.29, 5.8,
3.08, 0.14, 0.02, 0.12,
0.01, 0.01; 5.72% U, 2.11,
1.83, 1.4, 0.15, 0.11, 0.02,
0.08, 0.01, 0.01.

273

 12

12.1.

12.1.1. Ti

Ti
.. (1990). . 12.1 , .
Ti , , 0.393%. 0.320.4% ,
50 (Rudnick, Gao, 2004).
( 1.681.93), ( 0.120.16).
Ti (67.25%). , Ti
.
(0.35%) ,
- (0.32% ), .
12.1.2. Ti

Ti
.
Ti . -. ,
- Ti . . Ti 3 24% ( 7.6
61).
(. 12.2). ( < 1) ( 161), ( > 61). ,
274

 12.1
C Ti, Zr Hf

,
.%

, n104 %

, %

Ti

Zr

Hf

Ti

Zr

Hf

5.11

3500

230

4.5

4.55

7.3

5.1

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92

4700
610
1700
.
1600
4600
7100
1800
3800
6600
4000
3600
2900

190
51
19
33
110
110
110
180
140
130
500
43
170

5
0.61
1.5
.
4.1
3.6
3.7
3.9
2.5
2.6
11
0.46
4.7

12.44
0.6
0.14
.
0.18
1.32
3.81
3.76
3.27
2.52
0.05
0.05
2.16

12.4
1.2
< 0.1
0.1
0.3
0.8
1.4
9.2
3
1.2
0.2
< 0.1
3.1

11.6
0.5
0.11
.
0.4
0.9
1.7
7.1
1.9
0.9
0.1
< 0.1
3.1

30.56

4800

150

5.5

37.33

28.6

37.4

1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

480
1800
3300
2300
4600
7600

32
30
190
170
160
110

.
.
5.1
7.6
.
2.3

0.14
0.17
19.49
0.39
1.21
6.36

0.2
0.1
27.6
0.7
1
2.3

.
.
26.3
1.1
.
1.7

100

3930

160

4.5

99.94

100.8

99.8

19.95

3500

169

3.9

17.73

21

17.3

3.68

5670

110

3.7

5.31

2.5

23.63

3830

159

3.9

23.04

23.5

20.3

13.19

2870

164

3.4

9.65

13.6

10

34.99

4470

147

5.2

39.8

32.1

40.4

28.19

3830

179

4.6

27.45

31.6

29.1

76.37

3960

162

4.7

76.9

77.3

79.5

275

 12.2
C Ti

Ti

0.031

Ti

, %

Ti,
%

Ti,
%

23.98
38.09
0.43
0.43
1.91
0.69
0.39
0.46
0.48
0.85
0.26
0.66

0.005
0.010.03
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.21
0.21
0.26
0.31

0.31
1.23
0.13
0.14
0.63
0.25
0.14
0.16
0.26
0.45
0.17
0.52
1.17

12.035.35

5.56
1.99
2.51
0.25
1.3
0.09
1.21
3.16
0.17
0.31
0.027
7.49
0.051
0.48

0.35
0.35
0.42
0.5
0.52
0.56
0.56
0.62
0.75
1
1.55
1.82
2.6

5.3571.2

Ti-

46.3
0.0012
0.066

7.78
11.7

71.217.4

276

1.77
2.25
0.27
1.67
0.12
1.72
4.5
0.27
0.59
0.07
29.5
0.24
3.2
0.2

0.02
1.96
1.98

0.18
0.015
0.19
0.011
0.0018

24.2
24.2
29.3
59.3
59.3

11.1
0.92
14.2
1.62
0.27
28.11
81.95

 12.3
Ti

Ti-

Ti
, %

11.7
24.2
24.2
29.3
59.3
59.3
59.3

, %

Ti, %

, %

Ti, %

0.15
0.029
0.04
0.15
0.024
0.0053
7105

4.58
1.83
2.53
11.48
3.62
0.82
0.01

0.04
0.23
0.0077
0.2
0.0064
7.2104
6.6107

1.18
14.06
0.47
14.8
0.93
0.11
< 0.01

0.398

24.87

0.485

31.55

5.56% Ti. , .
, . ,
1.98% Ti. Ti, . Ti-,
Ti- () . , Ti-,
. Ti, , 30.07%. 18%.
,
Ti .
. Ti
. . (. 12.3) .
12.1.3. ,


2480 .
12.2.2. ,
Ti , .
(. 12.4). 277

 12.4
Ti, , %

3.46 (0.05)
10.37 (0.15)
16.74 (0.2)
6.59 (0.04)
4.07 (0.024)
0.04 (3104)

41.27 (0.46)

1.65 (0.032)
7.93 (0.02)
0.82 (0.016)
.
3.12 (0.05)
.
3.68 (0.03)
3.78 (0.004)
0.04 (3104)
.
< 0.01 (6106)
.

2.28 (0.016)
.
22.41 (0.13)
20.36 (0.06)
.
.

2.35 (0.034)
3.25 (0.047)
6.7 (0.08)
4.62 (0.028)
1.07 (0.0063)
0.01 (8105)

45.05 (0.21)

18 (0.2)

9.31 (0.13)

11.71 (0.024)

. , %.

12.5
Ti,
, %

Ti-

1.46 (0.02)
0.15 (0.001)
0.3 (0.002)
5.49 (0.03)
0.29 (8104)
0.04 (1104)

12.72 (0.5)
0.03 (5104)
0.32 (0.006)
31.21 (0.49)
0.03 (2104)
< 0.01 (5108)

23.07 (1.4)
0.01 (4104)
0.03 (0.001)
28.89 (0.7)
0.01 (1.5104)
.

19.81 (0.96)
0.02 (5104)
0.12(0.0027)
28.94 (0.56)
0.02 (2.4104)
< 0.01 (1.2105)

7.73 (0.054)

44.31 (1)

52.01 (2.1)

48.91 (1.52)

, , ,
Ti . , Ti Ti- (. 12.5). , ,
. -
(. 12.6),
(. 12.7)
(. 12.8).
.
. . (,
1999), . Ti
.
. Ti
0.661.17%. , ,
38% Ti. Ti, 278

 12.6
Ti (%),
-

Ti-

0.01
(2104)
0.01
(8105)
.

35.46 (2)

9.75
(0.3)
.

< 0.01
(1.810-6)
16.13
(0.12)
0.21
(0.0016)
39.07
(0.24)
0.07
(3104)
0.16
(5104)
0.16
(5104)

< 0.01
(610-7)
12.74
(0.2)
0.04
(6104)
38.55
(0.5)
< 0.01
(1.8105)
0.24
(0.0016)
0.05
(3.4104)

0.38
(0.013)
< 0.01
(8108)
1.45
(0.033)
0.1
(0.0017)
35.09
(0.58)
0.02
(4104)
29.3
(0.4)
.

2.36
(0.027)
.

< 0.01
(1.3105)
< 0.01
(2106)

0.06
(4104)
.

55.82
(0.36)

51.62
(0.7)

69.92
(2.8)

66.34
(1.03)

58.65
(0.9)

9.9
(0.27)
< 0.01
(110-4)
22.2
(0.5)
.

.
.
0.01
(2104)
.
48.83
(0.6)
.

9.38
(0.23)
< 0.01
(5105)
0.01
(1.3104)
< 0.01
(7.710-6)
13.49
(0.16)
0.1
(0.0012)
39.82
(0.39)
0.03
(1.9104)
0.76
(0.0038)
0.08
(4104)
63.67
(0.79)

12.7
Ti (%),

25.03 (0.3)
22.23 (0.22)
8.36 (0.042)
.

15.13 (0.3)
9.16 (0.15)
0.82 (0.0068)
0.19 (0.0015)

2.52 (0.005)
.
.
.

15.7 (0.29)
9.83 (0.15)
1.21 (0.0094)
0.17 (0.0013)

55.62 (0.56)

25.3 (0.46)

2.52 (0.005)

26.91 (0.45)

,
. , . Ti
,
, ,
Ti (, , 1976). Ti,
, 3560% . 279

 12.8
Ti (%),

11 (0.15)
0.01 (1.5104)
0.01 (1.2104)
13.32 (0.15)
0.01 (4.8105)
0.04 (2104)

17.89 (0.17)
10.52 (0.1)
.
29.3 (0.23)
0.1 (4104)
.

28.94 (0.55)
8.95 (0.17)
.
25.48 (0.4)
0.88 (0.007)
.

12.74 (0.4)
3.18 (0.1)
.
17.35 (0.45)
2.28 (0.03)
.

12 (0.19)
1.26 (0.02)
0.01 (1104)
14.99 (0.2)
0.57 (0.0038)
0.02 (1.6104)

24.39 (0.3)

57.81 (0.5)

64.25 (1.13)

35.55 (0.98)

28.85 (0.41)

, . Ti
. .
Ti . .
Ti . . Ti .
Ti . Ti . , .
.
Ti. ,
. Ti
. . .
12.1.4.
Ti 50 .
, Ti
, , Ti . ,
Ti, , . , .
Ti, ,
, . (, 1999).
280

 . , .
12.1.5.
Ti 0.393%.
Ti . Ti , 67.25% Ti.
30.07% Ti, 14.2, 11.1,
Ti- 1.96, 1.62, 0.92, 0.27. Ti, , .
12.2.

12.2.1. Zr Hf

Zr Hf (. 12.1)
(, 2003),
Zr 0.016% Hf 4.5104 %.
, : Zr
0.0160.237% Hf 4.31045.8104 % (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Zr Hf (Zr 0.0169%
Hf 3.9104 %) , , , - :
Zr 0.013, Hf 3.8104 % ( ). Zr Hf , (. . 12.1). Zr Hf
- (63.6 69.5% ).
12.2.2. Zr Hf,
Zr, Hf . ,
Zr Hf, . Zr . .
(1959) , , , , , , , Zr . , , , , , , ,
281


. . , , , Zr. .. (1968) ,
Zr, . .. (1997). , Hf.
. . ..
(1963), 0.011%.
Zr,
22%. .. (1967), 0.0110.019%, ,
, , 3051%.

0.024% (, 1999). Zr, , 70%. , .
, . Zr .
( ) . (1959). 13% Zr , 46 , 42 . . 22% Zr
30% , . . ,
48% Zr . .. (1966) -
. 82
96% Zr. .. (1991) . (, 1999)
,

Zr, , 2650%. - Zr
. , , , Zr, Zr (, 1999).
. , ( ) . . 282

 Zr Hf Hf (1.1%) . 2480
. (
1100 ), (> 350 ), (350 ), (> 325 ), (106 ),
(> 71 ), (66 ). , 50.
.
, ,
(, 1951; .,
1963; ., 1965; , , 1972; , 1989; , 1992), (, 1990), (, 1986).
, (, 1965; , 1992),
(, 1975; , 1971).
.
(, 1960).
. , , , : - , , (, , 1961; , 1963; , 1965; , 1965).
. (, 1967; , 1968; , , 1968; , 1971; , , 1973; , 1975; , , 1976; , 1991)
(Kalliokoski, 1965).
(, , 1984, 1985; ., 1988; ., 1964; , 1976; , , 1961; , , 1965;
, , 1968; ., 1968) - (Yung, 1971).
. (,
1971), , -, (, 1965, 1968; ., 1968).
. (, 1968)
( ., 1968); , ,
(, 1971).
. , , ( ., 1966; , ,
1973); ( ., 1986).
. ( ., 1976);
(, ,
1973); (
) (, 1987); (, 1975; ., 1986).
283

 12.9
Zr

Zr
,
%
, %
Zr, %

9.3
16.5
36.4
40.9
45.5
71.8

.
.
1.6106
.
0.0064
1.3106

.
.
< 0.01
.
18.2
0.01
18.21

, %

Zr, %

, %

Zr, %

1.5105
3.3107
2106
4.3108
0.011
.

0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
31.3
.

1.1105
2.5107
1.9106
3.3108
0.01
3.1107

0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
28.4
< 0.01

31.31

28.41

. (
., 1986).
- - (, 1967), (, , 1984), ( ., 1988).
. ,
( ., 1966,
1968).
. (, ,
1986); (
., 1986).
.
-4 (, , 1999);
( ., 1986); ( ., 1966);
-
(, , 1989);
(, 1975).
,
28.4% Zr 24% Hf,
(. 12.9). .
18.2% Zr 18% Hf. (. 12.10). (0.33% Zr). , (0.02% Zr). ,
,
.. (1963),
. -
31.3% Zr 26% Hf. - (0.01% Zr).
, .
284

 12.10
Zr Hf,

, %

,
%

Zr

Hf

0.011
0.0078
5107
0.0069
0.011
0.0035
0.0022
0.0037
0.016
0.011
0.002
0.068
1.8105

21.8
18.7
0.004
18.5
45.5
14.5
9.1
15.3
40.4
35.8
9.1
61.9
0.19

27
17
0.01
19
30
11
6.5
11
45
48
8
68
0.4

0.013
0.029
0.014
7106
0.015
0.0057
0.014
0.0009
0.0009
0.0051

37
77.6
42.5
0.19
45.5
13.7
37.5
2.6
3.7
12.9

42
68
28
.
32
12
20
.
4
11

(4.3% Zr) (0.66%

Zr). (0.01% Zr,
Zr 0.96 %).
, (. . 12.10).
. .
, 0.01% Zr. -.
12.2.3.
Zr Hf , , 285

. Zr
Hf , .
Zr Hf
.
, . , .

3050 , . , , .
, Zr. , , , ,
. .. (1991). , 10 . , , 0.0050.039% Zr, ,
, 5885%. .. (1966), - Zr
(0.0330.091 .%) , , 8296%.
Zr (0.0410.052%)
7283% , Zr (0.13%) 92% . . ,
, . 12.9, 1/3. .
Zr .
(
) Zr , .
12.2.4.
Zr 0.016%
Hf 4.5104. Zr Hf , . Zr Hf - (63.7 69.5% ).

28.4% Zr 24% Hf. . , ,
. .

 13

13.1.

13.1.1. V

V (. 13.1)
, (, 2003). V
(0.0121%) , 0.00530.0107%
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004).
V , .
V , 71.99% V. V . (0.0091%)
, , ,
- (0.0104%).
13.1.2. V
. - V , , , ,
V 0.49% ( ). Ti. Ti- ().
V , , 0
(< 0.01) 0.55%, 66 0.24%.
, Ti- .
Ti-
, (. 13.2.2). Ti-
287

 13.1
C V, Nb, Ta ,

,
.%

, 104, %
V

Nb

Ta

Nb

Ta

5.11

75

6.4

3.17

2.66

3.64

, %

10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26

0.44
1.13
2.11

60
71
220

26
19
10

1.8
1
0.8

0.22
0.66
3.84

0.93
1.75
1.72

0.56
0.8
1.2

8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05

38
91
240
30
42

21
20
19
35
13

3.6
2.8
0.74
2.1
0.41

2.58
2.54
2.98
0.01
0.02

14.04
5.51
2.32
0.14
0.05

21.04
6.74
0.79
0.08
0.01

2.92

80

7.1

0.45

1.93

1.69

0.94

30.56

180

15

1.1

45.46

37.33

23.93

1.13
0.38

31
35

1.4
14

0.3
0.3

0.29
0.11

0.13
0.43

0.24
0.08

23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

86
42
110
240

9.8
14
8.1
6.8

1.6
1.2
1.3
0.56

16.5
0.23
0.94
6.53

18.52
0.75
0.68
1.82

26.43
0.56
0.95
1.31

100

121

12

1.4

99.88

100.04

100.00

19.95

91

7.55

1.01

15.04

12.23

14.34

3.68

155

14.7

0.98

4.72

4.4

2.56

23.63

100

8.65

1.01

19.76

16.63

16.90

13.19
34.99
28.19

75
165
104

20.54
13.89
9.48

3.05
1.01
1.46

8.13
47.79
24.2

22.06
39.58
21.77

28.66
25.19
29.25

76.37

127

13.41

1.53

80.12

83.41

83.10

288

120
11
49
0.8
. .
. .

1.4
0.1
0.3
.

10.31
9.32
10.36
1.56
0.25
0.27
. .
0.07
. . .

 13.2
Ti- V

Ti-, %

V, Ti-, %

0.01
0.05
1.4
0.96
0.0002
2
0.013
0.3

0.4
1.69
15.27
14.86
0.01
20
1.04
17.14

0.23
0.066

7.36
1.3
13.3

V
, 522

, 7031

.
0.3
0.1
.
0.4
.
.
5
.
30
30
65.8

.
0.1
0.044
.
0.006
.
.
0.009
.
0.0009
0.006
0.003

0
10
1
0
1
0
0
15
0
9
60
96

.
1
1
.
6
.
7
13
.
60
.
88

.
0.13
0.096
.
0.01
.
0.011
0.013
.
0.003
.
0.007

0
19
14
0
9
0
11
24
0
26
0
103

, 127

1.5
1*
.
18
.
2
10
.
.
67
.
99.5

0.04
0.6
.
.
.
0.004
0.009
.
.
0.001
.
0.008

8
75
0
0
0
1
11
0
0
8
0
103

.
3
.
16
.
70
.
.
11
.
.
100

.
0.056
.
.
.
0.05-0.023
.
.
0.016
.
.
0.035

0
5
0
0
0
83
0
0
5
0
0
93

. (, , 1958), .
- , (Sen at al., 1959); * , Ti-. , (, 1992). . 13.4: 1 , %; 2 V , %; 3 V, , %.

289

 13.4
V
78-112

,
6

17

2.2
8.6
19.7
16.8
30.8
21.9

0.34
0.035
0.033
0.012
0.028
.

25
10
22
7
29
0

0.9
0.1
.
.
97
2

0.28
0.095
.
.
0.04
0.045

5.6
0.2
0
0
86.2
2

100

0.03

94

100

0.045

94

3
0.32
5.1
0.16
. .
. .
46.3
0.084
45.6 .
100

0.056

17
15
0
0
69
0
101

. 78-112 ( ., 1986).
17 6 (, 1991).

. Ti, , . , Ti-
V , , (. 13.2).
, , Ti-
1.3% V.
V
(. 13.3),
(. 13.4), (, 1999). . V,
, .
( Ti-), ,
(, 1999). V
( 3 75%).
.
13.1.3.
, V
0.0121%. Ti- 1.3%
V, .
.

.

290

13.2.

13.2.1. Nb Ta

(. . 13.1) Nb Ta (,
2003). Nb 0.0012% 1.4104 %. 50 (Rudnick, Gao, 2004):
Nb 0.000980.0026% 7.41055.7104 %. Nb Ta
. (Nb 0.00076 Ta 0.0001%) , -
(Nb 0.0011, 0,00012%, ). Nb , ,
0.14% Nb, 21.04% Ta. Nb
Ta - (61.35% Nb
54.44% Ta).
13.2.2. Nb Ta,

Nb Ta , ( ),
.
, Nb Ta , Nb Ta ( ., 1969; ., 1969).
Nb Ta
11115% , .
(, 1959; , 1964; , ,
1970; , 1976; ., 1987; ., 1989; ,
1999) ,
Nb Ta : , , , , , , , . Nb
: Nb 0.3% Ta 0.1% (, 1999). - Nb Ta
, Nb Ta.
Nb Ta
.
291

 3416 . (> 1164 ), (> 690 ), (> 539 ), (459 ), (> 96 ), (> 84 ),
(> 84 ), (60 ).
, 50.
.
, ,
(, 1951; .,
1963; ., 1965; , , 1972; , 1989; , 1992), (, 1990),
( , 1958),
(, 1986).
,
(, 1949; ., 1965; , 1992); (, 1975; , 1971).
. (, 1949).
(, 1954).
. - , , , : -, , , (, 1945; , , 1961; , 1963; , 1965; , 1965; , , 1982).
(, 1967; , , 1973; , 1975; , 1976; , 1979; , 1982; ,
1982; , 1991).
, , (, 1967; , , 1968; , 1968;
., 1968; , 1971; , 1975; , , 1976).
(, , 1968; , 1968; ,
1979; , , 1984, 1985; ., 1988; ., 1964;
, 1982).
. (,
1971; , , 1982); , -,
(, 1965, 1968; ., 1968); (, 1982).
. , (, 1968) ( ., 1968); , , (, 1971; , , 1982).
. , , ( ., 1966; , ,
1973; ., 1986), (, 1966), ( ., 1986); ( ., 1986).
. ( ., 1976);
, , , (, 1966; , , 1973; ., 1986; , 1987).
292

 . (
., 1986).
- , -
(, 1966, 1967; ., 1988), (, 1982).
. ,
( ., 1966, 1968;
., 1999).
.
(, , 1986)
( ., 1986).
.
-4 ( ., 1999); , ( ., 1966; .,
1986); -
(, , 1986); (, 1975).
( ), -. ,
.
. ,
Nb - (. 13.5). , (. 13.6). ( 2107 %), -
(2106 %). Nb :
13.5
Nb

-

Nb, %

2.6
2.9
6.4
7.5
11.2
11.7
12.6
16.5
30.6
39.6
46.9

, %

Nb, %

, %

Nb, %

1108
8.6109
1.3106
1.71011
3.5107
1.2106
3.3105
8.6106
3.1106
1.3106
8.6106

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.32
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.31

7.6109
6.6109
1106
1.31011
2.6107
9107
2.5105
6.6106
2.4106
1106
6.6106

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.26
0.09
0.06
0.03
0.26

6.5.105

0.87

5.2.105

0.71
293

 13.6
Nb (%),

< 0.01 (110 )

.
0.01 (1.8106)
.
0.02 (310-6)
0.05 (8.7106)
1.8 (0.0003)
0.63 (8105)
0.22 (1.5105)
0.09 (5106)
1.79 (8105)

.
.
<0.01 (6107)
.
.
.
0.11 (1.8105)
.
0.49 (3.2105)
0.04 (2106)
.

.
0.01 (1.3105)
3.11 (0.0017)
< 0.01 (1107)
.
1.1 (3.310-4)
.
< 0.01 (8108)
0.03 (3.8106)
1.13 (0.0001)
.

< 0.01 (6108)

< 0.01 (5108)
0.02 (7.7106)
< 0.01 (4109)
0.01 (2106)
0.04 (6.7106)
1.17 (1.9104)
0.4 (5105)
0.27 (1.8105)
0.08 (4106)
1.14 (5105)

4.61

0.64

5.38

3.13

. %.

13.7
Ta

-

Ta, %

0.15
0.55
1
2.1
2.7
4.5
5.9
7.2
28.8
51.5
58.5

, %

Ta, %

, %

Ta, %

1.71011
1.3106
3.1106
1.3106
1.2106
3.3105
8.6106
8.6106
8.6109
3.5107
1108

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.99
0.34
0.41
< 0.01
0.12
< 0.01

1.31011
1106
2.4106
1106
9107
2.5105
6.6106
6.6106
6.6109
2.6107
7.6109

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.8
0.28
0.34
< 0.01
0.1
< 0.01

6.5105

1.92

4.9105

1.58

< 0.01 0.08%. Nb .

. Ta,
-
, Nb (. 13.7).
(. 13.8). 0.01% . -
294

 13.8
Ta (%),

< 0.01
< 0.01
0.04
0.03
0.07
3.75
1.31
1.6
.
0.43
0.02

.
< 0.01
0.11
0.02
.
0.29
.
.
.
.
.

.
4.45
0.02
1
4.24
.
< 0.01
.
1.78
.
.

< 0.01
0.01
0.06
0.03
0.06
2.85
0.98
1.2
< 0.01
0.34
0.01

7.25

0.42

11.49

5.54

0.03% .
(. . 13.8).
13.2.3.
Nb Ta 50 , , Nb Ta
. . 3.6104 % 2.8104 %, .. (1990), , 2 , ,
, , .
, , .
50250 > 3050 , ,
, . (,
.). ( ) ,
. , -
.
.
295

 . . . , ,
.
Nb Ta
, ,
, , .
, , Nb, . Nb Ta , . .
13.2.4.
Nb 0.0012,
0.00014%. Nb , , 0.14% Nb, 21.04%
Ta. Nb Ta - (61.35% Nb 54.44% Ta). ,

0.71% Nb, 0.26, 0.26, 0,09, 0,06, 0,03, 0.01%;
1.58% ,
0.8, 0.34, 0.28, 0.1, 0.02, 0.02, 0.02%.
. Nb Ta , ( ). Nb Ta .

 14

14.1.

14.1.1. Cr

Cr (. 14.1)
(, 2003). Cr 0.0092% 0.00350.0112%, 50 (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Cr ,
.
19.5, 2.6, 1.5.
Cr 0.97%
. Cr , 74.72% . Cr ,
(0.0077%) , (0.0079%).
14.1.2. Cr
Cr
Al Fe, Cr , , .
0.6% (, 1999), .
,
Cr . (), ,
, . .
. ,
, , , ,
297

 14.1
Cr, Mo, W

298

, %

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92

, 104 %

, %

Cr

Mo

Cr

Mo

58

1.5

1.6

3.21

4.91

4.03

110
1.6
20
1.6
32
.
. .
8.5
1.8
30
1.4
130
1.4
7.8
1.4
22
1.1
175
1.5
2
1.1
1800
0.3
65
1.5

2.6
1.2
.
.
1.4
1.4
1.1
2.2
1.6
0.75
1.3
0.16
2.1

12.38
10.67
13.32
0.83
3.95
2.28
0.11
. .
. . .
0.04
0.51
0.3
0.37
1.01
0.78
2.97
1.89
1.14
0.69
7.37
8.9
0.81
2.38
2.66
2.84
1.44
0.55
< 0.01
0.04
0.03
0.97
0.01
< 0.01
2.05
2.81
3.02

30.56

140

1.9

2.6

46.3

37.22

39.14

1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29

43
36
61
33
47
270

1.2
4
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.2

1.7
.
1.4
.
.
4

0.53
0.15
15.32
0.24
0.52
9.61

0.87
0.97
19.34
0.51
1.45
2.53

0.95
.
16.01
.
.
6.48

100
19.95

92.4
76.6

1.56
1.53

2.03
2

99.94
16.53

99.88
19.53

99.59
19.63

3.68

85

1.45

1.23

3.38

3.41

2.22

23.63

78.1

1.53

1.88

19.91

22.94

21.85

13.19
34.99
28.19

37.2
129
84.2

1.33
1.86
1.32

1.87
2.5
1.62

5.31
49.03
25.69

11.24
41.87
23.83

12.14
43.11
22.49

76.37

96.8

1.57

2.07

80.03

76.94

77.74

 14.2
Cr,

, 104 %

Cr, %

0.0003
0.0001
7105
0.0004
6106
0.0029
0.2
1106
3105
0.0002
1.9.10-4
1.3104
2.5104
1.5104
0.0011
9107
2.4105
0.0002

1.6
0.28
0.72
0.95
0.08
5.14
34.44
< 0.01
0.28
2.3
0.64
0.52
0.91
0.6
9.22
< 0.01
0.09
0.64

. Cr 31%.

.
.
. 13.2.2. 1.3104 %. -
1.6104 %.

. ,
.
Cr (31%) , . , Cr (. 14.2), -
. , .
,
Cr .
- (), 0.165% Cr, 17% (Berger, 1985). (), 0.0030.0045% Cr, , (,
, 1976). - ,
299

 0.02% Cr, 60% ( Cr 1.2%) 37% ( Cr 0.5%) (Sen et al., 1959). (, 1978), - (Berger, 1985)
(, 1992), 0.261.02% Cr, 1290% . (, 1978), 0.180.68% Cr,
7095% . , 0.150.32% Cr, 2367% (, 1986). , 0.014
0.018% Cr, , 9092% (Rost, Grigel, 1964). Cr, . , 0.023% Cr,
, (, 1989).
, . Cr .
Cr , .
14.1.3.
, Cr
0.0092%. Cr
, 74.72% . ,
,
0.64% Cr.
14.2.

14.2.1. Mo

Mo (. 14.1) (, 2003), .
, W
( ., 1976; , , 19992001; ,
1964; , , 1986; ., 1990;
., 2004; ., 2004; , , 2004; ,
, 1974).
Mo 1.56104 %
7.81051.5104 %, (Rudnick, Gao, 2004),
300

 . Mo . :
. , . Mo . 1.53104 % , - , 1.3104 %.
Mo ,
65.7% .
14.2.2. Mo
- , , , , , ,
, , , > 0.08% ( ) .
, . ,
3000 .
13.2.2. ,
.
, .
4.64%
(. 14.3). - , , ( 1.5107 %, 2108 %)
( 3105 %, 4105 %). , , : < 0.01 0.01%,
0.57 13.9%. , , (. 14.4),
(. 14.5).
100 , 21053.2104 %. . (, , 1965; , 1972; , 1972; , , 1978; Kuroda, Sandell, 1954), .
. , , 301

 14.3

Mo , %

3.4
25.6
45.5
59.9

, %

Mo, %

, %

Mo, %

, %

Mo, %

5.9107
.
.
7.9107

0.01
.
.
0.33

8.3106
5.2109
5.2.10-8
1.6105

0.18
< 0.01
0.01
5.99

6.5106
4109
4.10-8
1.2105

0.14
< 0.01
0.01
4.49

1.35106

0.34

2.4105

6.18

1.9105

4.64

14.4
(%),

1.07
(4.4105)
0.01
(4108)
0.16
(5107)
12.84
(3105)

0.62
(2105)
< 0.01
(2108)
.

14.08
(7.4105)

0.05
(1.6106)
.

.
.

21.78
(4105)

3.71
(9.3106)

1.63
(3106)

3.99
(2106)

0.86
(3.3105)
0.01
(3108)
0.11
(3107)
13.82
(3105)

22.4
(6105)

3.71
(9.3106)

1.68
(4.6106)

3.99
(2106)

14.8
(6.3105)

. , %.

14.5
(%),

7.19
(1.8105)

0.09
(5106)
5.67
(1.8105)

7.19
(1.8105)

5.76
(2.3105)

3.92
(8.5106)

0.28
(1105)
8.99
(1.8106)

0.15
(1105)
< 0.1
(7109)

0.28
(1105)
0.8
(1.6106)

3.92
(8.5106)

9.27
(1.18105)

0.15
(9.3105)

1.08
(1.2105)

7105 1.5104 %, 17 80%

. , , ( , 1972; , 1999).
.
,
.
302

14.2.3.
, 1.56104 %. Mo , 65.7 .
4.64% , 4.49, 0.14, 0.01.
14.3.

14.3.1. W

W (.
. 14.1) (,
2003), . , W, . W 2.03104 % 9.11053.3104 %,
50 (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). W .
W . W
.
2104 % 1.7104 % , - .
W ,
65.6% W.
14.3.2.
W , , > 0.1% ( )
. 3000 . 13.2.2.
. , , .
,
.
. .
303

 14.6
W

W , %

3.14
59.5
61.6

, %

W, %

, %

W, %

, %

W, %

.
6.5108
5.9107

.
0.02
0.19

5.2108
1106
8.3106

< 0.01
0.28
2.43

4108
7.8107
6.5106

< 0.01
0.23
2

6.55107

0.21

9.4106

2.71

7.3106

2.23

14.7
W (%),

0.01 (510 )
2.7 (1105)
12.32 (4.4105)

.
0.04 (1107)
7.7 (2105)

.
.
0.76 (1.6106)

0.01 (3107)
1.88 (6106)
10.7 (3.3105)

15.03 (5.4105)

7.74 (2105)

0.76 (1.6106)

12.59 (3.9105)

0.0055 0.01%, 0.005

0.0025%. W (,
1999), W 0.007%, . . W .
, 0.01.
, 2.23% W (. 14.6). -
, .
W :
( 3107, 1.5107 %) ( 3105 %). 0.11% W, 0.06, 13.2% W.
, W (. 14.7).
W , . .
( ., 1981; , , 1970; , 1972;
, , 1974), , , , 81054.4104 % W, .
, , 81057.2104 % W,
24 80% .
W, , W ( , 1972). ,
304

 W ,
.
,

1050, 100 , .
14.3.3.
W 2.03104 %.
W
. W , 65.6%
W. 2.23% W,
0.23, 2%. . ,
.

 15
, ,
,

15.1.

15.1.1. Mn

Mn , - (. 15.1) .
(, 1997; , 1979,
1983; ., 1971; ., 1997; , , 1999,
2000, 2001; , 1971; , , 1983; , ,
1983; , , 1952; , 1975; , , 1955; , , 1986; ., 1990;
, 1981; ., 1994; , , 2005; , 1987; , 1981; , , 1955; ,
1982; , 2001; , , 1959; ., 1990; ., 1988; , 1979; ., 1959, 1968; Condie et al.,
1991, 2001; Di Leo, 2002; Huber et al., 2001; Yang et al., 1998). Mn .. (1990), ..
(1990) .
Mn (0.0767%) (0.0540.077%) (Rudnick,
Gao, 2004). Mn
( ), , . , Mn (
) . (
) 0.52 (-) 1.96 ().
Mn .
0.073% ,
-
(0.061% ). Mn ,
63.73% .

306

307

, %

5.11
10.4
3.85
0.33
0.26
0.44
1.13
2.11
8.21
3.38
1.5
0.05
0.05
2.92
30.56
1.13
0.38
23.21
0.66
1.03
3.29
100
19.95
3.68
23.63
13.19
34.99
28.19
76.37

0.059
0.08
0.077
0.11
0.0008
0.059
0.11
0.14
0.042
0.075
0.14
0.12
0.15
0.086
0.098
0.13
0.076
0.04
0.059
0.11
0.13
0.0767
0.0734
0.121
0.0809
0.0623
0.0978
0.0536
0.0753

Mn

3.21
4.71
1.09
3.19
0.029
1.5
5.04
8.06
1.83
3.3
8.25
3.31
10.4
3.47
4.41
1.56
24.14
3.55
3.02
5.38
8.08
4.06
3.54
6.35
3.98
2.97
4.45
4.13
4.08

Fe

0.0013
0.0019
5.1104
1.3104
.
4.8104
0.0019
0.003
0.0001
7.8104
0.0048
0.0003
0.015
0.0016
0.0019
6.9104
0.0005
0.0017
0.0009
0.0017
0.0049
0.0017
0.0014
0.00236
0.00157
0.000866
0.00182
0.00206
0.00174

Co

, %

0.0035
0.0049
0.0019
0.0037
.
0.0008
0.0051
0.0073
3.5104
0.0016
0.014
0.0004
0.2
0.0046
0.0078
0.0012
0.0018
0.0023
0.0027
0.004
0.0130
0.005
0.0038
0.0058
0.0042
0.00298
0.00725
0.00362
0.00517

Ni

3.93
10.85
3.87
0.47
< 0.01
0.34
1.62
3.85
4.5
3.31
2.74
0.08
0.1
3.27
39.05
1.91
0.38
12.10
0.51
1.48
5.58
99.94
19.12
5.81
24.93
10.73
44.61
19.67
75.01

Mn

4.04
12.07
1.03
0.26
< 0.01
0.16
1.4
4.19
3.7
2.75
3.05
0.04
0.13
2.5
33.19
0.43
2.26
20.29
0.49
1.37
6.55
99.9
17.4
5.75
23.15
9.67
38.38
28.7
76.75

Fe

3.9
11.61
1.15
0.03
.
0.12
1.26
3.72
0.48
1.55
4.23
0.01
0.44
2.75
34.12
0.46
0.11
23.18
0.35
1.03
9.47
99.97
16.69
5.1
21.79
6.71
37.44
34.03
78.18

Co

, %

3.61
10.27
1.48
0.25
.
0.07
1.16
3.1
0.58
1.09
4.23
< 0.01
2.02
2.71
48.06
0.27
0.14
10.76
0.36
0.83
8.62
99.61
15.61
4.33
19.94
7.92
51.18
20.57
79.67

Ni

15.1
Mn, Fe, Co, Ni

15.1.2. Mn

Mn. . :
25, 630 . , , ,
. , 64.7183.47% Mn (. 15.2). 15.2
(%)
Mn

Mn, %

< 0.077
0.0770.23
0.230.69
> 0.69

83.47
(0.035)
14.64
(0.11)
1.59
(0.38)
0.3
(0.71)

64.73
(0.037)
32.91
(0.10)
1.82
(0.38)
0.54
(1.66)

76.96
(0.028)
19.24
(0.11)
2.63
(0.37)
1.17
(1.56)

68.18
(0.023)
19.32
(0.15)
10.23
(0.41)
2.27
(1.63)

75.17
(0.031)
20.07
(0.12)
3.4
(0.39)
1.36
(1.88)

64.71
(0.043)
32.06
(0.12)
2.11
(0.36)
1.12
(2.15)

80.1
(0.030)
13.18
(0.13)
4.73
(0.37)
1.99
(1.21)

. Mn , %.

15.3
Mn (%)

Mn, %

< 0.077
0.0770.23
0.230.69
> 0.69

(1318 )

,
-

, (995 )

(1100 ) (1367 )
(88 )
(294 )
(403 )

53.86
30.94
11.25
(1.35)
3.95
(0.99)

32.74
45.74
9.25
(0.83)
12.27
(4.91)

100
(2.34)

100
(5.74)

30.65
30.07
13.58
25.7
(1.54)

12.71
23.48
33.92
(4.07)
29.89
(17.93)

27.23
27.38
15.47
(1.86)
29.92
(17.35)

28.73
39.14
7.82
(0.7)
24.31
(13.37)

29.12
20.89
20.97
29.02
(1.74)

100
(1.54)

100
(22)

100
(19.21)

100
(14.07)

100
(1.74)

. Mn, (% Mn,
).

308

 Mn (> 0.69%) 0.32.27% . Mn. Mn 12.7153.86%

(. 15.3). (
19) 41.8657.4% Mn, ( > 9) 3.9529.92%.
15.1.3.
Mn
Mn ( ) . Mn , Mg, Fe.
,
Mn. .. (1959), Mn , %: 04.26, 0.81 (173 ); 0.814.0, 1.39
(51 ); 0.082.26, 1.14 (28 ).
Mn 00.26, 0.1% (27 );
, , , , , Mn 2 7.5%,
Mn, , ,
.
Mn 2.4% ( ) (, 1999) . Mn- (2.412.9% Mn).
. , , ,
. ,
,
. .
: , . , (, 1999).
(. 3.1.3).
Mn ,
309


. Mn
. , Mn : C0 C100.
C0 Mn , . 2000
( ). , .
, ,
( ., 1959, 1968).
, .. (1992). 783
, (34 ) ( 0.0012%). Mn . Mn
,
: 1.62.9% ( -) 3.55% ( ), ,
.
, C0 Mn . C0
Mn . 0, %:
0.11, 0.15, 0.6, 0.07, 0.1, 0.12, 0.5.
C100 Mn , Mn
. , , , (
, 1984; , 1982; , 1986; ., 1968),
, ,
,
Mn. . , , Mn Mn
10.612%. ,
.
. Mn
> 16% ( ., 1968).
Mn 1625%
310

 15.4
Mn

Mn-

Mn
,
%

Mn, %

6.3
17.8
21.6
23.76
28.87
39.96
42.55
47.3
48.9
49.2
51
52.15
53.4
59.6
60.3
71.11

Mn, %

Mn, %

0.0017
.
3106
0.0012
.
0.0012
2.2104
1.1104
9104
.
.
3.7104
.
6.4104
0.0013
.

0.13
.
< 0.01
0.35
.
0.59
0.12
0.06
0.54
.
.
0.24
.
0.47
0.97
.

5.6104
4104
0.0033
0.001
4.4104
0.0012
2.6104
.
1.3104
8.4104
0.0035
.
0.0018
.
3104
0.0014

0.05
0.1
0.95
0.32
0.17
0.64
0.15
.
0.08
0.55
2.37
.
1.28
.
0.24
1.28

8.2104
3104
0.0026
0.001
3.3104
0.0012
2.5104
2.6105
3.1104
6.4104
0.0027
8.6105
0.0014
1.5104
5.4104
0.001

0.07
0.07
0.73
0.31
0.12
0.63
0.14
0.02
0.2
0.41
1.8
0.06
0.98
0.12
0.43
0.93

0.0076

3.47

0.015

8.18

0.13

7.02

, ,
. Mn Mn > 25%.
100 : - 16%, 25.
Mn . ,
.
Mn, ,
. 15.3. Mn . (, 2000;
, 1986; ., 2004; ., 1968).
,
7.02% Mn (. 15.4). , -. Mn , , , (. 15.5), , , ,
(. 15.6).
311

 15.5
Mn (% Mn ),

Mn-

0.07 (0.0006)
0.22 (5.5104)
0.36 (5.2104)
0.07 (1104)
0.01 (1105)
0.42 (0.0005)
0.44 (0.0005)
0.2 (0.0002)
0.55 (5.3104)

0.15 (0.0019)
0.54 (0.0018)
0.96 (0.0019)
0.21 (4.1104)
0.12 (2104)
0.93 (0.0015)
0.33 (0.0005)
0.76 (0.001)
1.743 (0.0023)

0.34 (0.0041)
0.43 (0.0014)
0.36 (0.0007)
0.02 (4105)
0.04 (6105)
0.06 (1104)
0.05 (7105)
0.08 (1104)
0.16 (0.0002)

0.21 (0.0037)
1.13 (0.0052)
3.56 (0.0098)
0.35 (9104)
0.34 (8104)
3.56 (0.008)
0.85 (0.0018)
5.42 (0.01)
6.58 (0.012)

0.17 (0.002)
0.46 (0.0014)
0.76 (0.0014)
0.15 (2.6104)
0.08 (1.3104)
0.73 (0.0011)
0.31 (4.3104)
0.62 (7.6104)
1.31 (0.0016)

2.34 (0.003)

5.74 (0.0115)

1.54 (0.0068)

22 (0.0522)

4.59 (0.0091)

. . 15.6 , %.

15.6
Mn (% Mn ),

Mn-

0.12 (0.0016)
0.19 (0.0009)
2.18 (0.0087)
0.69 (0.0025)
0.34 (0.001)
1.25 (0.0027)
0.3 (0.0006)
0.1 (1.7104)
2.23 (0.0039)
4.74 (0.008)
3.48 (0.0056)
0.28 (0.0004)
3.31 (0.004)

0.08 (0.0012)
0.16 (0.0009)
1.65 (0.0075)
0.56 (0.0023)
0.3 (0.001)
1.1 (0.0027)
0.26 (0.0006)
0.15 (2.9104)
0.85 (0.0017)
4.17 (0.008)
2.18 (0.004)
0.43 (7104)
2.18 (0.003)

0.06 (0.0013)
0.01 (5105)
0.13 (7.5104)
0.18 (0.001)
0.02 (0.0001)
0.31 (0.001)
0.02 (5105)
0.02 (5105)
0.23 (0.0006)
0.39 (0.001)
0.08 (0.0002)
0.02 (5105)
0.27 (5104)

0.08 (0.0012)
0.16 (8.6104)
1.61 (0.0073)
0.55(0.0022)
0.28 (9.6104)
1.07 (0.0026)
0.25 (5.8104)
0.14 (2.8104)
0.91 (0.0018)
4.01 (0.0077)
2.17 (0.004)
0.4 (6.5104)
2.18 (0.003)

19.21 (0.04)

14.07 (0.034)

1.74 (0.0066)

13.81 (0.033)

312

15.1.4.
Mn
.
.
, .
Mn .
, ,
. , Mn, .
,
. , , , .
.
(, 1999).

. Mn 0.10.13%,
- Mn
0.013 0.044% , 25 63% Mn.

Mn.
15.1.5.
Mn
0.077%. ,
63.73% Mn, .
Mn : (< 0.077%),
(0.0770.69%) (> 0.69%). Mn , %: 12.7153.85; 41.8657.4;
3.9529.89. , , . ,
Mn. , 7.02% Mn, , %: 1.8, 0.98, 0.93,
0.73, 0.63, 0.43,
0.41, 0.31, 0.2, 0.14, 313

 0.12, 0.12, Mn- 0.07, 0.07, 0.06, 0.02.

, Mn,
, .
15.2.

15.2.1. Fe

Fe
( ., 1990) . Fe 4.06% 3.184.49%,
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Fe
(. . 15.1) : Fe , , .
Fe 3.54% (3.34%),
- ( ).
Fe , 67.08 Fe.
15.2.2. Fe


, 4000 , , .
, ,
. Fe,
, . . Fe .. (1967)
Fe 74.84%. ( ) (, 1999), Fe

(. 1.2.1).
, 92.38%
Fe .
() 5.87% Fe (. 15.7). 314

 15.7
Fe

, %

Fe, %

Fe, %

0.021

38.09
0.56
2.51
0.48
0.43
0.27

0.10.9
1.02
2
2.3
3.4
3.92

3.24
0.14
1.24
0.27
0.36
0.26
0.36
5.87

15.94

0.16
0.48
3.16
1.21
0.25
0.69
1.17
1.89
0.037
0.39
0.31
7.49
0.85
0.46
0.076
0.09
0.13
0.43
0.17
0.57
0.55

4.81
4.98
6.14
6.57
10.05
12.2
12.4
12.79
12.8
13.64
15.23
16.5
18.7
19.75
19.8
20.7
20.9
21.07
24.31
24.12
24.1

0.19
0.59
4.78
1.96
0.64
2.07
3.57
5.96
0.12
1.31
1.16
30.44
3.92
2.24
0.37
0.46
0.67
2.23
1.02
3.39
3.26
1.32
71.67

5.948.86

Mg- .

0.0059

30.58

0.05

8.8617.64

Ti-

0.12
0.19
0.12
0.063
0.0012
0.0039
0.066
0.029
0.085
0.079
0.65

36
37.6
45.7
46.5
46.5
53.99
56.1
61.57
62.7
69.6
71.6

1.06
1.76
1.35
0.72
0.01
0.05
0.91
0.44
1.31
1.35
11.5
20.46

Fe

Fe

98.11

* .

315

 Fe , %

. 5. Fe
Fe

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

2535% Fe
( 5.948.86) (. . 15.7,
. 5). , .
0 7.2 14.4 21.6 28.8 36.0 43.2 50.4 57.6 64.8 72

Fe , %
Fe
Mg, Ca, Al, K ( ).
71.67% Fe (30.44% ).
, Fe.
, , , . :
. 20.46% Fe (11.5%
). Mg-, , . Fe (0.05% ).
- Fe - , . , - .
(. 15.8) (. 15.9) 15.8
Fe (%)

Fe

316

11.18
4.65
7.97
15.42
9.77
11.27
15.02
5.86
69.96
2.34
0.29
0.26
.
11.72
0.37
4.02
19
100.14

11.65
3.17
7.33
17.52
1.33
20.48
20.47
4.46
74.76
0.4
0.29
1.48
0.05
5.32
1.43
0.76
9.73
96.14

9.21
1.37
.
15.14
.
44.22
11.06
4.88
76.67
.
2.31
0.17
.
11.5
0.96
.
14.94
100.82

5.7
.
4.01
.
38.66
.
18.89
9.35
70.91
1.53
.
0.92
.
19.66
< 0.01
0.18
22.29
98.9

11.52
3.36
7.01
16.64
3.78
19.49
18.65
4.82
73.75
0.85
0.4
1.31
0.01
7.44
1.16
1.46
12.63
97.9

 15.9
Fe (%)


Fe

Ti-

8.22
0.41
0.09
26.4
.
0.14
6.34
33.38
7.2
0.75
22.9
1.55
3.74
.
0.93
16.7
53.77
95.37

6.26
7.31
5.21
18
1.79
6.28
2.99
41.58
8.55
3.66
8.7
0.65
5.57
.
8.29
11.9
47.32
95.16

3.19
2.67
11.4
14.9
6.73
18.3
7.72
61.72
2.68
3.27
6.8
0.29
9.74
0.38
1.73
5.51
30.4
95.31

4.11
3.73
9.58
16
5.32
14.9
6.52
56.05
4.24
3.32
7.7
0.41
8.48
0.28
3.29
7.44
35.16
95.32

15.10
Fe (%) -

Fe

8.07
9.06

1.68
5.58

0.36
2.99

. .

1.05
6.59

. .

43.3
43.75

. .

0.23
0.64

1.26
0.91

47.88
60.46

< 0.01
< 0.01

4.93
5.7

< 0.01
0.28

0.51
0.28

0.01
0.09
Ti- < 0.01 .

0.2
0.26

0.22
0.06

0.38
0.63

33.3
20.61

39.55
27.91

95.5
97.43

5.03

7.32

4.94

7.03

4.84
6.53
2.97
11.3
0.31
10.6
3.76
6.39
3.4
50.1
< 0.01
2.28
1.11
0.28
.
13.6
0.11
.
2.53
23.4
43.31
98.44

0.93
16.87
.
.
0.04
7.48
37.52
.
10.36
73.2
< 0.01
4.54
.
0.14
0.01
0.22
0.44
.
< 0.01
9.3
14.65
95.17

2.36
.
13.2
.
14.8
.
.
.
8.85
39.21
0.06
0.25
0.13
0.45
.
8.09
.
.
.
44.1
53.02
97.23

3.8
3.12
1.12
5.86
0.29
32.4
1.32
2.27
1.35
51.53
< 0.01
4.3
0.43
0.38
0.03
4.34
0.2
0.1
1.12
26.8
37.7
96.26
317

 15.11
Fe (%)

Fe

Mg-

3.82
6.19
7.03
6.43
.
6.27
30.91
8.08
5.31
70.22
.
.
2.38
0.92
0.67
.
0.72
0.18
2.21
15.06
22.14
96.18

4.66
7.94
4.7
7.03
.
4.06
33.67
6.36
10.96
74.72
.
0.51
1.28
1.04
0.84
.
.
0.98
1.26
12.99
18.9
98.29

13.41
3.15
2.35
0.8
12.31
9.03
15.87
0.84
10.18
54.53
9.8
.
.
8.79
1.49
.
.
4.34
1.34
3.67
19.63
97.37

0.31
0.66
.
0.05
.
1.11
0.34
3.87
9.71
15.74
0.13
0.59
.
2.65
0.14
2.24
0.52
.
12.69
65.25
84.08
100.27

4.53
7.34
4.55
6.52
0.14
4.08
31.4
6.26
10.55
70.84
0.12
0.38
1.27
1.23
0.79
0.13
0.08
0.91
2
16.1
22.89
98.38

15.12
Fe (%)

Fe

318

Fe

4.93
3.63
1.85
0.35
10.1
.
53.5
6.85
.
1.78
5.73
83.79
.
1.59
.
0.52
.
0.05
0.17
0.01
8.47
10.81
99.53

5.19
2.03
0.87
10.7
8.48
2.26
13.7
3.1
.
0.7
0.5
42.34
32.12
2.86
1.51
0.52
0.15
.
0.06
2.3
8.3
47.82
95.35

5.26
5.48
1.83
5.3
8.57
5.07
8.59
0.35
7.34
2.75
2.85
48.13
33.43
2.8
6.12
0.26
.
.
0.11
.
3.33
46.05
99.44

3.12
6.08
7.32
10.7
6.02
8.44
11.8
1.16
14.2
8.62
11.2
85.54
.
2.09
3.11
0.35
0.06
< 0.01
0.23
1.03
3.1
9.97
98.63

4.67
4.25
3.09
3.12
9.08
2.21
40.2
5.16
3.59
3.37
7.71
81.78
2.17
1.78
1.03
0.47
0.02
0.03
0.19
0.29
6.93
12.91
99.36

 Fe. ,
, .
. .
(. 15.10) . , .. (1990)
. .
Fe (. 15.11) .
Fe, , 18.9%,
84.08%. , , . - Mg-. . Fe (. 15.12)
, , . - 10.81% Fe
(8.47% ). .
15.2.3.
Fe ,
, .. . . ,
Fe . Fe, , . , , Fe. ,
Fe .
. Fe .
Fe
. , ,
, , .
, .
.
Fe
. , Fe , . (319

, 1999). ,
Fe .
Fe , .
, ( )
(, 1999). Fe
20.225.7% 4792% .
Fe 37.141.3% ,
, 85100%, . . Fe. Fe 7.315.1%
(Ti-) 2664%
, Fe 27.949.94% , 7690%. Fe 3.616.03% 4488% . (
Fe). ,

Fe, . ( ) Fe 7.8110.72% 433% . Fe
17.544.5% 35.386%. , Fe, .
15.2.4.
Fe 4.06%.
Fe (67.08%) - . , 20.46% Fe, 11.5,
1.76, 1.35, 1.35, 1.31, 1.06, Ti- 0.91, 0.72, 0.44,
0.05, 0.01.
15.3.

15.3.1. Co

Co (.
. 15.1) (, 2003). Co
0.0017% (0.00120.0018%), (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Co :
320

 , .
Co .
0.014% ,
- (0.014%
). Co . 71.47% .
15.3.2. Co,
Co 0.3% (,
1999). , . > 0.3%. . 15.1.3.

( 2160 ).
Co .
, . , 13.2.2.
, Co Ni. (, 1986);
-
(, 1992); , , ,
- (, 1968;
, , 1982; , 1963; , , 1961);
(, , 1967); ( ., 1982; , 1976; , 1967; , 1982; , 1982; , ,
1968); (, 1973; , 1982; ,
1971; , , 1982); (, 1971; , , 1982); (, 1966);
( ., 1986);
( ., 1986); (,
1973); - (, 1967);
() ( ., 1986) (, , 1986).
, , %:
0.28, 0.17, - 0.29 (. 15.13). . 321

 15.13
Co

Co , %

0.3
0.36
0.95
1.2
1.26
1.5
1.7
1.8
2.1
31.4

, %

Co, %

, %

Co, %

, %

Co, %

9104
.
9107
.
.
5.6108
.
.
1.9106
.

0.17
.
< 0.01
.
.
< 0.01
.
.
< 0.01
.

1.3104
8.4104
1.1104
6.61010
6.7106
1.1107
4106
1105
1.1105
1.1106

0.02
0.17
0.06
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02

3.1104
6.4104
8.4105
51010
5.1106
9.6108
3106
7.6106
8.8106
8.4107

0.05
0.14
0.05
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02

9.3104

0.17

7.7104

0.29

8.1104

0.28

15.14
,

(% , )

0.12 (5104)

< 0.01 (3107)

0.12 (5104)

0.24 (0.0015)
0.06 (1104)
18.46 (0.008)

.
.
.

.
.
.

0.24 (0.0015)
0.06 (1104)
18.46 (0.008)

0.23 (0.0011)
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
0.03 (1104)
0.02 (5.7105)

< 0.01 (8108)

0.44 (1104)
< 0.01 (1106)
.
0.01 (1.2105)

0.23 (0.0011)
0.44 (1104)
< 0.01 (1106)
0.03 (1104)
0.03 (6.9105)

. , %.

(. 15.14). ,
,
.
, < 0.01%
. 0.03% (. . 15.14). - , (. 15.15). , , . , . 15.15, : 322

 15.15
(% ),
-

0.04
(1.2105)
.

0.79
(0.004)
< 0.01
(2106)
< 0.01
(4107)

1.18
(5.6105)
3.14
(1105)

0.11
(4105)
.

4.36
(7.8105)

0.11
(4105)

0.79
(0.004)

.
0.03
(4106)
.

0.02
(3104)
< 0.01
(6107)
.

< 0.01
(7.5106)
0.44
(4104)
0.11
(4.5105)
0.23
(6.3106)

0.03
(5106)

0.02
(3104)

0.78
(4.5104)

15.16
(% ),

0.03 (1.7104)
0.88 (0.0039)
.
.
.
.
0.01(5.10-6)

0.05 (2.9104)
0.32 (0.0017)
0.05 (1104)
0.01 (1.6105)
0.01 (1105)
0.02 (2.5105)
.

0.21 (5104)
0.31 (0.0006)
.
.
.
.
.

0.05 (2.8104)
0.36 (0.0018)
0.05 (8.7105)
0.01 (1.4105)
0.01 (9106)
0.02 (2.2105)
< 0.01 (4107)

0.92 (0.0041)

0.46 (0.0021)

0.52 (0.0011)

0.5 (0.0022)

15.17
(% ),

< 0.01 (1106)

< 0.01 (4106)

.
0.06 (5105)

.
0.01 (2105)

< 0.01 (8.2107)

0.01 (7.5106)

< 0.01 (5106)

0.06 (5105)

0.01 (2105)

0.01 (8.3106)

, , < 0.01% . .
(. 15.16). ,
,
(. 15.17).
323

15.3.3.

. . . ,
,
. ,
. , , , .
. (, , 1976)
( ., 1974; , 1978)
.
62.587%. - 0.0055% , . (Sen et al., 1959).
(, 1973), -
(, 1999).
,
,
. , %: 0.00050.005; 0.0050.05
0.050.5 , , 021, 2886 8295%.
15.3.4.

0.0017%. Co , 71.47% .
0.28% , , %:
0.14, 0.05, 0.05,
0.02, 0.01, 0.01. , , .

324

15.4.

15.4.1. Ni

Ni (. . 15.1) (, 2003). . , : ( ., 2004; Di Leo et al., 2002; Gtze,
1998; Huber et al., 2001); ,
-
(, , 1972), -
( ., 1972), ( ., 2004).
Ni 0.005%. 0.00190.006%, (Rudnick, Gao, 2004). Ni
: Ni
, . Ni 0.0038% , - (0.0031% ). Ni . 71.75% Ni.
15.4.2. Ni,
, Ni
Fe Mg (Vogt, 1923; , ,
1952), . Ni
, . Ni (, , 1952; ,
, 1976; , 1994). Ni 0.7% (, 1999). . 2160 .
13.2.2. Ni
. , .
, Co Ni,
15.3.2.
Ni, , %:
0.88, 0.01, - 1.09 (. 15.18). (. 15.19). - Ni, 325

 15.18
Ni

Ni , %

0.7
1.2
1.4
30.4
34.5
38.7
41
42.6
47

, %

Ni, %

, %

Ni, %

, %

Ni, %

1.9106
5.6108
.
.
9107
.
.
.
.

< 0.01
< 0.01
.
.
0.01
.
.
.
.

1.1105
1.1107
1.1106
4106
1.1104
1105
1.7105
6.7106
1105

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
0.73
0.07
0.13
0.05
0.09

8.8106
9.6108
8.4107
3106
8.4105
7.6106
1.3105
5.1106
7.6106

< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.02
0.58
0.06
0.11
0.04
0.07

2.8106

0.01

1.6104

1.09

1.3104

0.88

15.19
Ni (% ),

< 0.01
(3107)
.

< 0.01
(8108)
.

0.09
(1104)
.

< 0.01
(1106)
.

.
0.47
(1104)

< 0.01
(1.2105)
0.34
(5.7105)

< 0.01
(3107)

< 0.01
(8108)

0.09
(1104)

< 0.01
(1106)

0.47
(1104)

0.34
(6.9105)

. , %.

15.20
Ni (% ),
-

0.11
(5.6105)
0.04
(1105)
.

0.02
(4105)
.

< 0.01
(2106)
< 0.01
(4107)
9.86
(0.004)

0.01
(4106)
.

< 0.01
(6107)
.

0.05
(3104)

0.01
(4.5105)
< 0.01
(6.3106)
4.6
(4104)

0.15
(6.6105)

0.02
(4105)

9.86
(0.004)

0.01
(4106)

0.05
(3104)

4.61
(4.5104)

326

 15.21
Ni (% ),

< 0.01
(5106)
.

< 0.01
(4106)
.

< 0.01
(2105)
.

< 0.01
(7.5106)
.

0.06
(2105)
.

0.04
(1105)
0.44
(1104)
0.12
(2.5105)
0.21
(4105)
0.09
(1.6105)
0.15
(2.5105)

< 0.01
(4107)
0.04
(9106)
0.41
(8.7105)
0.11
(2.2105)
0.2
(3.5105)
0.08
(1.4105)
0.14
(2.2105)

0.04
(3.3106)
0.01
(8.2107)
.

< 0.01
(5106)

1.05
(2.2104)

0.98
(1.8104)

0.06
(4105)

0.05
(1.2105)

0.02
(1106)
.
0.02
(5106)

. 0.61 (4105),
0.06 (5105).

(4.61%), (.
15.20). 0.98% Ni.
.
(. 15.21).
15.4.3.
Ni

. ( ), Ni , , . . , 5025 > 3050 . , ,
. Ni, ,
.
327

 Ni . Ni (,
, 1976). Ni 0.003%, . , 0.25 0.3 Ni, Ni ( ., 1978). Ni
(, 1973), 0.036 0.45% Ni. (, Ni-, , , , )
8898% Ni. - , Ni (0.00050.0023%).
, 6%
Ni. Ni , 0.2% Ni (, 1999).

, 0.00410.011% Ni, .
, , .
15.4.4.
Ni 0.005%.
Ni .
71.75% Ni.
0.88% Ni, , %: 0.58,
0.11, 0.07, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02.
.

- -
.. .. , .. (1990). ,
. , . 10
,
66 . 10 94.5105.5%
. ,
71 , 276 ( ) .

57 (H, Li, Na,
K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Ga, , Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, , As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F,
Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti, Zr, Hf,
V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) . 14 (In,
Tl, N, Br, J, Se, Te, Cd, Hg, Sc, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm) . .
15
(
) .. (2002).
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)
Si .
, .
.
. , . , Au , ,
329

100 000 . , . ,
,

.
. , -
, ,
.
2.
66 , .
, ,
. (63.18%)
. . , N, Cl, Br,
.
,
,
, , .

, . 3400 , . 66
. 213
, . , .
10100 . ,
.
57 ,
( -330

) . , . . ,
( 100%). , %:
Si 41.03 ( 39.54, 1.91).
Al 2.66 ( 1.33, 0.33, 0.27,
0.19, 0.19, 0.11, 0.11, 0.09,
0.03, 0.01).
Fe 20.46 ( 11.5, 1.76, 1.35,
1.35, 1.31, 1.06, Ti- 0.91, 0.72, 0.44, 0.05, 0.01).
39.2 ( 0.03, 1.32, 37.5, 0.36).
51.916 ( 0.016, 51.9).
Na 3.58 ().
Mg 5.85 ( 0.01, 0.22, 0.03,
0.02, 0.24, 1.05, 0.54, 3.22, 0.52).
27.38 ( 14.8, 12.58).
Ti 30.07 ( 14.2, 11.1, Ti- 1.96,
1.62, 0.92, 0.27).
H 34.18 ( 14.94, 5.08, 3.89, 2.44, 2.27, 1.78, 1.18, 0.81,
0.68, 0.57, 0.54).
Cl 73.04 ( 72.58, 0.21, 0.19,
0.05, 0.01, < 0.01).
S 43.47 ( 24.08, 7.98, 7.49, 3.1, 0.46, 0.11, 0.07, 0.06,
0.04, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02,
0.01).
Mn 7.02 ( 1.8, 0.98, 0.93,
0.73, 0.63, 0.43, 0.41,
0.31, 0.2, 0.14, 0.12, 0.12,
Mn- 0.07, 0.07, 0.06, 0.02).
P 35.67 ( 33.54, - 1.89, 0.23, 0.01).
F 7.3 ( 4.84, 2.08, 0.18, 0.08, 0.07, 0.05).
Ba 0.99 ( 0.72, 0.05, 0.15,
0.07).
Sr 0.4 ( 0.26, 0.14).
Zr 28.41 ( 28.4, 0.01).
V 1.3 (Ti-).
Rb 0.32 (Rb- 0.23, Rb- 0.091, 0.0008,
0.0001).
331

Cr 0.64 ().
Zn 0.31 ().
Ce 11.96 ( 5.64, 5.06, 1.26).
Ni 0.88 ( 0.58, 0.11, 0.07,
0.06, 0.04, 0.02).
Cu 1.186 ( 0.975, 0.06, 0.036, 0.035, 0.035, 0.029, 0.011, 0.004, 0.001).
Sn 0.66 ().
B 4.08 ( 3.91, 0.16, 0.01).
Li 8.34 (Li- 6.9, Li- 1.42, 0.01, 0.004, 0.002, 0.0002.
La 12.69 ( 6, 5.28, 1.4, 0.01).
Nd 9.13 ( 5.38, 3.48, 0.25,
0.01, 0.01).
Y 4.25 ( 1.85, 1.45, 0.69, 0.14,
0.06, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01).
Co 0.28 ( 0.14, 0.05, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01).
Pb 1.02 ( 0.97, 0.03, 0.01,
0.01).
Nb 0.71 ( 0.26, 0.26, 0.09, 0.06, 0.03, 0.01).
Th 17.47 ( 8.29, 5.8, 3.08, 0.14,
0.12, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01).
Pr 12.06 ( 5.98, 4.86, 1.21,
0.01).
Gd 4.24 ( 2.48, 1.45, 0.13, 0.1,
0.05, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01).
s 1.61 ( 0.71, 0.5, 0.24, 0.09, 0.07).
Sm 7.43 ( 3.88, 3.2, 0.28, 0.03,
0.02, 0.01, 0.01).
Cs 0.243 (Cs- 0.2, 0.02, Cs- 0.018,
0.004, 0.001).
Dy 5.42 ( 4.5, 0.43, 0.29, 0.14,
0.03, 0.02, 0.01).
Hf 24 ().
Er 4.51 ( 3.73, 0.47, 0.18,
0.06, 0.04, 0.01, 0.01,
0.01).
Yb 6.47 ( 5.74, 0.34, 0.26,
0.06, 0.05, 0.01, 0.01).
U 5.72 ( 2.11, 1.83, 1.4, 0.15, 0.11, 0.08, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01).
W 2.23 ( 0.23, 2).
332

Be 1.29 ( 0.65, 0.2, 0.17,

0.11, 0.1, 0.06).
Mo 4.64 ( 4.49, 0.14, 0.01).
Eu 1.87 ( 0.9, 0.7, 0.25, 0.01,
0.01).
Ta 1.58 ( 0.8, 0.34, 0.28, 0.02, 0.1, 0.02, 0.02).
Ho 4.43 ( 3.32, 0.89, 0.1, 0.05,
0.03, 0.02, 0.02).
Sb 0.059 ( 0.02, 0.017, 0.01, 0.007, 0.004, 0.001).
Tb 9.71 ( 7.01, 2.34, 0.21, 0.1,
0.02, 0.02, 0.01).
Cd 0.32 ().
Lu 6.87 ( 6, 0.58, 0.2, 0.06,
0.03).
Bi 0.74 ( 0.31, 0.25, 0.15, 0.03).
Ag 2.62 ( 0.99, 0.56, 0.4,
0.31, 0.22, 0.07, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01).
Hg 0.771 ( 0.757, 0.01,
0.003, 0.001).
Se 0.0011 ( 0.0009, 0.0002).
Au 4.14.6 ( ).
, , ,
, . , , . , (, 1999). , , . .
, Ba, Sr, V, Ni, Co, Sb, Cd, Bi, , .
. , . , .
, , 333

 .
, Li, Rb, Cs.
. .

.

, .
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
( 100%) , %: Si 12.15, Ca 1.53, K 1.15, Fe 0.83, Al 0.21, Ti
0.12, Cl 0.11, Mg 0.1, C 0.082, Na 0.074, S 0.061, H 0.057, P 0.025,
Zr 0.0045, F 0.0037, Mn 0.003, Ce 7.5104, Ba 5104, La 4.1104, Li
2.8104, Nd 2.6104, Th 1.6104, Sr 1.1104, Y 1.1104, Hf 1.1104, B
1104, Pr 1104, Cr 5.9105, Cu 4.6105, Ni 4.4105, Sm 4.2105, Rb
3105, Gd 2.7105, Dy 2.6105, Zn 2.3105, Pb 1.9105, Yb 1.6105, U
1.4105, Er 1.2105, As 9106, Nb 8.6106, Tb 8.6106, Mo 7.2106, Ho
5.8106, Co 4.8106, W 4.5106, Lu 3.3106, Be 3106, Sn 2.5106, Eu
2.4106, Ta 2.2106 Cs 1.3106, Ag 2.9107, Bi 2.1107, Hg 5108, Sb
4.9108, Au 1.8108.
, - (Fe, Al, Ti, Cl, Mg, C, S, P, Zr, F, Mn .) 1.6% . ,
.
. .. (1990).
, ,
, .
. , , 334


,
. .

09-05-12035- .
.

.. - : . . .-. . , 1992.
.., .., .., ..
( ) //
, 1977. 2. . 254272.
.., .. // . .: , 1986.
. 170175.
.. // . :
, 2003. . 6368.
..
. : , 1971. 150 .
.., ..
// . , 1971. 8. . 164167.
.., .., .. . // . .: , 1983. . 107116.
.. // , 1967. 1. . 7585.
.. - // , 1973. 10. . 14811489.
.., .., .., .. //
, 2001. 1. . 3948.
.., .., .. . - , // , 2004. 12.
. 13011318.
.. . : , 1977. 157 .
.., .., .. // , 1982. 11.
. 16391657.
B.C., .., .., ..

// , 1981. 2. . 163178.
.. - . //
, 2007. . 26, 2. . 5681.
.. . .: , 1992. 254 .
.. (. ). : , 1997. 289 .
.., .., .. // . .: - , 1963. . 3542.
336

 .., .., .., .. - - (-

) // . .: , 1969. . 6780.
.. -
( ) // . .: , 1971.
. 4853.
..
. : . , 1979. 242 .
.. . : . , 1983. 183 .
.., .., .. .
() : // , . .: , 2000. . 1. . 4649.
.. ( ) // . : , 1986. . 145146.
.., .., .. // - . :
, 1980. . 320.
.., .., .. . // ,
1966. 7. . 1720.
.. . .: , 1976. 267.
.. () // . .: , 1968. . 108115.
.., .. , . , 1984. 133 .
.., ..
// - . , 1985.
. 6272.
.., .., .. . // . , 1975. 3. . 3037.
., .., .., ..
// -1990 . , 1991.
. 8183.
.., .., .. . // . ., 1976. . 36, 4. . 5674.
.., .., .. .
- //
. , 1972. . 4450.
.. . .: ,
1979. 185 .
.., .., .., ..
. , 1988. 110 .
.., .., .. - .
.: , 1972. 132 .
.. , - //
- . , 1985.
. 8996.
337

 .. // . , 1960. . 133, 4. . 928932.

.. . .:
- , 1960. 330 .
.. . .: , 1981. 335 .
.., .., .. . .: ,
1976. 248 .
.., .., .. // . . 7. , 1966. . 145158.
.. -
// ,
. , 1987. . 2430.
.. ( ) // -. : , 1989. . 7292.
.. . .: , 1973. 183 .
.., .. -
// . , 1980. . 1020.
.., .. ,
// . .,
1963. . 4355.
.., .. , . // , 1965. 3. . 348359.
.. . .: - , 1971. 230 .
.., .. // .
. 7. , 1966. . 97114.
.. // , 1996. 1. . 514.
.., .., .. . //
. , 1989. . 2936.
.., .. - // . , 1969. . 8996.
.., .., .. // . , 1969. . 7782.
.. ( ).
.: - -, 2000. 200 .
.. . : , 1991. 336 .
.. // . . . -, 1996.
. 125, 4. . 2328.
.. //
, 1971. 12. . 14421448.
.. // . , 1989. . 5461.
.. // . . 6269.
.., .. // , 1988. 9. . 12961301.
.., .. . :
, 1994. 234 .
338

 .., . . , . .: , 1976. 39 .
..
( ) // . ,
1977. . 7175.
.., .., .. . : .-. . -, 1971. 223 .
..
- // . .; .: , 1966.
. 324.
.. . .: - , 1954. . 1. 690 .
.. . .: - , 1959. . 4. 624 .
.. //
. ,
1989. . 8693.
.., ..
//
- . :
. , 1973. . 2. . 334340.
.., .., .., ..
- ( ) //
-2004. . 2. , - . , 2004. . 1424.
..
// .
, 1972. . 5156.
.. . .:
- , 1957. 238 .
.. // , 1962. 7. . 555571.
.., .., .. . , // . .: , 1982. . 4052.
.., .. - ( , ) // -
. , 1985. . 5361.
.., .. // . ., 1975. . 303309.
.., .. // . , 1976. 1. . 3856.
.., .., .. . - // , 1994. 5. . 671680.
..
. .: , 1975. 170 .
.. . : , 2004. 144 .
.. // . . .,
1999. 3. . 101104.
.., .. // , 1971. 9. . 4047.
.., ..
( ) // , 1966. 11. . 13771384.
339

 .., .., .. . // -1996

. , 1997. . 155161.
- / .. , .. , .. . .: , 1987. 185 .
.., .., .. // . . 7. , 1966. . 115128.
.., .., .., .. , // , 1995. 4. . 420439.
.. - . , 1982. 143 .
.., .., .., .. : // . , 2002. 4. . 359380.
.., .. (-, ) //
. , 1989. . 83104.
.., .., .., .. ,
- //
, . ,
1979. . 128160.
.., .., .. . - //
. .: , 1983. . 4856.
.., .. //
. , 1989. . 531.
..
// , 1975. 8. . 12511257.
.. , // . , 2001. . 1, 7. . 611614.
.., .., ..
// : . . 13. ., 1977. . 1522.
.., .. -
// , . , 1987. . 6168.
.., .., .. .
// , 2005. 2. . 220226.
-
. .: , 1978. 664 .
. .: , 1984. 235 .
- / .. ,
.. , .. . .: , 1966. 247 .
/ .. , .. , ..
. : , 2002. 333.
. : , 1978. 135.
/ .. , .. , .. .
.: , 1987. 238 .
/ .. , .. , .. . .: , 1982. 224 .
340

 / .. , .. , ..
. : , 1984. 215 .
. .: , 1971. 128 .

/ .. , .. , .. . -: , 1975. 296 .
/
.. , .. , .. . : , 2008. 274 .
.., .. (Pb, Zn, Mo, Ag)
// . .:
, 1977. . 179184.
..
// - .
, 1972. . 2433.
.. // . . 5. ., 1965. . 5779.
.. . .: ,
1968. 200 .
.., .., .. // . ., 1975.
. 168177.
.., .., .. ,
- // . . 3. .
, 1964. . 127166.
.., .. // ,
1999. 9. . 976993.
.., .. //
, 2000. 9. . 922940.
.., ..
// , 2001. 6. . 607620.
.., .., .. . // . , 1982. . 7785.
.., .., .. . // ,
- . ,
1970. . 159165.
.., .., .. . // . , 1970. . 83145.
.., .., .., ..
// . . , 1975.
. 137150.
.. - . .: , 1976. 144 .
.. - . .: , 1952. 235 .
.. // . . 6. ., 1981. . 6270.
.. . .: , 1976. 207 .
.., .., .., ..
( ) // .
., 1963. . 89103.
341

 ., ..
// , . , 1987. . 1023.
.. . : . , 1971. 210 .
..
// . . 3. ., 1971. . 5679.
.. , ,
(- ) // .
, 1981. . 2442.
.. //
, 1971. 4. . 117123.
.. . .: , 1984. 177 .
.. . :
, 1989. 130 .
.. . : ,
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..
, , // , 2000. 8.
. 899903.
.. // , 2002. 1. . 3860.
.. //
, 2003. 3. . 4353.
.. , // , 2003. 7. . 785792.
.. //
. . ., 2004. 4. . 113122.
..
// , 2006. . 113122.
.. // . , 2007. . 219228.
.., .., .. . - // , 1981. 3.
. 386392.
.., .., .. . ( ) // . . 3. ., 1999. . 153161.
.., .. // . ., 1965. . 116127.
.., .. - // . ., 1965. . 310.
.., .. ,
//
. ., 1970. . 521.
.., .., .. .
( 04617 ) //
(-4). . . 5. ,
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.., .. // , 1996. 8. . 723737.
342

 ..
// .
. 3. , 1964. . 109126.
.. // : . . . 22. , 1975. . 186196.
.., .., ..
// , . , 1976. . 108142.
.., . ., ..
// . , 1969. 4. . 8296.
.., .., .. // . , 1973. . 212, 1. . 202204.
.., .. //
. . . 4. , 1983. 1. . 3139.
.. // . ., 1969. . 178196.
. // . ., 1959. . 157208.
.., .., .. . // . .,
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.., .., .. - : // , 2006. 3. . 2844.
.. // ()
. , 1958. . 3137.
.. . //
. , 1959. 10. . 3147.
.. : , ,
// . . 4. ., 1999. . 521.
.., .., .., ..
. . 1. .: , 1994. 280 .
- (- )/ .. ,
.. , .. . : , 1976. 113 .
..
// . ,
1971. . 130147.
.. // . ., 1965. . 79101.
- .., .. // , 1976. 3. . 323335.
.. . .: , 1936. 591 .
.., .., .. // , 1966. 12. . 14711477.
.., .. (
, -) // , 1972. 9. . 10531062.
.. . .: , 1977. 233 .
.. // . . 1. , 1959. . 6780.
343

 .., .., .., .. // , 1976. 5. . 696707.

.., .. . .: , 1983, 193 .
.. Nb //
, 1959. 2. . 131139.
.., .., .. . .: , 1964. 319 .
.., .. - // -2001
. , 2002. . 228232.
- . .: ,
1974. 150 .
- . . 2. : . , 1978. 367 .
.. , . : , 1984. 143 .
.., .. // , 1965. 4. . 490494.
.., .., ..
// . .: , 1985.
. 100106.
.. ,
// . . ., I . . . . . ., 1960. . 110120.
.., .. , , // . , 1952. . 85, 4. . 835837.
.., .., .., .. // , 1977. 10. . 4856.
.. //
. , 1989. . 105141.
.. // . . . -, 1969. . 93, . 5. . 530538.
.., .. Li, Na, K, Rb, Tl
// , 1960. 2. . 87103.
.., .., .. . - - (-
) // , . . 1. .,
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.. - // . , 1978. 12. . 5363.
.., .. , , // , 1984. 1. . 5063.
.. . . 1. .: , 1994. 305 .
.. . . 2. .: , 1994. 303 .
.. . . 3. .: , 1996. 353 .
.. . . 4. .: , 1996. 409 .
.. . . 5. .: , 1997. 576 .
.. . . 6.: .: , 1997. 608 .
.. . .: , 1974. 155 .
.., .., .. . ( ) // , 2006.
. 5767.
344

 .. //
. , 1982. . 6974.
.., .., .. ( ) // . , 1980. . 131139.
.., .. , // , 1968. 6. . 689700.
.., ..
//
. . 5. ., 1965. . 112130.
..
. .: , 1965. 164 .
.., .. // . ., 1972. . 102108.
.., .. // . ., 1966. . 94116.
.. -
( ) // . ., 1968. . 173180.
.. -
. : , 1976. 110 .
.., ..
(- ) //
. ., 1982. . 111118.
.. (- ) // , - . , 1978. . 3142.
.., .., .. // , 1982. . 12. 176 .
.. K, Rb, Tl
// , 1977. 1. . 94103.
.., .. // . .: , 1981. . 97114.
/ .. , .. , .. . : . , 1975. 151 .
.. // , 1999. 1. . 5156.
.., .. - // , 1981. 8.
. 11361148.
.. // . . . -, 1951. 3. . 191201.
.. - // . . . . -, 1954. 8. . 175192.
.., .. - // . , 1955. . 100, 4. . 749752.
.. // . . 2. .: , 1964. . 391397.
.. // , 1999. 1. . 5768.
.., .. - (- ) // , 1967. 4.
. 418424.
345

 .., .., .. . - //
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.., .., ..
// . ,
1965. 3. . 96104.
.. ( ). :
, 1991. 130 .
.., .., .., .. (
) // , 1968. 9. . 10781087.
.., ..
- . .: , 1970. 258 .
.., .., .., ..
- () // , 1978. 5.
. 6878.
.., .., .. . .: , 1971. 336 .
.. - ( ) //
. ., 1972. . 4897.
.., .. // , 1995. 10. . 15121515.
.., ..
- ( ) // , 1965. 12. . 14591468.
.., .., .. ( ) // . ., 1986. . 151152.
.., .. - - //
-. , 1989. . 5171.
.., ., . : // . ., 1980. . 245263.
.., .. // - . ., 1969. . 108123.
.., .., .. .
: , 2003. 281 .
.. (, ) // . , 2005.
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.., .., .. - . .: 1974. 131 .
.. // , 1985. 12. . 17471757.
.. - // , 1992. 2. . 178188.
.. -
// , 1997. 5. . 513520.
.. .
: - , 2006. 326 .
.., .. - // , 1986. 1. . 4964.
.., .., .., .. -- // . .
. ., 1983. 12. . 107119.
346

 .., .., .. . -
// , 1986. 12.
. 11481156.
- / .. ,
.. , .. . : , 1989. 113.
.., .. - // . IX - . . , 2006.
.. . : , 1976. 190.
.., .. , , - (.-. ) // , 1968.
10. . 12381249.
.., .. , , ,
- (.-. ) // , 1970. 6. . 731743.
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.. - - ( ) //
- . , 1985.
. 4552.
.., .., ..
( , . ) // , 2007. 10. . 10571069.
.. //
. ., 1976. . 5354.
..
() // . : .
, 1969. . 123129.
.., ..
( -6) // , 1997. 6. . 609617.
.., .., .. - . .: , 1990. 223 .
.., .., .. // , 1973. 4. . 504515.
.., .. . .: , 1986. 262.
.., .. , , //
. , 1970. . 105155.
.. ( ) // . . . . . -, 1973.
. 26. . 185188.
.., .., .., .. // . ., 1986. . 4585.
.., .. - - //
. , 1982.
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..
// . , 1992. 2. . 901.
.. . : , 1973.
208 .
347

 .. // ,
1976, 1. . 3646.
.., .., .. . - - .
. 1. , - - // , 2006. 4,
. 323.
.. . : , 1985. 199 .
.., .. // . , 1987. . 148157.
.., ..
// . .: , 1972. . 132185.
.., .. , - // , 1963.
12. . 11241139.
.., .., .., ..
. .: , 1988. 168 .
..., .. . // . ., 1980. . 201212.
.., .., .., .. - // . , 1989.
. 5366.
.., ., ., .. // . ., 1956. . 5372.
., .. -
// , 1980. 11. . 16401649.
.. // . ., 1981. . 5170.
.., .. , , // , 1975. 4. . 576583.
.. // . . 2. (. . . 93). , 1972. . 130154.
..
(. -) // , 1962. 6. . 490496.
.., .. () //
, 1974. 6. . 875884.
.., ..
// , 1975. 10. . 14521458.
.., .. - ( ) // , 1961. 10. . 901906.
.., .. ,
// , 1964. 8. . 788794.
.., .. U, Th, Li, Rb, Cs
// , 1970. 11. . 13291334.
.., ..
// : . III . . . .: ,
1971. . 178181.
.., .., .. (U. Th)
(Li, Rb. Cs) () // . . 181185.
.., .. // . . . . . 8. , 1959. . 6473.
348

 .., .. . : , 1976. 141 .

/ .. , .. , .. . .: , 1974. 192 .
.. // . ., 1969. . 345.
.. . .: , 1975. 167 .
.. // .
. . ., 1963. 12. . 8090.
.. // . . . . -, 1966.
. 2. 20. . 199208.
.. . .: ,
1967. 448 .
.. . .: , 1968. 275 .
.., .. ( ) // , 1992. 6. . 800812.
.., .. -
// . , 1961. . 7. . 156181.
. / .. , .. , .. . .: , 1987. 374 .
.. //
. ., 1977. . 2446.
.., .., ..
// , 1980. 2. . 163174.
.. . : , 1981. 200 .
.., .. . : , 1975. 342 .
.., .. ( ) // , 1996. 7. . 637649.
.., .. - ( ) // , 1984. 9.
. 12931306.
.., .., .. ( ) // , 2000. 12.
. 12661279.
.., .., .. - ( ) // , 1992. 6. . 771786.
.., .., .. ( ) // , 1994. 10. . 14371450.
.., .. - ( ). .: , 1986. 158 .
.. // .
, 1990. . 5559.
..
. ( -) // . , 2005. 5.
. 495514.
. .: , 1984. 293 .
.. -- - // . ., 1969. . 120207.
349

 .., ..
- : - //
, 2005. 1. . 4169.
.., .., .., .. . (- ,
) // , 2006. 3. . 4570.
.., .., .. .

// , 2007. 2. . 328.
.., .., .. .
: // , 2004. 6. . 648669.
. .: - . ., 1963. 472 .
. . .: , 1971. 311 .
.. // .
. . ., 1981. 11. . 3444.
/
.. , .. , .. . : . , 1990. 252 .
.., .., .. . : , 1986. 102 .
.. // . , 1987.
. 109121.
.., .., .., .. //
, 2006. 5. . 501521.
. . .: , 1968. 360 .
.., .., .. . .: -
, 1985. 213 .
/ .. , .. , .. . .: , 1976. 196 .
/ .. , .. ,
.. . : , 1975. 87 .
. . . 2. . 3. .: , 1967. 676 .
.., ..
- , , // , 1997. 3.
. 243259.
.. // . , 1980. . 3142.
.. - // . ., 1965. . 3978.
.. . : , 1987. 295 .
.. . .:
, 1977. 304 .
.., .., .. , . : , 1974. 102 .
.., .., ..
( ) :
// . , 1996. 3. . 301313.
350

 .., .., ..
//
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5. . 91110.
.., .., ..
( -) // , 1974. 8. . 11721178.
.. //
. ., 1963. . 2434.
.., .., ..
// , 1981. 1. . 142147.
.., .. // , 1981. 6. . 917926.
.., .., .. . .:
, 1983. 414 .
.., .. , , , //
, 1967. 2. . 214220.
.. // . ., 1982. . 7383.
.., .., .. . // . , 1969. . 6576.
.., .., .. - -
( -) // , - . , 1970. . 132134.
.. -
. .: , 1966. 380 .
.., .. ( ). .: , 1973. 198 .
.., .., .
// , 1969. 2. . 162169.
.., .. // , 1965. 3.
. 343347.
.., .. //
. , 1989. . 6782.
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.., ..
. : , 1976. 190 .
.., .. : // . ., 1952. . 295366.
.., .., .. .
// . ., 1986. . 3445.
.. //
. . 34. , 1956. . 315329.
351

 .. . .: , 1990. 248 .
.., .., .. . // .
, 1972. . 206, 3. . 698701.
..
- // , 1968.
10. . 12111217.
.. , ,
// , 1973. 7. . 10891094.
.. , ( ) //
. . 3. ., 1971. . 4455.
.., .. // , 1965. 1. . 5874.
., . // . ., 1959.
. 435492.
., . // . . 493510.
.., ..
// .
, 1970. . 72104.
.. (
): . ... . .-. . , 2007.
470 .
.., .., .. - . .: , 1974. 223 .
.., .., .. . // , 1974. 3. . 366379.
.. // . , 1971. . 61130.
.. : . . .-. . , 1987. 520 .
- .., .., .. - // . , 1990. 2. . 2335.
.. .
.: , 1981. 244 .
.. // . , 1985. . 280, 6. . 14221424.
.., .. - // . .: , 1983.
. 189203.
.., .., .., ..
// , 1975. 10. . 15161532.
.., .. .
.: - , 1955. 79 .
.., .. . : , 1975. 342 .
.. . :
, 1982. 206 .
.. (- ) // . .
. -. 1945. . 74. . 3. . 205214.
.. -
// .
., 1972. . 547.
352

 .., .. . : , 1984. 200 .

.., .. - - ( ) // , 1994. 5. . 659670.
.., .. ( ) // . , 1982. . 111129.
.., .., ..
- ( ) // , 1995. 10. . 14481464.
.., ., ..
(
- ) // , . . 2. ., 2000. . 113117.
. . 1. : , 1986. 283 .
.. , -
// , 1975. 5. . 756767.
..
// . ., 1965. . 1133.
..
// - . ., 1975. . 3949.
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.. (1990). , 3400 , .
H 0.167%.
71.43% H .
34.18% , , %:
14.94, 5.08, 3.89, 2.44,
2.27, 1.78, 1.18, 0.81, 0.68, 0.57, 0.54.
Li
0.0033%. 61.73% Li
. Li
, %: (< 0.002),
(0.0020.005), (0.0050.008) (> 0.008). Li , %: 0.549.8; 33.993.2; 3.154.4 0.617.5. ,
8.34% Li, , %: Li- 6.9, Li- 1.42, 0.01, 0.004, 0.002,
0.0002.
Na 2.07%.
66.69% H . 3.58% Na.
2.23%.
62.35% .
51.92% , , %: 51.9, 0.016, 0.0008.
Rb
0.0098%. Rb 0.0205%. 53.54% Rb . Rb , %:
(< 0.005), (0.0050.01), (0.010.03),
(0.030.05) (> 0.05). Rb , %: 0.776.24; 14.4679.37;
5.147.15; 027.23 011.9. , 0.3219%
Rb, , %: Rb- 0.23, Rb- 0.091, 0.0008, 0.0001.
364

 Cs 5.5104 %.
Cs
11.3103 1.5103 %. 57.79% Cs .
Cs , %: (< 5104),
(51041103), (11035103), (51031102)
(> 1102). Cs , %: 2.2875.15; 6.3256.41; 11.4285.6; 025.46
026.26%. 0.243% Cs, , %: Cs- 0.2, 0.02, Cs- 0.018, 0.004, 0.001.
2.3104 %.
59.63% .
Be , %: (< 1104), (11044104), (41041103)
(> 1103). Be
, %: 3.5855.66; 10.4659.22; 1.646.34;
027.95.
1.29% Be, , %: 0.65,
0.2, 0.17, 0.11, 0.1, 0.06, < 0.01.
, %: Mg
1.77, Ca 3.89. : Mg 59.33, Ca 66.84%. Mg , %: 7.65, 93.13. 5.85% Mg ( 3.22, 1.05, 0.54, 0.52,
0.24, 0.22, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01).
, %: 94.97, 3.38. 39.21% ,
: 37.5, 1.32, 0.36, 0.03.
, %: Sr
0.027, Ba 0.051. , %: Sr 61.53, Ba 64.08%. : Sr 0.4% (
0.26, 0.14); Ba 0.99% ( 0.72, 0.15, 0.07, 0.05).
0.0034%.
B
0.0072 0.0034%. 77.37% B , 4.08% , ,
%: 3.91, 0.16, 0.01%.
Al 7.61%.
51.88% Al ,
Al , %: (< 5.3), (5.310.6),
365

(10.615.87) (> 15.87). Al , %: 2.2226.5; 71.575.59; 0.9715.61 08. Al. ,

2.66% Al, , %: 1.33, 0.33,
0.27, 0.19, 0.19, 0.11, 0.11, 0.09, 0.03, 0.01.
C 0.81%.
C 2.87
0.62%. 97.59% C . , , %:
14.8, 12.58.
Si 28.32%.
65.11% Si .
41.45% Si, , %: 39.54, 1.91.
Ge 1.3104 %.
59.62% Ge .
Sn 3.5104 %.
71.29% Sn . 0.66% Sn .
Pb 0.0017%.
69.79% Pb .
1.02% Pb, , %: 0.97, 0.03, 0.01, 0.01.
N 0.0106%.
N 0.042%, 79.59% .
P 0.069%.
60.51% P . 35.67% , , %: 33.54, - 1.89, 0.23, 0.01.
As 5.6104 %.
As 7.7104
9.2104 %, 84.44% . , 1.61% As, , %: 0.71, 0.5, 0.24, 0.09, 0.07.
Sb 8.1105 %.
73.77% Sb .
0.059% Sb, , %: 0.02, 0.017, 0.01, 0.007,
0.004, 0.001.
Bi 2.9105 %.
Bi 2.6105
366

 5.4105 %, 82.59% .
0.74% Bi, , %: 0.31, 0.25, 0.15, 0.03.
47.87%.
48.51%. 55.24% .
S 0.14%.
S 0.36%. 74.3% S,
. 43.47% S, , %: 24.08, 7.98, 7.49, 3.1, 0.46, 0.11, 0.07, 0.06, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01.
Se 1.5105 %.
Se 2.7105 %. 78.01% Se. 0.0011% Se, , %:
0.0009 0.0002%.
F 0.051%,
F 0.047%. 60.05% F .
7.3% F, , %:
4.84, 2.08, 0.18, 0.08,
0.07, 0.05.
Cl 0.15%.
Cl 0.65%, 87.64% Cl. 73.04% Cl, , %:
72.58, 0.21, 0.19, 0.05, 0.01,
< 0.01%.
Cu
0.0039%. 70.8% Cu .
1.186% Cu, , %: 0.975, 0.06,
0.036, 0.035, 0.035, 0.029, 0.011, 0.004, 0.001.
Ag 1.1105 %.
62.36 % Ag .
Ag , %: (< 6106), (61061.8105),
(1.81051.62104) (1.621044.86104). Ag , %: 4.8133.04; 13.9446.81; 28.869.89; 033.22. , 2.62% Ag,
, %: 0.99, 0.56,
0.4, 0.31, 0.22, 0.07, 367

 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01.

Au
4.361107 %, 97.4% Au < 1106 %. 73.5% Au. 2.6%
Au 11065105 %. 23.4% Au. Au 51055103 %, , 0.01% . 3.1% Au. Au , , . Au
. Au . 4.14.6% Au,
.
, %: Zn
0.0075%, Cd 6.4105 %, Hg 6.5106 %. 68.38% Zn, 66.04 Cd 67.54% Hg. 0.31% Zn 0.32% Cd.
0.771% Hg, , %:
0.757, 0.01, 0.003, 0.001.
, %: Sc
0.0016, Y 0.0026 La 0.0032. , %:
71.98 Sc, 51.7 Y, 59.5 La. 4.25% Y, , %: 1.85, 1.45, 0.69, 0.14, 0.06, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01.
12.69% La, , %: 6, 5.28,
1.4, 0.01.
, %: Ce
0.0063 Pr 8.7104. : 66.3% Ce,
71.7% Pr. 11.96% Ce,
, %: 5.64, 5.06, 1.26; 12.06% Pr,
, %: 5.98, 4.86, 1.21, 0.01.
, %: Nd
0.0029, Sm 5.7104. 68.1% Nd
60.3 Sm. B 9.13% Nd,
, %: 5.38, 3.48, 0.25,
0.01, 0.01%; 7.43% Sm, , %: 3.88,
3.2, 0.28, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01.
, %: Eu
1.3104, Gd 6.3104. : 67.46%
Eu 70.93 Gd. 1.87% Eu,
, %: 0.9, 0.7, 0.25,
0.01, 0.01; 4.24% Gd, , %: 2.48,
368

 1.45, 0.13, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01.

, %: Tb
8.9105, Dy 4.8104. 64.3% Tb
68.2 Dy. 9.71% Tb,
, %: 7.01, 2.34, 0.21,
0.1, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01; 5.42% Dy,
, %: 4.5, 0.43, 0.29, 0.14, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01.
, %: Ho
1.3104, Er 2.7104. 68.19% Ho
68% Er. 4.43% Ho,
, %: 3.32, 0.89, 0.1,
0.05, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02; 4.51% Er,
, %: 3.73, 0.47, 0.18, 0.06, 0.04, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01.
, %: Yb
2.5104, Lu 4.8105. : 61.1% Yb
59.2% Lu. B 6.47% Yb,
, %: 5.74, 0.34, 0.26,
0.06, 0.05, 0.01, 0.01; 6.87%
Lu, , %: 6, 0.58, 0.2,
0.06, 0.03.
, %: Th
9.1104, U 2.5104. 56.2% Th ,
56% U . 17.47% Th, , %:
8.29, 5.8, 3.08, 0.14, 0.02, 0.12, 0.01, 0.01; 5.72% U, , %: 2.11, 1.83, 1.4, 0.15, 0.11, 0.02, 0.08, 0.01, 0.01.
Ti 0.39%.
67.25% Ti . 30.07% Ti, , %: 14.2,
Ti- 1.96, 11.1, 1.62, 0.92, 0.27.
, %: Zr
0.016 Hf 4.5104. 28.4% Zr 24%
Hf.
C V 0.0121%.
71.99% V . Ti- 1.3% V.
C , %: Nb
0.0012, 0.00014. 61.35% Nb 54.44% Ta . , 369

 0.71% Nb, ,
%: 0.26, 0.26, 0.09, 0.06, 0.03, 0.01. 1.58% , , %: 0.8, 0.34, 0.28, 0.02, 0.1, 0.02, 0.02.
Cr
0.0092%. 74.72% Cr . 0.64% Cr.

1.56104 %. 65.7% .
4.64% , , %: 0.14, 0.01, 4.49.
W 2.03104 %.
65.7% W . 2.23% W, , %:
0.23, 2.
Mn 0.077 %.
64.28 % Mn . , 7.02% Mn, , %:
1.8, 0.98, 0.93, 0.73,
0.63, 0.43, 0.41, 0.31, 0.2, 0.14, 0.12, 0.12, Mn- 0.07, 0.07, 0.06, 0.02.
Fe 4.06%.
67.08 Fe . 20.46% Fe, , %: 11.5,
1.76, 1.35, 1.35, 1.31, 1.06, Ti- 0.91, 0.73, 0.44,
0.05, 0.01.
Co
0.0017%. 71.47% .
0.28% Co, , %: 0.14, 0.05, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01.
Ni 0.005%.
71.75 Ni . 0.88% Ni, , %: 0.58,
0.11, 0.07, 0.06, 0.04, 0.02.

SUMMARY

Chemical element distribution in the upper continental crust has been defined by
the model of A.B. Ronov et al. (1990). Calculation has been made on the published
results of the analyses of the most important rocks, including more than 3400 quantitative mineralogical analyses, published mainly in the USSR.
Average content of H in the upper continental crust comprises 0.167%. 71.43%
of H mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In the upper continental crust in maximinerals it is e concentrated 34.18% of total mass. In particular, %: in ripidolite 14.94, in clinochlore 5.08, in chamosite 3.89, in kaolinite 2.44, in pennine 2.27, in lawsonite 1.78, in beidellite 1.18, in thuringite
0.81, in serpentine 0.68, in goethite 0.57, in thomsonite 0.54.
Average content of Li in the upper continental crust is 0.0033%. 61.73% of Li
mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In each of the rocks Li
mass distribution is determined by Li content within areas: low (< 0.002%), average
(0.0020.005%), enriched (0.0050.008%) and high (> 0.008%). Li mass distribution in such areas corresponds to, %: 0.549.8, 33.993.2, 3.154.4 and 0.617.5 It
was established that in the upper continental crust in lithium maximinerals it is concentrated 8.34% of total Li mass. In particular, %: in Li-biotite 6.9, in Li-muscovite 1.42, in spodumene 0.01, in lepidolite 0.004, in zinnwaldite 0.002, in
protolithionite 0.0002.
Average content of Na in the upper continental crust is 2.07%. 66.69% of Na
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the upper continental crust in halite it is
concentrated 3.58% of total Na mass.
Average content of in the upper continental crust is 2.23%. 62.35% of mass
is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the upper continental crust in maximinerals it
is concentrated 51.92% of total mass. In particular, %: in kalifeldspath 51.9, in
sylvine 0.016, in carnallite 0.0008.
Average content of Rb in the upper continental crust is 0.0098%. Average content of Rb in granite is 0.0205%. 53.54% of Rb mass is localized in sedimentary and
metasedimentary rocks. In each of the rocks Rb mass distribution is determined by
Rb content within the areas: low (< 0.005%), average (0.0050.01%), enriched
(0.010.03%), high (0.030.05%) and very high (> 0.05%). Rb mass distribution in
such areas corresponds to, %: 0.776.24; 14.4679.37; 5.147.15; 027.23 and
011.9. It was established that in the upper continental crust in rubidium maximinerals it is concentrated 0.3219% of total Rb mass. In particular, %: in Rb-biotite
0.23, in Rb-muscovite 0.091, in lepidolite 0.0008, in protolithionite 0.0001.
Average content of Cs in the upper continental crust makes up 5.5104 %.
Average contents of Cs in clay rocks and acid volcanic rocks are 1.3103 % and
1.5103 %. 57.79% of Cs mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary
rocks. In each of the rocks Cs mass distribution is determined by Cs content within
371

areas: low (< 5104 %), average (51041103 %), enriched (11035103 %), high
(51031102 %) and very high (> 1102 %). Cs mass distribution in such areas corresponds to, %: 2.2875.15; 6.3256.41; 11.4285.6; 025.46 and 026.26. It was
determined that in the upper continental crust in cesium maximinerals it is concentrated 0.243% of total Cs mass. In particular, %: in Cs-biotite 0.2, in beryl 0.02,
in Cs-glass 0.018, in lepidolite 0.004, in protolithionite 0.001.
Average content of Be in the upper continental crust is 2.3104 %. 59.63% of
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In each of the rocks Be mass distribution is
determined by Be content within the areas: low (< 1104 %), average (11044104 %),
enriched (41041103 %), and high (11035103 %). Be mass distribution in such
areas corresponds to, %: 3.5855.66, 10.4659.22, 1.646.34, 027.95. In the upper
continental crust in maximinerals it is concentrated 1.29% of total Be mass. In particular, %: in beryl 0.65, in phenacite 0.2, in bertrandite 0.17, in chrysoberyl 0.11,
in helvite 0.1, in gadolinite 0.06, in behoite < 0.01.
In the upper continental crust average contents are (%): Mg 1.77, Ca 3.89.
More than half of their masses is located in sedimentary rocks and parametamorphic rocks (%): Mg 59.33, a 66.84%. It was established distribution of magnesium masses in minerals, %: in magnesium minerals 93.13, in non magnesium
minerals 7.65. In the maximinerals it is concentrated 5.85% of magnesium masses: in pennine 3.22, in serpentine 1.05, in olivine 0.54, in enstatite 0.52, in
magnesite 0.24, in forsterite 0.22, in clinohumite 0.03, in humite 0.02, in
brucite 0.01%. Distribution of Ca masses in minerals, %: in calcium minerals
94.97, in non calcium minerals 3.38. In the maximinerals it is concentrated
39.21% calcium masses (in calcite 37.5, in apatite 1.32, in aragonite 0.36, in
fluorite 0.03%).
In the upper continental crust average contents are: (%), Sr 0.027, Ba 0.051.
More than half of their masses is localized ed in metamorphic rocks, (%): Sr 61.53,
Ba 64.08%. In the upper continental crust in maximinerals are concentrated, %:
Sr 0.4 (in celestite 0.26 in baryte 0.14%), Ba 0.99 % (in baryte 0.72, in
hollandite 0.15, in psilomelane 0.07, in celestite 0.05%).
Average content of B in the upper continental crust is 0.0034%. Average contents of B in sedimentary rocks and metasedimentary rocks are 0.0072 and 0.0034%.
77.37% of B mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In B minerals are concentrated 4.08% of B masses. In particular, %: in tourmaline 3.91, in
kornerupine 0.16, in axinite 0.01%.
Average content of Al in the upper continental crust is 7.61%. 51.88% of Al mass
is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In each of these rocks Al mass
distribution is determined by Al content within the areas: low (< 5.3), predominant
(5.310.6), enriched (10.615.87) and high (> 15.87%). Aluminium mass distribution
in such areas corresponds to, %: 2.2226.5, 71.575.59, 0.9715.61 and 08.
Aluminium maximinerals occur predominantly in areas with enriched and high Al
content. It has been found that in the upper continental crust in aluminium maximinerals it is concentrated 2.66% of total Al mass. In particular, %: sillimanite 1.33,
diaspore 0.33, andalusite 0.27, gibbsite, 0.19, staurolite 0.19, boehmite 0.11,
spinel 0.11, disthen 0.09, corundum 0.03, sapphirine 0.01%.
Average content of C in the upper continental crust is 0.81%. C average contents
in sedimentary rocks and metasedimentary rocks are 2.87 and 0.62%. 97.59% of C
372

mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In the upper continental crust C mass is concentrated in minerals proper and in organic substances. In particular, %: in graphite 14.8, in organic substances 12.58.
Average content of Si in the upper continental crust is 28.32%. 65.11% of Si
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the maximinerals the concentration is
41.45% of Si mass.In particular: in quartz 39.54, in opal 1.91%.
Average content of Ge in the upper continental crust is 1.3104 %. 59.62% of Ge
mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks.
Average content of Sn in the upper continental crust is 3.5104 %. 71.29% of Sn
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the upper continental crust in the cassiterites the concentration is 0.66% of Sn mass.
Average content of Pb the in upper continental crust is 0.0017%. 69.79% of Pb
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the maximinerals it is concentrated
1.02% of Pb mass. In particular, %: in galena 0.97, in cerussite 0.03, in anglesite 0.01, in lead 0.01%.
Average content of N in the upper continental crust is 0.0106%. N average content in sedimentary rocks is 0.042%. 79.59% of N mass is localized in sedimentary
rocks.
Average content of P in the upper continental crust is 0.069%. 60.51% of P mass
is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the phosphatic minerals the concentration is
35.67% of P mass. In particular, %: 33.54 in apatite, 1.89 in -apatite, 0.23 in
monazite, 0.01 in xenotime.
Average content of As in the upper continental crust is 5.6104 %. As average
contents in sedimentary rocks and metasedimentary rocks are 7.7104 and 9.2104
%. 84.44% of As mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In
arsenic minerals the concentration is 1.61% of As mass. In particular, %: in
arsenopyrite 0.71, in niccolite 0.5, in gersdorffite 0.24, in auripigment 0.09,
in cobaltite 0.07%.
Average content of Sb in the upper continental crust is 8.1105 %. 73.77% of Sb
mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In antimony minerals
the concentration is 0.061% Sb masses. In particular, %: in pyrargyrite 0.02, in
tetrahedrite 0.017, in freibergite 0.01, in stephanite 0.007, in antimonite
0.004, in jamesonite 0.001.
Average content of Bi in the upper continental crust is 2.9105 %. 82.59% of Bi
mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In the bismuth minerals it is concentrated 0.74% of Bi mass. In particular, %: in bismuthite 0.31, in bismuthine 0.25, in bismuth 0.15, in tetradymite 0.03%.
Average content of O in the upper continental crust is 47.87%. O average content in sedimentary rocks is 48.51%. 55.24% of O mass is localized in sedimentary
and metasedimentary rocks.
Average content of S in the upper continental crust is 0.14%. Average content
of S in sedimentary rocks is 0.36%. 74.3% of S mass is localized in sedimentary and
metasedimentary rocks. In maximinerals it is concentrated 43.47% of S mass. In particular, %: in pyrite 24.08%, in pyrrhotite 7.98%, in anhydrite 7.49%, in gypsum 3.1%, in marcasite 0.46, in kieserite 0.11, in barite 0.07, in sulphur
0.06, in jarosite 0.04, in chalcophyrite 0.03, in celestite 0.02, in pentlandite
0.02, in sphalerite 0.01.
373

Average content of Se in the upper continental crust is 1.5105 %. Average content of Se in sedimentary rocks is 2.7105 %. 78.01% of Se mass is localized in sedimentary and metasedimntary rocks. In the maximinerals it is concentrated 0.0011%
of Se mass. In particular, %: 0.0009 in bismuthine and 0.0002% in cinnabar.
Average content of F in the upper continental crust is 0.051%. Average content
of F in sedimentary rocks is 0.047%. It was determined that 60.05% of F mass is
localized in metamorphic rocks. In the upper continental crust in the minerals proper it is concentrated 7.3% of F mass. In particular, %: in apatite 4.84, in fluor
spar 2.08, in topaz 0.18, in gummite 0.08, in clinohumite 0.07 in bastnasite 0.05%.
Average content of Cl in the upper continental crust is 0.15%. Average content
of Cl in sedimentary rocks is 0.65%. 87.64% of Cl mass is localized in sedimentary
rocks. In the upper continental crust in the minerals proper it is concentrated 73.04%
of Cl mass. In particular, %: in halite 72.58, in sylvite 0.21, in scapolite 0.19,
in carnallite 0.05, in bischofite 0.01, in sodalite < 0.01%.
Average content of Cu in the upper continental crust is 0.0039%. 70.8% of Cu
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the upper continental crust in copper
minerals it is concentrated 1.186% of Cu mass. In particular, %: in chalcopyrite
0.975, in covellite 0.06, in bornite 0.036, in azurite 0.035, in cubanite 0.035,
in malachite 0.029, in copper 0.011, in chalcosite 0.004, in fahl ore 0.001.
Average content of Ag in the upper continental crust is 1.1105 %. 62.36% of Ag
mass is localized in sedimentary and parametamorphic rocks. In each of the rocks Ag
mass distribution is determined by Ag content within areas: low (< 6106 %.), average
(61061.8105 %), enriched (1.81051.62104 %), and high (1.621044.86104 %).
Ag mass distribution in such areas corresponds to, %: 4.8133.04, 13.9446.81,
28.869.89, 033.22. It is supposed that in maximinerals it is concentrated. 62% of total
Ag mass. In particular, %: in silver 0.99, in argentite 0.56, in pyrargyrite 0.4, in
acanthite 0.31, in stephanite 0.22, in freibergite 0.07, in chlorargyrite 0.03, in
gold 0.02, in cuprum 0.01, in tetrahedrite 0.01.
Average content of Au in the upper continental crust is 4.361107 %. 97.4% of
the upper continental crust mass is presented by the rocks containing Au < 1106 %.
Such rocks include 73.5% of total gold mass. Nearly 2.6% of the continental rock
mass posesses about 11065105 % of gold in it. 23.4% of Au mass is concentrated in them. About 0.01% of the upper continental crust mass possesses the Au content about 51055103 % corresponding to industrial and potentially industrial ores.
About 3.1% of gold mass is concentrated in these rocks. The gold distribution in
continental rocks is almost proportional to its (rocks) mass and practically corresponds to a geochemical balance. The main gold-bearing rocks are metamorphic.
There is a very weak dependence between the average Au content and rock composition. In native gold it is concentrated about 4.14.6% of gold mass of the upper
continental crust.
Average contents the in upper continental crust are: Zn 0.0075%, Cd
6.4105 %, Hg 6.5106 %. 68.38% of Zn mass, 66.04% of Cd mass, 67.54% of Hg
mass are localized in metamorphic rocks. In sphalerite the concentration is 0.31% of
total Zn mass and 0.32% of total Cd mass. In maximinerals the concentration is
0.771% of total Hg mass. In particular, %: in cinnabarite 0.757, in metacinnabarite 0.01, in fahl ore 0.003, in realgar 0.001.
374

Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Sc 0.0016%, Y

0.0026% and La 0.0032%. 71.98% of Sc mass, 51.7% of Y mass, 59.5% of La
mass are localized in metamorphic rocks. In maximinerals the concentration is
4.25% of Y mass. In particular, %: in orthite 1.85, in monazite 1.45, in xenotime 0.69, in yttrialite 0.14, in gadolinite 0.06, in euxenite 0.03, in fergusonite 0.02, in blomstrandine 0.01%. In maximinerals the concentration is
12.69% of La mass. In particular, %: in orthite 6, in monazite 5.28, in bastnasite 1.4, in gadolinite 0.01.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Ce 0.0063%, Pr 8.7104
%. 66.3% of Ce mass, 71.7% of Pr mass are localized in metamorphic rocks. In maximinerals the concentration is 11.96% of Ce mass. In particular, %: in orthite 5.64,
in monazite 5.06, in bastnasite 1.26%. In maximinerals the concentration is
12.06% of Pr mass. In particular, %: in monazite 5.98, in orthite 4.86, in bastnasite 1.21%, in gadolinite 0.01.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Nd 0.0029%, Sm
5.7104 %. 68.1% of Nd mass, 60.3% of Sm mass are localized in metamorphic
rocks. In the maximinerals the concentration of Nd mass is 9.13%. In particular, %:
in monazite 5.38, in orthite 3.48, in bastnasite 0.25%, in yttrialite 0.01, in
gadolinite 0.01. In the maximinerals Sm mass concentration is 7.43%. In particular, %: in monazite 3.88, in orthite 3.2, in bastnasite 0.28, in gadolinite 0.02,
in yttrialite 0.03, in euxenite 0.01, in fergusonite 0.01.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Eu 1.3104 %, Gd
6.3104 %. 67.46% of Eu mass, 70.93% of Gd mass are localized in metamorphic
rocks. In the maximinerals it is concentrated 1.87% of Eu mass. In particular, %: in
monazite 0.9, in orthite 0.7, in bastnasite 0.25, in yttrialite 0.01, in fergusonite 0.01%. In maximinerals it is concentrated 4.24% of Gd mass. In particular,
% : in monazite 2.48, in orthite 1.45, in xenotime 0.13, in bastnasite 0.1, in
yttrialite 0.05, in gadolinite 0.01, in euxenite 0.01, in fergusonite 0.01.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Tb 8.9105 %, Dy
4.8104 %. 64.3% of Tb mass and 68.2% of Dy mass are localized in metamorphic
rocks. In the maximinerals it is concentrated 9.71% of Tb mass. In particular, %: in
orthite 7.01, in monazite 2.34, in xenotime 0.21, in yttrialite 0.1, in fergusonite 0.02, in gadolinite 0.02, in euxenite 0.01. In maximinerals it is concentrated 5.42% of Dy mass. In particular, %: in orthite 4.5, in monazite 0.43, in
xenotime 0.29, in yttrialite 0.14, in fergusonite 0.03, in euxenite 0.02, in
gadolinite 0.01.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Ho 1.3104 %, Er
2.7104 %. 68.19% of Ho mass and 68% of Er mass are localized in metamorphic
rocks.
In maximinerals it is concentrated 4.43% of Ho mass. In particular, %: in
orthite 3.32, in xenotime 0.89, in yttrialite 0.1, in bastnasite 0.05, in euxenite 0.03, in fergusonite 0.02 in gadolinite 0.02. In maximinerals it is concentrated 4.51% of Er mass. In particular, %: in orthite 3.73, in xenotime 0.47, in
yttrialite 0.18, in fergusonite 0.06, in euxenite 0.04, in gadolinite 0.01, in
blomstrandite 0.01, in chevkinite 0.01.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Yb 2.5104 %, Lu
4.8105 %. 61.1% of Yb mass and 59.2% of Lu mass is localized in metamorphic
375

rocks. In the maximinerals it is concentrated 6.47% of Yb mass. In particular, %: in

orthite 5.74, in xenotime 0.34, in yttrialite 0.26, in euxenite 0.06, in fergusonite 0.05 in gadolinite 0.01, in blomstrandite 0.01. In maximinerals it is concentrated 6.87% of Lu mass. In particular, %: in orthite 6, in xenotime 0.58, in
yttrialite 0.2, in fergusonite 0.06, in euxenite 0.03.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Th 9.1104 %, U
2.5104 %. 56.2% of Th mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. 56% of U mass is
localized in sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. In maximinerals it is concentrated 17.47% of Th mass. In particular, %: in monazite 8.29, in orthite 5.8, in
thorite 3.08, in yttrialite 0.14, in uraninite 0.02, in xenotime 0.12, in fergusonite 0.01, in euxenite 0.01. In maximinerals the concentration of U mass is
5.72%. In particular, %: in orthite 2.11, in uraninite 1.83, in monazite 1.4, in
euxenite 0.15, in yttrialite 0.11, in fergusonite 0.02, in thorite 0.08, in cyrtolite 0.01, in blomstrandite 0.01.
Average Ti contents in the upper continental crust is 0.39%. 67.25% of Ti mass
is localized in metamorphic rocks. In titanic minerals a concentration of Ti mass is
30.07%. In particular, %: in ilmenite 14.2, in titanium-magnetite 1.96, in titanite 11.1, in rutile 1.62, in leucoxene 0.92, in anatese 0.27.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Zr 0.016%, Hf 4.5104
%. 63.6% of Zr mass and 69.5% of Hf mass are localized in metamorphic rocks. In
the zircon cit is oncentrated 28.4% of Zr mass and 24% of Hf mass.
Average V content in the upper continental crust is 0.0121%. 71.99% of V mass
is localized in metamorphic rocks. In titanium-magnetite it is concentrated 1.3% of
V mass.
Average contents in the upper continental crust are: Nb 0.0012,
0.00014%. 61.35% of Nb mass and 54.44% of Ta mass are localized in metamorphic rocks. In the niobium minerals it is concentrated 0.71% of Nb mass. In particular, %: in ilmenorutile 0.26, in columbite 0.26, in euxenite 0.09, in fergusonite 0.06, in pyrochlore 0.03, in blomstrandite 0.01. In the niobium minerals
and in the tantalum minerals it is concentrated 1.58% of Ta mass. In particular, %:
in ilmenorutile 0.8, in columbite 0.34, in euxenite 0.28, in pyrochlore 0.02,
in tantalite 0.1, in fergusonite 0.02, in blomstrandite 0.02.
Average content of Cr in the upper continental crust is 0.0092%. 74.72% of Cr
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In chrome-spinel concentration there is
0.64% of Cr mass.
Average content of Mo in the upper continental crust is 1.56104 %. 65.7% of
Mo mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In the maximinerals the concentration
of Mo mass is 4.64%. In particular, %: in scheelite 0.14, in powellite 0.01, in
molybdenite 4.49.
Average content of W in the upper continental crust is 2.03104 %. 65.7% of W
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In maximinerals a concentration of W is
2.23%. In particular, %: in scheelite 2%, in wolframite 0.23.
Average content of Mn in the upper continental crust is 0.077. 64.28% of Mn mass
is localized in metamorphic rocks of a granite-gneissic layer. It is supposed that in
manganic minerals a concentration of Mn mass is 7.02%. In particular, %: in braunite 1.8, in tephroite 0.98, hausmanite 0.93, in spessartine 0.73, in
rhodochrosite 0.63, in pyrolusite 0.43, in hollandite 0.41, in kutnahorite 0.31,
376

in psilomelane 0.2, in cryptomelane 0.14, in manganite 0.12, in rhodonite 0.12,

in Mn-calcite 0.07, in jacobsite 0.07, in todorokite 0.06, in vernadite 0.02.
Average content of Fe in the upper continental crust is 4.06%. 67.08 of Fe mass
is localized in metamorphic rocks. In maximinerals it is concentrated 20.46% of Fe
mass. In particular, %: in magnetite 11.5, in ilmenite 1.76, in siderite 1.35, in
hematite 1.35, in goethite 1.31, in thuringite 1.06, in titanium-magnetite 0.91,
in pyrite 0.73, in pyrrhotite 0.44, in fayalite 0.05, in marcasite 0.01.
Average content of Co in the upper continental crust is 0.0017%. 71.47% of Co
mass is localized in metamorphic rocks. In maximinerals it is concentrated 0.28 of
Co mass. In particular, %: in hollandite 0.14, in psilomelane 0.05, in pentlandite 0.05, in cobaltite 0.02, in violarite 0.01, in arsenopyrite 0.01.
Average content of Ni in the upper continental crust is 0.005%. 71.75 of Ni mass
is localized in metamorphic rocks. In maximinerals it is concentrated. 88% of Ni
mass. In particular, %: in pentlandite 0.58, in garnierite 0.11, in vaesite 0.07,
in violarite 0.06, in niccolite 0.04, in gersdorffite 0.02.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.1.1. (16). 1.1.2. (30). 1.1.3. (39).
1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
1.2.1. (40).
1.2.2. (42). 1.2.3. - (48). 1.2.4.
(64). 1.2.5. (75).
2 . . .

77

2.1. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
2.1.1. , Na, K (77). 2.1.2. , Na, K (79). 2.1.3. (83).
2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
2.2.1. Li (83). 2.2.2. Li (85). 2.2.3.
Li (85). 2.2.4. (90). 2.2.5. (91).
2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
2.3.1. Rb
(91). 2.3.2. Rb (92). 2.3.3. Rb (93). 2.3.4.
(96). 2.3.5. (96).
2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
2.4.1. Cs
(97). 2.4.2. Cs (97). 2.4.3. Cs (98). 2.4.4.
(102). 2.4.5. (102).
3 . - . . .

103

3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
3.1.1.
(103). 3.1.2. (105). 3.1.3. (105). 3.1.4.
(109). 3.1.5. (110).
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
3.2.1. Mg Ca (110). 3.2.2. Mg Ca
(110). 3.2.3. (120).
3.2.4. (121).
378

3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
3.3.1. Sr Ba
(121). 3.3.2. Sr Ba, (122). 3.3.3. (125). 3.3.4. (125).
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

127

4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127
4.1.1.
(127). 4.1.2. , (127). 4.1.3. (131). 4.1.4. (132).
4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
4.2.1. Al (132). 4.2.2. Al (133). 4.2.3.
Al (135). 4.2.4. ()
Al (137). 4.2.5. Al (138). 4.2.6. Al (139). 4.2.7.
Al (140). 4.2.8. Al , (142). 4.2.9. (143).
5 . . . .

145

5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
145
5.1.1. C (145). 5.1.2. C
(145). 5.1.3. (149).
5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
5.2.1. Si
(149). 5.2.2. Si
(149). 5.2.3. (152).
5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
5.3.1. Ge
(153). 5.3.2. Ge (153).
5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
5.4.1. Sn
(153). 5.4.2. Sn (155). 5.4.3.
Sn, (157). 5.4.4. (159).
5.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
5.5.1. Pb
(159). 5.5.2. Pb, (160).
5.5.3. (163).
6 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1. N (164).

164
164

6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164
6.2.1. (164). 6.2.2. , (166). 6.2.3. (171). 6.2.4. (172).
379

6.3. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
6.3.1. As, Sb, Bi (172). 6.3.2. As, Sb, Bi,
(173). 6.3.3. (179). 6.3.4. (180).
7 . . .

181

7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181
7.1.1. (181). 7.1.2. (181).
7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181
7.2.1. S (181). 7.2.2. S, (184). 7.2.3. (188). 7.2.4. (189).
7.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
190
7.3.1. Se (190). 7.3.2. Se (190). 7.3.3. (191).
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1. F, Cl, Br, J
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2. F, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3. Cl, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

192

196
197
198

9 . . . . . . . . .

199

192
192

9.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199
9.1.1. Cu
(199). 9.1.2. Cu, (199). 9.1.3. (205). 9.1.4. (206).
9.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
206
9.2.1. Ag
(206). 9.2.2. Ag (207). 9.2.3. Ag (207). 9.2.4. (214).
9.2.5. (214).
9.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214
9.3.1. Au
(214). 9.3.2. Au (215). 9.3.3. (216). 9.3.4. (217). 9.3.5. Au (220).
9.3.6. (222).
1 0 . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1. Zn, Cd Hg
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2.
Zn, Cd Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3. Zn, Cd Hg . . . .
380

223
223
225
227

10.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

228
229

1 1 . . .

230

11.1. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
230
11.1.1. Sc, Y La (230). 11.1.2. Y La, (230).
11.1.3. (235). 11.1.4. (236).
11.2. , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
11.2.1. Ce, Pr, Nd Sm (236). 11.2.2. Ce Pr, (238).
11.2.3. Nd Sm, (242). 11.2.4.
(245). 11.2.5. (246).
11.3. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
11.3.1. Eu, Gd, Tb Dy (246). 11.3.2. Eu Gd, (246). 11.3.3. Tb Dy, (251). 11.3.4. (254). 11.3.5. (255).
11.4. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
255
11.4.1. Ho, Er, Yb Lu (255). 11.4.2. Ho Er, (257).
11.4.3. Yb Lu, (259). 11.4.4. (262). 11.4.5. (264).
11.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
264
11.5.1. Th U (264). 11.5.2. Th U (266). 11.5.3. (271). 11.5.4. (273).
1 2 . . . . .

274

12.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
274
12.1.1. Ti
(274). 12.1.2. Ti (274). 12.1.3. ,
(277). 12.1.4. (280). 12.1.5. (281).
12.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
281
12.2.1. Zr Hf (281). 12.2.2. Zr Hf, (281).
12.2.3. (285). 12.2.4. (286).
1 3 . . .

287

13.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
287
13.1.1. V
(287). 13.1.2. V (287). 13.1.3. (290).
13.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
291
13.2.1. Nb Ta (291). 13.2.2. Nb Ta, (291). 13.2.3. (295). 13.2.4. (296).
1 4 . . . . . .

297

14.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
297
14.1.1. Cr
(297). 14.1.2. Cr (297). 14.1.3. (300).
381

14.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
300
14.2.1. Mo
(300). 14.2.2. (301). 14.2.3. (303).
14.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
303
14.3.1. W (303). 14.3.2. (303). 14.3.3. (305).
1 5 . , , ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

306

15.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
306
15.1.1. Mn
(306). 15.1.2. Mn
(308). 15.1.3. Mn (309).
15.1.4. (313). 15.1.5. (313).
15.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
314
15.2.1. Fe
(314). 15.2.2. Fe (314). 15.2.3. (319).
15.2.4. (320).
15.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
320
15.3.1. Co
(320). 15.3.2. Co, (321). 15.3.3. (324). 15.3.4. (324).
15.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
325
15.4.1. Ni
(325). 15.4.2. Ni, (325). 15.4.3. (327). 15.4.4. (328).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

329

C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

336

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

364

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

371

..
..
.. , ..
..
ISBN 978-5-7691-2083-1

62(09)109. 08.10.09.
21.12.09. 70100 1/16. .
. . . . 30,96. .-. . 31. 200 .
- .
620219, , -169, . , 91.