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compressor
Surge control Concept and
instrumentation
2-2
Surge
Surge occurs at the peak pressure of
the characteristic curve and it exists
because of the way losses affect
ideal compression.
When the compressor is in surge it is
unstable and cannot perform a useful
function.
Surge is a momentary reversal of
flow in a compressor.
Phenomenon of surge
Assume a discharge valve alone controls flow for a
compressor and flow is at point Q.
When the discharge valve is closed, the compressor is
ingesting more flow than the discharge valve can pass.
Pressure rises toward point P as the flow decreases.
At point P, surge occurs and the operating point jumps
to point J with reverse flow. Reverse flow is on the left.
The reversal of flow is accompanied by a noise that
may sound like "womp.
The flow reversal causes pressure to decrease along
line J - K.
Forward flow re-establishes as it crosses the pressure
axis.
The flow at point Q is larger than the flow that the
discharge valve can pass, so pressure starts to
increase again along line Q - P.
When pressure reaches point P, the surge process
repeats.
Choke
Choke is what limits the maximum flow through the
compressor.
Compressor physically cannot pass any more air
volume due to the losses being encountered either in
the compressor itself or in the discharge system.
These losses can be considered, simply, as resistance
to flow.
Choke is a fixed physical limit of the compressor.
Choke is normally not associated with damage to the
compressor as in the case of surge.
Choke is an aerodynamic limit that causes no
damage.
Stonewall
The point of demarcation between the
useful range and choke has the name
"stonewall.
Technical definition of stonewall : That
point on a characteristic curve when the
flow velocity reaches the speed of sound.
Flow near the speed of sound results in a
condition where the characteristic curve is
vertical or nearly so and any increase in
flow stops.
DASAR PENGONTROLAN
KOMPRESOR CENTRIFUGAL
Kompresor performance
Kompresor dioperasikan pd
putaran yang berubah
Kurva System
Titik Operasi
Ketika compressor dikoneksikan dengan system, titik operasi
(operating point) dari compressor tersebut dapat diperoleh dengan
meletakan system curve dan compressor performance curve dalam
suatu curve. Titik perpotongan antara kedua curve tersebut
merupakan titik operasi dari compressor, seperti terlihat pada
gambar berikut.
Besarnya flow dan pressure
yang diberikan/dihasilkan
oleh compressor bisa dibaca
pada titik perpotongan
tersebut. Titik operasi dapat
digeser/diubah dengan cara
mengubah system curve
(dari titik a ke titik b) atau
mengubah performance
curve (dari titik a ke titik c).
Prinsip inilah yang mendasari
cara kerja compressor
control yaitu menjaga titik
Kontrol Kompresor
Ada beberapa jenis sistem kontrol compressor
centrifugal, yaitu 1) Performance Control, 2)
Antisurge Control, dan 3) Load Sharing Control.
Performance dan Load sharing control :
Pengendalian kapasitas
Jadi Secara umum pengendalian Kompresor
terdiri dari 2 macam : Pengendalian Kapasitas
dan Antisurge control
Pengendalian Kapasitas
Suction Throttling
Discharge Throtling
Attention
Variable Speed
Andaikan kita mau mengubah titik operasi compressor dari (1) pada
flow 9,600 lbm/hr dan discharge pressure 140 psia ke (2) pada flow
6,700 lbm/hr dan discharge pressure 80 psia, maka yang dilakukan
adalah hanya dengan mengurangi speed compressor dari 100%
menjadi 70%. Jika hal ini dilakukan dengan suction throttling, maka
inlet pressure harus dikurangi (140-80)/10=6 psi, yang merupakan
kehilangan pressure (losses) di inlet control valve. Ini sangat bertolak
belakang dengan variable speed, dimana pengurangan speed ke 70%
berarti daya yang diperlukan juga berkurang. Hal inilah yang
merupakan keuntungan dari variable speed control dibandingkan
dengan suction throttling, yaitu lebih efisien.
Metode lain