Petroleum Engineering 306 Reservoir Rock Properties Lesson 11 - Steady-State Gas Flow Equations September 25, 1991 Quote du Jour; What, me worry? ~ Alfred E. Newman. (MAD Magazine) Objectives: (things you should know and/or be able to do) - Be able to derive the steady-state gas flow relations for horizontal, linear and radial flow from the Darcy velocity relation. You should be able to derive the low pressure (p2), high pressure (p), and general pressure (p,(p)), relations for linear and radial flow. ~ Be able to derive the appropriate conversion factors for the flow equations in field units. Lecture Outline: ~ Derivation of horizontal, linear gas flow relations. - low pressure relation ~ high pressure relation - general pressure relation - Derivation of horizontal, radial gas flow relations. ~ low pressure relation - high pressure relation ~ general pressure relation - Derivation of conversion factor for em? to dareys. Reading Assignment: Flow in Layered Reservoirs, Flow in fractures and channels - ABW: 79-86 - PETE 306 Course Notes: VII-33 to VI-40 ‘pect us to cover the following this week and next week: ~ 9/25/91: Flow of Gases in Porous Media and Conversion Factors for Permeability 9/27/91: Flow in Layered Reservoirs, Flow in Channels and Fractures ~ 9/30/91: Laboratory Measurement of Permeability ~ 10/02/91: Laboratory Measurement of Permeability ~ 10/03/91: PETE 306 Exam I - Rm 114 Richardson 7:00-9:00 p.m.(plod Blew ba Pros Medlte Ome ahs | Bvelopments Using Durey's Law - Gas Flow Equations | Gecall cur previcus statement of the Pubbert renlt for Laminar (Alo on for media | 1 gg 2-el dy - erg sine J @ as | Also reeabl aur dtcuss/on (tlesla1) on use of formattan volume ‘factors to account tor comprescibhe tlw The relation [tor gar flow if glen as oy 9° tee @) ere Gi te TF YZ F Te ee akso He te ae eer NemeneLature! = gas formation vole bacter "Tet ent feet pressure at starclard condition, atm Te = Tomperntire at standard conditions, k 402 Gar law deviation taoter at starcard condita, Cag et) By = Gar density | m= brerage mohecvlav weluit of the gas | Re Universob gas Contant 4, Volumetric Howrate at standard conditions, cm cze™! 4 = Volumetric tlowwate at resentorr conditions, om® sec”! qe gravitational constant, 180,665 emsec* pits precire (abn), temperature Ck), 2-faetor at reervoir condiélonsi Ooms tesla Detelasment of Linear Uorlsoutal, Steady State Ke lations for Gas Flow For horizontal flow, @20 hence sin@zo aud Ey, | becomes fue kp 4 H ds o -— o a ds | combining Ege, Bands and colving tor the Hawrate Lat ctanderd condition gives | te? 2t 4 a | ak, ds | yb && cor tondemeniak starting polnt for the development lof gar tow equation, Gambining the debinition of the gat ee woline factor, &,, (&, 3) with Gyo giver fe KA Tae pap @ a THe FP & Ln ome of the blowing derivations vt will be conentent te write by, 7 th more compact torm by gutting abl lot the terms which ave tmstant inte a single constant, This giver fer “4 # @ | where ae ds | 62 4A be he @ | T fe | | Ge kase 1! Assume mt = constant (2000 pela) | In this case-we hol nz ovt of the integration, | ciparatingy and cutequatiny Gb alvesé O 776 aleela tebe = -4 Gi edp : ae Lis -4 seit he 2 [f] felled = 4 bgeegt) ae? sohilng fr 4, we obtain fe? LGR at 2b Using the detultion of t, a i | | | | | | | | | | lus considered to be accurate £ we Pr Ges Ge 2! Arume Zn this case the integration. Separating“? thi's assumption elves _ Vee alle fee (Lo) Sobuing tor g, we cbtain fee | fe = HA Bete 1 Uge a?) (&y,4) we obtain (eo) 2 4 gfe 4,10 os kanan ac the "preccure - squared!" equation tor gas and only ter péiooo price. * constant (p> tooo ysit) tam ts held constant dering aud integrating E48 vsing “at Hep Me é “ap [py ae “at (eer) ae ) a ~» & é & mM oNi OQ Hs 4124/41 | Ging the definition of ¢, (iq. 9) we obtain | 4,2 KA pte tee Mpg) a) ' ae gre | or using the definition of By (bg,3) we have | fee EFL lgng? @ | ae i These tuo rebations are the ‘pressure equations for gas How and ave carsidvred to be accurate only tor p> tooo prla, the text aud the netes present a pressure equation devived from the pressure - sguaved equation (t,o), Far completeness, we will devalue the same yeelt trom 4p l2 ia a much more straightforward manner, Local that 4° fee & i ge ee i) Ff we evaluate G13 at - Gnd since 22tlp), F) ther we have 744 he ap) , a where peilprp). Combining fys.12 and 14 and solving tor yin PL he 7 i y ¢2 &-#? fis) ae Mhthogh by, 6 agyees with the test vesult and is© THs 464/41 lorwect in theory, L do not veccomerd the vse of Gils becavse we work Gee Haw problems in standard condition volumes and Howrades. Yelna some other Convention will confose You sooner or Later, Ges Case 8{ We assumptions - eal gas reedepressure In this cace we will wake no assumptions aboot the £, tem, Th prot, we will nelude this term, by design, tn the pressure integration, Separating and Unteqrading f4,8 tr this case Gives ; é abd qh t dp te) he gene AB ts an arbitrary, pete that ae ‘ee raf pe ihe de (cere, y he a ae th atin» 2 mig)-m&y) (i?) where E lp) = 2f f - 7) ae £4, 18 tx defined as the Keal gas prewbepressire. Simply aetept for the moment that mly) vs, p ws avallable, either as a table or acorredation, We wihl cscs | the calevbation of mip) Later, lomblaiag bys, tb and ie | and wis ; ane continv ing Giver 1 “ gt = -6(ngg)-miyl] 2 | g,lele = 6 [nly )-mly)I Z fe (iro) = 4 Lily )-mlg)] zO 6 ahah, Ssluing tor g, we obtain her & Emly) -mig)I Zz Using, the debinition of « (4), we obtaln Le Re Lng )-melg 1 a “ Z The The use of lp) t's awluard and sometimes confusing, bevbarhiy because the units are pressure square aided by viscosity, However, Lf we were to ‘rescable" the mp) lateqral by ravleiplylag by a constant —- this twoukd wield a mveh simpler rewhe, Mubtiphylng ard Aiding the right-hand side of &,/4 by z 4lues by ter Hh tate [8 oly) toi mi)] 4b feT%, Leg 24 from €4,8 we robe that Sn 2. fle tn, Gy) 0 Tec tre Also we wilh detine 4 new "nenadbieed prevdoprescure Be: Mt mp) &z) Zz, Ying, the detinitlon of mip) given by 64,18, the relation alien bay by, 22 becanes 7 gh tn Set de (3) & ae Note that the normalisiig pressure, yg, ts arbitrary, And that t= 2p) and a,culy,).| | 0 ms alesh) | Gmbining Gs. 20 to 2 gives tet #4 Up le) pty) Ge) | A Sul | where by. 26 1s edentical Un form to the Liguid equation | fr this casé. fer ecanphe ) the Liquid gquation (5 \ | | fez A Upp) Gs) | MBL | Note that the unite of the hermabized prewlopreswuve are pressure. 5 the normalized psesdepressite relutlon rgsrecents & | Lauid egulvatent solution. This means that we canuse the Lig thaw equation 422) te model gas thaw, so Lng, as je use Bp), My, and by. This allows us to use any guid colotion te modeb gas tow —— 4 lp), ty, and Gn jave vised, | i \Bevebapmant of Cadel Horizontal, Steady-State Kelations for Gas Flav Mls will be easter than you thhuk becavse only the | dirtance dutequal will be different trom efforts in the | previous section, the qaressure interwebs ave the same. The | elation we developed Last time for padlal. horizontal How of a Liguid vs 4g + ith dp Ge) | Local Aut a ar | | poo 1 8G @ ribbing bys. 2 and ge and solving for hoe GE fee 2mrkh a G4) > RS %Ome 4ies/4 (Fecal the definition of by, &, F Gs fe? @ | We Fe ombiaing Lg, 3 and 2 ques | 4g? ttth ete rp dp (a) | BT ae dr Consolidating the conctant terms alves arse (a) where ae ay | 4: lath Tee be (30) | ao Ladiah Gas Case || fesume 422 constant (pK 2000 sia) In this care we bold uz constant and ntequate | 44.24. Separating and dntegrading Cefpiy tel reg ' a é fe ty LO = G Le we 2546 4. Llard & feyr hs | a | by =) Zoyt te (#) aie 3) | Sebring tr 4, gives fe 4 1 (OR) i M2 2 bile ley) | Ohh, the definition of eg (bq, 50), we have / fet Prt tee (te'-t') Gi | a 8%, — 2halelry) \4usi cs the “pressured squared!" equation tor radial Flow of a real (gate This relation vs only accurate tor pé Zoo ysia,| Gaia das Case 2: Assume Ls constant (y>teeo pric) — Drs ales | In this case we hold z constant and lnteqrate &4, 04. Sepurating and cntegrating Lrin,e), plg pd Le A tar -oRr ff dp 7 a™ sorte = 2 [pal ae he billy) = ap (y-w) Sobving for ¢ alves ae 4! &t. (pe: te) ue balialy) Usiney the debinition of ty (lq, 80), we have et Ahh tee he (ete) (se) a p72 Laleln,) Uetng, the definition of b (4, 3), we have Ge = rth (ete) Gs) | a& balreliy) | Ae we mentioned earlier, the tect and! the noler suggest a \9 relation, Lecalling &,14 we have ite £464 GI a Mete that Gefly ey), The actual assumption here v's that since (Cue) 2 tonrtant = 7 andi neds tonrtant; Ue xg and Why Br 8) GG olay this assumption we combine Lge. 4 and 98 for G. This qpives qe arth (fe -te) (94) a bylelry) | Althouarh By, 08 agrees with tbe bert ave) the notes, T reccommend! lagainet using this rewle becane we abunys work ng, ben tf (you chocce to ure bys, 22,38, 0 04, remember that they ave onli valid for p> tooo yesie, | |lal, Gas Care 3! No ascvoptions ~ Leah ges premapesuie rms alesk Tn thie case we will inteqrate Ey 24 using Mur ln ithe pressure integral, We will develo a rormab/zed prevdegrecore exactly the same as in the Minar case, | Gparating aud intagvadting 4, 4 we have | tefghe a Mad 4 Me Completing che integral on the Lett-hand-cide (same as other cass) and solving for 4, gives 4, 7 ft a Gs) Ally) \Gmbining the definition of ¢, Céy, 50) with by #8 qives feet tbh ate Spr ae Liha) Ty Me mliiphylng and dividing by the factor , th , where 1p & sone arbitrary, precsure, we have nen a7 th ete mae fb Mlelely) fle T hy pe Mab Pecalling. the deblaition of fy, we note that | &,2 Fe Th G) | fy Te Fe Combining Ege, % ane! 3% gives a | 4, tbh handy ¢ de Gs) Ay hglilitla) th ae \ tefore, we cletine the. normakized preudopressore, yp 1 Bs man LP re @ i a ae hare 1 ih rome arbibary normabieing preswre, andy ts some vabitrary base presore (asvalla It? psiad,| | | 1 | O18 esl The integral term in & 88 can be rewritten as v2 @ fe nt et he maha tp tne y de th Mae 4 ae h Mme = 4G) 40) @) Combining, 5s. $8 and 24 ayive f fe = _tnbh Ln @-p@d &) 4,847 billy) fecalling the Liguid equation for this case we have Ge = —2rbh Ge-k,? Gy) Mb, kale) Bay comparing. fge, $0 and 4) we grove that the ume of the normalized peevdopresure agaln yithde a Liguid equivalent selation tor gas Plow, Note thad by this comparison and the lcomeriton of bys, zaandés, we prove that Bee dndependent ef the tlow geometry, This mears that BP ds vibid as a Liquid equivalent variabhe wdless of tow geometry | linear, saclal F herieal : oe) tlimanpional flow Wi can a modelled ving beI Summary of Gas Flow Equations (4 = Bete ) @ rasaksh, Yorteontad, Uineay Flow! Pte ese Abs constant Cys tocopda) — Yy, seconstant (potocepsia) Hele) form (alle) 42 Hh Sete Ipeg) 4.24 lin) 42 4 bybrggll Mm mete FOL hy AnGn L | Morteontad,, aed. Ele a2: constant (pecooopsla) Ved *tarsiaut (p>teas ta) tolp) form (ally) 4,2 2th Fete pt) ge bh Uperta) tee bh L6G)-EGN 4 pte chlely) A& Salley) Aybn Lalielry) | Momework : Ive Flohr | Penive all of the gos tlow equations given in the table above, \nelode all assumptions ter each relation,I Elvid Flow ba Forovs Meolle. Ome gleslas |Gonersion baotors for Farmeabihitiy Qu obyeetie Us to denive the conversion tactors for permeability so that we can develo tow eguatlons which vse tehd variables, for example; lengths th te, yates vn toblday, pressures in pete, ete, First we will start with the debintlon of penneab' lity th laregs, this debition® aden as (daren, 2 (ent ae"N top) Clem) (tem?) (atm) note that ladmz olses xio® ohne em? laps txio® ayne em”? sec Gam bin ng (carey, = Cem see") (ini? dyne em™*seeiem ) Cem?) (1, 01328 110° dyne em?) z = __cmy ? ML O1RESKIO = 9.86928 x07 em? % cor conversion taetor is | daveg, 2 9,86923 x10 em? Homework! Que to/ela) Darius al oF the conversion Factors alien i Example 2.9 of the text which is on fp, 74,