Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted By:
2
EVALUATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
USED IN TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS OF HARIPUR DISTRICT
Submitted By:
QAZI SAJID RASHID
Roll No. (249)
M.Ed. (Morning)
Submitted to:
2
Dedication
Dedicated to my
Honorable parents
whose sincere prayers,
and guidance proved a
beacon for me have
made me extremely
successful in each and
every sphere of this
mortal life.
APPROVAL SHEET
Research Conducted By
Supervised by:
i
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the methodology of teaching
English in secondary schools at District Haripur and to provide suggestions for its
improvement. The study was conducted in 12 Govt: boys High Schools at Haripur
District, by serving a Questionnaire comprising 30 questions. The questions were
about teacher’s academic and professional qualifications, experience, teaching
methods, number of students in English class, size of class rooms, standard of
English, cooperation by the parents and cooperation by the others teachers. The
questionnaire was served to 40 teachers of the 12 Government Boys High Schools
of Haripur and all the questioners were received back. Data was compiled and
analyzed. All the 12 schools are cognizant of the fact that they prefer to retain
English as a medium of instructions. All the teachers are trained but still all of
them can’t use direct method of Teaching English. The reason is that most of them
haven’t attended any refresher courses. The facility of AV aids and language labs
are not available in the schools. There is also found some dissatisfaction with the
curriculum. On the basis of these findings, recommendations were made.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter # Pages
No
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.5 Hypothesis 3
iii
2.11 Factor Influencing the Learning of second Language 16
3.2 Population 27
3.3 Sampling 27
3.4 A Rational for the Questionnaire 28
3.5 The Construction of Questionnaire 28
3.6 Administration of the Questionnaire 28
3.7 Personal Visit 28
3.8 Analysis of the Data 28
iv
47-52
V 47
FINDING, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION
Finding 50
Conclusion 52
Recommendation 54
Appendix (A) 55
Appendix (B) 58
Bibliography
v
CHAPTER NO 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
During the period of British rule, English firmly established itself in the
sub-continent as the language of office, court, administration and as medium of
instruction in the schools and colleges. It also succeeded in deep rooting itself as
the common mode of communication among the different parts of the sub-
continent.
At the time of independence in 1947 English was the office and court
language in Pakistan and it continued to retain its same position due to lack of
common communication link between the two wings of Pakistan with the
exception of some urban areas; Urdu was not followed in the East Pakistan and
Bangali was quite alien in the west Pakistan. Under these situations, the prevailing
position was English was accepted a matter of emergency need and it served as
lingua- Franca between the East and West wings of Pakistan.
1
higher level, we can not afford to ignore it. In such a situation the study of English
at the secondary level becomes more and more important as it is the formation
stage for the higher studies.
This study will serve as an incentive for the educational administrators and
planners to probe in to drawbacks of the instructional methods presently used in
teaching of English at the secondary level and suggest/ recommend suitable
remedial measures to ensure the effective teaching of English as living language is
expected to be significant. It will provide an insight to teachers to analyse their
teaching methods and improve present teaching practices by using a holistic
approach.
2
HYPOTHESIS
The following hypothesis was made in order to find out the real cause
That English is not being taught effectively at secondary level.
That effectiveness of teaching English at secondary level is not properly
evaluated.
Instructional aids are not used in teaching of English.
Teachers do not face problems in teaching of English.
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CHAPTER NO 2
The educationists in all times have advocated the study of more than one
language for multi-purposes.
Every civilized nation of the world has got a first or national language,
which is the expression of the whole range of its social patterns. It is the vehicle of
thought in official, administrative and educational spheres and helps the nation in
carrying out its manifold activities. But some times for the purpose of
communication with other nations of the world and to make access to the
advancement of knowledge in physical and social sciences, need for a foreign
language also arises and this foreign language is incorporated in the educational
curricula of the country as a second language.
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9. It has got a great market value for attractive jobs
10. It is a means of keeping pace with the modern development
There has been a lot of confusion regarding the concept of teaching and
how teaching should be defined. Even in a more complex situation called the
class-room, a clear and precise definition of teaching can not be given; A few
definitions of teaching are as follows.
1. According to Barr (1961), “teaching means many different things, and that
the teaching act varies from person to person and from situation to
situation.”
5
The questions arises what is a method and why do we need to know about
the various methods and use them in our class room. According to Dhand (1990);
a method is an over all procedure or process to achieve certain goal. Method is a
general process of creating interaction between the subject matter offered by the
school and the students. We can say that:
i. A method is a planned effort
ii. It has an established sequence
iii. It has an established relationship among different parts.
iv. It is a way of inducing interaction between the subject matter and the
students.
Even in case of learning a language, the four main skills i.e. listening,
speaking, reading and writing demand different methods. And a teacher has to be
very careful in selecting appropriate method of teaching language in accordance
with the goals and objectives of the language.
This diversified nature of different language learning skills has given vogue
to various teaching methods that are in practice. A brief view of those methods is
as follow:
This is the traditional approach to the teaching of English and in spite of the
fact that strong criticism has been leveled against this approach, it is still very
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popular with the teachers and most widely used in our schools. The main focus of
this method is on the written language and very little or no provision is made for
practice in spoken language.
ADVANTAGES
1. It follows the principle of proceeding from known i.e. mother tongue to
unknown i.e. target language.
2. It ensures that the learner is clear about the meaning of the language he is
learning.
3. It enable the learner acquire a good knowledge of the target language.
4. If consciously learnt, learner may be able to accurate in the production of
target language.
5. It relives the teacher from the burden of seeking or thinking about new
means and ways to explain new or difficult words.
6. Grammar of target language is easily taught by comparing it with the
grammar of native language.
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7. Student/ learners progress can easily be assessed by simple questions in
native language.
DISADVANTAGES
1. It is unnatural and does not follow the natural order of language learning
i.e. listening, speaking, reading and writing.
2. The focus on written language tends to forget oral fluency or spontaneity in
spoken language.
3. It is not necessarily true that a foreign language can best be learnt through
translation.
4. It is not suitable for a group of mixed nationality or mother tongues.
5. It aims at teaching language by rules where as language learning is a
matter of practice and not rules.
6. It does not ensure the active participation of learners in that it assigns active
role of speaker to teacher and passive role of listener to learner.
7. It is dull, boring, mechanical, bookish and void of Audio- Visual aids.
In the later part of the nineteenth century two factors i.e. general
dissatisfaction with the grammar translation method and the growing interest to
learn the modern languages as spoken languages, contributed greatly to the
formulation of Direct Method.
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Thus direct method aims at teaching English as if it is the mother tongue of
the learner. It is the method of teaching English directly by establishing direct
association between the words and object, idea, thought or quality.
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6. It focuses on listening and oral practice which are the main principles of
language learning.
DISADVANTAGES
1. It demands skillfully trained and efficient teachers that we lack.
2. It is very expensive and poor countries can not afford to fulfill its
requirements.
3. It is time consuming but teachers have very limited time on their disposal.
4. Presently used text-books in Govt. schools do not suit this method.
5. Existing evaluation system does not provide for this method.
6. It is not possible to explain each and every word by establishing bond
between word and object, action, thought or idea.
7. Some times the dignity of teacher does not allow him to perform certain
acts before the class.
In the ALM, learners first listen, then speak, read and finally write the
language. New material is presented in dialogue form, followed by a series of
pattern drills based on the model dialogue. These structural patterns are taught
through repetitive drills. Little or no grammatical explanations are given. It is
presented in the form of model patterns or dialogues, the drilling techniques
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follow the stimulus response reinforcement scheme. Learners are rewarded when
they respond correctly. Errors are prevented to avoid negative reinforcement.
Teaching is graded through simple repetition to complex drills. Trough repetition,
learners are expected to develop and form correct language habits leading to
effortless and fluent production of the language.
The ALM enjoyed many years of popularity and even today its techniques
are used. But then it started declining due to certain limitations. Much of the
method consisted of mechanical drilling practice activities tend to be repetitive and
boring and do not contribute communicative proficiency. Learners could produce
analogous patterns without realizing what they were saying. (Chomsky had, by
now, changed the description of language as being innovative, creative and
generative, based on abstract rules of the mind.)
11
therefore, it was systematic and has a design. In the DM, the learner was flooded
with ungraded speech, thinking that he would learn in a natural way.
12
2.8 THE PUPIL FACTOR
Size of class
The mental and cultural standards of the pupils must be taken into account
for every phase of long-range training involving aims, subject matter and methods.
COMPOSITION OF CLASS
Language classes and usually composed of pupils belonging to the following main
categories of types.
a) Those with a natural aptitude for language, who master the second language
with ease and require only extended experience;
b) Those of high intelligence who may acquire speech with effort but respond
well to the intellectual and aesthetic sides of language at the higher levels;
c) The average student with moderate attainments who has little intuition and
must be stimulated by devices;
d) The weak pupil who tends to treat language more as knowledge then skill
and is dependent on rules and rote learning;
e) The apparently non-linguistic pupil who does not respond to ordinary
stimuli and requires individual attention.
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ATTITUDE
Throughout the course the teacher will be called upon to over come
resistance on the part of the pupils. Without the will to work, satisfactory progress
cannot be expected. It is therefore imperative to promote a favorable attitude to the
subject.
DISCIPLINE
The efforts of both teacher and class ought to be exclusively devoted to the
subject so as to exploit the time element to the maximum. It requires considerable
pedagogic skill, whether intuitive or acquired, to control a class of pupils, at any
age, and get them to work collectively and harmoniously. It is in this sense of
willing co-operative activity that the term discipline is used here.
INTEREST
The most vital source of interest is the reading material, which serves as the
basic of most of the lessons. However skilful the teacher are, they can’t be
expected to arouse or even evince interest in dull and stultifying matter. The
textbook is more than a tool’ it is instrument and material combined.
The other means of infusing interest are the devices adopted as didactic
aids. These include: games, competitions, play- acting, singing, drawing,
correspondence, projects, audio-visual aids (gramophone, films, picture-strips).
In view of the nature and range of the subject, it should be obvious that no
generalized discussion of the qualifications of the foreign language teacher is
profitable. The type of instructor, for instance, who is suitable for the practical
training, is not necessarily capable of dealing successfully with the theoretical side
of language; conversely, the teacher with high academic qualification may prove
an utter failure with beginners of any age. It would be well, then, to approach the
14
question from the language angle by defining the stage as elementary, intermediate
or advanced and noting the required qualifications for each level respectively.
ELEMENTARY
It is the first year that foundation habits are laid for the new language and it
is his experience in this stage, which will often determine the general attitude of
the pupil to the subject. The main qualification of the teacher of this stage should
therefore be:
d. Good handwriting.
INTERMEDIATE
The chief aim of this stage may be assumed to be reading, with speech as a
secondary aim. While a sounder knowledge of the language is called for, in
addition to the other minor qualification a certain histrionic ability is desirable.
ADVANCED
When pupils reach the advanced stage they may still be far from proficient
in the basic skills, but they will already be dealing with a vocabulary considerably
beyond that for ordinary use, and their powers of expression in writing may
correspond to their educational level. At this level pupil will study texts
intensively, deal with grammar theoretically, educated and cultured teacher”.
15
2.10 EXTERNAL FACTORS
The pupils are only too sensitive to external factors. They will feel more
inducement to treat the subject seriously if English ranks as a major subject that
affects promotion.
The influence of the schools authority may be more positive, taking the
form of direct interference with the work of the teacher. The head master,
principal, or other authority to follow a prescribed programme covering not only
aims but also methods may call upon the teacher.
The one thing that matters here is that there should be co-operation between
the teacher of English and the rest of the staff. The teacher should welcome
discussion of all aspects of his subjects, but he should in turn be accorded latitude
in applying the method that constitutes his art.
a. Aptitude
b. Age
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term memorizing ability aids in the repetition and response of sounds, symbols ,
and words. It also provides an organization of newly acquired language structures,
enabling the students to have greater recall and understanding.
c. Motivation
The term learning style is used to encompass four aspects of the person:
cognitive style, i.e. preferred on habitual patterns of mental functioning: patterns
of attitude and interest that affect what an individual will pay most attention to in a
learning situation: a tendency to seek situation compatible with one’s own leaning
patterns: and a tendency to use certain learning strategies and avoid others learning
style is inherent and pervasive and is a blend of cognitive, effective, and
behavioral elements.
17
Research both outside the language field and investigations with language
learners reviews frequently shows that the most successful learners tend to use
learning strategies that are appropriate to the material, to the task, and to their own
goals, needs and stage of learning.
1. Introduce the topic of the text and ask some questions (for immediate
oral answers) to explore the student’s knowledge of the topic. This
prepares them for what they are going to read, creating expectations and
stimulating their interest in the topic. It enables them to bring some thing of
their own to the reading of the text.
3. Before the students looks at the text, write one or two focus questions
on the chalkboard. This gives the students a purpose in their reading of the
text. As they read, they think about the text and see whether it reinforces or
contradicts the ideas, opinions and expectations they had in mind.
4. The students read the text silently and write down their answers to the
focus questions. Silent reading is the normal way most educated adults
read in real life. And certainly students should not listen to a reading aloud
first whether by the teacher or by other students. We don’t normally hear a
text before reading it; and in any case, most teachers don’t read aloud well
enough for their students to understand much of what they hear. As for
18
reading aloud by the students it may have its uses __ and it’s certainly very
popular __ but it’s hard enough.
5. Even after they have gotten to know the text, and impossible to do well
when the text is new to them.
6. Ask some student to read out their answers. After a student does so the
teacher is careful not to say “Good” or “that’s right,” but merely says,
“thank you”, and goes on to another spond differently__ at least some
of the time.
Give your students a topic and have them “free write” as much as they can
on that topic without stopping. This gives them practice in writing quickly and
extensively in English and allows them to see how much they know about a topic.
Because this is an intensive form of writing, it is very tiring and should be used
only for short periods of time until the students become familiar with it.
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2.15 TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
Following are the ways of improving one’s knowledge of ELT and thereby
increasing one’s confident as a teacher.
iii. Forming local teacher’s groups and holding regular meetings to discuss
common problems.
iv. Inviting fellow teacher/ teacher’s trainers and guest speakers to contribute
lectures and workshops.
vi. Arranging ELT book exhibitions with the help of ELT publishers,
organizations such as the British Council, or the relevant ministry.
We all agree that poetry cannot be taught. It can be read in school, studied,
learnt by heart and can be enjoyed”. This is so because each reader gets his own
impression from a poem and reacts to it in his own way. It is a fact that poetry
cannot be easily taught. For Pakistani readers language barrier is very serious and
unless that is removed, there can be no true appreciation of the poem on the part of
the pupils. The pupils cannot read properly if they cannot understand it.
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Comprehension precedes appreciation. There is no particular method of teaching
poems. Each poem needs individual treatment, even the tone in the reading of each
poem varies according to its subject matter.
1. Introduction
The introduction will be followed by loud reading by the teacher and a few
pupils. A good part of the understanding and appreciation of the poem will depend
on effective reading. The desired effects can best be accomplished by the voice of
the teacher. Poetry is an art of ear not of eye. To enjoy poetry it must be read
aloud. Reading the poem once is not enough. Reading aloud by a few fluent and
understanding readers is very helpful because it prepare the mind and helps the
listeners to live in poem by the persuasiveness and eloquence of the reading.
Pupils should never be asked to read a poem prior to the model reading given by
the teacher himself.
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3. INTENSIVE STUDY OF THE POEM
After grasping the general trend by the class, through reading the teacher
should proceed go to the detail and explain the cases of language difficulty.
Teacher should bear in mind to avoid too much explanation in poetry stanzas.
After reading and explaining a stanza, the teacher should ask to test
comprehension of the class. Other stanzas should be dealt with the similar way.
The students should be given a chance to ask any question if they have.
This attitude shall encourage the students to get their difficulties removed with
regards to comprehension of the poem.
6. RECAPITULATION
7. APPRECIATION
Last but not the least the above given steps are servants to teacher and not
masters. She should not confine herself to these steps. Teacher should create
22
herself the atmosphere and acts on the stage attracting and fascinating the class
leading and guiding to the goal set by the nation.
The contents of language teaching are collection of the forms and structure.
Grammar of the language which is to be taught. Such as Nouns, Verbs etc.
Its contents are collections of the functions that are performed during the
language lesson or nations that language is used to express. For example, functions
are, agreeing, requesting, apologizing and notions include size, age, colour etc.
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3. SITUATIONAL SYLLABUS
The content of the teaching is a series of purposeful tasks that students need
or want to perform with the language they are learning. Tasks are defined as
activities with a purpose other than language teaching. Tasks that can be used for
language learning are those tasks that the learners actually have to perform in any
case. Examples are applying for a job, talking with a police man, getting flight
information from PIA on phone and so on.
24
type to choose but which types and how to relate them to each other. Specific
recommendations for combination of types are not possible. However, Tarey
Reilly (1988) has proposed a set of guidelines for the process.
1) Determine, what outcomes are desired and to what extent for the students in
the instructional programme. Define exactly and realistically, the students
should be able as a result of the instructions.
7) Determine a final ranking, taking into account all the information availed of
the earlier steps.
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10) Translate decisions into actual teaching units.
In making decisions about syllabus design, all the possible factors that
might affect the teaching ability of particular must be taken to
consideration. Tailoring the choice and integration of different type,
according to local needs, leads to a principled and practical solution to the
problem of appropriateness and effectiveness in syllabus design.
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CHAPTER NO 3
3.2 POPULATION
3.3 SAMPLING
RANDOM SAMPLING
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3.4 A RATIONAL FOR THE QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire was prepared for teachers. The questions were of close form,
there were 30 questions in each questionnaire, before circulation it was dully
approved by the supervisor.
The researcher visited to sampled schools personally and met with English
teachers. Also observed the behavior and knowledge of the teacher regarding
audio-visual teaching material.
The data information collected was arranged, organized and tabulated for
analysis to be interpreted and expressed in percentage.
28
The conclusion of this research lead us to put forth certain suggestions
and recommendation that when implemented, will improve teaching of English at
secondary level.
29
CHAPTER # 4
Description MA MA BA BA Total
30
QNO: 2: What is your experience of teaching English at secondary
level?
Table No.2. Shows the experience of teachers in the subject of English at the
Secondary level.
1: 35% teachers have got from 4-10 year experience of teaching English.
2: 27.5% teachers have got from 11-20 year experience of teaching English.
3: 30% teachers have got from 21-30 year experience of teaching English.
4: 7.5% teachers have got from above 30 years year experience of teaching
English.
31
Q No: 3: Are You Teaching English At Your Own Will?
Table NO: 3: Refreets the willingness of teachers teaching English with their own
choice
Response
Q No.3 33 5 2 38
82.5% 12.5% 5%
. Explanation
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Table No: 4: Indicates the number of periods taught by the teachers per week.
Q No: 5: Are you satisfied with the per week allocation of English
periods?
Table No:5 Shows the satisfaction of teachers with the number of periods
allocated for the subject of English at secondary level.
85% 15%
EXPLANATION
1: 85% Teachers are satisfied with the per week allocation of English periods.
2: 12.5% Teachers are not satisfied with the per week allocation of English
periods.
Q:No:6: Are you satisfied with the physical facilities available in the
classroom?
33
Table No: 6 Shows the satisfaction of English teacher with the physical facilities
available in the class rooms.
30% 70% -
EXPLANATION
1:30% Teachers are satisfied with the physical facilities available in the class.
77.5% 22.5% -
EXPLANATION
34
Q No: 8 which method of teaching do you usually use for teaching of
English?
Table No. 8: shows the varied methods that the teachers use for the teaching of
English.
35
Q No: 9. Do you make use of Audio-visual Aids?
TABLE NO: 9 Shows the ratio of teachers who make use of audio-visual aids in
their class.
82.5% 17.5% -
EXPLANATION
This table shows that 82.5% teachers make use of Audio-visual Aids while
17.5% do not make any use of Audio-visuals.
Table No: 10 Shows how many teachers prepare their English lesson regularly.
The above table reflects that 90% teachers prepare their lessons regularly
and 7.5% teachers go to class without any pre-planning, while 2.5% teachers did
not give any response in this respect.
36
Q No. 11 Are you satisfied with the learning environment in your
Classroom?
Table No: 11 Indicates the satisfaction of teachers with the learning environment
of their classrooms.
67.5% 32.5% -
EXPLANATION
The above table indicates that 67.5% teachers are satisfied with the learning
environment of their classrooms while 32.5% are not satisfied.
Table No: 12 Reflects the opportunities that the English teachers have been
provided during the last two years to improve professional competence.
45% 55% -
EXPLANATION
The above table shows that 45% teachers have been provided the facility of
refresher course during the last two years while the 55% are still deprived of it.
37
Q No: 13. Do you share your problems with the principal?
Table No: 13. Shows the percentage of teachers who share their problems with the
principal.
67.5% 27.5% 5%
EXPLANATION
It shows that 67.5% teachers share their problems with the principal, 27.5%
teachers do not share their problems with the principal and 5% avoided to respond.
Q.No: 14. Do you have any meeting with other teachers?
Table No. 14 indicates the number of teacher who have meeting with other
teachers.
100% - -
EXPLANATION
The above table shows that 100% teachers have meeting with each other.
38
Q. No: 15 Do you assign home task to your students?
92.5% 7.5% -
EXPLANATION
This table shows that 92.5% teacher assign home task to students where as
5% do not 2.5% teacher gave no response.
Table No: 16 Shows that how many teachers check the home work of
students regularly.
87.5% 12.5% -
EXPLANATION
This table indicates that 87.5% teachers check the homework of students
regularly, while 12.5% teachers have a casual checking.
39
Table No: 17 Shows the number of teachers who speak English in the class while
teaching.
32.5% 67.5%
EXPLANATION
2: 67.5% Teachers speak native language in the class during English period.
15% 85% -
EXPLANATION
This table reflects that 15% students try to speak English while 85%
students do not try to communicate in English.
40
Table No: 19 Represents teachers encouragement to their students speak English
in the class.
75% 25% -
EXPLANATION
Table No: 20 Shows the number of teachers who take conversational class by
giving task and topic to students.
82.5% 17.5% -
EXPLANATION
This table shows that 82.5% teachers take conversational class while 17.5%
do not.
41
Table No: 21 represent the ratio of teachers who assign individual topics to
students for presentation.
45% 55%
EXPLANATION
Shows that 45% teacher assign different topics to students for presentation
while 55% teachers assign almost the same topics.
80% 20% -
EXPLANATION
The above table shows that 80% teachers involve the students in group
work while 20% do not care for group discussion.
Table No: 23 Represents the teachers point of view regarding the effectiveness of
instructional material.
42
Description Yes No NR Total
Q. No. 23 36 4 - 40
90% 10% -
EXPLANATION
90% teachers find the use of instructional material effective where as 10% find it
not effective.
77.5% 22.5% -
EXPLANATION
43
Q No: 25 Do you carry out activities for improving the vocabulary,
speaking and pronunciation of your students?
Table No: 25 Shows teachers willingness to carry out activities for improving the
vocabulary, speaking and pronunciation of their students.
95% 5% - -
EXPLANATION
This table shows that 95% teachers carry out activities to improve
vocabulary, speaking and pronunciation and 5% just leave students to learn on
their own.
Table No: 26 Represents teachers shift to different topics and methods during the
same period.
65% 35% -
EXPLANATION
12 : 65% Teachers shift to different topics and use different methods during the
same period while 35% teachers teach the same topic and use the same method
during the same period.
Q No: 27. In which area do you find difficulty while teaching English?
44
a: Grammar b: Pronunciation c: Vocabulary.
Table No: 27 Represents the area of difficulty that the different teachers face while
teaching English.
75% 20% 5% -
EXPLANATION
35% 65% -
EXPLANATION
This table shows that 35% teachers are of opinion that present textbooks
fulfill all the requirements of language learning process while 65% teachers are of
opposite opinion.
45
Table No: 29 Shows the number of teachers who prepare check-list to evaluate
students progress.
65% 35% -
EXPLANATION
The above table shows that 65% teachers prepare check list to evaluate
student’s progress, while remaining 35% take support of other means.
Table No: 30 Reflects the satisfaction of English teachers with the existing
evaluation system.
32.5% 67.5% -
EXPLANATION
This table shows that only 32.5% teachers are in favor of existing
evaluation system and 67.5% teachers take it as defective.
FINDINGS
46
1. 92.5% English teacher are highly qualified having MA.MED and MA.
B.Ed degrees while only 7.5% teachers possess a lower qualification of
BA.Bed and BA,CT.
4. The load of par week period varies from 20-24, for 22%, 25-28 for 32.5%,
29 to 32 for 32.5% and above 32 periods for 12.5% teachers.
5. 85% teachers are satisfied with the number of per week periods assigned to
the subject of English which 15% think this allocation in sufficient.
6. Only 30% teachers are satisfied with physical facilities available in the
class and a large majority of 70% teachers show their dissatisfaction.
7. 77.5% teachers are facing over-crowded classes while 22.5% teachers are
satisfied with the size of their class.
8. 65% teachers still use grammar translation method where as only 22.5%
use direct method and 12.5% use lecture and lecture-discussion methods.
9. 82.5% teachers claim that they make use of Audio-visual aids and 17.5%
teachers admit no use.
10. 90% teachers prepare their English lesson regularly, 7-5% do not prepare
and 2.5% teachers remained silent.
11. 67.5% teachers are satisfied with the learning environment of their class
room while 32.5% teachers expressed their dis-satisfaction.
47
12. Only 45% teachers have been given chance of refresher course in modern
methodology and techniques while 55% teachers still cling to old- fashion
and out-dated method of teaching.
13. 72.5% English teachers share their problems with the principle to seek
professional guidance while 27.5% teachers do not take the trouble to share
their problems with the principal.
15. 92.5% teachers assign home-work to students and 7.5% teachers do not.
16. 87.5% teachers check the homework regularly while 12.5% teachers check
it casually.
17. A large majority 67.5 percent teachers speak native language during the
English period where as only 32.5% teachers attempt to speak English.
18. 15% students try to communicate in English with other while 85.5%
students prefer to communicate with others in their native language.
19. 75.5% teachers encourage the students to speak English in the class while
25% do not.
20. 82.5% teachers are in favour of conversational class by assigning task and
topics to students while 17.5% teachers are not.
21. 45% teachers give individual topics to students for presentation and 55%
teachers assign almost the same topic.
22. 80% teachers involve students in group work while 20% do not care for
group discussion.
23. A large majority of 90% teachers find the use of instructional material
effective and 10% disinterested teachers, it is not effective.
48
24. 77.5% teachers are in favor of activity based learning and the remaining
22.5% like other ways of learning.
25. 95% teachers carry out activities to improve the various aspects like
vocabulary speaking and pronunciation etc and 5% teachers leave the
students on chance.
26. 65% teachers shift to different topics and methods during the same period
while 35% teach the same topic and use the same method.
28. 35% teachers hold the opinion that present textbooks turn up to the
requirement of language learning process which 65% teachers are of
opinion that textbooks are deficient in this respect.
29. 65% teachers prepare check-list to evaluate students progress where as 35%
teachers do the job with out check-list.
30. 32.5% teachers are satisfied with the existing evaluation system while
67.5% teachers take it as defective and wish it to be replaced by some
effective means.
49
CONCLUSION
Having an over-view of this study as a whole, it becomes crystal clear that
in spite of our repeated efforts and high claims, English is being still taught like
social sciences and not as a language. Language learning is a matter of practice or
habit formation and its teaching demands methods and strategies quite different
from other subjects. But this aspect is mostly neglected in our schools.
On one hand, lack of physical facilities and non availability of teaching aids
is a hurdle in the way of smooth learning. On the other hand, lack of proper co-
ordination between the principals, and teachers leads to laxity on the part of
teachers.
Majority of the teachers have not been provided any in-service training or
refresher course, to keep them in tact with the latest developments in the field of
pedagogy. And the pre-service training is not sufficient to make them effective
teachers to be able to cope with the over- crowded class in a better way.
On one hand, students do not try to speak English with each other and miss
one important aspect of language learning skills. On the other hand, there is
something wrong with our evaluation system that does not annoy only to teachers
but also to students and parents as well.
50
In short, English is not being taught in our secondary schools in a way that
ensures proficiency in communication which is the main objective of teaching
English at this stage.
51
RECOMMENDATION
It is an admitted fact that pre-determined objectives of teaching English at
secondary level in Pakistan can not be achieved under existing unfavorable
environment. Attainment of these objectives demands conducive environment
along with provision of all the requirements and change in the attitudes of
stakeholders.
In the light of findings of this study, the researcher will recommend the
following suggestions to improve the teaching of English in our country.
1. No doubt that the majority of English teachers are highly qualified both
academically and professionally. But this pre-service professional training
is not sufficient to keep pace with the ever-changing educational
methodology and techniques. Hence, in-service training or refresher
courses should be arranged for 100% English teachers to get them
introduced with the modern methodology.
3. Even a very good teachers can not teach most effectively when he can not
pay individual attention to each and every child in an over-crowded class.
Hence the problem of over-crowded be solved by appointing more teachers
and constructing additional classrooms in the existing schools.
5. The heads of schools should co-ordinates with teachers and keep a vigilant
eye on their laxity to maintain check and balance.
52
6. The existing evaluation system be revised in accordance with the needs of
our society so as to remove the dissatisfaction among teacher and students
about it.
53
APPENDIX (A)
LIST OF SELECTED GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL
1. Government high school Laban Bandi
2. Government high school Noordie
3. Government high school Saria salah
4. Government high school Kangra
5. Government high school Kot Nageeb Ullaha
6. Government high school Pind Hashm Khan
7. Government high school Haripur City No 1
8. Government high school Haripur City No 2
9. Government high school Saria Nimat Khan
10. Government high school Bagra
11. Government high school Kholian Bala.
12. Government high school K.T.S No 1
54
APPENDIX (B)
Ye No
Q.3. Are you teaching English at your own will?
s
Q.4. How many periods do you teach per week? __________________
Ye No
Q.5. Are you satisfied with the per week allocation of English periods?
s
Ye No
Q.6. Are you satisfied with the physical facilities available in the classroom? -
s
55
Q.12. Have you attended any refresher course in the teaching of English during
Ye No
last two years?
s
Q.13. Do you share your problems with the principal? Ye No
s
Q.14. Do you have any meeting with others teachers? Ye No
s
Q.25. Do you carry out activities for improving the vocabulary, speaking and
Ye No
pronunciation of your students? s
56
Q.26. Do you switch over to different topics and methods during the same
Ye No
Period? s
Q.28. Do the present textbooks fulfill all the requirements of language learning
Ye No
process?
s
57
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ahmad Nazir Sheik (1964). The Teaching of English as Second Language
Lahore: The Carwan Book House.
2. Billows, F.L. (1964). The Techniques of Language Teaching,
London:Longmans. Green and Co. Ltd.
3. Finocchiara, M. (1958). Teaching of English as a Second Language, New
York, Harper and Row.
4. Gina, Doggett (1986). Eight Approaches to Language Teaching, English
Teaching Forum.
5. Khan Dr. Wazim (2000). Educational Research, Azim Publishing House,
Khyber Bazar Peshawar (Pakistan).
6. LODOI Robett, Language Teaching Theory and Practice, (New York).
7. Oxford Rebecca (1989), The Role of Style and Strategies in Second
Language Learning English Teaching Form.
8. Qureshe Husain Ishtiaq (1975). Education in Pakistan an Inquiry into
Objectives and Achievements, (1st Edition) Pakistan: Ma, Aref Printers,
Karachi-4.
9. Sheikh Abdul Haq (1961). The Teaching of English in Pakistan.
58