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W—ia we, F ala Fenn %, Jat aa RAD: HY:— frai—fatas, aga, TeTtars, WAN —eq ia, atid, ada, W—araa, waived a sre 23—“ me at sd aera sean &, sae “ Reread ” aya Sag gree waa A ama cat care aisat ar at eqtt aw %, gat aa & wer Re ear a eqit aw agqeit at act sfa %, sriia dt aise et adi gazed Raa et afar dt aqer wea 3, oul aged & wea ar ada ca aah %, dat aah sua aca aaias hae % R&R aac a aE aa ata ag agi faa h cia & as aa 4 eet ® BR apa wigan gest a wag HANH ¥, ca BAA anit at saeg af Rar = f& ait cone far et, atad aa 8 Her} fH saeaar H ana aa aaa cat alee, Re ost aa A VUbar & qat a ada’y, aie ata aa H seat saat %, wal saa, gaa aur sea aE aia as egia & &, wan aa order er Sat QI aa Ei ag seq Be wa qn ca qe are G7 0( % ) Ages sea saree ama sy a A & gaat agi aa &, A aa wet gal ar WAT Hal Bgat Ft W—F gue ay ange & ogisin, We Ta aH we BE Ra aK Rare we, TIT fac AR Ta BTA AR Gad aH TAA faaca & area agar | FMAI——ges1, THA? agraag ag a yrs aged acaet data at adraneg ar Afzsaz gmat! ane |! gna: |!Tees TAC ATT | —— afz ara Aten al daeit aed aiicgem 2 suet geek grat area =, ar ae fret ges ATA | TE gas aed ofa FY eat dara 3 args ani wa at Raa, wer aah & sala aed = 1 Go Pragent sit at nl — vs I’) echt on ey on) aa» » wes bes we QD) ME 4, wee see oD dee crea Pale) art at Sq gets | Sigal a Ager cee OM ara & Rea wai wee Ol(2) ENGLISH BOOKS. Beauties of Vedic Dharm 0 1°3 True Pilgrim of Progress 016 Ideals of Education . O 1.0 ae at Gene | fran et erat wee) aay, » wee wee Dt aaa wee ae ae w@aqgdieamgag .. oe) nama fait... we n)| QUaRAT Ht Ta STTAAT aete saraz ait areira (2) ... no (a) ... -) ORAS Hl GA ageiz wet aaa at a a fear we) caatal frat ar aaa ... wet aaa sent Wet.) aredt area ve a )) award araret @t aaraz(enae) Agta Gat aah atte ait art aga arex aera GUATAT FT Brae ae ecard ad) ata Sega er straa eed a tit A aa tt .. aa ST STS agra fast earal fastrag a Stata Vad SE STR TUTE satel cela wra gan faa saa fgzar aa ard aq wit Raz aiaa aaaita *) mH yy ) - y nT yu yh -) -) Dut ») dau D1] yt( @ ) faarg atic aT ata BT NIUE ASW AZKA ae age aad ara anit wee qzaras aime ada Bra ara eat S Aresata feat Rrenaivian Sari gare Hei & ara qiaz aga qia aa RrAN CASA... wa tama a fetta faear gaa aeat ase BL GAA Kl Tea aa «.. tral while these things were ie doing, a great star ap- peared, shining for four- teen days, with three long rays streaming to- wards the south, such a star asis wont to be seen when a kingdom 1s about to change its kmg” There was great enthusiasm Wilham ‘got together carpenters, smiths, and ofher workmen, so that great stir was seen at all the ports of Normandy, in the collecting of wood and matemals, cutting of planks, framing of ships and boats, stretching sails and rearing masts, with great pains and at great cost They spent all one summer and autumn in fitting up the fleet and collect- ing the forces ” Then the time came when they were ready to sail, and “ they prayed the convent to bring out the shrine of S. Valert, and set it on a carpet in the plain, and all came praymg the holy re- liques, that they nught be allowed to pass over sea They offered so much money, that the Fig 69 —Walliam’s Army Cooks 96 Fic. 68 —Willam’s Army CooksRees et Mt se ae (Partial reconstruction } Fie 70 —Extenor of Norman House, Chnstchurch, Hants.NORMAN ENGLAND Fig 71 —The Hall of the Norman House, Chistchurch, Hants (Partial 1econstiuction } teliques were buned beneath it, and from that day forth, they had good weather and a fair wind”’ Wace tells how “ I heard my father say—I remember 1t well, although I was but a lad—thal there were seven hundred ships, less four, when they sailed from S Valet, and that there were besides these ships, boats and skiffs for the purpose of carrying the arms and hainess,” and when at length they started, “‘ The Duke placed a lantern on the mast of his ship, that the other ships might sce it, and hold their course after ray 98yo 91S] ‘iy Ye PUNOF uowssayg— 22 Olt ay jas Atvay e820], wi poareo ‘stso7] Amnyuo) Wy ( amas] stig)Norman Landing NORMAN ENGLAND When they reached Eng- land, “As the ships were drawn to shore, and the Duke first landed, he fell by chance upon his two hands Forthwith all raised a loud cry of distress, ‘an evil sign,’ said they, ‘1s here’ But he cried out lustily, ‘See, seignors, by the splen- dour of God! I have seized England with my two hands, without challenge no prize can be made, all 1s our own chat is here, and now we shall see who 1s the bolder man’” The archers " touched the land foremost, each with his bow bent and his quiver full of arrows slung at his side All were shaven and shorn, and all clad in short garments, ready to attack, Fig 78 —Back of the Queen to shoot, to wheel about and skirmish The knights landed next, all armed , with their hau- berks on, their shields slung at their necks, and their helmets laced, They formed together on the shore, each armed upon hus warhorse, All had their swords girded on, and passed into the plain with their lances raised © The barons had gonfanons, and the kmghts pennons They occupied the advanced ground, next to where the archers had fixed themselves The carpenters, who came after, had great axes m ther hands, and planes and adzes at their sides When they had reached the spot where the archers stood, and the kmghts were assembled, they consulted together, and sought for a good spot to place a strong fort upon Then they cast out of the ships the matenals end drew them +o land, all shaped, framed and pierced to recetve the pms which they had brought, cut and ready in large barrels , so that before evening had well set in, they had fmished a fort Later a 100NORMAN ENGLAND knight describes how ‘he saw them build up and enclosc a fort, and dig the fosse around 11,” and how “they strengthened at round about with pal- sades and a fosse” The castle which Wace describes 1s similar to that shown on the Bayeux Tapestry, which we illus- trate in Fig 66 It is called now the Mount-and- Bailey type The Mount was formed by scarping down a natural hill, or raismg an artificial one with the earth dug out of the ditches On this the fort was built and surrounded by a timber palisade The ditch of the mount was taken as well round the bailey, and here were the stables, barns, kitchens, and barracks Tre 7+ —Back of the King The site always included a good spring of water In such a castle Witham could leave a gairison to hold down the countryside The Saxons had nothing so scientilic at their disposal Just as the Viking with hus ship as a base, and his horse to carry him about, could deliver a blow at his own dime, so the Normans, in the security of their castles, could select the moment for attack Wilham knew all about building stone castles Wace tells us how William of Arques built a tower above Arches (Chateau d’Arques, nea: Dieppe), and was besieged there by Duke Witham The King of France came to the assistance of Wilham of Arques, and Duke William, hearing of his intention, “strengthened his castles, cleaning the fosses, and repairing the walls Caen was then without a castle, and had neither wall nor fence to protect it’’ Stone lol H CastlesNORMAN ENGLAND walls are evidently meant here and differentiated from wooden fences or palisades William built timber castles at first in England because they could be _ constructed quickly We can now return to the details of the Conquest, and as the pages of Wace are read one becomes very sorry for the Saxons, they were beaten by the most wonderful staff work. Wilham not only brought over castles packed m casks,” but remembered that armies march on their Fig 75 —lhe Knight stomachs Wace tells how “you mught see them make their latchens, hght their fires, and cook ther meat The duke sat down to eat, and the barons and knights had food in plenty, for he had brought ample store All ate and drank enough, and were mght glad that they were ashore ” The Bayeux tapestry shows the Normans arriving at Pevensey, but according to Wace they first landed near Hastings and Willam “ordered proclamation to be made, and commanded the sailors that the sh1ps should be dismantled, and drawn ashore and pierced, that the cowards might not have the ships to flee to’’ This can only be regarded as a gesture to his men that they must do or die Wilham would hardly have cut off tis line of retreat, or have built a fort at Hastings, except 10 leave a garrison m it to safeguard the fleet His next step was to move west about 12 miles to Pevensey “The Enghsh were to be seen fleemg before them, driving off their cattle, and qmtting their houses All took shelter im the cemeteries, and even there they were mm grievous alarm" Here again is evidence of staff work. Pevensey 102NORMAN ENGLAND Tee BS a Fic 76—Plan of Hemel Hempstead Church, Herts was one of the forts built about 300 ap. by the Romans to protect the east and south coasts from the Saxon raids (see Part 3, page 90) As the Roman walls with their bastions enclosing several acres are still standing to-day, they must, in Wilham’s time, have formed a good strong base where he could be safe and so compel Harold to come to him This was what poor Harold had to do He came post haste from the Humber, from his encounter with Tost, first to London, and then south again, and “ erected his standard and fixed his gonfanon right where the Abbey of the Battle is now built,” about 9 miles away from William at Pevensey Here Harold dug himselfin ‘‘ He had the place well examined and surrounded 11 by a good fosse, leaving an entrance on each of the three sides, which were ordered to be all well guarded ” ‘We shall not concern ourselves very much with the details of the fighting, but there 1s one very interesting detail which must be noted. In the old Viking days, and the tale of Burnt Nyjal, fighting 1s mentioned quite casually, as fishing mught be, or hunting. It was undertaken as a sport, From the time of the Normans onwards people sought to justify themselves There were many parleys in 1066, and much talk of the justice of the respective causes Each side appealed for the favour of Heaven, and there were threats of the dire consequences which would befall the opponent. The 108NORMAN ENGLAND combatants, lke modern boxers, reassured themselves, and their backers, and appear to have stood in need of support When Wilham “prepared to arm himself, he called first for his good hauberk, and a man brought 1t on his arm and placed 1t before hrm , but in putting his head m to get it on, he inadvertently turned 1t the wrong way, with the back part in front He quickly changed 1t, but when he saw that those who stood by were sorely alarmed, he said, ‘I have seen many a man who, 1f such a thing happened to him, would not have borne arms or entered the field the same day , but I never believed in omens, and I never will 1 trust in God’” One of Harold’s spies, who had seen the Normans, reported that they ‘’ were so close shaven and cropt, that they had not even moustaches, supposed he had seen priests and mass- sayers, and he told Harold that the duke had more priests with him than knights or other people’ But Harold replied, “ Those are valiant kmghts, bold and brave warriors, though they bear not beards or moustaches as we do” William's priests were quite prepared to be useful ‘‘ Odo, the good priest, the bishop of Bayeux, ‘was always found’ where the battle was most fierce, and was of great service on that day” After the battle, “‘ The English who escaped from the field did not stop till they reached London ’’ Again there 1s evidence of wonderful staff work Wuliam did not at once pursue the enemy, but turned his attention to consolidating hus position, We will now ask our readers to refer to the map, Fig 3, in Part III of this series, or the much better one of Roman Brita published by the Ordnance Survey It will be seen why William selected Hastings as his point of attack Pevensey was close by, and all by itself and so more vulnerable On the other hand, the usual entrance into England, by Watling Street, was protected by a group of forts at Lympne, Folkestone, Dover, Richborough, and Reculver Some ot these must have been in repair, because we read in Wace, of how William went back east to Romney, which he destroyed, and then on to Dover Obviously some Norman troops had been detailed to hold the Engsh in check, and prevent them coming to the assistance of Harold, because Wace says that William did not rest ‘‘ till he reached Dover, at the strong fort he had ordered to be made at the foot of the hill” 104NORMAN ENGLAND Here he besieged the old Roman fort, and though the place Was well fortified, took it after an eight-day siege Wiha, Blaced a garrison in rt, and was NOW ready for the great adventure, he had won a great battle, could he hold the Country 7 ; Canterbury rendered homage and delivereg hostages f0 the Conqueror, who then journeyed to London Attived at Southwark, the crtizens issued out of the Rates, but were Speedily driven back, and the Normans burned aly the houses on the south side of the Thames Here again Witham gave another proof of gemus He had given the Londones © taste of his quality, and hus most urgent neeq was to thrust Spear head in between his enemies before they had the Spportumty to gather their forces together This Witham the Tham did by gong to Wallingford on eS, where at thought that he crossed, and then passed by Tokmela Way and then on to our to the gap in the Chilterns at Trmg, own town of Great Berkhampstead Again Wo wal han at the map of Roman Brita and note that Wilkam’s last Toads leading into Tad gave him possession of many of the Ondon First there was Stane Street fy Portsmouts and Chichester Then the very important roag Ccrossiny a mene at Staines, which branched off a+ Silchester into three roads serving the south and West At Tring, ‘kam cut across Aleman Street, and could control Wathng Stree, Dunstable The strategy was bulbantly successful, been Enghsh surrendered and Witham Teceived the crown of England in the grounds of Berkhampsteaq Castle In any case, when we had our pageant at Berkhampstead, in 1929, the player who took the part of Wilkam Was so invested, wee we pass on to the work of the Normans when they Wete established in the country, and Fig 97 Shows a recon. tuction of Berkhampstead Castle. It 1g Supposed that the €arthworks and the Mount are the work of Rober £, Count of Motta eh ee possession of Berkhampsteag at the time of Domesday Little remains now except Sarthworks and broken walls to mark an historic site, one which hag Seen Perhaps as much of both the gay and the busy side of Mediaval Ife as any of OWT More ancient castles exce ‘mdsor Thomas Becket was m charge of the works from 1156 to 1185, Edward IIl and the Black Prinee heta ther 105Shell Keep Norman House NORMAN ENGLAND courts withm its walls Frotssart was another whabitant, and Geoffrey Chaucer another clerk of the works In 1930 this sadly neglected rece was placed under the guardianship of H.M Ministry of Works and put into a state of preservation The plan as of great interest because 1t shows the develop- ment of what Js called the Shell Keep As the artiticsal mounts became consohdated, the timber forts, as Fig 66, were replaced with a stone wall At Berkhampstead, Fig 67, when the Mount was excavated, 1t was discovered that this Shell was about 60 feet external diameter, the wall being 8 feet thick There would have been a rampart walk on the top of this, and various sheds around it inside There were steps up the Mount, and these were protected by a tower at the top, and by the moat or ditch being taken around the Mount at the base The Bailey had an mner and outer ward, and these were surrounded by flint rubble walis about 7 feet thick, of which some few partsremain These had bastions and gates as shown, and were further protected by the two ditches and bank between, which make the castle so interesting The next development of the castle 1s shown in Part I of Everyday Things in England, pages 11-19 We will now describe one of the most mteresting buildings in England, the Norman House at Christchurch, Hants, the ruins of which are situated mn the Garden of the King’s Head Hotel The important detail to remember 1s that the Enghsh house started tts life as a hall On page 18 we have given a description of the hall in Beowulf, but here at Christchurch we can leave literary evidence behind, and look at the actual stones of an early twelith century house It started life as the hall of the castle, and was built between 1125-1150 Tn Beowulf the hall is obviously on the ground floor level, but at Christchurch 1t has been moved to the first floor This gave more sense of security, and enabled the wmdows to be bigger than would have been possible on the level of the ground These had no glass, only wooden shutters for use at night The hall was to remain on the first floor until life became a little more secure, im the fourteenth century, when it was moved downstairs, as at Penshurst Unfortunately the very considerable remains at Christchurch are so swathed with ivy, that the walls are not only being 106NORMAN ENGLAND Fic 77 —The Interior of Hemel Hempstead Church, Herts (Partial reconstruction ) 107Chessmen NORMAN ENGLAND destroyed, but it 1s very difficult to form any idea of what the building used to look hke However, we have made a careful survey of the ruins, and Figs 70 and 71 are our reconstructions The plan 1s very simple, just one large hall on the first floor, where the family lived, ate, and slept, because there was nowhere else to go One remarkable deta: 1s that there is a good fireplace im the hall, yet side by side, the old custom of the fire in the centre of the hall was to remain til as late as 1570 at the Middle Temple Halt At Christchurch the kitchens came at the S. end of the hall, where also were the garderobes or latrmes. At the N end was a circular staircase, which led up to the ramparts and down to a large room on the level of the ground, where doubtless men-at-arms and stotes were Then, of course, there would have been many sheds, stables, and barns, in the Castle Bailey, which was surrounded by a wall The house was built as part of this wall, so that the imhabitants could look across the mill stream, to which access was gamed by a water gate, shown in Fig 70 If our readers are interested in the development of the house plan, we should lke to refer them to Part I of Everyday Things tn England, where we have shown how other rooms were gradually grouped around the hall, until, in the fifteenth century, the hall had become a house as we understand it Figs 72, 78, 74, and 75 are of a magnificent set of chessmen now in the Bntish Museum They are carved in morse ivory and were found at Uig in the Isle of Lewis They date from the twelfth century The people in the hall at Christchurch may have played chess with chessmen hke these The king stands 4 inches high ‘The warders, one biting Ins shield im rage, Which take the place of the castles, should be noted Now we are approaching the end of our task, and with superb artistry have kept the really trrumphant achievement of the Normans for our finale Unless we are careful, we look back and think only of their castles, we may have been to the Tower of London, or have caught sight of Rochester on our way along that very old way, Watlng Street, or we may have been to Castle Hedingham, Essex. These three wonderful Keeps may have oppressed our spirits, as they did the Saxons who were held in thrall under their walls 108NORMAN ENGLAND a £ = interior of fic 78 -iNorman Church NORMAN ENGLAND Stare, stark, and strong, these great walls rear themselves up, yet they are full of dehghtful little bits of detail which gladden the architect Judged only by ther castles, the Normans would seem too fierce and formid- able, but when we come to their cathedrals, and churches, there 1s a very different tale to tell The architecture 1s still Fre 7@—Chancel_ Vaults 1 ferce and proud It Hempstead Church, eo ' lacks the grace of the thirteenth century, and makes you think of a race of priests who could challenge kings and usurers Abbot Samson, of whom Carlyle wrote in Past and Present, and Becket were of the same breed, turbulent, but very strong, and not given to compromuse or half measures im their fight against evil There 1s hardly a cathedral in England m which their hand cannot be traced, and their vision and grasp of planning was superb, 1t was almost as if they took Willam’s favounte oath as their motto and built to the ‘' Splendour of God,” We have selected for our ulustrations, not a cathedral, but the Church of Hemel Hempstead, Herts, which shows how the Normans went to work when they wanted to bulld a parish church m a small market town about 1140. ‘We will ask our readers first to study the plan, Fig. 76, and as the majority of them, we hope, will be boys and girls who want ta do creative work, they must acquire, In a very un- English way, the habit of likang plans All burldings, all engineering work, all paintings, and sculpture, are built up on plans, or lay-outs, and the plan settles the structure, itis the skeleton, A bad plan means inevitably a bad build- ing , one which has not been thought out, it will be crippled and ms-shapen, and these faults will not be redeemed by any amount of detail, no matter how beautiful 110NORMAN ENGLAND The plan Fig 76 shows that the men of Hemel Hempstead, in 1140, understood the value of a simple lay-out of cruciform type, and Fig 77 how this resolved itself into a wonderful interior, m which one looked through darkness into hght Fig 781s the exterior Our illustrations have been made from sketches of the aciual building, and the few hberties we have taken, have only been in the way of elamiating later work, and restoring the Norman detail, internally, we have omitted the modern ‘‘ Gothic”’ chow stalls, and externally the later leaded spite 1s not shown on the Norman tower, and soon The church has, fortunately for us, escaped the vandalism of the nimeteenth century in a surpnsmg fashion Fig 79 shows the vaultmg to the chancel, and is an amusing example of how the old masons played with the problems of sold geometry The Normans at first used the plam semi-circular barre] vault Then one day some- body made two of these vaults cross as A (Fig 79), but the result did not satisty them for long, because the intersections, or groms, at B, were necessarily flatter than a semi-circle , they had to be, because ther span was greater than that of the vault, and they had to spring, and fimish, at the same levels So the next step was to make the groin itself semi- circular, as shown m the. main drawing of Fig 78 at C Then the cross ribs at D had to be raised up on legs, or stilted, to réach to the height of the groins This was really a hittle clumsy, so the cross mb was turned into a pomted arch, but that 1s another story which 1s told in Part I of Everyday Things m England, where we show how step by step the old masons progressed up to the glorious fan vaulting of Henry the VII’s Chapel at Westminster Abbey If this church at Hemel Hempstead 1s compared with those of the Anglo-Saxons we have illustrated, it will be noted how great an advance the Normans made in the art of building, there 1s no fumbling with their work, but a splendid sejf- confidence They were a wonderful people and their stock first comes into notice with the Norsemen, or Northmen, who raided our land as Vikings They played a great part here m Saxon times, and, as we noted on page 84, the majority of the churches we now call Anglo-Saxon are found in the parts of the country im which the Vikings settled We must bear m mund ther travels to the East through 111 VaultingNORMAN ENGLAND Russia their discoveries by land, and thetr adventures by sea They were a people, and it 1s a period, to which far more detailed study should be given than is possible in this httle book. England has welcomed many men. The man of the Old Stone Age , the Mediterranean men of the New Stone Age , and the Celts Rome and her legionaries brought blood from all over Europe Then came the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, the Vikings and Normans , the Angevins, Flemings, Huguenots, and all the other races who have drifted in Age after age the soil of our island has attracted men, here they have lived, and dying, their bones or ashes have been turned into the soil of England Each in ther turn have made their contribution to the common stock, and the genius of the race, and the Vikmg, Norseman, or Norman, was not the least of these men It may well be that England will go forward just so long as their courage and love of adventure are not allowed to be swamped by the vulgar chaffermg of the market place And here our task ends. Farewell Fic 80 —Head of Tau—Cross of Walrus Ivory, found at Alcester, Warwickshire, Early Eleventh Century (British Museum ) 112INDEX TO TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS Nott —The ordinary figures denote reference to pages of ert those tn black type, the ollustrations A Aelfric, 86 Aidan, 8, 46 Alb, 16 S Alban, 8 Alfred, 7, 16, 67 Angles, 4, 7, 82 Anglo-Saxons, 8, 9, 10 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 7 Armenia, 40 Arms, 12 Arthur, 7, 36 Athelstan, 16 Attila, 5 Augustine, 89, 40, 41, 51 B Baptism, 42 Barn, 18, 26 Baths, 3 Bayeux Tapestry, 91, 102 Bed, 45 Bede, 4, 16, 35 Belgae, 1 Bells, 82 S Benedict, 83 S Benct’s Church, §7, 80 Beowulf, 18 Berkhampstead Castle, 95,105 Bertha, 41 Biscop, 4 Boar, 11 Bosham, 49 Bottle, 27 Bradford-on-Avon, 52, 58, 54, 80 Bnitain, 16 Britons, 1, 8, 17 Brooches, 11, 14, 14 Brython, 1 Bucket, 83 Building, 75 Burgs, 63 Burial, 81 Burnt Nyal, 56 Cc Caedmon, 35 Candles, 81, 76 Carpenter, 68, 100 Carucates, 64 Cassino (Monte), 88 Castles, 68, 67, 100, 101 Ceorl, 14 Charlemagne, 34, Chasuble, 16 Chessmen, 72, 78, 74, 75, 108 Christ (Figure of), 36 Chnistchurch, 106 Clock, 88 Columba, 8, 46 Combats, 77 Cooks, 68, 69, 96 Cope, 16 Costume, 10, 12 Cottar, 86 Cremation, 82 Cro-magnon, 1 Crooks, 26 Crosses, 41, 40, 83, 112 Crucks, 26 Cup, 30, 31 D Dalmatic, 16 Danelaw, 63, 72, 77 David, 8 Deerhurst, 41, 60 Derby, 63 Domesday, 10, 64 Dooms, 10 Dragon, 22 Dues, 84 Dunstan, 76, 77 Durham Book, 37 Durrow Gospels, 9, 10 E Earls Barton, 55, 58, 80 Easter, 40, 46, 51 Ebbsfleet, 7 Edessa, 40INDEX TO TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS Education, 384 Egbert, 7 Enclosures, 10 English, 17 Ephod, 15 Escomb, 41 Etheldrida, 33 F Figure, 87 Fireplace, 108 Fishing, 48 Font, 41 Fort, 100 Franks, 5 Franks Casket, 83, 3s Freemen, 10 Frey, 66 Funeral, 61 G Gael, 1 Games, 85 Gebur, 8&6 Genealogical Tree, 62 Geneat, 86 Giants, 36 Gildas, 36 Glass, 22, 32, 38a, B Gokstad Ship, 48, 44, 45 Goths, 5 Grasslands, 5 Graves, 81 Greek, 85 Greek Church, 49 Gregory (Pope), 43 Gospels of S Chad, $2 Gospels of Durrow, 9, 10 Grendel, 20 Grumbald Gospels, 38 H Hall, Frontispiece, 9, 18, 19, 24, 71, 76, 106 Helmet, 11 Hemel Hempstead, 76, '77, 78, Hengest, 6 Heorot, 20 History, 85 Holy Isle, 8, 40 14 Homestead, 16 Horn, 81 Houses, 26, 70, 98 Hrothgar, 20 Hundreds, 77 Hygelac, 22 I Tiuminating, 87 Inhumation, 382 Inn, 10 Iona, 8, 46 Javehns, 12 S John, 6 Jug, 26 Jutes, 4, 7, 14, 81 K Kells (Book of), '7, 28, 37 Kmick-knacks, 15 L Lantern, 76 Latin, 35 Latins, 17 Leicester, 63 Liber Vitae, 38 Lincoln, 68 Lindisfarne Gospels, 28, 37 London, 18, 75 Looms, 15 S Luke, § M Mail, 11 Manuscripts, 28, 29, 36 S Mark, 2, 4, 10 The Mark, 10 S Martin's Church, 42 S Matthew, 8 Medicine, 38 Mediterranean Man, 1 Melhtus, 18 Mensuration, 28 Mill, 10 Mohammed, 6 Monasticism, 83 Money, 84 Moot Hill, 10 Mount and Bailey Castle, 66INDEX TO TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS N Necklaces, 12 New Minster, 38, 86 Nords, 1 Normans, 90 Norman House, 70, 71, 106 Nottingham, 63 oO Odin, 66 Ogham Characters, 89 Obthere, 74 Organ, 88 Gross, 74 P Pall, 49 Pantheon, 48 S Patrick, 8, 87, 40 Paulinus, 42, 46 “* Peter's Pence,”’ 84 Ficts, 17 Pilgrimage, 84 Pillow-stones, 33 Pins, 14 Plagues, 34 Plough Alms, 84 Pole or Perch, 20, 29 Pottery, 81, 32 R Rent, 83 Richborough, 7 Rod, 20, 29 Roofs, 17 Runes, 88 Ruthwell Cross, 40 $s Sappers, 65 Saxons, 2, 4, '7, B2 Scots, 17 Scramasaxe, 12, 38 Scriptorium, 87 Scyld, 20 Seals, 89, 35 Selsey, 49 Shell Keep, 95, 106 Shield, 18 Ships, 42, 48, 44, 64, 73, 78 Sigebert, 34 Silchester, 2, 40 6 Sompting, 28, 24, 58, 58, 82 Spear 11 Stamford, 63 Sutton Hoo, 23, 24, 82 et sey Swastika, 83 Symbols, 82 Synod of Whitby, 40 T Table-furniture, 30 Tapestnes, 20 Tau-Cross, 80 Temples, 43 Thane, 10, 86 ‘Thanet, 7 Theodore, 34 Thing, 64 Thor, 66 Timber-framing, 2+ Toga, 16 Tombstones, 33 Trajan Column, 10 Trichnium, 3 Trithings, 64 Truce of God, 91 Tumblers, 22, 88a, U Urn, 21, 25, 32 Urnes, Church 98, 88 Utrecht Psalter, 38 v Valhal, 07 Valkyne, 67 Vaulting, 79, 111 Vikings, 56 Visigoths, 6 Wace, 91 Wapentakes, 64 Wealhtheow, 20 Weaving, 15 Wedmore (Peace of), 68, 72 Wilfrid, 88, 48 Wilham, 91 Wing, 46, 47, 48, 49, 78, 80 Witan, 76 Work-box, 15 Worth, 41, 50, 61, 80 Writing Tablet, 84, 39BIBLIOGRAPHY Gavin Bone Anglo-Saxon Poetry (Oxford, 1944 ) G Batowix Brown The Aris mt Early England Six volumes (John Murray, 1925 ) H M Cuapwick The Hevore Age (Cambridge, 1912} H M andN K Cuapwicx The Growth of Liteyature (Cambridge, 1932) DuCHantu The Viking Age Two volumes (John Murray, 1889) R G Cottincwoop and J] N L Myres Roman Britawn and the English Seitlements (Oxford, 1936) G W Dasznt The Story of Burnt Nyal (Dent, Everyman Library), ND Exranor Duckett Anglo-Saxon Saints and Scholars (Macmillan, 1947 ) G M Gatuorne-Harpy The Norse Discoverers of America (Oxford, 1921 ) J R Crark Hatt Beowulf (Cambridge, 1914} G A Hienr The Saga of Gretty the Styong (Dent, Everyman Library, 1929 ) RH Hopexin History of the Anglo-Saxons (Cambridge, 1935 ) Rowatp Jessup Anglo-Saxon Jewellery (Faber, 1950) T D Kenprick Anglo-Saxon Art (Methuen, 1998 ) TD Kennrick 4 Hislory of the Vikings (Methuen, 1930 ) ET oy Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology (Oxford, 1 T C Letusrwce Merlin’s Island (Methuen, 1948) ERLING Monsen Hewnshrengla, or the lwes of the Norse Kings (Heffer, 1031 ) Axet OLRtK Viking Cutization (Allen and Unwin, 1930) D:D C Pocnin Moutp Scotland of the Sats (Batsford, 1952) DD, C Pocutn Movtp Iveland of the Saints, (Batsford, 1953 ) F.M Srenron ' Ariglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1043 ) Surtow Hoo Sure BurraL (British Museum, 1947} Taupot Rice Enghsh Ari, 871-1100 (Oxford, 1962) AH, Txompson Bede (Oxford, 1935 )