" %% Aranidhi v:1.

0
Sanskrit:Devangar:Sandhi
2010, Somadeva Vasudeva. All rights reserved.

 -- - -_ - --- ---- - -

Vowels
(svara)

simple
samna

1a

3i

modifiers

11 e

10

compound
sandhyakara

12 ai

13 o

14 au

velar palatal cerebral dental

mrdhanya
tlavya
dantya
kahya
B (D) B (E) B (E) B (E)

labial
ohya
B (E)

i. unvoiced (aghoa)
unaspirated (alpapra)

1 ka

6 ca

11 a

16 ta

21 pa

ii. unvoiced (aghoa)

aspirated (mahpra)

2 kha

7 cha

12 ha

17 tha

22 pha

iii. voiced (ghoavat)

unaspirated (alpapra)

3 ga

8 ja

13 a

18 da

23 ba

iv. voiced (ghoavat)

aspirated (mahpra)

4 gha

9 jha

14 ha

19 dha

24 bha

v. nasals (anunsika)
voiced (ghoavat)
unaspirated (alpapra)

5 a

10 a

15 a

20 na

25 ma

jk
B l

ijkl

vi. semivowels (antastha)

voiced (ghoavat) B ()
unaspirated (alpapra)
vii. sibilants (man)
B ()
unvoiced (aghoa)
aspirated (mahpra)

jihvmlya
viii. aspirate (man)
voiced (ghoavat)
aspirated (mahpra)

33 ha

26 ya

30 a

27 ra

31 a

(dantohya)

28 la

32 sa

29 va

GHI K

liquids (drava)

hmk

5u

plosives

jB

jB

Consonants(v
yajana)

kahatlavya

16 a

kahohya

visarga

Y 15 a

e and o are long,

ai and au are diphthongs

anusvra

no Eh .. ri tuvI w

ayogavhas: , , , ,
+ anunsika, + yama

ri .. hrix y .. j ..

- ---- ------- - -- h %&

upadhmnya

Final consonantal sounds are reducible to eight:

k, , t, p, , n, m and aspiration represented by .

DevangarScript

Initial vowels

candrabindu

ai

au

Medial vowels

ka

ki

ku

ke

kai

ko kau ka ka

western and eastern devangar spelling variants

Numerals

o , 2

a , U

la , +

a J, `

cha ,

dha , 6

ka <,

L,

,
,

au , 3
jha , P

d ', ,

bha , 7

a , 8

ja B, @

u %,
',

VowelGradation vddhir-D-aiC / aD-e-gua /

ar

al

ai

au

ya

ra

la

va

'(

+!

%
gua

vddhi

semivowel

front

central

simple

cerebral dental

back

9 ,
0

virma
daa ,
avagraha

Savaras and the sandhi of &

%`!abd f P.1.1.9: Something that has the same place of
articulation and the same effort (prayatna) is homorganic (savara).

ghh (Vrttika 5) Savara rules [apply also] to

and .

j g P.6.1.101: In place of aK (= a, i, u, , ), when a savara

follows, the long vowel is substituted [for both].

NB: ru, r M, N

a , 0

ConjunctConsonantsI

M O K Q

doubled and conjunct plosives

1st

2nd

kahya
unasp. asp.

tlavya mrdhanya dantya

ohya
unasp. asp. unasp. asp. unasp. asp. unasp. asp.

K
kka

K
kkha

K
kca

K
kcha

K
ka

K
ktha

K
kpa

K
kpha

J
gga

J
ggha

J
gja

J
gjha

J
J
J
J
ga gha gda gdha

J
gba

J
gbha

unvoiced

I
cka

I
ckha

I
cca

I
ccha

voiced

H
jga

H
jgha

H
jja

H
jjha

ka

kha

ca

ga gha

unvoiced
voiced

unvoiced

voiced

unvoiced

voiced

K
kha

K
kta

cha

G
a

F
ha

ta

tha

pa

pha

ja

jha

E
D

a ha da dha ba bha

B
tkha

A
tta

dga dgha

>
@

=
dda ddha dba dbha

3
pha

B
tka

Italiciz ed conjuncts are only found

in Pinian technical terminolog y

B
tpha

3
pka

3
pkha

3
pca

3
pcha

3
pa

)
bga

)
bgha

)
bja

)
bjha

)
)
)
)
)
)
ba bha bda bdha bba bbha

voiced

3
ptha

B
tpa

unvoiced

3
pta

B
ttha

3
3
ppa ppha

Sayuktkaras consisting of plosives (ka bha) are either ghoavat or aghoa

throughout. Tlavyas are rarely the first element of plosive conjuncts. Dantyas and
tlavyas are assimilated to tlavyas or mrdhanyas: tca > cca, ta > a.
conjuncts with l: Consonants with l preceding are usually joined horizontally,
while conjuncts where l follows all show vertical joining.

U
lka

U
lga

U
lpa

U
lba

U
lbha

U
lma

U
lva

U
la

U
lla

U
lha

kla

gla

pla

bla

bhla

mla

vla

la

Y
chla

W
hla

ConjunctConsonantsII L M * N

plosives with nasals

voiceless
voiced
voiceless
voiced
voiceless
voiced
unasp. asp. unasp. asp. unasp. asp. unasp. asp. unasp. asp. unasp. asp.
"$

*
ka

( 7 * 4 : 7 *
ga gha kna khna gna ghna kma

( 7
gma ghma

,
ca

?
ja

J$
labial

9
pa

ha na

,
cma

3
jma

$
na

ma

ma hma

2 ' 0 2 8 % 0
tna thna dna dhna tma thma dma dhma

1 9
bha pna

> ' 9
bna bhna pma

consonants followed by r: Where the character has a

vertical line (daa) r is represented by a slanted line, otherwise it is
subscripted.

"$

velar

(c) g
kra khra

k
gra

i
ghra

b
ra

U
yra

S
ra

l
cra

b
chra

f
jra

j
jhra

ra

retroflex

d
ra

b
hra

h
ra

b
hra

U
ra

H2
dental

`
tra

\
thra

_
dra

^
dhra

]
nra

R
sra

J$

Z
pra

Y
phra

X
bra

[
bhra

W
mra

C
palatal
EH
F

labial

Q
hra

V
vra

triple conjuncts with r: ' krya grya ghrya b chrya

jrya d rya h rya { trya | drya } dhrya; { trva;

ghra ghra; "h ra H` ntra H_ ndra H^ ndhra;

HZ npra ~Z mpra; Th rya H{ ntrya | ndrya  rya

1
bhma

2x
w krtsnyena, y!y nirti

H2
dental

hla hva h- () h-

retroflex

a ha

h hma hna hya hra

EH
F

r- followed by a consonant is written

as a superscript that moves to the right
of the consonant cluster and its vowel:
r arko, Et prv, v_ rdrik

palatal

conjuncts with h:

velar

ConjunctConsonantsIII

c d ! e

consonants followed by y: If the character has no vertical line to elide the y is

lowered and joined to a convenient horizontal line.
Q1

!
kya

'
khya

)
gya

*
ghya

O
ya

/
cya

1
chya

$
jya

V
jhya

U
ya

J
yya

F
ya

retroflex

1
ya

1
hya

R
ya

R
hya

Q
ya

I
rya

G
ya

B.
dental

.
tya

"
thya

2
dya

3
dhya

B
nya

H
lya

E
sya

velar

palatal
ZB
I

^1
labial

6
pya

L
phya

@
bya

M
bhya

C
mya

K
vya

conjunct plosives with nasals: !" kthna $% jja

D
hya
Symbols used in scansion
heavy, guru

light, laghu
heavy or light
light or heavy
heavy or two light
syll.

two light or one

heavy syll.

caesura

ddya w dvya 5 ddhya 6. ptya .6 tpya { dbhya rya

conjunct plosives with r: !7 ktra /8 cchra ] ghra .9 tkra
h ttra .: tpra ddra t dbra !; ktrya

conjunct plosives with v: ! ktva /= cchva $$ jjva 4 ttva

ddva ? ddhva @3 bdhva

Prosody

+, cv(/)c

cvcc
cv,
= heavy (guru); cv = light (laghu)

iEc d P.1.4.10: A short vowel is light (laghu).

cm dn P.1.4.11: If a conjunct follows [a short vowel is] heavy (guru).

p P.1.4.12: A long vowel is also [heavy (guru)].

$tEv
I w P.1.2.27: A vowel with duration of (ekamtrika),

(dvimtrika), or (trimtrika) is [respectively] called short, long, or prolated.

(u ca ca 3 ca; v kla iva klo yasya sa)

yasyonmeanimebhy jagata pralayodayau

.B tnya .C tmya 3B dhnya

plosive and nasal with y: ! knya f gnya d ghnya A jya

EB{}{M~ :

)* gghya , gya * ghya .! tkya .' tkhya // ccya /1

cchya
$$ jjya !. ktya !" kthya )2 gdya )3 gdhya 4 ttya ." tthya

conjunct plosives with y: ! kkya !' kkhya )) ggya

ConjunctConsonantsIV

d e 6 f

conjuncts with following v: If the character has no vertical line to

elide the v is lowered and joined below.
Initial:
;F
6
<
C
>
5
!
velar

kva

khva

gva

ghva

va

D
cva

8
chva

:
jva

B
jhva

retroflex

8
va

8
hva

8
va

14
dental

4
tva

0
thva

OF

.
pva

,
phva

palatal
K1
'

labial

'

'

A
va

(
vva

$
va

8
hva

;
va

'
rva

%
va

3
dva

2
dhva

1
nva

&
lva

"
sva

+
bva

/
bhva

*
mva

)
vva

conjuncts with initial nasals: If the

first character has no vertical line to elide the
second character is lowered and joined below.
Following:

hva

Italicized forms only in external sandhi:

5
ka

5
kha

5
ga

5
gha

% ;F
a velar

^
ca

A
cha

A
ja

A
jha

;
a

;
ha

;
a

;
ha

; K1
'
; ma
a retroflex

1
nta

1
ntha

1
nda

1
ndha

1 14
nna dental

*
*
mpa mpha

*
mba

*
* OF
mbha mma labial

$ na 5 ma

)
palatal

1 nma; 1 nka 1 nka 1 nkha

1 nga 1 ngha 1 npa 1 npha
1 nba 1 nbha
* mna ) va ) vna

triple conjuncts with y and v: 6 kvya d) ghvya !) tvya _ dvya

) dhvya; 56 kya 5< khya 5C gya 5> ghya ` cya A:

jya;
; hya ; ya; 14 ntya 10 nthya 1a ndya 12 ndhya; *+ mbya
*/ mbhya; b vya; " kva ` cva A: jva 14 ntva 13 ndva
12 ndhva

ConjunctConsonantsV

N O ! #

fricatives with plosives and nasals: The tlavya man (palatal sibilant)
only combines to B ca and C cya.

8 8 6
DG
E
cerebral ka kha a

6 67
67
6A
< 8 8= 8
ya ra rya va ha pa pra pha

, , , ,1 > ,1 , , ,= , ,5
ska skha sta stya stra strya stva stha spa spra spha sphya

G1
dental

sibilants with nasals:

M

doubled

I I I*
na nya ma mya

I
a

retroflex

8 8' 8 8*
a ya ma mya

G1
dental

2 3 , ,*
sna snya sma smya

,
ssa

palatal
DG
E

() ha hna hma
plosives with sibilants: Italic forms occur in external sandhi only.

! k-a # ka ! k-sa % ka %' kya % kma %* kmya

% kya % kva; !, k-ska, etc.

-a -a sa; , -ska etc.

1 t-a 1 tsa 12 tsna 13 tsnya 1, tsya 1, tsva; 1, t-ska etc.

4 p-a 4 p-a 4 psa 4, psva; 4, p-ska etc.

general rules for the doubling of consonants:

When preceded by a short vowel,final n and R are doubled before all
vowels: ,GS yasminn api, G,T vadann ste.
When preceded by a vowel in the same word cha is doubled:
VWS pcchati, *XW mleccha.

Similarly:

When preceded by a short final vowel: S WZ yadi cchattram.

When preceded by the particles and m: W cchyy.

Optionally when preceded by a final long vowel: ku (c)chy.

ExternalVowelSandhi 9 ;

vowel series: a, , i, , u, , , (, ,) e, o, ai, au. The order of the syllabary is e, ai, o, au,
but for systematic treatment of vowel sandhi the gua vowels are here placed together.
=

ca + api

= cpi

api + iva

= apva

bahu + udaka

= bahdaka

dt + a

= dta

kart + kra

= kartkra

L
#

=e

ca + iha

= ceha

=o

na + udaka

= nodaka

= ar

atha + tu

= athartu

O#

+e

= ai

ca + eva

= caiva

+o

= au

atra + ogha

= atraugha

+ ai

= ai

atra + ait

= atrait

F,

+ au

= au

ca + auadha

= cauadha

+ a, , u..au

= y-a, y-, y-u..au

iti + di

= ity-di

\0

+ a.., ..au

= v-a.., v-..au

bahu + iva

= bahv-iva

+ a.., e..au

= r-a.., r-e..au

kart + di

= kartrdi

F`0

e+a

=e

deve + api

= deve pi

VW 0

o+a

=o

vyo + atra

= vyo tra

e + ..au

= a ..au

agne + vaha

= agna vaha

o + ..au

= a ..au

vyo + vaha

= vya vaha

ai + a..au

= a..au

vadhvai + eva

= vadhv eva

au + a..au

= v-a..au

grmau + atra

= grmv-atra

TF

+ a ..au

= a..au

agn + atra

= agn atra

D F

+ a..au

= a..au

bandh + iva

= bandh iva

;Y

e + a..au

= e a..au

netre + api

= netre api

IFJ 0

Intj. + a..au

= Intj. a..au

h + arjuna

= h arjuna

O
#

&'*

+,&
00
4
&78

" ! # % $ # ( &' )

Visarga!Sandhi

-as/-ar..-aus/-aur

-ar, -r,
-is/ir..-aus/-aur

..au
a ..au

o , ga..va, ha

-a..-au +
c, ch, ()
, h, ()
t, th, (s)

=
=
=

=
a..au c, ch, ()
a..au , h, ()
as..aus t, th (s)

a..au k, kh, p, ph, , , s

"

"

mana + kutra
vk + patanti
tata + nti
veta + carati
mune + k
kavi + tad

puna + api
dv + api
bahi + eva

sih + iva
jan + yt

=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=
=

=
=

prna + api
=
deva + gata =
nda + hata =

Examples

mana kutra
vk patanti
tata nti
veta-carati
mune-k
kavis-tad

punar-api
dvr-api
bahir-eva

sih iva
jan yt

pro pi
devo gata
nda hata

The expression ga..va, ha is a statement of all voiced sounds, excepting vowels, since it forms an
abbreviated quotation of the sounds in the table of phonology contained in horizontal rows iii, iv, v,
vi, and viii. The bracketed sibilants (man: , , s) refer to the alternative (but rarely used in print)
sandhis: nava-atru, etc.

%
%
&

$
# k, kh, p, ph, , , s

-ar..-aur-a..au,
ga..ya, la, va, ha

a..au, ga..va, ha

a, ga..va, ha

-a, -,
+ a..au, ga..ya, la, va, ha =
-i..-au

-s

"

Resulting sandhi

a..au, ga..va, ha

-a

-as

Following initial

Isolate

Etymological

ExternalConsonantSandhi tad: tac-/tajvc: vk/vg-/v-

/ta-/ta-/tat/tan-/tal-

a: a/a-/a-

tn: t-/t/t-/tkakubh: kakub/ts-/tl/kakup-/kakum-

vk:kalaham

a:karman

tat-kim

tn-kutra

kakup:kram

vk:chalam

a-chg

tac-ca

t-ca

kakup-ca

vk-k

a-k

ta-k

t-akn

kakup-aka

vk-tatra

a:triat

tat-tatra

ts-tarn

kakup-tatra

vk:pau

a-phalni

tat:prva

tn-patn

kakup-puna

vk:alya

a-atni

tac:chla

t-charn

kakup-atam

vk-a

a:ahi

tat-oaa

tn-a

kakup-a

vk:saga

a:sapta

tat:sama

tn(t)-samn

kakup-sapta

II. Voiceless finals (and n-) before sibilants

III. Voiced finals before voiced plosives, semivowels and vowels

vg:gua

a-ghi

tad-gau

tn-gan

kakub-giri

vg:jlam

a:ja

taj:jana

t-jann

kakub-jalam

vg:ambara

a-mbh

ta-imbha

t-imbhn

kakub-hakka

vg:doa

a:durga

tad:deya

tn-den

kakub-devam

vg:baddha

a:bindu

tad:bhava

tn-bhrn

kakub:bhaa

vg-ghi

a-dhi

tad-dhi

tn-hi

kakub-bhi

vg:yoga

a:yoga

tad:yukta

tn-yath

kakub-yatra

vg-ruddha

a-ras

tad:rpa

tn-rasn

kakub-reu

vg-loke

a:lavaam

tal:lakya

tml-lokn

kakub-loke

vg:vajram

a:via

tad:viaya

tn-varn

kakub-v

vow.

vg-api

a-api

tad-api

tn-api

kakub-api

v-nidhnam a-nar

tan:nimittam

tn-narn

kakum-nnam

v:maya

tan:mtra

tn-msn

kakum:maya

IV. Nasalized before nasals

a:msa

Final : Unchanged before the initials described in I, III and IV, but permitting the
insertion of k before sibilant fricatives (II). prc-: pr(k)-ete; pr(k)-a; pr(k)-sa.
Final /n preceded by short vowel and followed by any vowel: Final /n is doubled if
preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel: pratya-api, pratya-eva;
tasminn-api, tasminn-eva. Final m: Final -m is written as m before vowels: devam-atra;
and as anusvra before consonants: deva tatra.
"%'

colons (:) mark compounds

I. Voiceless finals (and n-) before voiceless plosives

"$ &' (./'

$$' $6

$(:&; .

2009, Somadeva Vasudeva. All rights reserved.

= ( & D&