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Jenna Stigge

Research Techniques and Technologies


November 6, 2015
Annotated Bibliography
Research Question: What are the impacts on children specializing in a
sport before their teenage years?
References
Ellis, B. (2015, May 16). Negative Effects of Parents That Push Their
Children Into Playing Sports. Retrieved November 4, 2015, from
http://www.livestrong.com/article/523031-negative-effects-ofparents-that-push-their-children-into-playing-sports/
The website article Negative Effects of Parents That Push Their
Children Into Playing Sports addresses exactly what the title says. The
article breaks it down into four different topics; Self-Esteem Issues,
Burnout and Developing Interest, Resentment, and Prevention. This
article mainly addresses the parental pressures that young athletes
feel and the impacts that can have.
The author of this article has written other articles in this field of
study and also used credible sources for this article. It relates to my
research question and gives me more analysis and information about
the impacts that specializing in sports has on athletes.
Ferguson, B., & Stern, P. J. (2014). A case of early sports specialization
in an adolescent athlete. Journal Of The Canadian Chiropractic
Association, 58(4), 377-383.
The journal article A case of early sports specialization in an
adolescent athlete gives the standpoint and views of chiropractors and
their thoughts on early specialization. This journal articles does
address both sides of people being for and against early specialization,
but ultimately gives the negative impacts that early specialization has
on young athletes bodies. This article is specifically about a 16 year

old boy who specialized intensely in baseball at a young age and the
impacts it had on him.
This article is written by two credible authors in the chiropractic
field and have also both written other articles in this field of study.
They use many sources and references in their article to enhance its
credibility. It is very relevant to my research question and paper.
Keegan, R., Spray, C., Harwood, C., & Lavallee, D. (2010). The
motivational atmosphere in youth sport: Coach, parent, and peer
influences on motivation in specializing sport participants.
Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1), 87-105.
doi:10.1080/10413200903421267
The Motivational Atmosphere in Youth Sport: Coach, Parent, and
Peer Influences on Motivation in Specializing Sport Participants is a
journal article about a psychological study performed on athletes. It is
looking at the effects that coaches, parents, and peers have on
athletes motivation and involvement in their specialized sport. It
gives statistical data and research from a study they performed on 79
athletes ranging from the age of 9-18 that specialize in 26 different
sports, as well as analysis of this data and research.
This source is credible and comes from credible authors who are
very involved in this field of study and have been contributors to other
articles involving this field of study. This article has a wide range of
current sources and is also used and cited many times in other
scholarly articles. Most importantly it fits the need of my research
topic.
Moesch, K., Elbe, A., Hauge, M. T., & Wikman, J. M. (2011). Late
specialization: the key to success in centimeters, grams, or
seconds (cgs) sports. Scandinavian Journal Of Medicine &
Science In Sports, 21(6), e282-e290. doi:10.1111/j.16000838.2010.01280.x
Late specialization: The key to success in centimeters, grams, or
seconds (cgs) sports addresses the physical implications that
specializing in sports at a young age has on youth. They did a study
on 148-elite athletes and 98-near-elite athletes that participate in

sports that performance can be measured easily (centimeters, grams,


or seconds.) The results of this study show that elite athletes actually
specialized later and did not go through as much rigorous training at a
young age.
This source comes from multiple credible authors who work in
the Department of Exercise Science at the University of Copenhagen.
This article uses many relevant sources in its research and is also cited
many times in other scholarly articles in this field of study. It relates to
my research question and also brings a new aspect to my topic since
many sources related to this topic look at the psychological effects and
physical impacts, not the actual performance of the athletes that
specialize in the sport.
O'Sullivan, J. (n.d.). Is it wise to specialize? The Detrimental Effect of
Early Sport Specialization | Changing the Game Project. Retrieved
October 26, 2015, from http://changingthegameproject.com/is-itwise-to-specialize/
The website article Is it Wise to Specialize? is an article
encouraging parents to not have their kids specialize in sports so
young. The main parts of this article are the 5 research based reasons
and negative effects that specializing in sports at a young age has on
athletes as well as 6 research based reasons why participating in
multiple sports is good for youth. It also provides statistical
information and advice on how to approach people who believe in
single sport specialization.
This article does have credible sources and comes from an
author who has dedicated his career to a campaign to stop
specialization in youth sports. Though this article was written for
parents and coaches it still does apply to research question and gives
me more information to help aid in my paper.
Russell, W. D. (2014). The Relationship between Youth Sport
Specialization, Reasons for Participation, and Youth Sport
Participation Motivations: A Retrospective Study. Journal Of Sport
Behavior, 37(3), 286-305 20p.
The journal article The Relationship between Youth Sport
Specialization, Reasons for Participation, and Youth Sport Participation
Motivations: A Retrospective Study is a study and analysis of whether

sport motivation, current exercise and sport participation is related to


whether or not they specialized in a sport at a young age. This study
was a survey of over 200 undergraduates. The bulk of this article is
the study and the results of the survey but there is a conclusion and
discussion at the end. The results of this survey show that most
specializers participated more in athletic activity as kid but do not
participate in as much athletic activity as an adult.
This article comes from a credible author who specializes in
Sports Medicine and works at Missouri Western State University. He
has written many other scholarly articles and journals related to this
field of study. This particular journal also uses many sources to
enhance its credibility. This article is very relevant to my research
question and the topic of my paper.
Russell, W. D., & Limle, A. N. (2013). The Relationship Between Youth
Sport Specialization and Involvement in Sport and Physical
Activity in Young Adulthood. Journal Of Sport Behavior, 36(1), 8298 17p.
This journal article is a study of 153 participants age 18-22 who
completed surveys about their participation in sports as youth and a
survey on their Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. The most significant
result from this survey was the level of participation in sports as an
adult if they specialized in sport at a young age. The discussion then
goes on to say that participating in youth sports can be very helpful for
the development of child but specializing in a sport and the pressures
of it can be harmful.
This author is credible as I stated before in my other source that
came from him. This is another article written by him that you can tell
is very thoroughly researched and gives a great amount of statistical
data and analysis that will be very useful for my paper.
Stenson, J. (2004, April 29). Pushing too hard too young. Retrieved
November 4, 2015, from
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4556235/ns/healthchildrens_health/t/pushing-too-hard-too-young/#.VjmnvrS4m8V
The website article Pushing too hard too young addresses
parents forcing their kids to specialize in sports too early and how that
can result in them not wanting to play the sport at all. It talks about

how early specialization is taking the fun out of the sports for the kids,
it is increasing the amount of injuries, and how parents are the prime
culprits for this pressure.
This article comes from a credible source of NBC and an author
who does not specialize in this field but has proven her credibility of
writing and research through other articles as well. It gives statistics
and analysis from many other studies related to this topic giving it
more credibility. The article fits directly with my research question,
especially the last couple topics it addresses.
Stewart, C. c., & Shroyer, J. (2015). Sport Specialization: A Coach's Role
in Being Honest with Parents. Strategies (08924562), 28(5), 1017.
The journal article Sport Specialization: A Coachs Role in Being
Honest with Parents is addressing coaches of youth sports and
encouraging them to keep parents away from having their kids
specialize in sports. This article addresses the health risks that it can
have on kids as well as the psychological affects. It also addresses and
the stigma that parents believe that the only way that kids can get a
scholarship or be able to pursue a professional career in a sport is by
specialization.
This article was written by credible authors who have written
other articles related to this field of study. They also use many other
sources and references to enhance the articles credibility. It gives a
new perspective and insight compared to my other sources because
this one mainly addresses coaches and not parents.
Wallace, J. (2015, August 18). Why Kids Shouldn't Specialize in One
Sport. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jennifer-breheny-wallace/whykids-shouldnt-specialize-in-one-sport_b_7972286.html
The website article Why Kids Shouldnt Specialize in One Sport is
an article intended for parents showing that growing research is
showing that specializing in sports early is not actually producing
better athletes. The article then gives research from multiple studies
to prove this point. Finally it ends with a list of ways that parents can
make sports a more positive experience for their kids.
Though this article does not come from a credible author in this
field of study it does come from a credible author overall that has

proven to do her research and establish herself as a freelance writer. It


also contains data from studies that will be useful for my paper.

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