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• Man transcends in significance the whole world because of his MORAL BEING.
• Being a part of nature, the MORAL MAN LIVES IN ACCORDANCE with the NATURAL LAW that
GOVERNS and GUIDES the MOVEMENTS of ALL THINGS. (Note that in Oriental Ethics, there is
no distinction between the moral and the physical law, both being merely two aspects of one
and the same broader natural law).
Says CONFUCIUS:
TO FIND THE CENTRAL CLUE TO OUR MORAL BEING THAT UNITES US WITH THE UNIVERSAL
ORDER – HEREIN LIES MAN’S GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT
Or negatively stated:
“DO NOT DO UNTO OTHERS WHAT YOU YOURSELF DO NOT LIKE OTHERS TO DO TO YOU.”
Like truth, the moral law is invisible (unseen or invisible, we see it), intangible (we touch and feel its
presence), imponderable (it outweighs all the gold in the world), yet it is everywhere.
It is that the moral man watches diligently over his thoughts, actions, and desires, so that these may
always be in accord with the moral law, according to CONFUCIUS.
SELF-CONTROL
CONFUCIUS says:
• In order to be happy, man must subjugate the Ego, must bar and banish from the
human breast all selfishness and selfish desires.
• This is necessary prerequisite to the practice of virtue, and the attainment of perfection and
happiness, life’s SUMMUM BONUM.
• (Latin for the highest good) is an expression used in philosophy, particularly in medieval
philosophy and in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, to describe the ultimate importance, the
singular and most ultimate end which human beings ought to pursue. The summum bonum is
generally thought of as being an end in itself, and at the same time containing all other goods.
Strikingly, CONFUCIUS’ view of the passions resembles closely the teaching of ST. AUGUSTINE who
propounded profoundly on the nature and purpose of human passions:
3. They are inseparable from us in our present state of existence as a compound of body and soul,
passion and reason.
4. Hence passions should not be destroyed nor passionate desires extirpated as the Stoics taught.
5. Passions however, should be controlled by reason, and properly directed by the will.
CONFUCIUS stressed the necessity of harmony and cooperation among men despite their
differences, conflicting claims and interests.
The production of the perfect man in a perfect social order envisioned by CONFUCIUS, comes
with the establishment of enduring harmony and brotherhood among men.
It is an ideal society, where there is perfect LIBERTY and equality because everybody has
become his best.
THE JEN
To CONFUCIUS, justice (application and distribution of love to our fellowmen) and
love always go together.
Love is at the very heart of the harmony of all things.
CONFUCIUS defines love as the very blood and current of life, of family and community
life, without which the family and the nation, withers away or breaks apart.
To CONFUCIUS, the JEN is not only the crown of all virtues; it is the only one virtue from
which all the other virtues spring – such as justice, generosity, kindness, liberality, temperance.
In the cosmic vision of CONFUCIUS, all humanity forms one universal family of
individuals and peoples bounded together by love (JEN).