Sand, Silt and Clay

Humic Substances

Transport of Sand, Silt and large organic particles in flowing water

Transported through
Advection
Interplay of settling and scouring.
Settling: Downward motion of particles suspended in water due to gravitational forces
Scouring: Re-suspension of settled particles by flowing water

Transport of Clay, Bacteria/virus and NOM/fecal organic matter and other

dissolved contanminants in flowing water
No settling and scouring
Transported through
Advection
Dispersion

Fate of Contaminants in Water

Large particles removed/added through settling scouring

Small particles removed through coagulation
Fecal organic matter is biodegradable and removed through biodegradation
NOM is non-biodegradable
Inorganic cations/anions are non-biodegradable
Bacteria/virus may die off / grow in flowing water depending on conditions

Surface Water Treatment Objectives

Treated water must be potable, i.e., free from

Color
Odor
Taste
Turbidity (< 1 NTU)
Pathogens (absent)
Other harmful substances (as per relevant standards)

Treatment Process Train

Catalyst

Chemical Addition
Raw water
UO-1

UO-2

UO-3

UO-4

UO-n
Treated Water

Heating / Pressure
UO Unit Operation

Mixing

Aeration

Particles in Water: Settling

CD

24
NR

NR

v S .d

(For NR < 1)

4 ( ) d
4 ( ) d
vS2 .g. p
.
.g. p
.
.vs d
3

CD 3

24.

g ( p ) d 2
vS
.
18

vS

4 ( p ) d
.g.
.
3

CD

CD

18.5
( N R ) 0 .6

For NR values of 1 - 1000

Particles in Water: Scouring: Re-suspension of settled particles in flowing water

s
.d

vsc 4. g.