Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Belgium
ISSN 0926-5112
Preface
vl
Erik Dick
Contents
Working Principles
1.1 Definition of a Turbomachine
1.2 Examples of Axial Turbomachines
1.2.1 Axial Hydraulic Turbine
1.2.2 Axial Pump
1.3 Mean Line Analysis ..........
1.4 Basic Laws for Stationary Duct Parts
I
2
2
4
5
Mass
Momentum
Energy
I.4.1
1.5
Conservation of
1.4.2 Conservation of
1.4.3 Conservation of
1.4.4 Forms of Energy: Mechanical Energy and
1.4.5 Energy Dissipation: Head
Basic Laws for Rotating Duct
1.5.1 Work and Energy Equations in a Rotating Frame
with Constant Angular
1.5.2 Moment of Momentum in the Absolute Frame: Rotor \Mork
1.5.3 Moment of Momentum in the Relative Frame:
Forces Intervening in the Rotor
1.5.4 Energy Component Changes Caused By the Rotor \Mork ......
1.5.5 Rotor Work in the Mean Line Representation of the Flow
EnergyAnalysis of Turbomachines
1.6.1 Mechanical Efficiency and Internal
1.6.2 EnergyAnalysis of anAxial Hydraulic Turbine
1.6.3 Energy Analysis of an Axial
Examples of Radial Turbomachines
Performance
Head
Loss
Parts
Velocity
...
Work
1.6
t.7
1.8
t.9
....
.........
Efficiency
..........
Pump
...........
Characteristics
Exercises
References
Components
2.1 Aerofoils .........
Basic
2.t.2
Performance Parameters
........
.........d...
7
7
9
10
12
14
14
16
2l
23
24
25
25
26
30
33
36
40
46
47
47
47
49
xvll
xvlll
Contents
2.2
Linear
51
.:................ 52
Energy
Dissipation
Cascades
2.3
2.4
Performance Parameters
Channels ..........
2.3.\ Straight Channels ..........
2.3.2 Bends
ofAxial
.......
Cascades
Diffirsers..........
2.4.L Dump Diffirsers ..........
2.4.2 Inlet Flow Distortion ..........
2.4.3 Flow Separation .......
2.4.4 Flow Improvement
2.4.5 Representation of Diffirser Perfomance
2.4.6 Equivalent Opening Angle .........
2.4.7 Diffirsion in a Bend
2.5 Exercises
References
........
Fans
3.1
3.2
55
58
60
60
6l
62
65
67
68
70
72
74
75
75
75
77
79
79
79
81
81
82
84
85
87
95
97
97
97
98
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
103
105
Contents
3.3
xlx
106
106
t07
lt2
3.3.4
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
.l
.2
115
118
t20
120
t20
r22
123
123
125
126
t26
t27
t29
129
131
134
134
135
135
t36
136
140
140
14t
t43
1,44
t46
146
147
147
147
Internal
Axial Fan (Idealised Flow): Analysis onAverage
Diameter
Axial Fan (Idealised Flow): Free Vortex and Non-
Losses)
148
..........
148
Free
L49
Vortex
Contents
References
Vane
.......
Fluids
4.1 Basic Laws
Compressible
149
1'49
150
15
153
153
156
158
160
References
174
..-....
Measurement
5.1 Pressure Measurement
5.1.1 The Metal Manometer
5.1.2 The Pressure Transducer ........
5.1.3 The Digital Manometer
5.1.4 Calibration of Pressure Meters
Per{ormance
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Temperature Measurement
5.2.1 The Glass Thermometer
5.2.2 The Temperature Transducer .......
5.2.3 The Digital Thermometer
Flow Rate Measurement
5.3.1 Reservoir .........
5.3.2 Flow Over a Weir
5.3.3 Pressure Drop Devices
5.3.4 Industrial Mass Flow Rate Meters
5.3.5 Positioning of Flow Rate Meters in Ducts
Torque Measurement
5.4.t Swinging Suspended Motor or Brake ..........
5.4.2 Calibrated Motor ..........
5.4.3 The Torque Transducer .........
Rotational Speed Measurement
5.5.1 Pulse Counters ...........
5.5.2 The Speed Transducer
5.5.3 Electric Tachometer ......
Laboratory Test of a Pelton Turbine ..........
5.6.1 Test Rig
5.6.2 Measurements
162
163
t67
l7I
175
17 5
175
175
176
177
t77
177
t77
178
178
1,78
178
t79
180
180
181
181
181
181
t82
t82
182
t82
t82
182
183
Contents
xxi
5.7
..........
Calculations
Measurement Example
Laboratory Test of a Centrifugal Fan ......
5.8
*jffffi*....'..'...................,......'......'.'. ll
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.6.5
Measurement Procedure
183
184
184
184
..........
Steam Turbines
6.1 Applications of Steam Turbines
6.2 Working Principles of Steam
6.3 The Steam
6.4 The Single Impulse Stage or Laval
6.4.1 Velocity Triangles
6.4.2 Work and Energy
6.4.3 Stage Effciency
6.4.4 Blade Profile
6.4.5 Loss
6.4.6 Optimisation of Total-to-Static Efficiency
6.5 The Pressure-Compounded Impulse Turbine
or Rateau
Cycle
189
190
190
191
192
193
L93
..........
Turbines
Stage
...........
Relations
Definitions
Shape
Representation
195
........
Turbine
6.5.1 Principle ..........
6.6
6.7
Turbine
6.7.2 Efficiency
6.8
6.9
.......
..........
Forms
Shaping
199
200
200
201
204
205
208
209
212
212
....... 2L4
217
2L7
218
224
224
229
231
231
233
236
246
xxll
Contents
Dynamic Similitude
7.1 Principles of Dynamic Similitude
7.1.1 Definition of Dynamic Similitude ........
7 .1.2 Dimensionless Parameter Groups ..........
7.1.3 Similitude Conditions
7 .1.4 Purpose of Similitude Analysis ..........
7 .1.5 Dimensional Analysis ...........
7 .1.6 Independent and Dependent Parameter Groups ..........
7 .I.7 Dimensionless Parameter Groups in Turbomachines
with a Constant Dens Fluid
Similitude"Conditions
........
Number
..........
7.1.8
Shape
..........
Curves
Speed
.7
Pumps
8.1 Cavitation........
8.1.1 Cavitation Phenomenon and Cavitation Consequences
8.1.2 Rpes of Cavitation
8.1.3 Cavitation Assessment: Cavitation Number and
Height
8.1.4
Rotor
247
247
247
248
248
250
251
252
252
254
254
254
255
257
259
261
262
263
266
266
267
268
270
271
272
272
273
274
276
279
282
283
283
283
284
286
289
8.1.5NetPositiveSuctionHeadoftheInstallation.......
8.1.6
Height
292
Contents
8.2
xxiii
8.5
in Radial Rotors
301
301
.............
Turbines
9.1 Hydraulic Energy
Hydraulic
9.2
293
293
295
296
297
297
299
299
300
300
342
303
30s
305
305
306
306
307
307
307
307
309
309
310
311
311
312
3t2
31,2
3t3
3t4
314
3ls
315
3t6
3t6
3t6
317
31,9
31,9
320
320
322
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Contents
9.3
10.1
Wind Energy
I0.2 Types of Wind Energy Conversion Systems
10.2.1 Drag Machines ..........
10.2.2 High-Speed Horizontal-Axis Turbines .........
10.2.3 Technical Aspects of Horizontal-Axis Wind
Turbines for Electricity Generation
10.2.4 Low-Speed Horizontal-Axis Wind
10.2.5 Vertical-Axis Wind
10.3 Wind Turbine Performance
10.3.1 Momentum Analysis (Single Streamtube
10.3.2 Multiple StreamtubeAnalysis
10.3.3 Blade Element
10.4 Adaptation to a Wind Regime
References
Turbines
Analysis
Analysis
11
.......
Turbines
.........
Analysis)
..........
11.I.2
ll.l.4
ll.2
Compressor
337
338
340
342
345
347
347
348
348
349
351
355
356
358
358
36I
363
365
368
369
324
324
326
328
328
329
329
330
331
332
333
33s
..........
Part
........
Thermodynamic Modelling
L1.2.1 Isentropic Efficiency withAdiabatic Compression
or
Expansion
11.2.2 Reheat Effect
369
371
372
374
377
381
384
384
387
Contents
xxv
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5
11.2.6
11.2.7
11.4.5
Steam
Injection
References
403
405
4Og
409
4lt
412
413
416
4t7
l2.l
3g9
392
396
396
401
402
402
Thrust Generation
Screw or Propeller
12.1.2 Reactor or Jet Engine
12.1.3 Rocket
t2.2 Overview ofAircraft Gas Turbine Engines
12.2.1 Turbojet
12.2.2 Turboprop and Turbo-Shaft
12.2.3 Bypass Turbojet
12.2.4 Turbofan
12.2.5 Prop-fan and Unducted Fan
12.2.6 Geared Turbofan
12.3 Performance Parameters ofAircraft Propulsion Systems
12.3.1 Specific
t2.3.2 Dynamic
12.3.3 Gas Power and Dynamic Efficiency
12.3.4 Thermal Power, Thermodynamic Efficiency and
Thermal Effciency
12.3.5 Propulsive Power and Propulsive
12.3.6 Overall Effciency
l2.l.l
.......
Thrust
Power
......
......
........
Efficiency
12.3.7 Rocket
12.3.8 Generalisation for Double-Flow Engines
12.3.9 Specific Fuel Consumption
..........
......:......
..........
419
419
419
423
426
427
427
427
428
428
429
432
432
432
433
433
433
434
434
$5
435
437
43g
441
xxvl
13 Axial Compressors
13.1 Mean Line Analysis
13.1.1 Velocity Triangles
13.1.2 Fundamental Equations ........
l3.l.I2
Shape
Attainable Pressure
Ratio
t3.2.2
13.2.3
L3.2.4
13.2.5
L3.2.6
Trailing Vortices
Vortices
Vortex
Corner
Horseshoe
Leakage Vortex and Scraping Vortex
Loss Assessment
13.3 Radial Flow Variation
13.3.1 Sr-S,
13.3.2 Radial Equilibrium
13.3.3 Free Vortex
.......
..........
Decomposition
......
Blades
.....
........
444
448
450
45r
451
45r
452
4s4
454
4s4
455
456
456
456
456
457
457
459
459
460
461
462
465
465
466
470
471
473
474
476
478
478
479
480
480
480
481
481
481
482
483
xxvll
Contents
........
13.5.4 Surge
13.5.5 Operating
485
487
488
491
491
494
496
497
497
498
499
501
Range
502
13.6 Exercises
505
References
s06
..........
l4.l Construction Forms and Applications
14 Radial Compressors
14.7
.2
Variable Geometry
References
Gases
Parameters
15.I.2 Radial Variation of Flow Parameters
15.1.1 Kinematic
509
509
509
511
5t2
s13
516
519
52t
521
523
525
525
526
527
527
528
528
528
529
531
s31
533
s33
535
535
535
541
xxvlll
Contents
s42
545
s46
546
s49
s49
.........
Index
551
553
554
554
554
5s6
556
557
558
561