QUYN VI

Chng 1: C bn v trn ting

Nhng mc chnh:
Tm hiu tin trnh trn ting
Qun l thanh p
S dng nhng bng iu khin v nhng b trn ting ngoi
Tm hiu v trng stereo
S dng nhng CD tham chiu
Hy ngh v khong thi gian bn tiu hao thu tt c nhng track cho bi ht ca mnh.
Bn b ra v s gi thit lp nhng micro; tn bao cng sc to c nhng thanh p
tuyt vi, nng bng (cao, nhng khng b mo) cho nhng nhc c; v lo liu bui trnh
din trnh din no cng hon thin ht mc. Th ri bn cho l cng vic ca mnh hu nh
hon tt.
ng th, xt v mt phng din, bi v bn khng cn phi dn dng v thu m tng nhc c.
Tin trnh ny c th cng tn thi gian nh khi bn thu m tt c nhng track trong giai on
ban u. Trong thc t, i vi nhiu ngi, vic trn ting thm ch cn tn thi gian hn vic
thu m tt c nhng thnh phn ca n. Trong chng ny, ti s gii thiu cho bn tin trnh
trn ting. Bn s c c hi bit nhng tc v trn ting c bn trong ca s Mix ca Pro
Tools. Bn cng s bit cch thit lp nhng cng c hNhng v phng din khc, bn vn
cn phi lm sao cho nhng thnh phn m bn thu m ha hp vi nhau. tr trn ting gn
ngoi, nh nhng bng iu khin MIDI, nhng b trn ting k thut s v nhng b trn ting
tng t. iu ni bt hn c l, bn s khm ph cch tham chiu bi nhc ca mnh vi nhng
bn thu m ca ngi khc, cng nh cch rn luyn k nng thm m sao cho bn trn ting
ca bn dch ngha c sang nhiu loi h thng playback khc nhau.
Vic trn ting c tnh cht rt ch quan. Bn c th ha mt nhc c ny vo mt nhc c khc
theo nhng cch thc c th ni l hu nh v tn. Ri bn s thy l c nhiu bn trn ting
ph hp vi bi nhc ca bn. Hy cho php mnh th nghim v ng ngi vic thu m nhiu
bn trn ting khc nhau.
Tm hiu tin trnh trn ting
Mc ch ca vic trn ting l lm sao cho mi nhc c u c nghe thy trong bn trn
ting l bn thu m tng th kt xut t vic ha trn tt c nhng thnh phn thu m
m khng che lp mt nhc c khc hoc pht ting khng ng ch. Bn c th thc hin vic
ny theo nhiu cch:
Chn nhng thnh phn to c cm xc m nhc ri xy dng cng cho bi
nhc. iu ny cng c ngha l b qua nhng thnh phn khng cn thit hoc nhng thnh
phn xung t vi nhng thnh phn c hiu qu m nhc hay hn.
Thit lp thanh p (m lng) cho tng nhc c trong tng quan vi nhng nhc c
khc. Theo cch ny, khng nhc c no b chn qu su trong bn trn ting ti ni khng nghe
thy ting, v cng khng nhc c no qu ln ting ti ni t ting nhng nhc c khc.
iu chnh equalization (EQ, hoc p ng tn s) ca tng nhc c. Cch ny to
khng gian cho mi nhc c trong bn trn ting. Bn loi b nhng tn s ca mt nhc c gy
xung t vi tn s ca mt nhc c khc, hoc tng cng nhng tn s no vn to ra ting
c trng ca mt nhc c ting ca n c nghe thy r nt trong bn trn ting.

 S dng k thut stereo panning (chuyn ng t tri sang phi). K thut ny t mi

nhc c vo v tr thch ng trong trng stereo v pha tri hay phi ni nhc c pht
ting t nhin nht hoc to c mt hiu qu mong mun. Thm na, k thut stereo panning
cn cho php bn to khng gian cho tng nhc c trong bn trn ting, c bit l nhng nhc
c c di tn tng t nhau.
B sung hiu ng (nh ting di hoc ting tr) cho nhc c trong bn trn ting.
Bn t nhng nhc c pha trc hay pha sau tng ng vi nhng nhc c khc, hoc to
mt loi ting mong mun.
GHI NH: Trong giai on trn ting, bn c th thc s sng to bi nhc ca mnh. S cng
thng ca vic thu m nhng bui trnh din qua ri. Tt c nhng vic cn li phi lm l
ha trn mi nhng thnh phn ca bi nhc thnh mt ton th c kt. ng ngi th nghim
nhng iu mi. Hy th nghim vi nhng thit lp EQ, panning v hiu ng khc trc. C
khoan thai v tn hng nim vui trong cng vic. iu tuyt vi ca vic trn ting l bn c
th to bao nhiu phin bn l ty thch v lc no bn cng c th tr li ri th nghim tip.
Qun l thanh p trong khi lm vic
Khi bn trn ting tt c nhng track trong phin lm vic, th mix bus (do nt trt Master iu
khin) l ni nhng track v. Ti y, nhng tn hiu c tng kt v to mt thanh p (m
lng) cao hn thanh p ca nhng track gc. Mt nguy c ca vic trn ting in-the-box (trong
Pro Tools) l thanh p ny s ln mc kh cao v c th l bn khng cn nhn ra n na tr phi
lng nghe tht chm ch.
TH THUT: Trong khi lm vic, hy quan st thanh p k ca nt trt Master v iu chnh
nhng track ring h thanh p, ch ng h nt trt Master.
Nhiu ngi thch t c m lng to nht ca bi nhc khi trn ting, nn nng nt trt
Master ti thanh p nh mc 0 decibels (dB) hoc -0.1dB. Thng th vic ny cng chp
nhn c, nhng ngy cng c nhiu k s chuyn nghip ch cho mix bus c mc thanh p ti
a l 6dB. y cng l mc ti khuyn bn nn s dng. Hy duy tr nhng mc thanh p nh
m nt trt Master h xung khong -3dB ti -6dB, v nng mc thanh p ny ln khi bn to
bn gc (hoc nh ngi khc to bn gc) cho bi nhc ca mnh. Chc chn l m lng ny
s nh hn m lng ca nhng CD thng mi m bn c, nhng bn c th iu chnh n
trong tin trnh to bn gc. (Quyn VII, Chng 1 c trnh by v vic to bn gc).
Li im ca vic duy tr thanh p nh mc thp l bn c c nhng mc thanh p tt hn
ti mix bus v gim nguy c xy ra clipping. (Clipping cn c gi l overs trong thu m k
thut s; s mo ting din ra khi nhng tn hiu tng kt tp trung qu ln khin mix bus b qu
ti).
Khi s trn ting bi nhc
Trc khi bt u trn ting mt bi nhc, ti lm mt s vic chun b. Mc tiu ca ti
trc khi trn ting l nhn vic trn ting t trn cao. Thng th iu ny c ngha l lui li
mt bc ri tip cn bi nhc trong t cch mt thnh gi ch khng phi nh mt nhc s
thu m tng track ca bi nhc . Bn hy bt u tin trnh trn ting theo nhng bc sau:
1. Xc nh cht lng ton cc ca bi nhc. Ti thi im ny, ti khng dng t cht
lng theo ngha Bi nhc hay hoc d?, nhng mun ni v phong cch hay cm gic m
nhc. Bn mun bi nhc kch ng? Xoa du? Go tht? C l bn khng cn ngh ngi nhiu
v iu ny nu c mt ting nhc r nt trong tm tr khi bt u thu m. Trong thc t, phn
ln nhng nhc s sng tc u nghe thy bi nhc ca mnh trong u ngay c trc khi khi s
2

thu m.
2. Nghe mt hoc hai bi nhc t CD c ting nhc hay cm gic tng t bi nhc bn
sp sa trn ting.
Nghe nhng tiu mu trn monitor ca phng thu nu c th; hy c gng cm nhn v cht
lng m thanh v kt cu ca nhng bi nhc ny. Lng nghe vi m lng nh; ng lm mt
l tai ca bn. Ti thi im ny, mi n lc ca bn tp trung vo vic lm cho thnh gic quen
vi ting nhc bn ang c to ra trong bi nhc ca mnh.
3. Thc hin mt bn trn ting th, khng s dng EQ hoc hiu ng, ri nghe ton b
bi nhc mt ln.
Trong giai on lng nghe ny, ng suy ngh nh mt nh sn xut, nhng hy t bn vo tm
trng ca mt thnh gi bnh thng. Hy lng nghe nhng thnh phn bn thu m c ci g
hay hoc d mt cch ni bt khng? ng nghe v cht lng sn xut. Bn ang c xc
nh nhng nhc c, nhng on nhc, nhng c lick, nhng giai iu hoc nhng ha iu no
khin bn, trong vai mt thnh gi, ch .
4. Dng mt t giy v mt cy bt ghi nhanh nhng tng xut hin trong khi bn
lm vic.
Trong khi nghe bi nhc, ghi ch v nhng ch nn t mt nhc c no . Chng hn, c th
bn mun nhng on lick chi trn cy lead giutar xuyn sut bi nhc phi cm ting phin
khc u tin. Hoc, c th bn nhn thy phn guitar m th ba thu m nn c t bn
phi bn trn ting l hay nht, trong khi hai hai phn guitar m khc c t gn trung tm
hn. Hy ghi li nhng tng sau ny thc hin. Bit u bn li c hng l tng qua
nhng ln nghe u tin.
Trn ting trong Pro Tools
Pro Tools c trang b mt chng trnh trn ting di do nng lc, v mi th bn cn lm u
c th thc hin thng qua chut v bn phm. Nhng mc d vy, nhiu ngi trong c ti
li thch trn ting bng nhng nt trt, nt vn, nt nhn th thit. C th thc hin iu ny
bng nhiu cch: s dng bng iu khin Digi 002 hoc 003, b iu khin MIDI, b trn ting
k thut s, hoc b trn ting tng t. Nhng b trn ting thay th ny c trnh by chi tit
hn trong Quyn I, Chng 2; cn by gi, ti ch mun trnh by v nhng thit lp c bn.
S dng bng iu khin 002 hoc 003
Nu bn c thit b Digi 002 hoc 003 cng vi bng iu khin (xem Hnh 1-1), th h thng
ca bn t ng tch hp trong phn mm Pro Tools. Vi h thng c kt ni thng qua giao
din FireWire, th tt c nhng nt trt, nt xoay, v nt nhn s hot ng lin lc vi phn
mm trn ting. Khi bn ko mt nt trt trn bng iu khin, nt trt track tng ng trn
mn hnh my tnh cng di chuyn theo.
Hnh 1-1: Dng tay iu khin vic trn ting vi bng iu khin 003.
Tham kho Cm nang s dng 002 hoc 003 thnh tho v nhng tnh nng iu khin. Hoc
c th bn ch cn vc ti vc lui ri cng bit, bng iu khin c thit k mt cch rt trc
quan.
S dng b iu khin MIDI
t b iu khin MIDI c mt ngoi th trng lm vic tt vi Pro Tools. (B iu khin Mackie
l ph thng nht). Nu bn mun s dng MIDI, hy tham kho trang web Digidesign v tnh
3

tng thch (www.digidesign.com/compato) bit thit b bn quan tm c c h tr khng.

Vic kt ni b iu khin MIDI cng ging nh vic thit lp bt k mt nhc c MIDI no,
nn bn hy xem Quyn V, Chng 1 bit chi tit v cch lp cu hnh h thng.
Sau khi kt ni v cho chy, th v c bn, b iu khin MIDI cng ging nh thit b 002
hoc 003. Tt c nhng nt trt, nt xoay, nt nhn trn b iu khin s iu chnh mt trong
nhng thng s ca phn mm Pro Tools. Cm nang s dng ca b iu khin MIDI s cho bit
tnh nng ca tng nt. i vi b iu khin Mackie, bn c th tm c mt bng mu khp
vi b iu khin, trn c lit k nhng tnh nng thch hp trong Pro Tools tham chiu
cho d.
S dng b trn ting k thut s
Nu mun s dng mt b trn ting k thut s cng vi h thng Pro Tools, bn phi bo m
c ng s lng ng vo v ng ra trn giao din Digidesign kt ni vi b trn ting.
V d, i vi thit b 003 Rack, bn c 10 ng ra (8 ADAT v 2 S/PDIF) c th dng gi
track t my tnh ti b trn ting. (Phi chc chn l b trn ting c th nhn tn hiu ADAT
v S/PDIF Quyn I, Chng 2 c trnh by v ADAT v S/PDIF cng mt lc; nu khng,
bn ch cn 8 ng ra thi). iu ny c ngha l bn ch c th gi ti a 10 track cht liu ti b
trn ting trn ting.
Trong v d ny, nu phin lm vic c hn 10 track, b trn ting k thut s ca bn s tr
thnh v dng tr phi bn trn ting theo nhiu t (mi t 10 track) hoc trn ting trong hp
(trong Pro Tools) v t b trn ting.
CNH BO: Ti khng khuyn s dng cch trn ting na-trong-na-ngoi ny, bi v s c
tr gia track ni v nhng track gi ti b trn ting. Bt k tr no nh th cng thc s
ph hng cm gic m nhc.
Mun kt ni b trn ting k thut s vi h thng Pro Tools, bn ch vic ni cp thch hp
(nh ADAT) t ng ra ca giao din Digidesign ti ng vo ca b trn ting. Khi bn di chuyn
mt nt trt (hoc nt nhn hay nt xoay) trn b trn ting, th nt trt (hoc nt nhn hay
nt xoay) tng ng ca phn mm Pro Tools m bn thy trn mn hnh khng b nh hng.
S dng b trn ting tng t
Cng nh b trn ting k thut s, kh nng trn ting ca b trn ting tng t b gii hn
bi s lng ng ra c trong giao din. Trong trng hp ny, kh nng trn ting hon ton ty
thuc vo s lng ng ra tng t m bn c. Ni v d, thit b 002 Rack c 8 ng ra tng t,
th y l s lng track ti a c th trn ting vi mt b trn ting tng t trong mt ln.
TH THUT: Trn ting mt phin lm vic c hn 8 track l c th thc hin c, nhng
chng b cng (theo kin ring ca ti) tr phi bn c mt b trn ting tng t thit mc
tin. Nhng b trn ting gi r (v d di $10,000) chng to ting nhc g hay hn vic trn
ting bng Pro Tools.
Nu mun trn ting phin lm vic thng qua mt b trn ting tng t, bn ch vic kt ni
tng ng ra tng t ca phn cng Degidesign ti mt trong nhng ng vo ca b trn ting.
i vi thit b 002 Rack, bn cn 8 si cp TS kt ni nhng ng ra t 1 ti 8 ti nhng ng
vo tng ng trn b trn ting. (Quyn I, Chng 2 c trnh by v nhng loi cp khc nhau
bn c th gp trong th gii thu m).
S dng trng Stereo
Khi c mt ti mt bui ha nhc sng v nhm mt li, bn c th nghe thy ni pht ting ca
4

tng nhc c trn sn khu. Bn c th nghe thy mt s nhc c bn tri, mt s khc bn

phi, v mt s khc na dng nh pht ra t trung tm. Bn cn c th phn bit mt cch
tng qut l mt nhc c c t phn trc hay phn sau ca sn khu. Gom tt c nhng n
tng v ting nhc ny li vi nhau, bn c mt hnh nh 3-D hnh thnh t ting nhc
chnh l trng stereo.
Yu t to ra trng stereo chnh l s b tr c bit nhng ngun ting t tri sang phi v t
trc ra sau. Khi trn ting mt bi nhc, bn c th t nhng nhc c ca mnh bt k ch no
trn sn khu tng tng do nhng loa to thnh. Bn c th thc hin vic ny bng k
thut panning, tc t nhng nhc c t tri sang phi. Bn cn c th s dng nhng hiu ng
(nh ting di hoc ting tr) to o gic v khong cch, bng cch t nhng nhc c v
pha trc hay pha sau trong bn trn ting. (Xem Chng 4 bit thm v hiu ng). Khi
trn ting bi nhc, hy c hnh dung v tr t tng nhc c trn sn khu.
Nhiu ngi chn cch thit lp panning v chiu su ca nhng nhc c pht ting t nhin
nht, mt s ngi khc li dng nhng thit lp ny to ra ting nhc mi l. Chng c g
ng hay sai trong vic panning v b sung hiu ng gi lp chiu su ch c nhng g p
ng c mc tiu ca bn. ng ngi lm vic trong tinh thn sng to v hy th nghim vi
nhng vic d thng.
Tri hay phi
Bn iu chnh v tr ca tng nhc c t tri sang phi trong bn trn ting bng tnh nng iu
khin Panning t trong ca s Mix ca Pro Tools. (Xem Hnh 1-2). Vic panning i vi phn
ln nhng bi nhc l kh n gin, v ti s phc tho mt s thit nh trong phn k tip. Mt
s k s trn ting thch t nhng nhc c hng v trung tm bn trn ting; mt s k s
khc li thch dn tri nhng nhc c v c hai pha. Khng c cch ng hay sai tuyt i trong
vic b tr nhng nhc c. Trong thc t, khng ai dm ni bn phi gi nguyn v tr ca mt
nhc c trong sut bi nhc. Ch cn bo m l nhng chn la panning ca bn gp phn to
ra hiu qu ton cc ca bi nhc . (Xem Chng 5 bit cch t ng ha panning trong Pro
Tools).
Hnh 1-2: Phn iu khin panning trong Pro Tools c t trn nt trt chnh trong
tng di kn ca track.
B ht chnh
B ht chnh thng c b tr ngay trung tm. L do chnh yu l v b ht chnh l trung tm
ca s ch v nu b tr n bn tri hoc bn phi s lm mt i tiu im ny. Nhiu ngi b
tr b ht chch khi trung tm nu c nhiu hn mt b ht (nh trng hp song ca), nhng
iu ny d khin bi nhc ha thnh ti t tr phi bn tht tinh t v li b tr ny. Tt nhin,
bn l ngh s v bit u li to mt hiu qu thc s tuyt vi khi b tr b ht ti nhiu ni.
B ht ph
Bi v nhng b ht ph thng c thu m theo stereo, nn chng c b tr tn cng bn
tri hoc bn phi. Nu ch thu mt track duy nht cho b ht ph, bn c th to mt bn sao
ca track ri b tr mi track mt bn, ging nh b tr nhng track stereo.
Ngoi k thut b tr nhng track hai bn, mt s k s trn ting cn b tr mt track b ht
ph th ba trung tm nhm to thm chiu su. Bn chn thc hin k thut ny hay khng ty
thuc vo cch bn thu m b ht ph cng nh c bao nhiu track c s dng cho b ht ph.
5

B Guitar
Lead guitar thng c b tr trung tm, hoc hi chch khi trung tm nu ting trung tm
ca trng stereo qu dy. Mt khc, Rhythm guitar thng c t hi xa trung tm, bn
no cng c, nhng thng l bn i din vi nhng nhc c lm nn khc, nh rhythm
guitar b sung, mt synthesizer, mt organ, hoc mt piano.
Bass
Thng thng, bass guitar c b tr trung tm, nhng chuyn khng l khi c nhng k s
trn ting to mt track th hai cho n bass, ri t mt track tn cng bn tri v mt tn
cng bn phi. K thut b tr ny to cm gic khong t cho n bass v dnh nhiu khng
gian hn cho bass guitar v trng p trong bn trn ting.
Trng
Nh mt lut ph thng, ti (v hu ht nhng ngi khc) b tr trng sao cho chng xut hin
trong trng stereo ging nh trn sn khu. (Nhng iu ny khng c ngha l bn phi lm
theo nh vy). Trng snare v trng p thng c b tr trung tm, cn tom-toms hi lch
sang tri hoc hi lch sang phi. Hi-hat cymbals c t bn phi trung tm, ride cymbals bn
tri, v crash cymbals c b tr t tri sang phi ging nh tom-toms.
B g
Nhng nhc c g thng c b tr lch sang bn phi hoc lch sang bn tri. V d, nu c
mt shaker hoc mt triangle chi sut bi nhc, ti s b tr n bn phi, cch trung tm mt
khong bng vi khong cch ca hi-hat b tr bn tri. Theo cch b tr ny, bn nghe thy hihat v nhng nhc c g pht ting tch bit nhau trong bn trn ting.
Piano/synthesizers/organs
Nhng nhc c ny thng c t lch khi trung tm. Nu bi nhc c nhng phn rhythm
guitar, th piano hoc organ c b tr bn pha i din. Synthesizers c th c b tr khp
mi ch. Trong thc t, synths thng c b tr hot ng sut bi nhc, c ngha l, chng di
chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc.
Pha trc hoc pha sau
Khi t micro thu m mt nhc c, c l bn khm ph ra l cht lng ting thay i khi
bn t micro gn hoc xa nhc c hn. t micro cng gn nhc c, bn cng c t khng gian
thu m, v iu ny khin nhc c pht ting cng gn bn hn, hoc ngay vo mt. Ngc li,
t micro cng xa nhc c, bn cng nghe thm nhiu khng gian ting, nhc c pht ting cng
xa hn.
Th tng tng bn ang ng trong mt gian phng rng v ni chuyn vi ai thy (,
thc ra l nghe) s tng quan ny hot ng ra sao. Khi ngi ng gn v ni chuyn, bn
c th nghe thy ting anh ta ni r rng. Bn nghe rt t ting di ca ging ni anh ta t gian
phng. Nhng khi anh ta di chuyn ra cng xa, th nhng ting di ca gian phng cng lc cng
nghe r.
Vo lc ngi ti u kia ca gian phng, th khng nhng bn nghe ting ca anh ta m cn
nghe c m vang ca gian phng ni bn ang ng. Trong thc t, nu gian phng rng, th
ting ca anh ta nghe nh th cch xa c dm, v tt c nhng ting di vang vng khp phng
6

t ging ni ca anh ta c th khin bn khng cn hiu anh ta ni g na.

Bn c th d dng gi lp hiu ng ny bng nhng b x l hiu ng ting di v ting tr.
Trong thc t, thng l mc ch ca vic s dng ting di v ting tr trong tin trnh trn
ting. Nh nhng hiu ng ny, bn c th t nhng nhc c ca mnh ti hu nh bt k ni
no bn mun, t trc ra sau, trong bn trn ting.
TH THUT: Bn s dng cng t hiu ng ting di v ting tr cho nhc c, th n xut hin
cng gn hn trong bn thu m; cng nhiu hiu ng b sung cho nhc c, th n nghe cng xa
hn.
Kiu thit lp ting di v ting tr bn s dng cng nh hng ti gn v xa ca ting.
Chng hn, mt tt (decay) ting di hoc ting tr di th nghe xa hn mt tt ting di
hay ting tr ngn.
Trong Chng 4, ti c trnh by chi tit v nhng b x l hiu ng khc nhau gip bn bit
cch s dng chng mt cch hiu qu nht. Ti cng a ra nhng thit nh m bn c th s
dng to ting di v ting tr t nhin cho nhng track, cng nh mt s thit nh bt
thng to nhng hiu ng c bit.
iu chnh thanh p: Nng cao cm xc ca bi nhc
Sau khi c mt bn trn ting th v lp xong nhng thit nh EQ (m t trong Chng
3) v panning, bc k tip l quyt nh nhng phn no ca nhng track no c s dng
v i khi phi quyt nh liu mt phn hoc mt track c s dng hay khng. Nu bn
ging nh a phn nhc s/nh sn xut, bn s c lm cho tt c nhng phn nhc c v ging
ht bn thu c ting cng ln cng tt trong bn trn ting, lc no cng nghe thy r tng
nt. Ni cho cng, u phi bn b bit bao thi gi v cng sc thu m nhng track nhc
tuyt vi n ch ct em giu chng trong bn trn ting hoc (cn t hn na) bt chng cm
ting, ng khng no?
Ti thng cm ni au ca bn. Nhng khi bn ti thi im trn ting cho mt bi nhc,
chnh l lc bn phi ci chic o nhc s ra v mc vo ci o c tn Nh sn xut. V cng vic
ca mt nh sn xut l phn loi tt c nhng thnh phn ca mt bi nhc, chn ra nhng phn
no c ng gp vo hiu qu ca bi nhc, v loi b nhng phn tha thi hoc ch t thm ri
rm. Mc tiu ca bn l tp hp nhng track k c cu chuyn bn mun k v em ti cho
ngi nghe cm xc mnh m nht.
GHI NH: y c l l phn gay cn nht ca vic trn ting cho bi nhc ca ring bn, bi v
bn khng th no hon ton khch quan khi phi quyt nh s dng phn no v b i phn
no. ng b cng thng qu. Bn u c xa track nhc no ca mnh, cho nn lc no bn
cng c th thc hin li mt bn trn ting khc, nu phi nghe cho c ci phn m trc y
bn cho cm ting.
Mt trong nhng nim vui ln khi nghe nhc (i vi ti) l nghe c mt bi nhc em ti i
xa v a ti vo chuyn du hnh cm xc m ngi vit nhc c trong tm tr mnh. Nu bi
nhc c thc hin hon ho, ti b cun ht vo trong bi nhc v khi n kt thc, ti ch
mun nghe li mt ln na.
iu g khin mt s bi nhc thu ht bn v lm bn c cm xc nh nhng ngh s trnh
din? l, ngoi mt giai iu hay v s trnh din tuyt ho, cch phi m ca bi nhc to
ra s cng thng, gii ta n, ri li to ra s cng thng na. Mt bi nhc hay to c s
mnh lit khin ngi nghe b cun ht vo nhng cm xc ca bi nhc.
Ni mt cch tng qut, mt bi nhc thng khi s m du, ri ln hn mt cht ip khc
u tin, v h bt thanh p phin khc th hai (nhng khng nh nh phin khc u). ip
7

khc th hai thng ln hn v y n hn ip khc th nht, v thng c ni tip bng

mt on bridge (bc cu) cn y n hn na (hoc t ra c cch phi m khc vi ip khc
th hai). on bridge c th c tip ni bng mt phin khc th ba vi m lng h bt mt
t. Tip theo sau phin khc cui cng thng l mt ip khc cc mnh v cng ny c
duy tr cho ti khi bi nhc kt thc.
Khi thc hin bn phi m cho bi nhc ca mnh, bn c hai cng c xy dng v gii ta
cng : l dynamics (cng bin) v ni dung nhc c (phi m).
Dynamics (Cng bin)
Dynamics n gin l to nh ca ting v ln dng to hiu qu v cm xc. Nghe
mt bi nhc blues c in (hoc thm ch mt s bi nhc c in), bn s nghe thy c nhng
phn m bi nhc hu nh thinh lng, v li c nhng phn m bn tng chng nh ton th
ban nhc thc bc ra khi loa v trn ngp phng mnh. y l mt cch s dng dynamics c
hiu qu v y sc mnh. Vn nm ch, dng nh ngh thut ny bin mt, t ra l
trong nn m nhc ph thng.
Thng thng, mt bi nhc c nhng phn rt m v nhng phn thc s mnh m. Chng
may, rt nhiu CD ngy nay ch c mt mc thanh p duy nht, l to. Thng th y khng
phi l li ca nhng nhc s hoc ca nh sn xut cho ban nhc. Chnh nhng i pht thanh
v nhng cng ty thu m to ra khuynh hng ny, v cho rng, nu bi nhc ca mt ban
nhc to bng (hoc to hn) nhng CD khc c trn th trng, th s li ko c s ch v
bn c nhiu bn hn. (Bn c th c bit thm v khuynh hng ny trong Quyn VII,
Chng 1). Nhng nh cho iu ny: Nghe nhc l mt chuyn, nhng n c ng nghe khng
li l chuyn khc.
TH THUT: Hy c gng thu m mt bi nhc vi nhiu mc cng bin khc nhau. Ti bit
vic ny khng thun vi xu hng chung, nhng sao? Rt c th bn s t c mt bi
nhc chan cha cm xc. Cng vy, khi trn ting bi nhc, hy gia thm cng bin bng cch
h thanh p ca nhng nhc c nn trong nhng phin khc ri nng ln li trong ip khc v
bridge. Lc no bn cng c th loi b cng bin (nu tuyt i cn thit) bng cch nn bn
trn ting bng k thut compression trong giai on to bn gc.
CNH BO: Sai lm ln nht m a s ngi phm phi khi thc hin bn trn ting cho bi
nhc ca mnh l c c lm cho bi nhc ln ting bng nhng CD thng mi. y l cng vic
ca k s to bn gc ch khng phi ca bn, cho nn ng lo lng v n. Hy lm cho bi
nhc ca bn c ting hay nh s cn bng gia nhng tn s cao v tn s thp, v gia nhng
phn m du v nhng phn mnh lit. C cho k s to bn gc lm cho bi nhc ca bn to
ln ht mc. Anh hoc c ta hin nhin c cng c c thit k tt hn nng m lng ca
mt bn thu m m khng lm ting ca n b nn hoc r..
Phi m
Xy dng cng thng qua vic phi m l thay i s lng ting ca mi phn bi nhc.
Mt phin khc ch c b ht chnh, trng, bass, v mt nhc c chi nhng hp chnh th c
cng (cha ni ti m lng) nh hn mt ip khc gm nhiu guitar, b ht ph, trng, b
g, organ, v v.v a phn nhng bi nhc xy dng c cng mt cch hiu qu thng
bt u vi t nhc c hn khi n kt thc.
Khi trn ting cho bi nhc ca mnh, hy suy ngh xem liu bn c th s dng nhng nhc c
b sung cm xc cho li ht khng. Ni v d, nu bn c chi mt on guitar lick mi khi
ngt li ht, th hy ngh n vic chi n bt i to khng gian cho nhng mc thanh p thp
8

ti mt s im no trong bi nhc. Nu lm nh vy, mi on lick s to thm c hiu

qu ni ngi nghe v to thm c cm xc cho bi nhc.
Tinh chnh thnh gic
Mun to c mt bn trn ting c ting hay, th cng c quan trng nht m bn cn s dng
l nhng l tai ca bn, bi v nng lc nghe nhc mt cch r rng v chnh xc l cn yu.
Mun pht huy nng lc ny mt cch ti a, bn cn mt b iu khin studio kha kh v mt
tng r nt v mc hay d m m nhc ca ngi khc pht trn loa ca mnh. Bn cng
phi bo m rng s khng trn ting khi l tai ca mnh mi mt. Phn tip sau y s kho
st v nhng lnh vc ny.
Lng nghe mt cch ch tm
Mt trong nhng cch hc trn ting hay nht l nghe m nhc m bn yu thch, v lng nghe,
mt cch c bit, bi nhc c trn ting nh th no. M mt CD c i nt tng t vi bi
nhc ca bn (hoc bi nhc c m ting bn yu thch) v t t nhng cy hi sau:
Cht lng m ting ton cc hoc kt cu ca bi nhc l g? Ch nhn xt cch m
nhng tn s ca mi nhc kh c phn b trong tn ph nghe c. Bi nhc pht ting m
du hay th cng, y n hoc mng manh? C xc nh xem bn yu mn iu g trong bi
nhc .
Phi m ca bi nhc ng gp cho cm xc m nhc ra sao? Lng nghe nhng on
lick v nhng cu b sung cho phn phi m. Ch xem bi nhc c cng lc cng y n hay
khng.
Nhng nhc kh c t u trong trng stereo? Ch nhn xt v tr ca tng nhc
c, t tri sang phi v t trc ra sau trong bn trn ting. Lng nghe bit nhng nhc c
c gi nguyn ti ch trong sut bi nhc hay di chuyn nhiu ni.
Nhng hiu ng no c p dng cho tng nhc c? Lng nghe ting di, ting tr c bit l chng tc ng ln di tt ting nh th no cng nh lng nghe mc thanh p
hiu ng ton cc khi so vi tn hiu kh (khng c hiu ng).
Cht lng ting ca tng nhc c nh th no? C gng xc nh tn s ca tng nhc
c c v ni tri. Ch c bit xem trng pht ting ra sao, nht l trng snare. Bn s nhn ra
l bn trn ting hay l bn trn ting ha hp c tt c nhng nhc kh li vi nhau, ci ny
khng i chi vi ci khc. Ting trng c th chim nhiu khng gian m thanh trong bn trn
ting nu bn khng hn ch n xung nhng tn s c bn.
Ngay c khi khng thc hin vic trn ting cho nhng bi nhc ca mnh, bn cng c ngi
xung mt lt v nghe nhc qua b iu khin tp cho quen vic lng nghe mt cch ch tm.
Cng vy, cng nghe nhiu nhc hay qua b iu khin, bn cng d bit khi no nhc ca mnh
pht ting hay qua cng nhng ci loa .
GHI NH: Bn trn ting hay l bn trn ting pht hay trn nhiu h thng khc nhau, ch
khng phi ch pht hay qua nhng loa trong studio ca bn. Trc khi quyt nh bn trn ting
c xem l hon tt, bn chp n vo mt CD, ri pht CD trong xe hi, trn dn stereo ca
bn b, hoc trn mt hp chi nhc. Thc vy, hy th nghe bi nhc ca bn trn nhiu loi h
thng khc nhau nu c th. Trong khi nghe, nhn xt xem ting bass c bin mt hoc tr nn
ln qu, hoc nghe xem ting treble c b mng hay th rp khng. V c bn, bn c gng xc
nh nhng ch mnh cn iu chnh bi nhc pht hay trn mi h thng.
Tr phi bn vung ra hng ng tin v thi gian trang b cho phng trn ting ca mnh t
tm c th gii, bng khng th bn phi lm vic ct lc khi trn ting nhc ca mnh pht
9

hay trn nhng h thng ca ngi khc. Nu phng trn ting hay nhng loa ca bn lm ting
bass trong bi nhc nghe hay hn, th cng nhng track s nghe mng manh trn h thng ca
nhng ngi khc. Mt khc, nu h thng ca bn thiu ting bass, bn trn ting ca bn s
pht m m khi nghe mt ni khc.
Chn CD tham chiu
CD tham chiu c th l CD ca bt k th loi m nhc no bn yu thch hoc CD gip bn
nghe nhc ca mnh mt cch r nt hn. Trong phn ln trng hp, bn hy chn CD tham
chiu no c s cn bng hon ho gia nhng tn s thp v tn s cao v l tai bn cm thy
hay. iu ny c ngha l, c mt s CD c trn ting thc s hon ho, chng c th gip
bn hiu bit v thit b kim tra ca mnh v hun luyn thnh gic bn nghe ra nhng im tinh
t ca mt bn trn ting. (Ph nhn: Ti rng a ra nhiu th loi m nhc trong danh sch
sau, nhng khng th lit k c ht v s chim nhiu trang sch).
Steely Dan, Two Against Nature
Lyle Lovett, Joshua Judges Ruth
Norah Jones, Come Away with Me
Sting, Brand New Day
Ben Harper, Burn to Shine
Leonard Cohen, Ten New Songs
Beck, Mutations
Peter Gabriel, So
Sarah McLachlan, Surfacing
No Doubt, Return of Saturn
Los Lobos, Kiko
Marilyn Manson, Mechanical Animals
Depeche Mode, Ultra
Bonnie Raitt, Fundamental
Macy Gray, On How Life Is
Pearl Jam, Yield
Metallica, S&M
Dr. Dre, 2001
GHI NH: Tt c mi CD thng mi u c to bn gc. iu ny nh hng i cht n
cht lng ting ca chng.: Quan trng nht l, chng pht to ting hn bi nhc ca bn khi n
cha c to bn gc. Nu nghe qua nghe li gia bn trn ting ca bn v CD tham chiu,
bn hy iu chnh thanh p tng i sao cho chng pht ting to bng nhau qua loa ca bn.
Bi nhc c ting to hn lun lun pht ting hay hn. V cho d lm g, cng ng c lm
m lng bn trn ting ca mnh ging vi CD tham chiu.
i ph vi l tai mt mi
Khi no c c hi trn ting cho mt bi nhc, c th bn s nhn ra rng, bn thc hin bn trn
ting hay hn trong giai on u, v cng lm vic vi bi nhc, bn trn ting cng ti t.
Trong phn ln trng hp, nguyn nhn l l tai ca bn mi mt, v khi chng mt mi,
thm m cho chnh xc s tr nn kh khn hn. Mun thun ha ci l tai mi mt, bn lm
nh sau:
Khng trn ting vo cui ngy, c bit sau khi thc hin bn thu m cho mt bi

10

nhc khc. Dnh cho bn trn ting l cng vic u tin ca bui sng khi l tai ca bn c
c hi c ngh ngi.
Duy tr m lng thp. Ti bit l bn b cm d nng m lng ca bi nhc khi lm vic
vi n, nhng lm nh th ch t sm lm mt nhng l tai v c th gy h hi, c bit khi bn
c b kim tra c th pht to thc s.
Thnh thong, tm ngng cng vic trong chc lt. Ch cn 10 hoc 15 pht yn lng l
bn c th lm vic thm mt gi na hoc hn. Cng th, ng ngi tch ri khi bn trn ting
mt hoc vi ngy.
Khng trn ting di p lc ca mt thi hn cht. ngh ny ph hp vi ngh
trc. Nu chu p lc ca mt thi hn cht, bn khng th t cho mnh thi gian ngh ngi cn
thit v thm tra li bn trn ting trc khi to mt bn thu m r rng.
To nhiu phin bn
Mt iu tuyt vi ca vic thu m k thut s l bn c th to nhiu phin bn ca mt bn
trn ting m khng hao tn g c. Tt c nhng g bn cn l mt t (n, thc t th c ng)
khng gian cng. Bi v bn c th to bao nhiu bin th cho bn trn ting cng c ty
theo kh nng ca cng, cho nn bn c th th nghim nhng thit nh hiu ng mi hoc
th panning ng cho bi nhc xem nghe c hay khng. Rt c th bn s t c iu g
rt phn khch. Ch t, rt cuc bn cng hc thm nhiu iu v thit b ca mnh. y lun
lun l iu tt.
TH THUT: Hy in (ngha l to mt bn thu m r nt) mt bn trn ting trong giai on
u. Trong phn ln thi gian, nhng bn trn ting hay nht ca bn xy ra trong giai on u
ca tin trnh trn ting. In (hoc lu) bn trn ting hon ho u tin bn thc hin c trc
khi th lm nhng bn trn ting sng to hn. Theo cch ny, nu ht tng hoc ht thi
gian, bn vn cn bn trn ting kh hay lm vic tr li.
Chng 2: Thit lp bn trn ting
Nhng mc chnh:
Tm hiu v dng tn hiu
nh tuyn cho insert v send
Tm hiu v ca s Output
S dng plug-in
X l hiu ng ngoi
Trc khi c th thc s trn ting trong Pro Tools, vic u tin l bn phi thc hin mt s
cng vic s b. c bit hn na, bn phi thao tc thnh tho trong ca s Mix, bit r dng
tn hiu di chuyn nh th no trong h thng, bit cch to input ph v nhng nt trt ch b
sung, v s dng insert v send mt cch nhun nhuyn. Chng ny s trnh by chi tit v
nhng vic trn.
Kho st li ca s Mix
Khi trn ting trong Pro Tools, bn s dng phn ln thi gian lm vic trong ca s Mix,
nh thy trong Hnh 2-1. Ca s Mix bao gm nhng di knh cho tng track, thng tin nh
tuyn v nhng nt trt ch. Mi phn trong ca s Mix c m t chi tit trong Quyn II,
Chng 4.
GHI NH: Mun m ca s Mix, bn chn Window > Mix t trnh n chnh hoc nhn
Command + = (phm du bng; Mac) hoc Ctrl + = (phm du bng; PC). Ri bn thit lp
11

nhng thng s hin th ca ca s bng cch chn View > Mix Window t trnh n chnh v
chn nhng thng s mong mun nh thy trong Hnh 2-2.
Hnh 2-1: Ca s Mix l ni bn thc hin vic trn ting trong Pro Tools.
Hnh 2-2: Chn nhng thng s hin th ca ca s Mix.
Tm hiu v dng tn hiu
Hiu bit v nhng track bn thu c nh tuyn nh th no trong Pro Tools c th gip
bn chn c nhng thao tc hiu qu nht v gi cho ting nhc c cht lng cao nht khi
bn trn ting cho bi nhc. Hnh 2-3 cho thy tn hiu (c biu din bng nhng khu vc
trong nhng audio track) di chuyn nh th no qua nhng knh track trong b trn ting ca
Pro Tools (hin th trong ca s Mix).
Tn hiu audio i vo b trn ting t nh ca biu v di chuyn v pha di. Nhn t trn
xung, di knh bao gm nhng phn sau:
Source: y l audio c ghi vo cng ca bn; hoc nu bn c track c kch hot
thu m, th tn hiu n t ng vo bn chn trong phn Input ca di knh. Tn hiu khi
hnh t y ri i vo di knh ca Track.
Insert: y l ni bn chn nhng hiu ng vo track. Hiu ng chn trong nhng track
Audio v track Input ph xy ra trc fader (tin fader) ca track. Hiu ng chn trn nhng
track fader ch xy ra sau fader (hu fader).
Send Pre-fader: y l ni bn gi tn hiu ti mt track Input ph, v ti track ny bn c
th chn vo mt hiu ng.
Mute: Nt ny cho bn lm lng ting (tt) ng ra ca track.
Fader: y l ni bn iu khin thanh p (m lng) ca tn hiu ri khi track v i ti
(nhng) ng ra bn chn trong phn Output ca di knh.
Send Post-fader: Khi ngng kch hot nt Pre, tn hiu Send c gi i t track sau khi i
qua fader ca track. Khi iu chnh m lng ca track th cng iu chnh lun thanh p i qua
ng Send.
Pan: Phn ny dng iu chnh s lng tn hiu ti knh tri hoc phi ca ng ra
stereo. Chc nng ny ch hiu lc nu thit nh Output ca bn l stereo.
Output: y l ng tn hiu di chuyn khi n ri di knh ca track. ng ny c th l
ng truyn ch hoc mt ng truyn hiu ng hay mt ng truyn trn ting ph (c
mt track Input ph iu khin).
GHI NH: Mun to mt track mi (audio, MIDI, auxiliary input, hoc Master fader), bn
chn Track > New t trnh n chnh gi ln hp thoi New Track, ti y bn chn loi track
mun to. (Quyn III, Chng 1 c trnh by chi tit tin trnh ny).
Source audio or input
Insert
Send Pre-fader
Fader (track volume)

12

Send Post-fader
Pan
Output
Hnh 2-3: Tn hiu di chuyn qua b trn ting ca Pro Tools t trn xung di.
Hon tt vic nh tuyn
Khi khi s trn ting trong Pro Tools, vic kim sot c mt s xc lp v vic nh tuyn s
rt c ch. Bn cn mt Master fader c th kim sot m lng ri khi Pro Tools, v bn
phi bit cch s dng nhng phn Insert v Send ca di knh c th chn nhng hiu ng
vo track. Phn sau y s m t v nhng th tc ny.
TH THUT: Nu ang s dng phin bn 6 hoc mi hn, bn c th lm mt track ngng
hot ng bng cch nhn t hp phm COMMAND+Control (Mac) hoc Ctrl+Windows (PC)
ng thi nhp chut vo du ch th loi track bn phi pha di di knh ca track (nh thy
trong Hnh 2-4). Thao tc ny gii phng nng lc x l, v ti khuyn bn nn s dng cho bt
k track no trong phin lm vic m bn khng mun pht ting.
S dng mt Master fader
Bn s dng mt Master fader (nt trt ch) kim sot thanh p ra khi tt c mi track
c nh tuyn ti n. Sau y l danh sch mt s tnh nng bn c th thc hin vi Master
fader:
Kim sot thanh p chnh ca bn trn ting. y l tnh nng chun ca nt trt ny.
Tt c mi track u c nh tuyn ti Master fader, v bn dng nt trt ny kim sot
mc thanh p ton cc i ti b kim tra ca bn.
Kim sot nhng mc thanh p ca bn trn ting ph. Mun kim sot nhng mc
thanh p ca bn trn ting ph, bn nh tuyn nhng track mun s dng trong bn trn ting
ph ti mt trong nhng ng truyn v n nh ng vo ca Master fader cho ng truyn
ny. Ng ra ca Master fader ny s dn ti ng truyn chnh. Bn c th xc lp nhng mc
thanh p ring cho nhng track c trn ting ph ti tng fader ca track v mc thanh p hn
hp ti Master fader ca bn trn ting ph.
Hnh 2-4: Lm mt track ngng hot ng gii phng nng lc x l.
Kim sot thanh p effect-send. Bn c th nh tuyn send tn hiu i qua phn Send
ca track ti mt ng truyn v n nh ng truyn lm ng vo ca Master fader. Sau
bn c th chn hiu ng vo ng vo ca Master fader ny, ri thit lp ng ra i ti Master
fader ca ng truyn trn ting.
B sung hiu ng vo bn trn ting. Bn c th b sung hiu ng nh compression hoc
reverb vo bn trn ting bng cch t n vo phn insert ca Master fader.
Mun to mt Master fader, bn theo nhng bc sau:
1. Chn Track > New t trnh n chnh.
Hp thoi New Track xut hin.
2. Dng trnh n x xung nhp vo s lng track mong mun, loi (trong trng
hp ny, chn Master Fader) v c mun (nhng) track theo stereo hay khng.

13

3. Nhp Create.
Master fader xut hin trong phin lm vic.
4. Nhp vo nt chn Output ca Master fader nt th hai trong ba nt gia di knh
ri thit nh n iu khin cho ng ra bn mong mun.
Nu mun thit nh Master fader ny cho ng truyn trn ting chnh, bn n nh n iu
khin ng ra chnh m mi track c nh tuyn ti.
B sung nhng ng vo ph
Nhng ng vo ph cng nhiu nh nhng audio track, c iu l chng ch nhn tn hiu bn
trong chng trnh Pro Tools thi, thay v t nhng ngun bn ngoi (nh mt micro chng
hn). Bn s dng nhng ng vo ph nh tuyn bn trong chng trnh v rt c dng i
vi mt s tc v quan trng nh:
Gi nhiu track ti mt b x l hiu ng: Tnh nng ny c th gim bt p lc trn h
thng v c th gip bn lm cho nhng track ca mnh pht ting c c kt hn nh ha
trn nhng ting di li vi nhau chng hn.
Kim sot mt bn trn ting ph bng mt fader n: Bn trn ting ph kp hp
nhng track li vi nhau trc khi chng c trn ting qua ng truyn chnh. Chng 7 ca
sch ny c m t chi tit cch thc hin mt bn trn ting ph trong Pro Tools.
a vo nhng tn hiu audio t nhng thit b MIDI: Tnh nng ny gip bn kim tra
ng ra ca nhng thit b MIDI khi nhng track MIDI kch hot chng.
Mun to mt track ng vo ph, bn thc hin theo nhng bc sau:
1. Chn Track > New t trnh n chnh.
Hp thoi New Track xut hin.
2. Dng trnh n x xung nhp vo s lng track mong mun, loi (trong trng
hp ny, chn Auxiliary Input), v c mun cho (nhng) track theo stereo hay khng.
3. Nhp Create.
Ng vo ph lin xut hin trong phin lm vic.
4. Nhp nt chn Input ca track nt trn cng trong ba nt phn I/O ca di knh
ri chn ngun tn hiu cho track ny.
Ngun ny c th l mt ng truyn ni hoc mt ng vo phn cng.
5. Nhp nt chn Output nt th hai trong ba nt gia di knh v n nh n lm
ng ra gi tn hiu.
Chn insert
Insert l hiu ng bn c th t vo mt tn hiu ca track thay i ting ca n. Ni v d,
chn mt compressor (ting nn) s cho bn kim sot mc to nh ca track, v chn mt
delay (ting tr) s b sung hiu ng echo (vang) cho nhc c. Trong Pro Tools, bn c th s
dng ti nm insert cho mi track. Bn c th s dng nhng hiu ng phn cng hoc phn
mm (plug-in) cho nhng insert ny.
Tn hiu i qua nhng hiu ng theo th t t trn xung, nhng hiu ng ny xut hin trong
phn Insert ca di knh ca track. V d, trong Hnh 2-5, tn hiu i qua hiu ng compressor
trc khi i qua hiu ng reverb. Mun thay i th t ca insert, bn ch vic nhp v ko n
ln xung trong danh sch.
Hnh 2-5: Sp xp li th t nhng hiu ng chn bng cch ko.

14

Mun chn mt hiu ng vo di knh ca track, bn theo nhng bc sau:

1. Kch hot ch hin th Insert trong ca s Mix bng cch chn View > Mix Window
> Inserts t trnh n chnh.
Phn Insert ca ca s Mix xut hin nh di knh ca track.
2. Nhp mt mc vo trong phn Insert m trnh n x xung.
3. Chn mt plug-in dng chn (hoc ng vo/ra phn cng nu bn ang dng mt
hiu ng ngoi). Nu chn mt plug-in, th ca s plug-in m ra. (Xem mc S dng nhng
plug-in phn sau bit thm thng tin).
Tt hiu ng trong mt insert
Sau y l ba cch dng tt hiu ng trong mt insert:
G b insert. Mun g b insert ra khi track, bn chn No Insert t trnh n x xung.
(Nhp ri gi nt chut trn nhng mi tn bn tri tn Insert truy cp trnh n). Thao tc
ny g b insert ra khi track v n nhng insert bn di ln.
B qua hiu ng. Thc hin vic ny bng cch kch hot nt Bypass trong ca s plug-in.
Mun m ca s ny, bn nhp tn Insert trong phn Insert ca di knh ca track. Thao tc ny
vn gi hiu ng nm trong danh sch nhng hiu ng khng c p dng. Hiu ng vn lm
hao nng lc x l cho d bn khng nghe thy.
Lm insert ngng hot ng. Thc hin vic ny bng cch nhn COMMAND+Control
(Mac) hoc Ctrl+Windows (PC) khi nhp vo tn plug-in trong phn Insert ca di knh. Thao
tc ny g b hiu ng khi chui tn hiu nhng khng g b khi phn Insert. Nh vy m ti
nguyn x l c gii phng v bn c th bt insert tr li vo bt k lc no. (Ch vic dng
li t hp phm v nhp chut nh khi tt insert).
Thit lp send
Bn c th gi tn hiu t track ti mt ng truyn khc x l. Pro Tools cung cp cho bn
ti nm send nh vy cho mt audio track hoc track ph. Send c dng cho hai mc ch
chnh:
p dng hiu ng cho nhiu track, hiu ng ny c th l hiu ng ni (bng cch s dng
plug-in) hay hiu ng ngoi (bng cch s dng mt thit b phn cng).
To nhng bn trn ting ph nhm kt hp nhiu track thnh mt hoc hai track.
GHI NH: Bn c th chn gi tn hiu theo cch tin-fader hoc hu-fader, c ngha l, tn
hiu qua phn send c gi i trc hoc sau khi n i qua fader ca track. Nhng ty chn
Pre-Fader hoc Post-Fader, cng vi nhng ty chn Send Level, Panning, v Mute c truy
cp thng qua ca s Send, nh thy trong Hnh 2-6. Bn ti ca s ny bng cch nhp vo tn
Send trong phn Send ca di knh ca track. Nu phn Send khng hin th trong di knh ca
track, bn kch hot ch hin th Send trong ca s Mix bng cch chn View > Mix Window
> Sends t trnh n chnh.
Hnh 2-6: Dng ca s Send thit nh nhng thng s v send level, mute, pan, v
pre- hoc post-fader.
Mun thit lp mt send, bn theo nhng bc sau:
1. Kch hot ch hin th Send bng cch chn View > Mix Window > Sends t trnh
n chnh.
Di knh ca track m rng bao gm phn Sends, phn ny nm gia phn Inserts v I/O ca

15

di knh.
2. Nhp vo mt trong nhng mc ca phn Send m trnh n x xung dnh cho
mc nhp.
3. Chn ng truyn hoc ng vo/ra phn cng bn mun gi tn hiu ti.
Ca s Send m ra.
4. Trong ca s Send, chn Pre-Fader hoc Post-Fader.
Vic chn Pre-Fader s gi tn hiu i t track trc khi fader kim sot track, v chn PostFader s gi tn hiu i sau khi n i qua fader ca knh.
5. Vn trong ca s Send, bn iu chnh nhng thng s level, panning, v mute.
Mun p dng mt hiu ng cho tn hiu c gi, bn lm nh sau:
1. Chn Track > New t trnh n chnh.
Hp thoi New Track xut hin.
2. S dng trnh n x xung nhp s lng track mong mun, loi (trong trng
hp ny, chn Auxiliary Input), v c mun cho (nhng) track theo stereo hay khng.
3. Nhp Create.
Ng vo ph lin xut hin trong phin lm vic.
4. Ch nh ng vo cho track ph ny l ng truyn bn chn lm ni n ca send
trong danh sch trc y.
5. Tip tc theo nhng bc dng cho vic chn mt hiu ng vo track.
Xem phn trc, mc Chn insert.
Quan st send
Bn c th quan st send, nhng phn iu khin send v nhng thng s send bng cch m
nhng ca s sau y trong phin lm vic:
Send A-E Views: Bn c th xem nhng phn iu khin send trong di knh ca track bng
cch chn Views > Sends A-E t trnh n chnh, trong A-E i din cho nhng send c hiu
lc.
Send View Level Meters: Nu mun khung hin th Send c bn (xem mc trc) bao gm
thm nhng thanh p k ca tn hiu Send, bn chn Show Meters in Sends View th Display
ca hp thoi Preferences. (Chn Setup > Preferences t trnh n chnh ti hp thoi ny).
Send Assignments: Bn c th cho hin th nhng thng s Send bng cch chn View >
Sends A-E (or F-J) > Assignments t trnh n chnh. Ch hin th ny cho bn nhn thy tn
ca nhng send c ch nh cho mt track.
Send Output Window: Bn c th m mt ca s bao gm mi thit nh Send theo nh
dng m rng bng cch nhp vo tn Send trong phn Send ca di knh ca track. Ca s
Send Output ny s c gii thch chi tit hn trong phn k tip, mc Truy cp ca s
Output.
Send Names: Nh thm mt phng cch na t chc cng vic, bn c th t tn
nhng ng truyn dnh cho send. Thc hin vic ny bng cch chn Setup > I/O t trnh n
chnh, ri nhp th Bus trong hp thoi I/O Setup. Trn th Bus, bn nhp kp vo tn ca mt
trong nhng ng truyn ( hin sng n) ri g vo tn mi, nh thy trong Hnh 2-7.
Hnh 2-7: Bn c th t tn cho nhng ng truyn duy tr trt t cho nhng
send hiu ng .

16

Tt hiu ng trong mt send

Sau y l ba cch tt hiu ng trong mt send:
G b send. Mun g b send ra khi track, bn chn No Send t trnh n x xung Send.
(Nhp ri gi nt chut trn nhng mi tn trong phn Send ca di knh ca track m trnh
n x xung). Thao tc ny g b send khi track v n nhng send bn di ln trn danh
sch.
B qua hiu ng. Thc hin vic ny bng cch kch hot nt Bypass trong ca s plug-in.
Vic ny vn gi li hiu ng trong danh sch nhng khng cho n cn hiu lc. Hiu ng vn
lm tiu hao nng lc x l mc d bn khng h nghe thy n. Mun m ca s plug-in, bn
nhp vo tn ca plug-in trong track m plug-in c chn vo. Nt Bypass c t ti nh
ca ca s.
Lm send khng hot ng. Thc hin vic ny bng cch nhn COMMAND+Control
(Mac) hoc Ctrl+Windows (PC) khi nhp chut vo tn ng truyn ca send trong danh sch
Sends. Thao tc ny s g b hiu ng khi chui tn hiu nhng khng g b khi danh sch
Sends. Lm mt send khng hot ng s gii phng ti nguyn x l, nhng bn vn c th bt
cho send hot ng tr li vo bt k lc no. (Ch vic lp li t hp phm ng thi nhp chut
c dng tt send).
S dng send cho nhm
iu khin send level v mute i vi send p dng cho c mt nhm c th l mt tin ch rt
ln bi v bn c th s dng mt tp hp nhng thng s cho mi track trong mt nhm. Mun
iu khin send cho mt nhm, bn theo nhng bc sau:
1. Chn Modify Groups t trnh n x xung Mix Groups.
Bn c th tm thy trnh n ny gc tri bn di ca ca s Edit. Hp thoi Modify Groups
xut hin.
2. nh du kim vo ty chn Send Levels v/hoc ty chn Send Mutes trong phn
Linked Within Groups ca hp thoi Modify Groups.
Do nhng ty chn trn m nhng iu sau y s din ra:
Nu chn Enable Sends: Bt k thay i send level no bn p dng cho mt track trong
nhm cng s p dng cho tt c mi track trong nhm.
Nu chn Send Mutes: Bt k send mute no bn to ra cho mt track trong nhm cng s p
dng cho tt c mi track trong nhm.
Mun bit thm v send ca nhm, bn xem chng 6 ca sch ny.
3. Nhp OK.
Truy cp ca s Output
Nhng ca s Output l nhng ca s di ng ca di knh hoc thit nh send. Nhng ca s
ny cho php bn iu chnh nhng thng s iu khin Output m khng phi mt cng tm
kim chng trong ca s Mix. Phn ny s trnh by chi tit v nhng ca s Send v Track
Output.
Truy cp ca s Track Output
Ca s Track Output bao gm nhng thng s iu khin v Fader, Pan, Automation, Output
Selector, Solo, v Mute, nh thy trong Hnh 2-8.

17

Mun m mt ca s Track Output, bn ch vic nhp vo nt Output Window trong di knh

ca track ti ca s Mix, nh thy trong Hnh 2-9.
Ca s Track Output bao gm nhng phn iu khin nh sau:
Close: Nhp nt ny th ca s ng li
Path Meter View Box: Khi nhp vo nt ny (nt cui cng bn phi ti nh ca s), th
mt ca s khc m ra, cho thy nhng thanh o dnh cho ng dn output bn chn trong
hp Path Selector. (Xem mc Path Selector phn k tip).
Hnh 2-8: Dng ca s Output dnh cho mt track iu chnh nhng thng s
Output t bn ngoi ca s Mix.
Hnh 2-9: M mt ca s Track Output bng cch nhp vo nt Output Window trong
ca s Mix.
Track Selector: Hp ny dng chn track c hin th trong ca s ny. Bn c th
chn bt k track no (audio, auxiliary input, hoc Master fader) trong phin lm vic.
Output Selector: Ti hp ny, bn c th chn nhng output (d l track hay send) trong h
thng.
Path Selector: Bn dng nt ny chn ng dn output cho track ang hot ng.
Automation Safe: Nhp nt ny s t track vo ch Automation Safe, trong ch ny
khng mt d liu automation mi no c th c ghi vo. (Chng 6 ca sch ny c trnh
by thm v d liu automation).
Target: Kch hot nt ny s gi cho ca s ca track vn m nu bn nhp vo mt ca s
Track hoc Send Output khc. Nu nt Target khng c kch hot (nt c mu ), th bt k
khi no bn m mt send trong hp Output Selector (xem mc trn) hoc nhp nt Output
Window ca mt track khc, th track hin dch b thay th bi ca s Track hay Send Output
mi.
Inverse Pan: i vi nhng stereo track, nt ny bo m rng khi bn di chuyn mt nt
iu khin pan (tri hoc phi), th nt kia s di chuyn ng theo chiu ngc li. Phi chc
chn l nt Panner Link (xem mc k tip) c n th tnh nng ny mi hiu lc.
Panner Link button: Nt ny lin kt hai nt iu khin pan trn mt stereo track. Khi nt
ny c kch hot, khi di chuyn mt nt trt panning th nt kia cng di chuyn ti cng mt
v tr; khi nt ny khng c kch hot, bn c th di chuyn mi nt iu khin mt cch c
lp.
Pan controls: Nhng nt ny dng iu chnh thng s pan cho track.
Track fader: Nt ny iu chnh m lng ca track.
Track meter: Khung hin th ny cho thy thanh p ca track khi phin lm vic pht li.
Mute: n nt ny s lm track cm ting.
Solo: Nhp nt ny th track c din.
Automation Mode: T trnh n x xung ny, bn chn ch automation cho track.
Thit lp ca s Send Output
Ca s Send Output, nh thy trong Hnh 2-10, hin th thng tin c bn ging vi ca s Track
Output (xem Hnh 2-8), nhng c hai khc bit:
Send Selector: Thay v nhn thy v chn output dnh cho track (Output Selector), bn c
th chn bt k send no trong nm send ca track.

18

 Nt Pre/Post: Nt ny iu khin send c t trc (pre) hay sau (post) nt iu khin

fader ca track. Chnh nt c ghi ch Pre ngay bn di tn ca track cung cp send ny. Khi
nt ny c kch hot th tn hiu c gi i trc khi ti fader (pre-fader), cn nu nt ny
khng c kch hot th tn hiu c gi i sau khi i qua fader (post-fader).
Mun m ca s Send Output, bn ch cn nhp tn Send trong danh sch Send ca track ti ca
s Mix.
Hnh 2-10: Dng ca s Send Output xc lp thng s iu khin send mt cch
nhanh chng v d dng.
S dng plug-in
Khi no mun x l track trong Pro Tools, nh thm EQ, hiu ng hoc x l cng bin, bn
hy dng plug-in. Plug-in l cng c x l audio dng thay i ting cho tp tin gc. Mt s
plug-in bin i vnh vin tp tin gc v hot ng ngoi tuyn (offline, ngha l vic x l din
ra m khng pht phin lm vic). V d nh trng hp ca pitch-shifting (chuyn dch cao
). Mt s plug-in khc, chng hn reverb, c tc ng ln tp tin audio nhng khng lm n
thay i vnh vin, vic x l din ra trong thi gian thc khi phin lm vic pht li.
Hai kiu x l audio ny ngoi tuyn v thi gian thc l nhng cng c trong s nhiu cng
c di do nng lc khc m bn c th s dng trong Pro Tools. Vi nhng cng c ny, bn c
th b sung compression (ting nn), reverb (ting di), delay (ting tr) v hng l nhng ci
thin khc cho m nhc ca mnh. Nhng gii hn ca bn ch l s plug-in bn ang c sn v
nng lc x l ca my tnh. Phn sau y s gii thiu cho bn hai kiu plug-in, l RTAS
(Real Time AudioSuite) v AudioSuite, v sau s hng dn bn cch nh tuyn h thng
bn c th s dng chng mt cch hiu qu.
B x l audio thi gian thc (Real Time AudioSuite, RTAS)
Nhng plug-in RTAS x l audio trong khi phin lm vic ang pht, cho php bn iu chnh
ngay ti ch v c th nghe thy nhng thay i tc th. Tnh nng ny s rt c dng, chng
hn nh khi b sung ting nn, ting tr v ting di. Nhc im ca n l do vic x l din ra
trong khi phin lm vic ang pht, nn bn phi s dng nhiu nng lc x l ca my tnh hn
m i khi l rt nhiu, nh trong trng hp ca ting di. Phn tip sau y s trnh by
nhng iu c bn v vic s dng nhng plug-in RTAS. Bn tham kho nhng Chng 3-5
trong sch ny bit thm thng tin chi tit.
nh tuyn cho RTAS plug-ins
RTAS plug-in cng ging nh nhng b x l hiu ng m bn cm vo b trn ting. Ting
ca nhng track c gi ti nhng hiu ng ny v c nh tuyn ngc tr li qua b trn
ting nn bn c th nghe thy ting c x l.
C hai cch t nhng hiu ng ny vo b trn ting bn trong Pro Tools, mt l s dng insert,
hai l s dng send v return. (Bn xem li mc Hon tt vic nh tuyn phn trc bit
thm v insert v send).
Inserts: V c bn, chn mt plug-in chnh l t hiu ng vo ng truyn cng vi audio
khi n i qua di knh trong b trn ting. iu ny c ngha l mi ting t tp tin audio u i
qua hiu ng trn ng ra khi b trn ting (v n tai bn).
Khi chn mt plug-in, bn c th chn mt trong ba nh dng:
Mono in/mono out: Mt knh vo v mt knh ra khi hiu ng.
19

 Mono in/stereo out: Mt knh vo v hai knh ra.

Stereo in/stereo out: Hai knh vo v hai knh ra.
Sends: Nh s dng send cho nhng hiu ng, bn c th nh tuyn mt phn tn hiu ca
track, ri sau iu khin bng thanh p Send. Nhng send ny c nh tuyn ti mt track
ph m bn trong track ny c hiu ng chn. Do vy, bn c th nh tuyn nhiu track ti mt
hiu ng n l.
Tm hiu ca s RTAS Plug-In
Khi chn mt plug-in (hoc nhp vo tn plug-in trong phn Inserts ca di knh ca track), mt
ca s m ra, hin th nhng nt iu khin ca plug-in, nh thy trong Hnh 2-11. Thng th
a s plug-in u c nhng nt iu khin nh ca s tng t vi nhng nt c m t
trong danh sch sau:
Hnh 2-11: a s ca s plug-in u c nhng nt iu khin tng t nh hnh trn.
Nt chn Track: Nt ny c dng chn xem nhng plug-in ca bt k track no trong
phin lm vic (ngoi tr MIDI). Khi chn mt track khng c plug-in th s khng thy insert
no.
Nt chn Insert Position: Dng nt ny truy cp bt k insert no ca track ang hot
ng.
Nt chn Plug-In: T trnh n ny, bn chn mt RTAS plug-in c trong th mc Plug-Ins
(th mc t trong th mc Pro Tools trn cng).
Nt Effect Bypass: Nt ny dng b qua hiu ng (ngc nhin cha), nn bn c th so
snh mt cch nhanh chng v d dng gia nhng ting p dng hiu ng v cha p dng
hiu ng. Mt hiu ng b b qua khng p dng s c mu xanh trong ca s Mix v Edit. Nh
vy bn c th d dang bit c mt hiu ng c b b qua hay khng m khng cn m ht
nhng ca s plug-in.
Trnh n Settings: Khi nhp v gi nt chut trn nhng mi tn bn tri ca s, bn s
ti trnh n x xung Settings, nh thy trong Hnh 2-12. Trnh n ny cho bn save (lu),
copy (chp), paste (dn), import (xut), delete (xa), v lock (kha) nhng thit nh ca plugin, cng nh thit lp nhng thng s bn mong mun (nh ni lu nhng thit nh ny chng
hn).

Hnh 2-12: Dng trnh n Plug-Ins Settings lu nhng thit nh v nhiu vic
khc.
Trnh n Librarian: T trnh n x xung ny, bn chn nhng thit nh v plug-in
mnh lu. Trnh n ny c kch hot bng cch nhp v gi nt chut trn tn ca thit
nh (c nhn l Factory Default trong Hnh 2-11) bn cnh nhng mi tn dng cho trnh n
x xung Settings.
Nt Previous (-): Nhp nt ny di chuyn ti plug-in preset bn lu trc trong danh
sch preset.
Nt Next (+): Nhp nt ny di chuyn ti plug-in preset bn lu sau trong danh sch
20

preset.
Nt Preset list: Nhp nt ny m danh sch plug-in preset, t danh sch ny bn chn
preset mnh mong mun.
Nt Compare: Nhp nt ny chuyn bt qua li gia thit nh hin thi v thit nh
trc y.
Nt Auto: Nhp nt ny s m hp thoi Plug-In Automation, ti y bn c th thit nh
automation (ch t ng) cho nhng thng s plug-in chn. (Chng 6 ca sch ny c
trnh by thm v automation).
Nt Automation Safe: Kch hot nt ny trnh vic ghi ln d liu automation lu.
Nt Master Link: Nu nt ny c kch hot, bn c th iu khin mi knh ca mt
multi-mono plug-in cng mt lc. Bn c th nhn thy nhng knh ca phin lm vic trong
hp mu xm bn trn nt ny. Hp vung nh mu en biu th cho nhng knh. Trong Hnh 211, bn thy c 2 hp bi v y l mt phin lm vic stereo. Hp vung bn tri biu th cho
knh tri, v hp vung bn phi biu th cho knh phi.
Nt chn Channel: Dng nt ny chn knh iu chnh cho plug-in.
Nt Target: Nhn nt ny s gi ca s Plug-In hin dch vn m khi bn m mt plug-in
khc. Nu nt ny b tt, khi nhp tn plug-in trong insert ca track, ca s ang m s b thay
th bng mt ca s khc.
Nt Phase Invert: Nt ny (khng phi mi plug-in u c) cho php bn o ngc pha
ca audio i qua plug-in. iu ny c ngha l, lt ngc hnh sng t trn xung di. Quyn
IV, Chng 1 c trnh by thm v hnh sng.
Lm vic vi RTAS plug-ins
Chc chn l bn s dng rt nhiu thi gian s dng nhng plug-in. Tr phi c mt bng
iu khin, bng khng bn s tn nhiu thi gian hn mc cn thit do vic s dng chut vi
nhng nt iu khin. Trong danh sch sau y, ti s cung cp mt s phm tt lm cho vic
s dng nhng plug-in c nhanh chng v d dng hn:
Tinh chnh bng chut: Nhn Command (Mac) hoc Ctrl (PC) khi ko nt iu khin plugin.
a nt iu khin tr li xc lp mc nh: Nhn Option (Mac) hoc Alt (PC) khi nhp
chut vo nt iu khin.
Chuyn t nt iu khin ny sang nt khc trong mt plug-in: Nhn phm Tab trn bn
phm. Mun tr lui, nhn Shift+Tab.
S dng thng s plug-in c n v kilohertz (kHz): Nhn phm k t K sau k s
kilohertz bn nhp vo. V d, mun nhp 10 kHz, bn g 10k.
Tng tr mt thng s m khng cn dng chut: Nhn phm mi tn hng ln () trn
bn phm; mun gim mt tr s, bn nhn phm mi tn hng xung ().
Nhp mt tr s thng qua bn phm: G vo mt s trong hp thng s ri nhn
Return/Enter.
S dng AudioSuite plug-in ngoi tuyn
Pro Tools c trang b nhiu plug-in ngoi tuyn, l nhng hiu ng bn c th dng x l
nhng track nhm thay i tp tin audio gc hay to mt tp tin mi. Nhng kiu plug-in ny
c lit k mc AudioSuite trong trnh n chnh. Hnh 2-13 trnh by trnh n AudioSuite.
Mi mc s c m rng bao gm tt c nhng plug-in c hiu lc trong kiu plug-in .

21

Hnh 2-13: Dng nhng AudioSuite plug-in x l track ngoi tuyn.

Khi bn chn mt plug-in t trnh n AudioSuite, mt ca s m ra, trong bao gm nhng
nt iu khin ca plug-in, nh thy trong Hnh 2-14. Bn s nhn thy l hu nh tt c plug-in
u c cng nhng nt iu khin. Chng bao gm nhng nt sau:
Hnh 2-14: Nhng ca s AudioSuite plug-in u c nhng nt iu khin tng t
nhau
Plug-in Selector: T trnh n ny, bn chn bt k AudioSuite plug-in no c lit k
trong trnh n AudioSuite.
Selection Reference: Trnh n ny l ni bn chn nhng khu vc c x l. Theo mc
nh, khi bn chn mt khu vc trong track, th playlist, danh sch Audio Regions, v tt c
nhng s kin ca khu vc chn u c x l. Bn c th gii hn vic x l cho
track/playlist hoc danh sch Audio Regions bng cch chn t trnh n x xung. Nhng la
chn ca bn l:
Playlist: Nu chn Playlist, th ch nhng khu vc c chn trong track hoc trong playlist
ca ca s Edit c x l.
Region List: Nu chn mc ny, th ch nhng khu vc c chn trong danh sch Audio
Regions c x l.
Use in Playlist: Nt ny dng chn mt trong hai trng hp. Mt l, vic x l s p
dng cho tt c nhng s kin ca nhng khu vc c chn trong sut phin lm vic. Hai l,
vic x l ch p dng cho nhng mc bn chn thi. Nhng xc lp ny bao gm:
Off: Khi nt ny khng c kch hot, phn audio x l c b sung vo danh sch Audio
Regions, nhng khng c a vo phin lm vic.
On: Khi nt ny c kch hot, phn audio x l c t vo playlist tng ng vi tham
chiu Selection (vng chn) bn chn. (Xem mc Tham chiu Selection). Nu bn chn
Region List, th tt c nhng bn sao ca khu vc u b thay th bn trong phin lm vic. Nu
bn chn Playlist, th ch nhng khu vc bn chn trong track mi b thay th m thi.
File Mode Selector: T trnh n ny, bn chn cch thc x l audio. C ba ty chn:
Overwrite Files: Tnh nng ny ghi ln tp tin gc. Khng phi plug-in no cng c tnh
nng ny.
Create Individual Files: Tnh nng ny to mt tp tin audio mi cho tng khu vc x l.
Nhng khu vc ny xut hin trong danh sch Audio Regions.
Create Continuous File: Nu tnh nng ny c chn, th khu vc chn c x l nh
mt tp tin audio n l. Ty chn ny khng hiu lc nu bn chn tham chiu Selection l
Region List. (Xem mc Tham chiu Selection).
Process Mode Selector: Trnh n ny ch xut hin nu vng chn ca bn c nhiu hn
mt khu vc. Theo tnh nng ny, bn c th chn, hoc vic x l din ra trn tng khu vc,
hoc vic x l p dng trn ton b vng chn.
Trnh n Settings: Ti trnh n x xung ny, bn c th lu, chp, dn, nhp, xa v
kha nhng thit nh plug-in, cng nh xc lp nhng thng s plug-in mong mun (nh ni
lu tr nhng thit nh ny). Hnh 2-12 trnh by trnh n ny.
Trnh n Librarian: T trnh n x xung ny, bn chn thit nh plug-in mnh lu.
Nt Compare: Nhp nt ny so snh ting x l vi ting cha x l.
Nt Preview: Nhn nt ny nghe th audio trc khi quyt nh x l.

22

 Nt Bypass: Nt ny b qua hiu ng, nh vy, bn so snh mt cch d dng v nhanh

chng gia nhng ting x l v cha x l. (Nt ny ch p dng cho tnh nng Preview v
khng lm thay i vic x l tp tin).
Process: Nhp nt ny th tin trnh x l (nhng) khu vc bn chn din ra theo nhng
thit nh c trong ca s ny.
S dng AudioSuite plug-in x l mt khu vc audio
Bn c th s dng AudioSuite plug-in x l bt k phn no ca mt khu vc audio. Nu
bn chn mt phn ca khu vc, khu vc s b tch phn c chn tr thnh mt khu vc
ring.
Mun s dng AudioSuite plug-in, bn theo nhng bc sau:
1. Dng cng c Selector chn mt hoc nhiu khu vc (nhp v ko ngang qua chng)
bn mun x l trong ca s Edit.
Quyn IV, Chng 2 m t chi tit th tc ny.
GHI NH: Khi x l audio bng nhng plug-in Reverb hoc Delay, bn phi bo m l vng
chn c thm khng gian ph tri phn cui cha ting di v ting tr thc s; nu khng
th ting s b ct mt.
2. Chn plug-in t trnh n AudioSuite.
Ca s plug-in xut hin.
3. Nhp Preview nghe qua cht liu c chn.
4. iu chnh nhng nt iu khin plug-in cho ti khi t nhng thng s v ting v x
l mong mun.
Phn trc c trnh by v nhng thit nh ny c dng vo nhng vic g.
5. Nhp nt Process.
Pro Tools lin x l audio.
GHI NH: Nn nhn thc r l vic x l s tn nhiu thi gian v lun i hi nng lc my
tnh.
X l bng nhng hiu ng ngoi
Bn c th kt ni nhng thit b hiu ng ngoi (nh ting di v ting nn) vi Pro Tools v
nh tuyn send v insert ti chng mt cch d dng. Li im ca vic s dng thit b ngoi
(cng vi ngun nng lc x l vn c) l bn c th gim bt i hi i vi ngun ti nguyn
ca h thng. im bt li l, vic ra khi ri tr v li Pro Tools lm tn thi gian; bn phi
chu mt tr (latency) ca tn hiu qui hi, c bit khi bn s dng mt kt ni tng t
trong giao din Digidesign. tr ny khng phi l vn g ln i vi ting di, bi v mt
pre-delay c trong hiu ng d sao cng ng mong mun, nhng n l mt kh khn thc s
nu bn s dng mt thit b nn tng t. (Chng 5 trong sch ny c trnh by v pre-delay
trong ting di).
TH THUT: Cch hay nht loi b tr vn c trong vic nh tuyn ti mt thit b
tng t ngoi l, ghi hiu ng ca bn vo mt track mi, ri dch chuyn n sang mt khu vc
mi trong track , min lm sao n ng b vi track gc ca nhc c l c. (Quyn IV,
Chng 3 c gii thch tin trnh dch chuyn nhng khu vc).
Vic s dng mt thit b hiu ng ngoi yu cu ba bc n gin: to mt insert phn cng,
kt ni thit b vo giao din, v ch nh insert cho track. Bn s thc hin nh th no?

23

To mt insert phn cng

Trc khi c th nh tuyn insert ca track ti mt thit b ngoi, bn cn to mt insert phn
cng l insert trong mt track dng nh tuyn tn hiu ti mt trong nhng ng vo v
ng ra ca giao din Digidesign. Bn lm theo nhng bc sau:
1. Chn Setup > I/O Setup t trnh n chnh.
Hp thoi I/O Setup xut hin.
2. Nhp th Insert trong hp thoi I/O Setup.
3. Chn mt trong nhng ng dn insert c lit k (hoc chn Default nu khng c
ng dn no); nhp kp vo ng dn to mt tn mi cho n.
Insert c hin sng.
4. G vo mt tn mi cho insert.
5. Chn mt nh dng thch hp cho ng dn insert (mono hay stereo), ri nhp OK.
Kt ni thit b ngoi
Bn c th kt ni mt thit b tng t hoc k thut s lm insert phn cng. Phn sau y m
t cch kt ni cho c hai loi thit b.
Kt ni mt thit b tng t
Vic kt ni mt thit b tng t tht ra chng c g nhiu. Bn ch vic lm nh sau:
1. Chn ng ra v ng vo (hoc pairs cho stereo) tng ng vi insert m ti ch bn
cch to phn trc, mc To mt insert phn cng.
2. Kt ni ng ra ca giao din Digidesign vi ng vo ca thit b ngoi.
3. Kt ni ng ra ca thit b ngoi vi ng vo c chn trn giao din Degidesign.
Kt ni mt thit b k thut s
Ch, ch ny ng phi k thut cao ri, phi khng bn? Nhng khng sao. Vic kt ni mt
thit b k thut s c kh khn hn mt cht, nhng cng khng ti ni lm in ci u.
1. Kt ni thit b ngoi vi giao din Degidesign qua nhng im kt ni c mt sau
ca thit b.
Ty theo thit b, hoc bn dng kt ni quang hc, hoc bn s dng kt ni S/PDIF ng trc.
(Quyn I, Chng 2 c trnh by thm v nhng kiu kt ni ny). Kt ni ng ra ca giao din
Degidesign vi ng vo ca thit b ngoi, v kt ni ng ra ca thit ngoi vi ng vo ca giao
din Degidesign.
2. Chn Setup > Hardware t trnh n chnh.
Hp thoi Hardware Setup xut hin.
3. Nhp vo giao din Digidesign trong phn Peripheral ca ca s chn giao din
Digidesign ca bn.
Nu bn ch c duy nht mt giao din Digidesign kt ni vi my tnh th n t ng hin sng.
4. Thc hin mt trong nhng ng tc sau trong phn Digital Input ca hp thoi
Hardware Setup:
Connect through the optical ports. Chn S/PDIF t trnh n x xung Optical Format.
Connect through the coaxial (RCA) S/PDIF jack.
5. Chn ngun ng h (clock sourc) l ng h k thut s iu khin h thng ca
bn t trnh n x xung Clock Source.

24

 External: Nu bn mun dng thit b hiu ng lm ngun ng h.

Internal: Nu bn mun Pro Tools l ngun ng h (hoc nu bn khng bit ngun ng
h l g).
Bn tham kho Sch Hng dn S dng Pro Tools, hoc xem Quyn II, Chng 2 bit thm
v ngun ng h.
6. Xc lp thit b ngoi lm ngun ng h thch hp: Internal nu bn chn External
trong Pro Tools, v External nu bn chn Internal trong Pro Tools.
Cm nang s dng thit b chc c m t v tin trnh ny.
7. Nhp OK.
nh tuyn track
Mun nh tuyn insert ca track ti insert phn cng kt ni vi thit b hiu ng, bn chn
insert phn cng t trnh n x xung Insert, trnh n ny c truy cp bng cch nhp v
gi nt chut trn nhng mi tn trong phn Insert ca di knh ca track.
By gi bn sn sng tin hnh cng vic v s dng b x l hiu ng ngoi cho nhng
track Pro Tools.
TH THUT: im bt li duy nht trong vic s dng nhng hiu ng ngoi i vi Pro
Tools l bn khng th lu nhng thit nh hiu ng c dng trong phin lm vic Pro Tools,
nh khi bn s dng mt plug-in RTAS. khc phc nhc im ny, ti thng g vo bn
m t hiu ng (s liu v thit nh) m ti dng cho mt track trong phn Comments ca
track. Mun nhp vo thng tin ny, bn nhp kp vo tn track trong ca s Edit hoc Mix
gi hp thoi Name Track ln. G vo bn m t hiu ng v nhng iu gi nh cn thit trong
phn Comments, ri nhp OK lu nhng li bnh lun v ng ca s.
Chng 3: iu chnh m tn (gi tt l iu tn)
Nhng mc chnh:
Tm hiu v iu chnh m tn
Chn EQ vo mt track
Tm hiu v nhng ty chn EQ trong Pro Tools
iu chnh m tn cho track
iu chnh m tn (Equalization) c ngha l thay i s p ng tn s ca d liu trong phin
lm vic lm track pht ting ng theo mong mun. Mc ch chnh ca vic iu tn trong
khi trn ting l lm cho nhng nhc c din tu trong bi nhc ha hp vi nhau mt cch m
thm. (Quyn VI, nhng Chng 1 v 2 trnh by v tin trnh trn ting nhng track).
Trong chng ny, bn s khm ph nhng b iu tn c dng trong Pro Tools, v ti s
hng dn bn cch p dng EQ cho nhng track. Chng ny cn cung cp mt s thit nh
EQ c bn cho nhiu loi nhc c bn c th khi s iu chnh m tn cho nhng bi nhc
ca mnh.
Tm hiu vic iu chnh m tn
Cng c hu dng nht trong vic trn ting l s iu chnh m tn (. Bn s dng nhng b
iu tn iu chnh nhng tn s khc nhau ca nhng nhc c, sao cho nhc c no cng c
khng gian m thanh trong nhng stereo track. Pro Tools cung cp ba dng iu chnh m
tn, l parametric, low-shelf/high-shelf, and low-pass/high-pass. Ti s m t s lc ba dng
EQ ny trong nhng phn tip theo y.

25

Parametric
Vic s dng b iu chnh m tn parametric cho php bn chn tn s mnh mun thay i
cng nh dy tn s chung quanh tn s . Khi iu chnh m tn theo dng parametric, bn ch
nh tn s mun thay i, ri xc lp dy tn s (c tham chiu l Q) chu tc dng. Dng
EQ ny c gi l peak hay notch trong Pro Tools. N c biu th bng biu tng sau:
Q l mt s cho bit dy tn s m EQ tc dng, thng l t ti 2 qung tm. Pro Tools cung
cp nhng thit nh t .33 ti 12, vi nhng s nh th dy tn s chu tc dng s ln hn.
GHI NH: Bn chn thit nh Q da theo ting nhc mnh nghe c trong bn trn ting.
Cng ging vic th nghim vi nhiu tn s khc nhau iu chnh khi trn ting, bn cng
c th th nghim nhiu thit nh Q tm ra dy tn s ti u.
TH THUT: Ci hay ca vic s dng mt parametric EQ l bn c th chn mt di tn nh,
ri nng (tng) hoc ct (gim) bt. Kh nng ny cho php bn ha hp nhng nhc c khc
nhau c trong bn trn ting. (K thut ny c gi l carving out frequencies, c bt tn s).
Trong khi trn ting, parametric EQ chnh l b iu tn hu dng nht, bi v bn c th iu
chnh s p ng tn s ca tng nhc c, sao cho nhng nhc c khc pht ting c r nt
trong bn trn ting. Nhc im ca vic s dng nhng parametric EQ l chng i hi nng
lc x l. Nu bn phi thc hin nhiu vic iu tn, c th bn s gy sc p rt ln ln h
thng. (Li thm mt l do na sm mt my tnh mnh).
Low-shelf/high-shelf
B iu tn shelf tc dng ln di tn bn trn (high-shelf, shelf-thp) hoc bn di (low-shelf,
shelf-cao )tn s ch. iu tn Shelf thng c s dng gim bt phn nh hay phn y
ca mt tn ph. Ni v d, bn c th dng mt EQ shelf-thp gim bt nhng tn s di
250 hertz (Hz), EQ ny s lc bt nhng ting rm rm (ting n tn s thp) trong bn thu m.
Thng th bn s dng shelf EQ iu chnh nhng tn s thp nht v cao nht, v dng
parametric EQ iu chnh nhng tn s trung bnh khi trn ting.
Trong Pro Tools, nhng EQ shelf-thp v shelf-cao c biu th bng nhng biu tng nh
bn thy u dng pha trn. Shefl-thp l chng ba quay tri (trn) v shelf-cao l chng ba
quay phi (di).
Low-pass/high-pass
D tin hay khng, nhng i khi track nhc ca bn s pht ting hay hn nu bn loi b mt
s m tn chn lc. C iu l bn phi bit loi b nhng tn s no. y chnh l ch m hai
tnh nng ca Pro Tools c th tr gip bn chi tr tung hng vi m thanh: low-pass (dm
nhng tn s cao bn khng thch) v high-pass (b qua nhng tn s thp bn khng a).
Dng EQ ny c tn gi thc s l b lc (filter), n lc b nhng tn s cao hn (low-pass)
hoc thp hn (high-pass) so vi tn s ch. B lc low-pass c dng loi b nhng tn s
cao khng mun c, v b lc high-pass l dnh chia tay vi nhng tn s thp khng mong
i. Trong Pro Tools, nhng b lc low- v high-pass c biu th bng nhng biu tng bn
thy u dng pha trn. B lc low-pass l hnh dc nghing xung (trn) v b lc high-pass
c hnh dc nghing ln (di).
Thc hin iu tn
Trc khi iu tn cho nhng track, bn cn bit cch chn EQ plug-in vo track v cch p
26

dng thc s nhng iu chnh ca mt plug-in trong Pro Tools. Phn tip sau y s trnh by
chi tit nhng th tc ny.
Chn mt EQ plug-in vo track
Mun EQ (iu tn) mt track, trc ht bn phi chn AudioSuite plug-in ca Pro Tools vo
track. Mun lm vy, bn theo nh sau:
1. Chn View > Mix Window > Inserts t trnh n chnh nhm bo o phn Inserts
c hin th trong ca s Mix.
2. Nhp mi tn bn tri phn Inserts ca di knh ca track.
Trnh n x xung Inserts xut hin, nh thy trong Hnh 3-1.
3. Mun chn ng loi track bn c, bn chn mc Multi-Channel Plug-In hoc the
Multi-Mono Plug-In.
Nu track thuc dng stereo, bn dng Multi-Channel; cn nu l mono, bn s dng MultiMono.
4. Chn ty chn 1-Band EQ3, 4-Band EQ-3, hoc 7-Band EQ 3.
Ca s ca EQ plug-in bn chn m ra. (Ty chn 1-Band EQ 3 cho bn xc lp mt thng s
EQ, trong khi , vi ty chn 4-Band EQ 3, bn c th xc lp 4 thng s EQ. Chc l bn
on c vi ty chn 7-Band EQ-3, mnh s lm vic c vi my thng s). Mun bit ty
chn no i vi bn l tt nht, hy xem tip.
5. iu chnh thng s bn mun iu tn.
Bn s thy nhng thng s c bit ca tng dng EQ parametric, low-shelf/ high-shelf, v
low-pass/high-pass - phn sau trong chng.
Hnh 3-1: Chn EQ plug-in chn vo track
TH THUT: Nu mun EQ nhiu track cng mt lc v s dng cng nhng thit nh
(nhng bn trn ting ph chng hn), bn lm nh sau:
1. Chn mt trong nhng ng truyn t nt chn Output trong tng track bn mun
submix (trn ting ph).
2. Chn Track > New t trnh n chnh.
Hp thoi New Track xut hin.
3. Dng trnh n x xung nhp vo s lng track (chn 1), loi (chn Auxiliary
Input), v mun track l stereo hay mono.
4. Dng nt chn Input ca track chn ng truyn bn s dng lm ng ra cho
nhng submix track, n nh ng truyn ny lm ng vo cho track ph ny.
5. Chn mt trong nhng EQ plug-in t trnh n x xung Insert trong track ph ny.
Ca s EQ plug-in m ra.
6. iu chnh nhng thit nh EQ t ting nhc mong mun.
Bn s thy nhng thng s c bit ca tng dng EQ parametric, low-shelf/ high-shelf, v
low-pass/high-pass - phn sau trong chng.
Tm hiu nhng ty chn EQ ca Pro Tools
S dng EQ trong Pro Tools bao gm vic la chn mt trong nhng plug-in, chn n vo track
bn mun p dng, v thit nh nhng thng s. Pro Tools c trang b ba EQ c bn: 1-band
EQ, 4-band EQ, v 7-band EQ. Chng l thnh phn trong b cng c thi gian thc AudioSuite
RTAS y chnh l nh dng plug-in m Pro Tools s dng.

27

GHI NH: Bn c th s dng bt k EQ plug-in thuc dng RTAS no, nhng phi mua ring
tng ci. Nu tm kim trn Internet vi t kha RTAS plug-ins, th chc chn bn s tm thy c
ng, tha h m chn. 1-band EQ plug-in dng cho Pro Tools, nh thy trong Hnh 3-2, gip bn
p dng mt b lc EQ cho mt track. EQ ny hu dng khi bn ch mun iu chnh mt thng
s. Bn c th chn bt k dng EQ no - parametric, low-shelf/high-shelf, v low-pass/highpass bng cch nhp chut vo nt thch hp kch hot EQ mnh chn.
4-band and 7-band EQs
4-band v 7-band EQs trong Pro Pro Tools, nh thy trong Hnh 3-3, cho php bn iu chnh
ti 4 hoc 7 (theo th t) b lc EQ cho mt track. Dng EQ ny hu dng khi bn buc phi
thc hin nhiu cng vic iu tn cho mt track. C hai EQ u dng chung mt ca s. iu
khc bit l, i vi 4-band EQ, bn ch c th chn ti a l 4 trong s 7 di tn kh dng ca
EQ. Trong khi , 7-band EQ li cho s dng tt c nhng di tn.
Hnh 3-2: 1-band EQ plug-in trong Pro Tools cho bn thit lp mt thng s EQ.
Hnh 3-3 cho thy tt c 7 di tn. Nhng di tn l:
HPF (High-Pass Filter): Nm bn tri ca khung ha hin th EQ, ti y bn c th
chn b lc high-pass hoc thit nh notch EQ.
LPF (Low-Pass Filter): Nm ngay bn tri ca khung ha hin th EQ, ti y bn c th
chn b lc low-pass hoc thit nh notch EQ.
LF (Low Frequency): Bn c th chn gia mt peak hoc low-shelf EQ bng cch nhp
vo biu tng thch hp bn cnh tn LF.
LMF (Lower-Middle Frequency): La chn duy nht l peak EQ.
MF (Middle Frequency): Cng vy, la chn duy nht ca bn l peak EQ.
HMF (High-Middle Frequency): Ti y, bn c th iu chnh mt peak EQ.
HF (High Frequency): Ging ty chn LF, EQ ny c th l mt peak hoc mt shelf (ln
ny l high-shelf) EQ.
Khi kch hot mi di tn ca EQ (bng cch nhp nt In di nt Q), th c mt chm hin r
trong phn ha ca ca s EQ, cho bn bit l EQ ang tc dng trn track m EQ c ch
nh. Nhng chm ny c m ha bng mu bn d bit v tr ca di tn trong th.
Hnh 3-3: S dng 4-band v 7-band EQ trong Pro Tools p dng 4 hoc 7 b lc
EQ cho mt track.
S dng EQ dng parametric (peak v notch)
Mun s dng parametric EQ, bn nhp nt Peak EQ trong mt ca s EQ plug-in no nh
1-band hoc 4-band chng hn m bn m. Bn c th iu chnh ba thng s:
Q: y l di tn s m EQ s tc dng. S cng cao, di iu tn cng hp. Bn iu chnh
thng s ny bng cch xoay nt vn, hoc nhp vo hp ri g vo mt tr s gia .1 v 10.
Freq: y l tn s trung tm ca EQ. Bn chn di tn bn trn v bn di im ny bng
cch s dng thit nh Q (xem mc k tip). Bn c th g tn s vo hp hoc s dng nt vn
iu chnh.
Gain: y l s lng boost (tng) hoc cut (gim) bn p dng cho tn hiu. Bn c th g
s lng vo trong hp bn cnh nt Peak EQ, hoc dng nt xoay bn phi.

28

S dng low-shelf/high-shelf EQ
Mun s dng low-shelf/high-shelf EQ, bn nhp nt Low Shelf v High Shelf trong di tn EQ
mun kch hot. Khi dng low-shelf/high-shelf EQ, bn c ba thng s iu chnh:
Q: y l di tn m EQ s tc dng. S cng cao, di iu tn cng hp. Bn iu chnh
thng s ny bng cch xoay nt vn hoc nhp vo hp ri g mt tr s gia.1 v 2.
Freq: y l tn s m shelf bt u. Bn c th g tn s vo hp hoc dng nt xoay
iu chnh.
Gain: y l s lng boost (tng) cut (gim) bn p dng cho tn hiu. Bn c th g s
lng vo hp bn cnh nt shelf hoc s dng nt xoay bn phi.
S dng low-pass/high-pass EQ
y l ch bn cho Pro Tools bit phi trnh nhng tn s no khi iu chnh EQ. Nhng nt
low- v high-pass nm bn cnh tn ca di tn EQ. Bn iu chnh hai thng s:
Q: y l gii tn m EQ c tc dng. Vi nhng b lc ny, bn c th chn gia 6, 12, v
24 decibels (dB) cho tng qung 8.
S cng cao, tn s c lc cng k.
Freq: y l tn s m b lc bt u c hiu lc. Bn c th g tn s vo hp hoc iu
chnh bng nt xoay.
GHI NH: i vi mi dng EQ, bn c th nhp v ko du chm c m mu trong khung
ha hin th thit nh di tn EQ. Vic ko sang tri hay phi s lm thay i tn s m EQ
c thit nh; khi ko ln ko xung, bn c th thay i gain.
iu tn cho track
C nhiu tn s c p dng cho mi nhc c trong bn trn ting. Nu c nhiu nhc c chim
mt gii tn c bit no , th chng s tranh ginh ln nhau v lm c bn trn ting. Mc
tiu ca bn khi iu tn l gim bt nhng tn s gy ri lon v/hoc tng cng nhng tn s
c trng cho mt nhc c. Mun thc hin iu ny, bn hy to thm mt t khng gian m
thanh na cho tng nhc c bn trong gii tn chung, bng cch iu tn ring cho tng track khi
trn ting. Phn u ca chng ny hng dn bn cch chun b thc hin vic iu tn.
Trong phn cn li ca chng, bn s tri qua mt vi kinh nghim iu tn thc s.
TH THUT: Sau y l mt mnh quyt nh s boost (tng) hoc cut (gim) nhng tn s
no trong giai on u: Trc ht, cho c din (nhng) track bn ang lm vic, v thit nh
parametric EQ vi thng s Q hp (tc mt tr s cao). Tip n, nng boost ln (ko con trt
Gain sang phi) ri iu chnh thng s trong lc nghe (mun iu chnh, bn ch vic di chuyn
con trt Freq sang tri v phi). Vic ch ghi nhn nhng khu vc c ting pht d v ting
pht hay s gip bn bit c nhng tn s m nhc c to ra. Khi tm ra tn s cn iu
chnh, bn hy th nghim vi thit nh Q khm ph di tn to ra ting hon ho nht, on
iu chnh s lng boost hoc cut cho ti khi t c kt qu mong mun.
Sau khi xc nh c nhng tn s bn mong mun lm vic, hy iu tn cho tng track
ring khi nhc c pht trong bn trn ting (ch khng phi c din). Bn mun ha hp mt
nhc c vi nhng nhc c cn li ti mc hay nht, v mun c vy, bn phi bit nhc c
pht ting th no trong tng quan vi ton b ting nhc bao quanh n.
GHI NH: Mc tiu ca bn khi thc hin iu chnh trong EQ l lm cho mi track ha hp
vi nhau ti mc hon ho nht. Trong mt s trng hp, c th bn s phi thc hin vic iu
tn mt cch trit . ng ngi phi lm nhng vic cn thit c c bn trn ting pht
29

tht hay thm ch khi phi gim hoc tng ti nhng 12dB.
Nhng hng dn chung v EQ
Mc du mt s nhc c cn c nhng hng dn c bit, nhng bn cng cn bit v mt s
nhng im chung khi iu tn, bt k l nhc c no. Trong tn ph nghe c (khong 20 Hz
ti 20 kHz), c nhiu tn s c nhng tnh cht c bit:
Nhng tn s di 100 Hz c th lm m ting mt nhc c hoc c th to thm ting trm
cho n.
Nhng tn s gia 100 v 200 Hz c th lm c ting mt s nhc c v c th to s y
n cho nhng nhc c khc.
Nhng tn s chung quanh 400 Hz c th to ra m thanh c hiu ng hp.
Nhng tn s chung quanh 800 Hz c th to thm chiu su hoc gia tng khi.
Nhng tn s trong khong 1 kHz2 kHz c th to ra ting nh (attack, tn hiu khi u)
hoc ting vn (punch, ting nh r) cho mt s nhc c v c th to ra ting nght (nasally
sound) i vi mt s nhc c khc.
Nhng tn s trong khong 2 kHz5 kHz lm nhc c ni r hn.
Nhng tn s trong khong 5 kHz8 kHz c th to ra ting chi (sound harsh) cho mt s
nhc c.
Nhng tn s trong khong 8 kHz17 kHz to thm nt thanh thot hoc ti sng cho nhc
c.
GHI NH: Mun iu chnh thng s thng qua nhng EQ plug-in ca Pro Tools, bn dng nt
xoay Frequency chn tn s mong mun, v dng nt xoay Gain iu chnh s lng EQ
gia tng (vn nt qua phi) hoc ct gim (vn nt qua tri).
TH THUT: Thng thng, bn nn ct gim hn l gia tng tn s. Nim tin ny bt ngun
t nhng ngy ca EQ tng t vn thng to thm ting n khi gia tng mt tn hiu. iu
ny vn cn din ra i vi mt s EQ k thut s, nhng khng nghim trng lm. Do thi
quen, ti vn ct gim tn s trc khi gia tng chng, v ti khuyn bn cng nn lm nh vy
(tt nhin, khng phi do thi quen, nhng l do l, nu c s khc bit v ting n gia vic
tng v gim tn s, th bn cng bit cch phng nga).
GHI NH: Nhng tn s chnh xc bn quyt nh ct gim hoc gia tng ty thuc vo ba yu
t: ting nhc bn mun c, m sc c bit ca nhc c, v mi lin h gia tt c nhng nhc c
trong bi nhc. Trong phn tip theo y, ti s lit k nhng tn s dng trong vic ct gim
hoc gia tng cho tng nhc c. Nu khng mun theo tt c nhng ngh, bn ch chn nhng
ci ph hp vi mc tiu ca mnh thi.
Parametric EQ l dng EQ bn thng dng nht khi mun ha hp nhng track li vi nhau.
EQ ny cho php bn c c s kim sot ln nht i vi di tn bn iu chnh. Nhng dng
EQ khc (high-shelf, low-shelf, high-pass, low-pass) thng c s dng thnh cng i vi
nhng tn s cao hoc thp c lit k trong nhng phn tip theo.
iu tn cho b ht
i vi a phn nhng bi nhc ph thng, b ht l nhc c quan trng nht trong bi nhc.
Bn phi nghe c b ht mt cch r nt, v n phi c nt c th ca cht ging v phong
cch trnh din ca ngi ca s. Mt trong nhng li thng thng nht trong vic trn ting b
ht l lm n pht ting qu to. Li thng gp tip theo l lm n qu nh. (Li th hai thng
xy ra khi mt ca s c tnh e thn hoc rt r lm bn trn ting cho mnh). Bn mun b ht
chnh ni bt sut bi nhc, nhng khng mun n ln lt nhng nhc c khc. Cch hay nht
30

 thc hin vic ny l iu tn cho track b ht sao cho n nm ng ch trong bn trn ting
m vn nghe c mt cch r nt.
B ht chnh
C nhiu cch iu tn cho b ht chnh, ty theo ca s v th loi m nhc. Trong a s
trng hp, ti thng ct gim tn s mt cht khong 200 Hz, on thm mt vi dB tn
s 3 kHz, ri li thm mt vi dB tn s 10 kHz. Ni chung, bn lm theo nhng ch dn sau
y:
Mun ting ht y n, bn thm vi dB tn s 150 Hz.
Mun loi b ting khn c, bn ct gim vi dB tn s 200-250 Hz.
Mun ting ht trong tro, bn tng mt cht tn s 3 kHz.
Mun ting ht r hn, bn tng tn s 5 kHz.
Mun lm ting ht thanh thot hoc ti sng hn, bn tng tn s 10 kHz.
Mun loi b m x, ct gim mt t gia khong tn s 7.4 v 10 kHz..
B ht ph
Mun trnh cho b ht ph tranh chp vi b ht chnh, bn ct gim b ht ph mt cht u
tn s thp (di 250 Hz) v di tn 2.5-3.5 kHz. Mun thm tnh ti sng, bn gia tng mt
cht khong tn s 10 kHz m khng lm b ht ph ln vo b ht chnh.
iu tn cho Guitar
Trong a s trng hp, bn mun trnh ting guitar khn c v bo m l ting nh (attack)
ca guitar pht r trong bn trn ting.
Guitar in
Thng thng, cn ct gim mt cht tn s di 100 Hz loi b ting khn c cho guitar
in. Gia tng khong tn s 120 v 250 Hz s b sung c tnh m p. S gia tng trong gii
tn 2.5-4 kHz s lm ting nh ca guitar ni bt, v gia tng tn s 5 kHz s to thm
chi.
Guitar thng
Guitar thng thng pht ting rt hay khi ct gim mt cht tn s di 80 Hz, v ct gim
thm mt ln na khong tn s 800 Hz 1 kHz. Nu bn mun mt sc m nng nn v y
n hn, hy gia tng mt cht khong tn s 150-250 Hz. Cng vy, thm mt t dB khong
tn s 3-5 kHz nu mun nghe r ting nh (attack) hoc ting vn (punch). Thm mt t dB
tn s 7 kHz s lm ting guitar thng ti sng hn.
iu tn cho n Bass
Nhng nhc c bass rt d b khn c. Ting khn c thng din ra di tn 200-300 Hz,
nn hoc l ti nguyn, hoc l ti ct gim mt cht nu ting bass khng r nt. Him khi
ti thm bt k tn s no di 100 Hz. Nu nhc c pht ting bn bt hoc mng manh, ti gia
tng mt t gia khong tn s 100-200 Hz. Vic gia tng mt cht gia khong tn s 500 Hz-1
kHz s tng cng ting vn (punch), gia tng gia khong 2.5-5 kHz s tng mnh ting nh
(attack), nh vy ting bass c phn sng sa hn.
GHI NH: Mt trong nhng iu quan trng nht cn ghi nh i vi bass guitar l, phi bo

31

m rng n v ting trng p u c nghe thy. Bn cn phi iu chnh nhng tn s ca

hai nhc c ny to khng gian m thanh cho c hai. Nu b sung mt tn s cho trng p,
th phi ct gim cng tn s khi n bass.
iu tn cho trng
Nhng ch dn cho vic iu tn cho trng ty thuc vo vic bn s dng trng t nhin hay
my nh trng. (My nh trng c l i hi t EQ hn v ting trng iu tn ri khi chng
c to ra). Loi micro v v tr t micro cng nh hng ti cch bn iu tn cho trng.
(Bn c th c thm v k thut t micro trong Quyn III, Chng 2).
Trng p
Bn mun ting trng p ha trn vi ting bass guitar. Mun c vy, hy gim bt nhng
tn s vn c ca cy bass guitar. Ni v d, nu ti gia tng mt vi dB gia khong 100 v 200
Hz cho mt cy bass guitar, th thng thng ti s ct gim nhng tn s ny ca trng p (v
c th ln ti mc 250 Hz). Mun lm ni bt phn ting trm ca mt trng p, thnh thong
ti b sung mt vi dB gia 80 v 100 Hz. Trng p c th b hiu ng hp (bn bit ri, nh
mt hp cc tng), nn ti thng ct gim mt cht gia khong 400 v 600 Hz nhm loi b
hiu ng ny. Mun lm ni bt ting chm mt trng, bn hy gia tng mt cht gia khong
2.5 v 5 kHz, nh vy m lm mnh thm ting g vo trng v lm n r nt hn.
Trng Snare
Trng Snare l nhc c cm chch cho bi nhc, khin n tr thnh trng quan trng nht trong
nn m nhc i chng. Do vy, n thc s phi c tch ring khi nhng nhc c cn li.
Mc d vic iu chnh bn thc hin ty thuc vo cao , kch thc ca trng v thu m vi
mt hoc hai micro, nhng thng thng bn c th gia tng mt cht tn s 100-150 Hz c
ting m p. Bn cng c th gia tng mt cht tn s 250 Hz to thm chiu su. Nu ting
trng qu ngt ngt, bn th ct gim khong tn s 800-1 kHz. S gia tng mt cht
khong tn s 3-5 kHz s lm tng mnh ting nh, v gia tng khong 8-10 kHz s lm ting
trng gin gi hn.
Nu thu m vi hai micro, bn hy gim bt mt vi dB ca micro trn trong c hai di tn 800
Hz-1 kHz v 8-10 kHz. C micro di to s gin gi cho ting trng. Ti thng dng mt
shelf EQ gim bt nhng tn s thp nht ca micro di, khong 250-300 Hz. Ty theo th
loi m nhc (chng hn R&B v pop), c th ti s dng mt shelf EQ b sung ting r
(sizzle) cho micro di bng cch gia tng nhng tn s cao hn 10 kHz.
TH THUT: i vi nhiu k s thu m v nhiu nh sn xut, ting trng snare hu nh l
ch k ca h. Nu bn nghe nhiu bi nhc ca mt ngh s do cng mt ngi sn xut, chc
bn s nghe thy s tng t ca ting trng snare. ng ngi b thi gian iu chnh cho trng
snare t c ting mnh mong mun. Sau cng, nu bn tr thnh mt nh sn xut lng danh,
hn l bn mun ngi ta nhn ra ting trng snare c o ca mnh. V d th no th bn
cng mun ting trng phi hay.
Tom-toms
Loi trng tom-toms c nhiu kch thc v cao . i vi trng tom gn (trn trng p), bn
c th gia tng mt cht khong tn s 200-500 Hz thm chiu su cho ting trng. S gia
tng di tn 3-5 kHz c th lm mnh thm ting nh ca di. Nu mun ting trng ni bt
hn, bn th gia tng mt cht di tn 5-8 kHz. Nu ting trng qu ngt ngt, bn th ct
32

gim mt cht di tn 600 Hz-1 kHz.

i vi trng tom t trn sn, bn c th gia tng di tn 40-125 Hz nu mun lm ting
trng giu m sc v y n hn. C th bn s thy l vic ct gim gii tn 400-800 Hz s
loi tr ht ting ngt ngt m trng c th c. Mun lm ni ting nh, bn gia tng di tn
2.5-5 kHz.
Hi-hats
Thng thng, ting hi-hat lc no cng b thu v nhng micro dn dng cho b trng. D
vy, ty theo nhng micro no ang thu ting hi-hat, bn c th dng mt micro thu ring
ting hi-hat nhm lm ni bt s tnh lng ly hoc ti sng. Mun c vy, bn hy gia tng
nhng tn s cao hn 10 kHz bng mt shelf EQ. Ri bn s nhn thy l vic ct gim nhng
tn s di 200 Hz s loi tr ht ting rm rm do nhng trng khc to ra m micro ca hi-hat
thu phi.
Cymbals
i vi cymbal, ti thng ct ht nhng tn s di 150-200 Hz bng mt shelf EQ loi tr
ht ting rm rm m nhng micro ca cymbal thu phi. Ti cng h bt mt vi dB tn s 1-2
kHz nu ting cymbal ku lng kng chng ra g. B sung mt shelf EQ cao hn 10 kHz c th
lm bn trn ting huy hong lng ly hn.
Micro bao (Overhead mic)
Nu s dng micro bao thu c ting trng ln ting cymbal, bn hy cn thn trong vic ct
gim qu nhiu u tn s thp, bi v ct gim nh vy s lm ting trng mt ht sinh kh.
Cng vy, nu ting trng thu qua micro bao b ngt ngt hoc khn c, bn hy x l nhng
tn s 100-200 Hz loi tr ting khn c, v tn s 400 Hz-1 kHz loi tr tnh ngt ngt.
iu tn cho b g
Nhng nhc c b g c cao ln (nh shaker) s pht ting rt hay nu nhng tn s cao hn
c gia tng mt t, v d, cao hn 10 kHz. S iu chnh ny s b sung tnh trong sng v
mm mi cho ting nhc c. Bn cng c th ct gim nhiu tn s thp, di 500 Hz, loi tr
ht hiu ng hp c th c do vic t micro qu gn. (Xem Quyn III, Chng 2 bit thm
v k thut t micro).
Nhng nhc c b g cao thp, nh maracas, cng c th c ct gim mt cht nhng
tn s thp: tn s 250 Hz v thp hn. Bn th gia tng nhng tn s gia 2.5 v 5 kHz
tng cng ting nh. Mun ting nhc c ti sng hn, bn gia tng mt cht di tn 8-10
kHz.
iu tn cho piano
i vi piano, thng th bn mun bo m l nhc c c ting nh p v m sc y n m
p. Bn c th tng cng cho ting nh di tn 2.5-5 kHz, v tnh m p c th c gia
tng di tn 80-150 Hz. Nu cy piano ca bn pht ting oang oang hoc khn c, hy th
ct gim mt cht gia tn s 200 v 400 Hz.
Chng 4: Tm hiu nhng b x l bin cng (Dynamics Processors)
Nhng mc chnh:
Tm hiu v s dng nhng hiu ng trong Pro Tools
33

Tm hiu v compressor v limiter

Dn nhp v gate v expander
Kho st tin trnh x l side-chain
Nhng b x l bin cng cho php bn iu khin di bin cng ca mt tn hiu. Di bin
cng, c lit k theo decibel (dB), l s khc bit gia nhng tn hiu nh ting nht v ln
ting nht m mt ngun ting to ra. Di bin cng cng ln, th cng c nhiu bin th gia
nhng nt m du nht v mnh m nht.
Bn loi b x l bin cng l: compressor, limiter, gate, v expander. Chng ny s cung cp
cho bn nhng iu cn bit v tng loi v cch chng h tr bn trong vic lm cho ting nhc
c mnh ln hoc yu xung, thm ch c th sa c bn trnh din sai by, hoc loi tr ting n
ra khi track.
Kt ni nhng b x l bin cng
Nhng b x l bin cng chnh l nhng hiu ng Insert. Khi bn chn chng vo mt track,
chng tr nn thnh phn ca track, v tc dng trn ton th tn hiu ca track. Mun p dng
mt b x l bin cng trong Pro Tools, bn thc hin theo nhng bc sau:
1. Chn View > Mix Window > Inserts t trnh n chnh.
Thao tc ny bo m phn Inserts c hin th trong ca s Mix.
2. Nhp mi tn nh, bn tri phn Inserts ca di knh ca track.
Trnh n x xung Inserts m ra, nh thy trong Hnh 4-1.
Hnh 4-1: Chn mt plug-in x l bin cng chn vo track
3. Chn ty chn Multi-Channel plug-in hoc Multi-Mono plug-in, ty theo track ca
bn l stereo (s dng a knh) hay mono (s dng nhiu knh mono).
4. Chn ty chn Bombfactory BF76, Compressor/Limiter Dyn 3 hay Expander/ Gate
Dyn 3 t trnh n Dynamics.
(Ti s trnh by v 4 ty chn ny trong phn k tip). Ca s ca plug-in c chn m ra.
Dn nhp v Compressor
Mt compressor c cng dng nn (thu hp) di bin cng ca ting chu tc dng. Compressor
khng nhng gii hn to ca ting m cn c th gim bt sai bit gia nt to ting nht v
nh ting nht, v do vy, gim bt di bin cng.
Compressor c s dng cho ba mc ch chnh (mc du cn c nhng mc ch khc na):
Gi cho transients ting nh ban u ca mt nhc c khng b mo ting k
thut s khi thu vo track.
iu ny thng din ra i vi nhng trng c ting nh rt nhanh (tn hiu ban u) khin
my thu m (hoc converter hay preamp) c th b qu ti.
Lm u ting cho bn trnh din no c khc bit v bin cng qu ln.
Bn phm li ny trong giai on trn ting hay thu track. Nhiu on thu m qu ln, nhng
on khc li qu nh.
Nng mc thanh p ton cc ca bi nhc trong giai on lm bn gc.
Chng hn, bn hy nghe mt CD c thu m trc 1995, ri mt CD c thu trong nhng
nm gn y m xem. CD mi hn pht ting mnh hn.
Ti trnh by v mc ch u tin (mc u tin trong danh sch trn) trong Quyn III, Chng
2. Tng t, ti bn v mc ch th ba trong Quyn VII, Chng 2. Nh vy l cn mc ch

34

th hai cn c kho st cng vi nhng thit nh mu phn sau ca chng ny.

Tm hiu v nhng thng s ca compressor
Pro Tools c km theo compressor plug-in ring, nh ti m t chi tit phn trc.
Compressor thy trong Hnh 4-2 l Compressor/Limiter Dyn 3 plug-in. Sau khi m plug-in ny,
bn iu chnh nhng thng s sau:
Knee: Dng nt xoay Knee iu khin cch compressor ng x khi tn hiu input i qua
ngng. Thng s cng thp, compressor cng tc ng mnh khi tn hiu i qua ngng.
Attack: Dng nt xoay Attack iu khin thi im compressor tc ng. Thi im tc
ng c tnh theo mili-giy (ms); thng s cng thp, thi im tc ng din ra cng sm.
Gain: Dng nt xoay Gain iu chnh thanh p (m lng) ca tn hiu ra khi
compressor. Thanh p c tnh theo decibel (dB). Bi v gia tng nn thng gim bt thanh
p ton cc ca ting, nn bn dng thng s ny nng thanh p ln tr li mc khi tn hiu
vo compressor.
Ratio: Quan st thit nh Ratio bit mc compressor tc ng ln tn hiu. V d, vi
t l 2:1, c ngha l, mi decibel vt thit nh ca ngng s b ct gim cn mt na. Ni
cch khc, nu tn hiu vt thit nh ngng 1 decibel, th tn hiu ra khi compressor ch b
nh hn 0.5 dB m thi. Vi nhng t l cao hn 10:1, th compressor hot ng nh mt limiter
(Xem mc Kho st Limiter).
Hnh 4-2: Use the Pro Tools Compressor/ Limiter plug- in iu chnh nhiu thng s
nhm lm u ting.
Release: Dng nt xoay Release iu khin khong thi gian compressor tip tc tc
ng sau khi tn hiu nm di thit nh ngng. Cng ging nh attack, release c tnh theo
mili-giy. Thng s cng thp, thi gian release cng ngn.
Thresh: Thng s Threshold n nh mc decibel m compressor bt u tc ng ln tn
hiu. Thng s ny thng c tnh theo dB bn di nh (0 dB). Ni cch khc, thng s 6
dB c ngha l compressor bt u tc ng khi tn hiu mc 6 dB bn di mc 0 dB c
cn chnh. Trong nhng h thng k thut s, 0 dB l mc cao nht m mt tn hiu t ti trc
khi din ra clipping (nhng tn hiu b mo do vt qu mc thanh p ti a).
Levels: Phn levels ca b x l Compressor/Limiter c bn chc nng chnh:
Phase Invert: Nt ny, t bn phi tiu Levels, c chc nng o pha (ln ngc hnh
sng) ca tn hiu. Nhp nt ny kch hot v ngng kch hot s o pha. Khi c kch
hot, n c mu xanh sng.
Input: Thanh o ny cho bit mc thanh p ca tn hiu khi chu tc ng ca hiu ng.
Output: Thanh o ny cho bit mc thanh p ca tn hiu khi ri khi hiu ng.
GR: GR l ch vit tt ca Gain Reduction. Thanh o ny cho bit s lng, tnh theo
decibel, m mc thanh p input b gim bt.
Bn cng nn ti nhng thng s iu chnh Side-Chain bn cnh phn th ca ca s
compressor/limiter. Ti s trnh by chi tit mc ny phn sau ca chng, trong phn Thit
lp Side Chains.
Chun b nn ting
Compressor (b nn ting) l cng c c dng nht v cng b lm dng nhiu nht trong
studio thu m. Phn kh nht trong k thut nn ting l mi nhc c phn ng mt khc vi
cng mt thng s. Trong phn ny, ti s cung cp cho bn mt s hng dn v tng s
35

dng compressor mt cch hiu qu.

Nhng bc sau y s cho bn bit mt cch kh hay s dng thnh tho compressor. Trc
ht, cho pht track ca bn (nhp phm Spacebar hoc nt play trong ca s Transport) ri lm
theo nhng bc sau:
1. Khi s bng mt thng s Ratio cao (gia 8:1 v 10:1) ri vn nt xoay Threshold
sang ht v pha phi.
2. T t vn nt Threshold tr li sang tri, quan st nhng thanh o, v lng nghe chm
ch.
Khi gim ngng, bn ch thanh o ng mc no khi bt u nghe thy c s thay i
trong ting ca track. Cng phi ch nhng s kin xy ra cho ting khi bn gim ngng
xung tht thp, v khi nhng thanh o t ti nh. (Ting i khc rt nhiu so vi khi bn
bt u).
3. T t vn nt Threshold v li pha phi v ch xem ting thay i tr li nh th
no.
Sau khi quen vi cch thc bin i ca ting khi iu chnh thng s Threshold, bn th p
dng nhiu thng s Attack v Release khc nhau v lp li th tc mt ln na. Cng th
nghim nhiu v cng lng nghe mt cch chm ch nhng thay i do nhng thng s khc
nhau ca compressor em li, bn cng hiu tng tn cch thc t ting mnh mong mun.
Nhng hng dn sau y cng tr gip bn t c ting bn ao c:
Trnh s dng bt k k thut nn ting no i vi mt bn trn ting stereo trong
khi trn ting. Vic nn ting l cng tc dnh cho giai on to bn gc ca d n thu m. Nu
nn nhng stereo track trong giai on trn ting, bn gii hn nhng tc v c th thc hin
trong giai on to bn gc. iu ny cng ng ngay c khi chnh bn l ngi to bn gc, v
ngh rng bn bit r nhng g mnh mong mun trong giai on trn ting.
Nu nghe thy ting n khi s dng compressor, iu ny c ngha bn thit nh
thng s qu cao. Trong thc t, bn nn nhng phn to ting va lm mc thanh p ca
nhng phn nh ting nht ca bi nhc (k c mi ting n) nghe to hn. Mun loi tr ting
n, bn gim thng s Ratio hoc Threshold.
Mun tng ting punch ca track, bn phi bo m l thng s Attack khng c
qu nhanh. Bng khng, bn s lm mt transient ban u v punch ca track.
Mun lm nh ting mt track, bn s dng thng s Attack ngn v thng s Release
nhanh. Nh vy bn lm phng mc thanh p gia transient khi u v phn chnh ca ting,
kt qu l c mt ting m hn.
GHI NH: t hn l nhiu hn khi s dng k thut nn ting. Hy chng li s cm d vn
nhng nt xoay qu nhiu sang phi, vic ny ch t bp nght bi nhc ca bn. Mt khc, nu
l hiu ng bn mong mun, th ng ngi ngng g m khng th nghim.
S dng k thut nn ting
Khi ln u tin th nghim vi nhng thng s compressor, thng th bn khng bit phi bt
u t u. lm tin trnh ny tr nn d dng hn i vi bn, ti y ti s a ra mt vi
thit nh mu dnh cho nhiu loi nhc kh. Bn hy bt u vi nhng thit nh ny v dng
nhng hng dn c lit k trong phn k tip tinh chnh li nhng thng s ca bn.
Nn ting b ht
Phn ln nhng k s thu m c suy ngh rng, vic nn ting l iu bt buc i vi nhng b
ht, lm phng ting nhng mc thanh p sai lc m mt ca s c th to ra v iu ha li
36

nhng transient c thanh p cao vn c th gy ra s mo ting k thut s. Bn c th dng k

thut nn ting i vi nhng b ht lm phng ting ca mt bn trnh din v to mt hiu
ng.
Nu s dng mt compressor lm phng ting mt bn ht, bn s khng mun nghe ting
compressor hot ng (n c th pht ting vn vo hoc ting ca mt ci bm). Thay v vy,
bn ch mun tm c transient ln ting t ngt c th to ra clipping.
Mt thng s nn hiu qu bao gm ba yu t:
Mt thng s attack nhanh bt stray transient.
Mt thng s release nhanh vic trn ting khng lm sai lch ting ca ca s.
Mt thng s ratio thp khi compressor tip tc tc ng, n s gim nh ting ht m
khng p.
Mt thit nh in hnh c th l nh sau:
Threshold: 8 dB
Ratio: Gia 1.5:1 v 2:1
Attack: <1 ms
Release: Khong 40 ms
Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Khng cn thm nhiu Gain.
Nu bn mun s dng mt compressor va bm va th - ngha l, compressor m bn thc s
nghe thy ting hot ng ca n hoc nu bn mun a b ht ra phn trc ca bn trn
ting, hy th dng thit nh sau. Thit nh ny a ging ht ngay vo mt, nh cc k s
thu m thng ni:
Threshold: 2 dB
Ratio: Gia 4:1 v 6:1
Attack: <1 ms
Release: Khong 40 ms
Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Cn thm mt lng kha kh
Gain cho thng s ny.
Nh bn thy, hai thng s bn iu chnh nhiu nht l Threshold v Ratio. Hy th nghim
vi nhng thng s ny v kim tra nhng hiu ng bng cch chuyn bt qua li gia ting
x l v ting cha x l. (S dng nt Bypass trong ca s plug-in). Quan st nhng mc thanh
p kt qu, v phi bo m l chng khng vt nh -6 dB hay -4 dB. nh thanh p gi an
ton cho mt tn hiu nng tn hiu to ting ng thi cn dnh mt khong headroom (vi
decibel di mc clipping) bn s dng trong giai on trn ting. (Xem thm v vic ny
Chng 7).
Nn ting guitar in
Thng thng (t ra l i vi thi by gi), tn hiu t mt guitar in phi i qua mt
compressor v nhiu thit b to hiu ng khc trc khi c thu m. Bn khng cn phi dng
k thut nn b sung khi to track cho guitar, tr phi bn dng mt thit nh sch (khng mo
ting) trn cy guitar. Nu mun p dng k thut nn lm ting guitar ni bt v to thm
ting punch, bn th dng nhng thng s sau:
Threshold: 1 dB
Ratio: Gia 2:1 v 3:1
Attack: 25 ms ti 30 ms
Release: Khong 200 ms

37

Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Khng cn thm nhiu Gain.
Thng s attack chm lm cy guitar c thm mt t ting punch. Nu mun gim ting punch,
bn gim bt thng s attack. Nhng phi cn thn, v nu bn gim nhiu qu, th kt qu l
ting guitar li o l. (E hm chng ta khng ni chuyn lng mn g y u nh. ti
mun ni l khng c thut ng xc nh cho ting guitar).
Nn ting n bass in
Mt cch khc i ph vi tnh khn c tim tng ca ting guitar bass khuch i l s
dng mt t k thut nn ting. Vic nn ting cn c th gip iu chnh nhng thanh p khng
ng u do nhng tay bass guitar qu hng mu hay thiu kinh nghim to ra. khi u, bn
th p dng nhng thng s sau:
Threshold: 4 dB
Ratio: Gia 2.5:1 v 3:1
Attack: Gia 40 ms v 50 ms
Release: Khong 180 ms
Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Khng cn thm nhiu Gain.
Nn ting nhng nhc c m hc
Thng thng, bn khng cn p dng k thut nn nhiu cho nhng nhc c m hc, c bit
khi mun c ting t nhin. Bn c th s dng compressor lm u s cng hng ca nhc
c, nh m gi c ting c trng ca nhc c khi b chm mt trong bn trn ting v
ng thi trnh c ting m c. Sau y l thit nh hay dnh cho nhng nhc c m hc
chi theo kiu bng hoc khy:
Threshold: 6 dB
Ratio: Gia 3:1 v 4:1
Attack: Khong 150 ms
Release: Khong 400 ms
Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Khng cn thm nhiu Gain.
Thng s Release c t rt cao v khong lu ting m nhng nhc c m hc ny c th to
ra. Nu chi mt nhc c c khong lu ting ngn hn, nh banjo chng hn, c th bn s
nhn ra rng, vi thng s attack v release ngn hn cng to c ting hay nh thng.
Threshold: 6 dB
Ratio: Gia 2.5:1 v 3:1
Attack: Gia 40 ms v 50 ms
Release: Khong 180 ms
Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Khng cn thm nhiu Gain, nu
c.
Nn ting trng p
Trng p hi p rt tt vi compressor khi thu track. Trong a s trng hp, bn c th dng
nhng thng s lm du bt tnh mnh bo v cho pht ht ting attack ban u. Mt thit nh
in hnh c th l nh sau:
Threshold: 6 dB
Ratio: Gia 4:1 v 6:1
Attack: Gia 40 ms v 50 ms

38

Release: Gia 200 ms v 300 ms

Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Khng cn thm nhiu Gain.
Nn ting trng Snare
Nn ting trng Snare l rt quan trng, nu bn mun c mt loi ting chc, mnh. Bn c th
thc hin theo nhiu cch. Nhng thng s sau y l ph bin v linh hot:
Threshold: 4 dB
Ratio: Gia 4:1 v 6:1
Attack: Gia 5 ms v 10 ms
Release: Gia 125 ms v 175 ms
Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Khng cn thm nhiu Gain.
Nn ting b g
Bi v nhng nhc c b g c mc thanh p cao v d to ra nhng transient qu , nn ti
thch dng mt cht k thut nn ting iu chnh thanh p. Sau y l mt thit nh hay
khi s:
Threshold: 10 dB
Ratio: Gia 3:1 v 6:1
Attack: Gia 10 ms v 20 ms
Release: Khong 50 ms
Gain: iu chnh sao cho thanh p output bng thanh p input. Cn gia thm mt t Gain.
Tm hiu v limiter
V c bn, mt limiter (b gii hn) l mt compressor cc oan. Thay v ch gim cng
ca mt tn hiu vt qu mc ngng, limiter s t mt trn gii hn thanh p cao nht ca
mt ngun ting. Bt k tn hiu no vt qu ngng u b b rt li ch khng n gin
c nn ri cho qua. Vic s dng mt limiter l rt c dng khi mun tng thanh p ton cc
ca mt nhc c, cng nh khi mun ngn khng cho nhng transient chim khong headroom
(thanh p ti a) ca track.
Vic s dng compressor/limiter trong Pro Tools cho bn nhiu kh nng iu chnh hn so vi
vic s dng mt limiter c bn. Kh nng l, bn c th iu chnh t l tinh t hn mt cht
thay v ch n thun b rt tn hiu.
Tm hiu nhng thit nh ca limiter
Pro Tools c km theo Compressor/Limiter plug-in (m ti trnh by phn trc) cng nh
Bombfactory BF76 peak limiter, nh thy trong Hnh 4-3. (C th bn c nhiu plug-in hn nu
s hu mt trong nhng gi cng c ca Digidesign). Bn chn plug-in ny vo track bng cch
lm theo nhng th tc lit k trong mc Kt ni nhng b x l bin cng phn u ca
chng ny.
Hnh 4-3: The Bombfactory BF76 peak limiter plug- in gii hn thanh p ti a ca tn
hiu i qua n
Bombfactory limiter bao gm nhng thng s sau y:
Input: Dng thng s Input kim sot thanh p ngng (mc thanh p m limiter tc
ng) cng nh mc gim bt m limiter p dng cho tn hiu. Nu bn c chn mc Gain

39

Reduction (GR) cho hin th thanh o (xem mc sp ti ca n), bn c th thy r s lin h

gia thng s Input v vic gim bt Gain, qua m iu chnh cho thch hp.
Output: Thng s ny cng ging thng s Gain trong phn ln compressor. Dng thng s
ny iu chnh thanh p (m lng) ca tn hiu ra khi compressor. Bn dng thng s ny
nng mc thanh p tr li mc khi tn hiu vo limiter.
Attack: Dng thng s Attack kim sot thi im limiter tc ng. Vi Bombfactory
peak limiter, bng thng s khng lit k theo mili-giy (ms), nhng dng tr li n v ca
compressor to cm hng cho vic sng to ra plug-in ny ( l compressor 1176 ca thp
nin 1970), tuy nhin thng s thc s c dng l vo khong t 0.4 ms n 5.7 ms, khi xoay
v bn tri bn c attack ngn hn, v khi xoay v phi th attack di ln.
Release: Dng nt xoay Release kim sot khong thi gian limiter tip tc tc ng ln
tn hiu sau khi tn hiu nm di thit nh ngng. Cng ging thng s Attack, Bombfactory
BF76 s dng nhng s ty hng trn bng iu khin Release. Nhng thng s thc s c
dng l vo khong t 0.06 ms ti 1.1 giy. Khi xoay bng iu khin v bn tri, bn s c
nhng thng s release nhanh hn; ngc li, khi xoay bng iu khin sang pha phi, thi gian
release s di hn.
Ratio: Dng thng s Ratio hin th mc compressor tc ng ln tn hiu. V d, t l
2:1 c ngha l, i vi mi decibel vt mc thit nh ngng, tn hiu b gim hai. Ni cch
khc, nu mt tn hiu vt qu mc ngng 1 dB, th output ra khi compressor ca n ch
c ln hn mc ngng 0.5 dB thi.
Meter: Dng ty chn ny la chn cch hot ng ca thanh o.
Bombfactory peak limiter cung cp bn ty chn (bn chn bng cch nhp vo nt thch hp):
GR (Gain Reduction): Vi ty chn ny, thanh o s hin th s lng decibel m tn hiu b
ct gim khi limiter tc ng. y l thit nh c s dng nhiu nht.
18: Ty chn ny s hin th thanh p ca tn hiu u ra, c cn chnh sao cho, khi kim
ch th ng mc 0VU (Volume Units), th c ngha l thanh p mc cao nht l -18 dB.
Ty chn ny ln ty chn k tip (-24) c s dng bi nhng ngi mun c mt khong
headroom chc chn (tn hiu b sung cao hn 0) trn thanh o, hoc c thit b khc vn da
trn tiu chun -18 hoc -24. Chn ci no l ty theo mc headroom bn mong mun.
24: Ty chn ny s hin th mc thanh p u ra, c cn chnh sao cho khi kim ch th
ng 0VU (Volume Units), th c ngha l thanh p thc s t mc ti a -24 dB.
Off: Ty chn ny s khng hin th thanh o. y l la chn hay nu bn cm thy l
thuc qu nhiu vo vic nhn hot ng ca thanh o v tin tng qu t vo vic nghe thc
s bi nhc ca mnh trong khi thc hin nhng iu chnh.
Thit lp gii hn bng BF76 limiter
Bombfactory BF76 peak limiter, v c bn, l mt b nn ting cc oan, c thit k to
mt dng ting no y cho bi nhc ca bn. Vic s dng nhng thit lp mc nh nh mt
im khi hnh s cho bn mt khi nim v dng ting bn c th t c. Vi thng s ratio
8:1, bn s c c mt phin nn ting ngon lnh v gn gng nhanh chng cho bn trn ting,
khin bi nhc tng thm sc sng. Nu gim bt thng s attack v/hoc release th tn hiu s
c thm mo ting. Ti trnh vic s dng qu ng limiter ny. Khi BF76 c dng mt
cch chnh ng, n s lm tng ci hay ca nhng track nhc ca bn thm mt cht.
BF76 plug-in khng phi l limiter duy nht bn mun s dng cho bi nhc ca mnh. Mt s
l do cho vic chn s dng n th khc vi nhng limiter khc. Khi s dng bt k mt limiter
no, hy ghi nh hai th thut nhm t c nhng kt qu cao nht:
40

 Khi dng limiter tng m lng ca mt track hay mt bn trn ting, ch tng mi
ln ln 2 dB hoc 3 dB m thi. Theo cch ny, limiter s khng lm bin dng ting ca tn
hiu m ch h bt nh thanh p v nng m lng ln.
Mun b sung s mo ting cho track, bn h thng s Threshold gii hn tn hiu
trong khong t 6 ti 12 dB. iu chnh thng s Attack v Release t ting mong mun.
Cch iu chnh trn to ra s mo ting c th hu dng cho mt track c bit, nh trng snare
chng hn.
Dn nhp v Gate v Expander
V c bn, gate l ci i nghch vi limiter: Thay v gii hn ln ca mt nt, gate li gii
hn nh. Chc nng ca gate l lc b nhng ting no thp hn ngng v cho nhng nt
cao hn ngng i qua m khng b x l chi c.
Tng quan ca expander i vi gate cng ging nh tng quan ca compressor i vi
limiter. Thay v gim bt m lng ca nhng nt di ngng mt lng dB n nh, th
expander li gim bt theo t l. Ni cch khc, khi s dng gate, bn n nh mt lng decibel
m tn hiu b ct gim. Cn i vi expander, bn gim tn hiu thng qua mt t l. T l s lm
bin i tn hiu mt cch t t, nn nhng tn hiu c x l s c ting t nhin hn.
Bn hy s dng expander khi mun gim bt ting n ca track mt cch tinh t, ch khng
n thun lc b hon ton. Mt v d kinh in l khi bn tm cch gii quyt ting th ca mt
ca s. Nu dng gate, bn s c mt track pht ting khng t nhin, bi v hi th b lc b
hon ton. Cn nu dng expander, bn c th n nh n gim bt ting th mt cch va
sao cho kh nhn bit hn, nhng vn cn mt t ting th lm ging ca s c bnh thng,
t nhin. ( ti mun ni l, ai m chng th? ng khng bn?).
Mt khc, gate li rt c dng trong vic lc b hon ton ting n khng mong mun ca mi
trng thu m. Tnh hung in hnh cho vic s dng gate l khi thu m ting trng. Bn c th
thit nh cho gate lc b bt k ting no (chng hn, ting ca nhng trng khc) ngoi tr
ting nh ca chic trng c bit bn c t micro.
Tm hiu nhng thng s ca gate
Bn c th xem expander/gate plug-in km theo chng trnh Pro Tools trong Hnh 4-4.
Nhng thng s khc nhau m bn phi iu chnh cng tng t nhng thng s ca
compressor v limiter, nh lit k trong danh sch di y:
Range: Thng s Range tng t vi thng s Ratio ca compressor, ngoi tr vic bn
chn lng decibel m ti gate gim bt tn hiu. Ni v d, thng s 40 dB s loi b bt k
tn hiu no di thit nh Threshold (ngng) 40 decibel.
Hnh 4-4: S dng gate plug-in lc ting n di mc thanh p no
Attack: Ging nh compressor v limiter, bn dng nt xoay Attack xc lp t l m theo
gate c m (tnh theo mili-giy). Attack nhanh c hiu qu tt i vi nhng nhc c c
attack (ting nh) nhanh, nh trng chng hn. Attack chm li ph hp hn i vi nhng
nhc c c attack chm, v d nh ging ht.
Hold: Dng thng s Hold n nh khong thi gian gate cn m sau khi tn hiu rt
bn di ngng. Khi thi gian hold ht, gate ng li t ngt. Thng s ny c tnh theo
mili-giy. Thng s Hold cho php bn t c ting trng c hiu ng gate vn rt ph thng
trong thp nin 1980. (Phil Collins, v cn ai na?)
Ratio: T l ny n nh s lng m tn hiu b expander ct gim. V d, khi dng t l 2:1,
41

expander s gim mi tn hiu di ngng gp hai ln. Vi t l ny, mt tn hiu di ngng

10 dB s b gim xung 20 dB di ngng; tng t, mt tn hiu 2 dB di ngng s b gim
xung 4 dB di ngng. Thit nh mt t l 30:1 hoc ln hn s bin hiu ng expander/gate
thnh mt gate. Do , thay v h bt mc thanh p ca mt tn hiu chu x l, th tn hiu li
n thun b loi b.
Release: S dng nt xoay Release n nh khong thi gian gate c m sau khi tn
hiu ri tr li di thit nh ngng. Bn c th chn nhng tr s trong khong 5ms v 4 giy.
Khi xoay bng iu khin sang tri, bn s c thng s release ngn; ngc li, khi xoay bng
iu khin sang phi, thi gian release cng di.
Thresh: Dng nt xoay Threshold n nh thanh p (tnh theo decibel) m theo gate
m ra (tc ngng lc tn hiu). Gate cho php nhng tn hiu trn thng s ngng i qua m
khng b x l, trong khi nhng tn hiu no di ngng s b ct gim theo s lng n
nh bi thng s Range.
Options: Look Ahead: Kch hot nt ny (nhp vo bin n thnh mu xanh) s bt m
tnh nng Look Ahead ca Expander/Gate. V c bn, tnh nng ny c cng dng kch hot
Expander/Gate 2ms trc khi ting thc s vt thng s ngng. Nh vy, bn khng lm mt
transient khi u ca mt nhc c, v d nh trng.
Levels: Phn levels ca b x l Expander/Gate c bn tnh nng c bn:
Phase Invert: Nt ny, nt bn tri tiu Levels, c tnh nng o pha (ln ngc hnh
sng) ca tn hiu. Nhp nt ny kch hot hoc ngng kch hot. Khi hot dng, nt c mu
xanh sng.
Input: Thanh o ny cho bit thanh p ca tn hiu khi i vo hiu ng.
Output: Thanh o ny cho bit thanh p ca tn hiu khi ra khi hiu ng.
GR: GR l ch vit tt ca Gain Reduction. Thanh o ny cho bit s lng tnh theo
decibel m thanh p u vo b gim bt.
Side Chain: Phn ny cho php bn chn mt side-chain vo hiu ng. Ti s trnh by chi
tit tnh nng ny trong mc Thit lp Side Chain phn sau.
Chun b s dng gate
Phi ni Gate lc ting n l cc k c dng trong vic loi tr ting n khng mong mun.
Vic s dng thng thng nht l loi b bleeding (s r r, ting r r) ra khi micro thu m
trng. Chng hn, bn c th thu ln ting trng snare vo micro ca trng tom-tom v mun
loi b.
Khi s dng gate lc ting n, hy ghi nh nhng iu sau:
Khi tn hiu t mc ngng, th gate cho tn hiu i qua. Khi Gate m ra, nu ting n
trong hu cnh kh ln, th bn vn nghe khng nhng ting nhc m cn nghe c ting n trong
hu cnh na.
Khi p dng gate cho trng, phi bo m l thit nh thng s attack rt nhanh.
Bng khng, transient khi u b mt, v rt cuc bn c ting trng o ut. Bn cng c th
kch hot ty chn look-ahead bo m transient khng mt.
Khi thit nh thng s release cho gate, bn hy iu chnh cho ti khi c ting t
nhin v ting nhc c khng b ct mt phn cui.
Thit nh thng s Range ch va lm mt ting n khng mong mun. Nu bn
thit nh qu cao, ting s tr nn mt t nhin, v s cng hng t nhin ca nhc c b lc
b.

42

Chun b s dng expander

V Expander hot ng rt ging Gate, nn bn c th s dng cng nhng vic khi ng c
bn. Vic la chn gia gate v expander c da trn loi ct gim m bn mun tn hiu chu
tc dng. Ni v d, expander l mt la chn hay nu bn c mt nhc c pht ting qu ln
nhng li khng mun loi b n hon ton bn ch mun gim ting xung mt cht thi.
Vic iu chnh hi th ca mt ca s l tnh hung hon ho s dng expander thay v s
dng gate. Trong trng hp ny, bn c th thit nh ngng ca expander ngay di ngng
ting ht m nht ca ca s, ri khi s vi mt t l thp (1.5:1 hay 2:1 chng hn). Nghe xem
ting th c ci thin khng. Nu khng ci thin, bn t t xoay nt Ratio cho ti khi t c
hiu qu mnh mong i.
CNH BO: Hy cn thn, ng qu lm dng. Nu hi th qu nh khi so vi ging ht, th
ting ht tr nn mt t nhin.
M t chi tit De-Esser
De-Esser plug-in l cng c thun tin dng loi tr nhng ting kh chu trong mt track b
ht (thng m ch sibilance, ting x). Bn cn c th dng n loi b nhng ting tn s
cao, nh ting hut hoc ting gi ca flute. Bn s gp De-Esser ca Pro Tools (nh thy trong
Hnh 4-5) trong danh sch Dynamics ca trnh n plug-in.
Hnh 4-5: S dng De-Esser plug-in loi tr nhng ting x khng mong mun
De-Esser plug-in rt d s dng, ch c bn thng s c bn iu chnh:
Freq: S dng thng s Frequency chn di tn chu tc dng ca De-Esser. Thng l
gia khong 4 kHz v 12 kHz.
Range: Dng nt xoay ny chn tn s m De-Esser ang p dng. Chn mt di tn c
tn s cao nht l nt cao nht ca ting x nhng khng bao gm tt c ting s. Bn phi dng
thnh gic ca mnh nh gi thng s no c ting t nhin nht.
HF Only: Khi thng s ny c kch hot, th De-Esser s tc dng trn tn s bn thit
nh bng bng xoay Frequency. Nu khng chn tnh nng ny, th De-Esser s khng tc dng
mt cch ng u cho ht c di tn. i vi phn ln nhng tc v De-Essing, ti chn kch
hot tnh nng ny.
Listen: Nu kch hot tnh nng ny, bn s nghe c hiu ng De-Esser to ra trn tn hiu
audio. Bn nn dng tnh nng ny bit ting x pht ch no m theo tinh chnh nhng
thng s. Ti thng kch hot tnh nng ny khi truy tm tn s ca ting x.
Graph: th cho thy ni De-Esser ang tc ng, k c s lng GR (gain reduction) t
c v ni thch hp cho GR ny trong tn ph. Trnh lm dng th, thay vo hy s
dng nhng l tai ca bn.
Levels: Phn levels ca b x l De-Esset c ba chc nng c bn:
Input: Thanh o ny cho bit thanh p ca tn hiu ang vo hiu ng.
Output: Thanh o ny cho bit thanh p ca tn hiu ang ra khi hiu ng.
GR: GR l ch vit tt ca Gain Reduction. Thanh o ny cho bit s lng, tnh theo
decibel, m thanh p u vo b ct gim bi hiu ng.
Sau y l cch s dng De-Esser:
1. Chn De-Esser vo ci track kh nghe sau khi x l qua compressor hay limiter
(nu bn c s dng loi plug-in ny). Thc hin vic ny bng cch nhp vo trnh n x

43

xung Insert ca track, ri chn Plug-in > Dynamics > De-Esser cho mt mono track. i
vi stereo track, bn chn Multi-mono hay Multi-channel plug-in > Dynamics > De-Esser.
2. iu chnh tn s ti im pht ra ci ting s kh chu.
3. iu chnh di tn cho ti khi ting s bin mt trong track v track pht ting t nhin.
TH THUT: Ch nn loi b mi ting x, bng khng ting ht s thiu s trn y v bt
u khn c (khng r nt).
Thit lp Side Chains
S dng mt side chain c ngha l tn hiu t mt track khc (thng qua mt trong nhng
ng truyn) hoc t mt trong nhng ng vo ca giao din kch hot b x l bin cng
hot ng. Tn hiu bn la chn trong vic kch hot c gi l key input. Side chains l cng
c tuyt vi lm nhng track ha nhp tt hn vo mt bn trn ting dy c hoc gip
ting ca mt trng p c nghe r hn khi n pht ng thi vi ting bass guitar.
Thit lp mt side chain
Thit lp mt side chain trong nhng b x l bin cng ca Pro Tools l vic d dng theo
nhng bc sau:
1. Nhp m trnh n x xung Key Input, trnh n ny c t bn cnh biu
tng ci kha nh nh ca s plug-in.
2. T trnh n x xung, bn chn ng vo giao din hoc ng truyn c tn hiu bn
mun s dng kch hot b x l bin cng.
Thao tc trn s nh tuyn tn hiu t ng vo hoc ng truyn ti b x l.
3. Nhp nt External Key kch hot tnh nng side chain.
Nt External Key c t ti phn Side Chain m phi ca nhng ca s plug-in. (Xem Hnh
4-2).
4. Nhp nt Key Listen nm bn phi nt External Key nghe tn hiu ang n
key input bn chn.
5. Cho pht phin lm vic v iu chnh nhng thng s ca b x l bin cng cho ti
khi t c ting mong mun.
Phn Side Chain ca nhng Dynamics III plug-in trong Pro Tools cung cp cho bn kh nng s
dng nhng b lc tn s cao (HF, high-frequency) v tn s thp (LF, low-frequency) bn trong
plug-in. iu ny l v cng thun li khi chn lc c nhng tn s no , v nh th m
side chain hot ng cng chnh xc hn. Phn Side Chain cung cp cho bn hai ty chn:
HF (High Frequency): M b lc ny bng cch nhp vo nt In bn phi a iu khin
tn s trn nh ca phn Side Chain trong ca s plug-in.
Bn c th iu chnh nhng thng s sau:
Band-Pass Filter: Kch hot b lc ny (dng chut nhp vo, n s hin sng mu xanh)
cng tng t nh s dng mt parametric EQ. (Chng 3 ca sch ny c trnh by v nhng
parametric EQ). Tn s bn chn bng nt HF Frequency Control (xem mc tip theo) s tr
thnh tn s trung tm ca b lc. Nhng tn s nm hai bn tn s trung tm ny s b h xung
theo t l 12 dB cho mt qung tm.
Low-Pass Filter: Kch hot b lc ny cng tng t nh s dng b lc low-pass ca mt
EQ. (Chng 3 ca sch ny c bn v nhng b lc low-pass). Tn s bn chn s tr thnh
im khi s ca b lc low-pass, v tt c nhng tn s cao hn tn s ny s b gim bt 12
dB cho mi qung tm.

44

 HF Frequency Control: Dng a ny chn nhng tn s nm gia khong 80 Hz v 20

kHz. Xoay sang phi chn nhng tn s cao, v ngc li, xoay sang tri chn nhng tn
s thp.
LF (Low Frequency): M b lc ny bng cch nhp vo nt In bn cnh a iu khin
bn di trong phn Side Chain ca plug-in. Vi b lc ny, bn c ba ty chn nh sau:
Band-Pass Filter: Kch hot b lc ny (dng chut nhp vo; n hin sng mu xanh) cng
tng t vic s dng mt parametric EQ. (Chng 3 ca sch ny c trnh by v nhng
parametric EQ). Tn s bn chn thng qua nt LF Frequency Control (xem mc tip theo) s
ng vai tn s trung tm ca b lc. Nhng tn s nm hai bn tn s ny s b gim bt mt t
l l 12 dB cho mi qung tm.
High-Pass Filter: Kch hot b lc ny cng tng t vic s dng b lc high-pass trong
mt EQ. (Chng 3 ca sch ny c bn v nhng b lc high-pass). Tn s bn chn s tr
thnh im khi s ca b lc high-pass, v mi tn s cao hn im s b gim bt 12 dB
cho mi qung tm.
LF Frequency Control: Dng a iu khin ny chn nhng tn s trong khong t 25
Hz n 4 kHz. Xoay a sang phi bn s c nhng tn s cao, v xoay sang tri bn s c
nhng tn s thp.
S dng side chain
ng dng ca side chain l rt phong ph, v bn ch b gii hn bi chnh s sng to ca mnh
khi s dng side chain. ng dng thng thng nht i vi mt side chain l to thm khng
gian m thanh cho nhc c trong bn trn ting. iu ny c thc hin bng cch p dng EQ
cho tn hiu Key Input, ri dng tn hiu kch hot mt compressor hoc mt limiter.
Mun to thm khng gian m thanh cho mt b ht trong mt bn trn ting dy c, bn theo
nhng bc sau:
1. nh tuyn mi nhc c trong bn trn ting (ngoi tr b ht) ti ng truyn 15 v
16.
2. Chn compressor plug-in vo ng truyn ny v nh tuyn Key Input ti ng
truyn 14.
3. To mt bn sao ca nhng track b ht v n nh u ra l ng truyn 14..
4. Dch chuyn nhng track b ht v pha trc (tc sang phi) vi mili-giy.
5. iu chnh nhng thng s ca compressor sao cho m lng ca nhng nhc c h
bt mt cht khi b ht i vo.
khi s, bn th dng thng s compressor lm du ging ht m ti cp trong mc
Nn ting b ht phn trc ca chng.
Bn cng c th s dng mt th thut c bit lm ting bass guitar gim bt mt cht trong
bn trn ting khi c ting trng p. Thc hin theo nhng bc sau:
1. Chn compressor plug-in vo track ca bass guitar v nh tuyn Key Input ti ng
truyn 16.
2. To mt bn sao ca track trng p v n nh ng ra cho track c sao chp ny l
ng truyn 16.
Tn hiu ca trng p s kch hot compressor n nh cho track ca guitar bass.
3. S dng nhng thng s Attack v Release nhanh trn compressor.
Bn mun compressor ch tc dng khi ting chm ban u ca trng p din ra. Ting bass
guitar s gim bt m lng khi c ting trng p. iu ny c ngha l trng p to ra ting

45

attack (ting nh), cn cy bass guitar to ra ting sustain (ting duy tr, ting tr).
Th thut ny c hiu qu rt tt i vi bi nhc m ting trng p v ting bass guitar c
cng mu chuyn hnh.
Chng 5: S dng nhng b x l tn hiu
Nhng mc chnh:
Hiu bit v s dng nhng hiu ng trong Pro Tools
Tm hiu v reverb
Dn nhp v delay
Kho st tin trnh x l hiu ng ngoi tuyn
Tr phi bn thu m bi nhc ca mnh thng qua mt ban nhc sng trong mt mi trng m
hc hon ho, cn thng th bi nhc ca bn s hi bun t nu khng b sung mt s hiu
ng. Nhng hiu ng cho bn kh nng to ra ting nhc ging n c thu m trong bt k mi
trng no m bn tng tng ra. Bn c th to ra nhng ting trng nh th chng c thu
m trong mt thnh ng hoc ting ht nh c ht t di bin su. Nhng hiu ng cng
cho bn kh nng to ra ting nhc cn hay hn nhng g bn c th to ra khi trnh din. Chng
hn, bn c th b sung nhng phn ha m cho b ht chnh hay nhng b ht ph, hoc bn c
th lm cho cy guitar pht ting ging nh c chi qua nhiu b khuch i.
Trong chng ny, bn s khm ph nhiu b x l hiu ng thng dng nht trong nhng
studio thu m. (Nhng b x l tn hiu l nhng plug-in phn mm tinh xo dnh cho tt c
nhng hiu ng bn c th to c trong studio ca Pro Tools). Bn s nhn ra c s khc
bit gia nhng hiu ng insert v nhng hiu ng send/return. Bn cn c c hi tm hiu
nhng cch thc s dng nhng b x l ny, cng vi nhng khuyn co trong vic s dng
reverb, delay, v chorus. iu c bit hn c l, bn s c bit v tin trnh x l hiu ng
ngoi tuyn nh pitch-shifting chng hn.
GHI NH: Cch hay nht hc s dng hiu ng cho bi nhc ca bn l th nghim. Cng
th nghim vi nhiu thng s khc nhau, bn cng thnh tho cch hot ng ca tng hiu
ng. Nh m bn c c s sng to v t c cch thc p dng hiu ng hon ho nht
cho bi nhc ca mnh.
GHI NH: Nt Effects Bypass trong ca s plug-in x l hiu ng ca chng trnh Pro Tools
l bng hu ch thit ca bn. Vi mt c nhp chut vo nt Bypass, bn c th ngng tc dng
bt k hiu ng no ang p dng cho tn hiu. Hy dng nt ny kim tra nhng thng s
hiu ng so vi tn hiu gc. i khi, ting gc li nghe hay hn ting x l qua hiu ng.
nh tuyn nhng hiu ng
Nhng b x l hiu ng c th c dng lm nhng hiu ng send/return hoc insert. Trong
c hai trng hp, bn u c th lm vic vi tn hiu kh (cha x l) hoc tn hiu t ( x
l) mt cch ring bit. Nu s dng hiu ng theo nh tuyn send/return, bn c th iu chnh
tn hiu kh v tn hiu t bng hai fader ca track, l Aux Send (m bng cch nhp vo
tn hiu ng trong danh sch Send) v Auxiliary. Nu s dng hiu ng theo cu hnh line
(chn), th ca s plug-in s hin th mt thng s Mix, bn dng thng s ny iu chnh s
cn bng t/kh.
Chn mt hiu ng vo track hay s dng tnh nng Send l ty vo iu bn mun thc hin.
Ni v d, nu chn hiu ng vo mt track (nh m t trong phn k tip), th hiu ng ch
lm thay i tn hiu c trong track m n c chn. Mt khc, vic s dng hiu ng Send li
cho bn kh nng nh tuyn nhiu track chu tc dng ca hiu ng. (Bn c th iu chnh
46

nhng mc thanh p ring cho tng track khi ti Send, thnh th bn vn kim sot c mc
tc dng cho tng track).
Thm na, vic chn hiu ng vo track lun lun t hiu ng pha trc fader ca track (gi l
pre-fader, tin-fader); nhng nu s dng send, bn c th la chn hoc cho hiu ng tc dng
trc khi (pre-fader) hoc sau khi (post-fader) tn hiu i vo fader iu khin ng ra ca track.
Nu dng send p dng hiu ng cho nhiu track cng mt lc, bn cng c th gim bt
nng lc x l m hiu ng s dng. (Chn cng mt hiu ng vo tng track s hao tn nng
lc x l hn).
Chn hiu ng
Nu ch mun p dng hiu ng vo mt track duy nht, bn c th chn n vo track bng tnh
nng Insert. Mun chn mt hiu ng trong Pro Tools, bn lm theo nhng bc sau:
1. Bo m phn Inserts c hin th trong ca s Mix bng cch chn View > Mix
Window > Inserts t trnh n chnh.
2. Nhp vo mi tn bn tri phn Inserts ca di knh ca track.
Trnh n x xung Insert xut hin, nh thy trong Hnh 5-1.
3. Nu track thuc loi stereo, bn chn Multi-Channel Plug-In hoc Multi-Mono Plug-In
.
Nu track thuc loi mono, bn khng c la chn no ti y. Bn buc phi s dng mt
mono plug-in.
Hnh 5-1: Trnh n Insert m ra khi bn nhp nt chn Insert input
4. Chn plug-in mong mun D-Verb, Slap Delay, Long Delay, ci no cng c t
trnh n chnh.
Ca s plug-in m ra. Bn thit nh nhng thng s ti y. (Li khuyn c tnh chuyn nghip
ca ti v nhng thng s phi chn s c trong phn sau ca chng, khi trnh by v nhng
hiu ng ring).
Gi tn hiu ti hiu ng
i khi, bn mun nh tuyn nhiu track ti mt hiu ng n (nh trng hp hiu ng reverb
chng hn). Nu qu vy, bn thc hin theo nhng bc sau:
1. Chn mt trong nhng ng truyn t nt chn Send ca tng track bn mun nh
tuyn ti hiu ng.
Ca s Send Output xut hin, nh thy trong Hnh 5-2. Ca s c mt di knh rt thun tin
iu khin tn hiu c gi ti ng truyn chn.
Hnh 5-2: Dng ca s Send Output iu khin tn hiu c gi ti hiu ng
2. Chn Track > New t trnh n chnh.
Hp thoi New Tracks xut hin.
3. Dng trnh n x xung nhp s lng track mong mun (1), loi (Auxiliary
Input), v track l mono hoc stereo.
4. T trnh n x xung ca nt chn Input, bn chn ng truyn s dng cho Send
ca track trong bc 1 lm ng vo cho track ph ny.
5. Chn mt trong nhng plug-in hiu ng t trnh n x xung Inserts v chn n vo
track ph.

47

Ca s Effect plug-in m ra.

GHI NH: Mc Chn hiu ng phn trc c m t rt chi tit v vic chn hiu ng.
6. iu chnh nhng thng s hiu ng t ting mong mun.
GHI NH: Chng 2 ca sch ny c trnh by chi tit hn v nhng plug-in v cch nh
tuyn tn hiu xuyn qua h thng ti plug-in.
S dng hiu ng Reverb
Reverb chc chn l b x l tn hiu c s dng nhiu nht. Reverb (ting vng li, ting di
li) l tnh cht c th ca bt k gian phng no ng kn, c to ra do sng m di vo
tng, sn, v trn nh. Mt phng nh to ra to ra ting di pht ra nhanh v tt cng nhanh;
i vi nhng gian phng ln hn, nh lu i, thnh ng, m thanh phi di chuyn xa hn,
nn ting di c thi gian khi ng chm hn v cng ngn di hn.
Hiu ng phng ny cho bn kh nng t track vo mt trc hoc mt sau tng tng
trong bn trn ting. Bn thc hin vic ny bng cch thay i s lng tn hiu qua hiu ng
c trn vi tn hiu khng qua hiu ng. Ni v d, vic trn nhiu tn hiu reverb vo tn hiu
kh (khng qua hiu ng) s cho bn cm tng hin din tn u xa, nn nhc kh pht ting
nh th phn sau ca bn trn ting.
Kho st nhng thng s reverb
Bn c th iu chnh nhiu thng s khi s dng hiu ng reverb, cho nn bn c th x l mt
cch linh hot. Hnh 5-3, hnh m t Reverb plug-in c sn ca Pro Tools, cho bn nhn qua
nhng thng s c th s dng.
Hnh 5-3: Reverb c th b sung khng gian m thanh cho nhc c khin nhc c c
ting hin thc hn
Danh sch sau y s gii thch tc dng ca nhng thng s - ch mt phn ln, ch khng phi
tt c nhng thng s nhn thy trong Hnh 5-3 ca hiu ng Reverb ln ting.
Algorithm: Thng s ny cho bn chn khng gian phng ca reverb. Bn c ty chn hall
(lu i), church (gio ng), plate (phin di, mt loi reverb dng mt phin kim loi to
ting), two different rooms (hai phng khc nhau), ambient (ting di t nhin), v nonlinear
(km t nhin). Mi ty chn li qui nh nhng thng s khc cho reverb, nhng bn c th
iu chnh nhng thng s ty thch to ting reverb c th.
Size: Mc ny dng chn room ca thng s Algorithm. Bn c 3 ty chn: Small,
Medium, v Large. Nhp vo mt trong nhng ty chn ny th nhng thng s khc trong ca
s cng thay i theo, ngoi tr thit nh Algorithm.
Diffusion: Thng s ny quyt nh mt ting di trong room bn chn. Thng s
diffusion cng th ting di cng dy c. Bn hy xem thng s diffusion nh mt cch thc gi
lp room di ting. Room c di ln s c thng s diffusion cao. Mun gi lp room di
ting t hn, bn dng nhng thng s thp.
Decay: Decay l khong thi gian m reverb duy tr ting. Room cng ln hoc c di
ting cng cao th decay cng di.
Pre-delay: Ting s ti tai bn trc reverb ca ting, v predelay l khong thi gian tnh
t lc ting bt u pht ti thi im bt u ca reverb, khong thi gian ny c tnh theo
mili-giy (ms). V reverb c to thnh t nhng ting di bn trong mt room, nn ting cn
mt khong thi gian i qua room trc khi ti tai bn. Lc , bn nghe thy ting ri v n
i ti bn mt cch trc tip. Predelay s gip xc nh tn hiu ting ban u bng cch tch n
48

ra khi reverb. Thng s ny rt cn yu trong vic lm cho ting reverb c t nhin.

TH THUT: Room nh c predelay ngn hn room ln.
HF Cut: Thng s ny cho php bn iu khin t l m theo nhng tn s cao tt ting.
Thng th nhng tn s cao tt ting nhanh, nn vic iu chnh hiu ng ny c th to ra mt
ting reverb t nhin hn.
LP Filter: B lc ny kim sot thanh p ca nhng tn s cao bn trong reverb. Khi n nh
mt thng s cho tn s ny, bn to ra c mt room ti hn (thit nh tn s thp hn) hoc
sng hn (thit nh tn s cao hn).
Chun b s dng Reverb
Reverb cng ging nh ti: Cng xi nhiu, cng kh nm. Ging nh mt tay bp trng mi
vo ngh c nm ti vo mi th n (v cho nhiu na ch), nhiu k s non tr cng phm
li lm tng t vi reverb. C thoi mi t nhin. Nhng hy lun nh: t hn l nhiu hn.
Sau y l mt s chuyn khc bn cn ghi nh:
Bn trn ting thng nghe hay hn khi bn ch s dng reverb cho mt s t nhc c
thi thay v cho mi nhc c . Ni v d, ch ring trng snare c hiu ng reverb l chuyn rt
ph bin, trong khi nhng trng cn li v cymbal c gi kh (khng hiu ng).
S dng reverb dn nhng nhc c li vi nhau. Chng hn, vic nh tuyn tt c
track trng ti cng mt hiu ng reverb c th lm chng pht ting nh th c thu trong
cng mt phng. Nu thc hin vic ny, bn phi iu chnh thanh p Send ca tng nhc sao
cho hiu ng nghe t nhin. Cng vy, s dng t reverb hn cho mi nhc c so vi mc p
dng cho mt nhc c. Nh vy m ting khng b khn c do s dng qu nhiu hiu ng
reverb.
Hy suy ngh v v th ca tng nhc c trong bn trn ting khi chn hiu ng reverb.
Phi bo m l kiu v lng reverb thch hp vi bi ht v nhng nhc c khc.
t ting kh (khng hiu ng) mt bn ca trng stereo v t reverb pha khc.
V d, nu c mt phn rhythm guitar t chch 30 bn phi ca trng stereo, th bn
t reverb chch 30 bn tri ca trng. y c th l mt hiu ng rt hay.
Nu mun b ht lun ni mt trc ca bn trn ting, bn s dng mt thng s
reverb ngn. Mt b ht bng phng (vocal plate) l mt la chn tuyt vi bi v decay ngn.
Cch ny b sung mt lng kha kh reverb cho b ht m khng lm n b chm trong bn trn
ting.
Hy th nghim vi nhiu dng, nhiu kch thc room khc nhau, v nhiu thi lng
decay khc nhau. i khi, mt decay di trn mt reverb room nh li nghe hay hn mt decay
ngn trn mt reverb c room hoc hall ln.
Trnh by chi tit v Delay
Cng vi Reverb, Delay l thnh phn t nhin vn c ca ting vang di trong mt gian phng.
Khi bn ni (hay ht hoc chi nhc) trong mt phng, th thng thng bn nghe khng ch
reverb (ting di) m cn c echo (ting vang) na. Echo ny c th di hoc ngn, ty theo kch
thc ca phng. Ting nguyn gc c th di tr li bn nh mt ting echo n hoc nh
nhiu ting delay (ting lu) c cng gim dn.
Tm hiu nhng thng s delay
Bn c cung cp nhiu dng hiu ng delay, trong c slap-back echo, tape delay, v
multiple delays. Mi hiu ng delay c thit k b sung khng gian m thanh cho nhc c.
49

(Thng s mc nh ca tng nhc c l khc nhau, nhng l chuyn khng quan trng).
Nhng thng s bn c th iu chnh bao gm:
Hnh 5-4: Mt Delay plug-in cho php bn to nhiu hiu ng echo khc nhau
Gain: Dng thng s ny iu chnh thanh p ca tn hiu vo hiu ng delay.
Mix: Thng s ny iu khin thanh p ng ra ca hiu ng. Thng s cng cao, tn hiu
chu hiu ng delay cng ln so vi tn hiu gc.
LPF: B lc Low Pass (LPF) cho php bn lc b mt s tn s cao ra khi delay.
Delay: Thng s ny iu khin khong thi gian gia tn hiu ban u v ting lp li. Thi
gian c tnh theo mili-giy v c th c tr s t vi mili-giy cho ti nhiu giy.
Depth: Thng s ny dng b sung ting ngn cho delay, nh vy bn c th to c
hiu ng chorus. (Xem mc To hiu ng Chorus phn sau ca chng bit thm v hiu
ng Chorus v Flange). Thng s cng cao, ting ngn cng ln.
Rate: Thng s ny dng n nh khong thi gian tun hon ca ting ngn.
Feedback: Thng s Feedback n nh s ln ting echo lp li. Mt thng s nh s lm
ting echo ch din ra mt ln duy nht, v thng s cao hn s to nhiu ting echo hn.
C mt s Delay plug-in trong Pro Tools cn cho php bn thit lp delay cho tempo ca bi
nhc. Danh sch sau y s lit k nhng thng s ny:
Tempo Match: Thng s ny cho php bn n nh delay phi theo ng tit nhp ca bi
nhc. Tnh nng Tempo Match tham chiu ti bn tempo bn thit lp. Bn c th s dng
thng s ny cho bt k hnh nt no, t 1/16 cho ti nt trn, nu mun ting delay theo ng
nhp ca bi nhc. (Nt v nt 1/8 l nhng nt c s dng nhiu nht).
Meter: Thng s ny n nh meter ca bi nhc v hnh nt m delay phi theo. Khi bn
thay i thng s ny, th thng s Delay cng thay i theo.
Groove: Dng thng s ny iu chnh t l ca delay trong tng quan vi tempo v
hnh nt bn chn. Bng cch thay i thng s ny, bn lm ting delay (theo phn trm)
lch khi tempo v hnh nt chun. Tnh nng ny rt c dng trong trng hp bn iu chnh
c ting delay ng nh mong mun. Khi bn thay i thng s ny th thng s Delay cng
thay i theo.
Chun b s dng Delay
Delay c s dng rt nhiu trong m nhc ng thi. Trong nhiu bi nhc, bn khng nghe
thy n tr phi lng nghe mt cch chm ch, trong mt s bi khc, ting delay li ni bt
(chng hn, ting trng snare ca nhc reggae). Sau y l nhng cch thc s dng delay bn
c th p dng cho bi nhc ca mnh:
Mt trong nhng cch thc s dng delay hiu qu nht l p dng slap-back echo cho
b ht. Mt slap-back echo c t mt ti ba ting lp c t rt st nhau, lm cho ting ca b
ht c y n. Thng thng, bn nn thit lp thng s thi gian gia khong 90 v 120 ms.
t mc thanh p sao cho bn nghe r ting echo u tin trong bn trn ting ri iu chnh
cho ti khi t c ting mong mun. Trong m nhc i chng, slap-back echo v vocal plate
reverb rt thng c p dng cho b ht. (Thc s ph bin trong nhng nm 1950, v c
p dng nhiu trong nhc rock, nhng km tinh t hn). Slap Delay plug-in trong Pro Tools l
mt cng c tuyt vi cho bn khi mi bt u, mc d thng s mc nh c delay di hn
thng s m ti khuyn s dng.
S dng tnh nng Tempo Match lm cho delay echo theo ng tit nhp ca bi
nhc. Nh vy m bn trn ting c thm chiu su m khng lm ting b khn c hoc tc
50

nghn. Hy cn thn, bi v nu bn s dng nhiu qu, n c th lm cho ting nhc tr nn

nhm chn.
To hiu ng Chorus
Chorus to ra mt bn sao ca ting gc, bn sao ny c khc bit rt nh so vi bn gc v bin
i theo thi gian. S bin i ny c gi l chuyn th (modulation), v kt qu l ta c
mt hiu ng c th b sung s th v v phong ph a dng cho mt nhc c. Chorus c s
dng rt rng ri b sung tnh y n cho mt nhc c, c bit l guitar v b ht. Pro Tools
khng c Chorus plug-in ch thc, nhng tt c Delay plug-in u c th to ra hiu ng
Chorus bng cch hiu chnh nhng thng s Depth v Rate. (Xem mc M t chi tit v
Delay phn trc bit thm v Delay).
Nu reverb ging ti, th chorus ging tiu. Bn c th cho nhiu ti vo thc n m khng gy
hi g nhiu, nhng nu thm qu nhiu tiu th rt c th mn n phi b i, khng n c.
cng l trng hp ca hiu ng Chorus. Nu dng mt cch tit kim, n gia thm nhiu hng
v cho bi nhc ca bn; nhng nu lm dng, n c th lm mt bi nhc hay ha thnh t hi.

TH THUT: Bn theo nhng th thut sau s dng hiu ng chorus mt cch ti u:

Mun lm y mt vocal track, bn t thng s rate l 2 Hz, depth vo khong 20 ti 30 v
delay t 10 ti 20 ms. Gi thanh p Feedback mc thp.

p dng hiu ng chorus cho b ht ph lm n y n hn v cho php bn dng t

track hn.
t chorus mt bn ca bn trn ting v tn hiu kh (ting khng hiu ng) bn kia.
K thut ny c bit hiu qu i vi guitar v synthesizer.

51