LTE System Principle

2010-09
Security Level: Internal Use
LTE system principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright @ 2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able

to
Know the backgrounds of evolution
Know system architecture of LTE
Know key features of LTE
2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

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Page 2
References
3GPP TS 36.401
3GPP TS 36.101
3GPP TS 36.211

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Page 3
Contents
1. Overview
2. LTE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Contents
1. Overview

3. LTE key features

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Page 5
Mobile communications standards landscape

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3GPP Releases
3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE

and the HSPA Evolution
HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do

not need to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA
By the end of 2007, 3GPP R8 is released as the first specs of LTE

Phase 2+
(Release 97)
Release 99
Release 6
Release 8
GPRS
171.2kbit/s
UMTS
2Mbit/s
HSUPA
5.76Mbit/s
LTE
+300Mbit/s
Release 9/10
LTE
Advanced
GSM
9.6kbit/s
EDGE
473.6kbit/s
HSDPA
14.4Mbit/s
Phase 1
Release 99
Release 5
HSPA+
28.8Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
Release 7/8

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Page 7
LTE will be the Single Global Standard

>1.2Gbps
/80MHz
GSM
Spectral Efficiency
700M
800M
850M
Title
UMTS
900M
150Mbps
/20MHz
1500M
1700M
84Mbps
/10MHz
CDMA
1800M
1900M
42Mbps
/5MHz
2100M
2300M
TD-SCDMA
21Mbps
/5MHz
2600M
WiMAX
28Mbps
/5MHz 2x2
2x2
64QAM MIMO
MIMO
64QAM
DC
2x2
MIM
O
64QAM
300Mbps
/20MHz
2x2
MIMO
64QAM
FDD LTE
Relay
4x4
MIMO
OFD
M
New
Key
Tech.
4x4
MIMO
OFDM
OFDM
64QAM
64QAM
TDD LTE
LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile operators.

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Page 8
SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution

Spectrum for LTE
Smooth Transition to LTE

LTE
2600MHz
GSM+UMTS
UMTS
2100MHz
SDR
SDR
LTE
LTE
GSM
GSM
1800MHz
LTE
GSM
UMTS
900MHz
2011
2010
GSM
UMTS
800M
900M
1800M
MRFU
LTE
LTE
800MHz
Technolog
y
mRRU
SDR
2012
2100M
2.6G
SDR
GSM+LTE
Spectrum refarming starts from

900M/1800M, which can be utilized
for LTE deployment.
SDR technology supports flexible and
smooth transition from 2G/3G to LTE.
LTE
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LTE requirements and targets
Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less then

100ms) and transmission latency (less then 10ms)
Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100

Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when
operating in 20MHz spectrum allocation)
Improved spectral efficiency
Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access

technologies
Supporting flexible spectrum allocation (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz)

to meet the complicated spectrum situation requirement
Simplified network architecture
Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.

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LTE technical features
The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink

OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA
LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the timefrequency resource is dynamically shared between users. This is
similar to the approach taken in HSDPA
Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE
MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial multiplexing
which can increase data rate prominently
LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex

arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and bandwidth
allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Support SON

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Page 11
LTE frequency bands
LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands
2.1GHz, 1.9GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.6GHz, 900 MHz, 800 MHz, 450 MHz,
etc , refer to 36.101 for details.
Transmission bandwidth could be:

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]
1.4
10
15
20
Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB
15
25
50
75
100
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]

Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Channel edge
Resource block
Channel edge
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Active Resource Blocks
DC carrier (downlink only)

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Page 12
LTE Release 8 Bands

Band
Duplex
FDL_low
FDL_high
(MHz)
(MHz)
NOffs-DL
NDL
FUL_low
FUL_high
(MHz)
(MHz)
NOffs-UL
NUL
FDD
2110
2170
0-599
1920
1980
18000
18000-18599
FDD
1930
1990
600
600-1199
1850
1910
18600
18600-19199
FDD
1805
1880
1200
1200-1949
1710
1785
19200
19200-19949
FDD
2110
2155
1950
1950-2399
1710
1755
19950
19950-20399
FDD
869
894
2400
2400-2649
824
849
20400
20400-20649
FDD
875
885
2650
2650-2749
830
840
20650
20650-20749
FDD
2620
2690
2750
2750-3449
2500
2570
20750
20750-21449
FDD
925
960
3450
3450-3799
880
915
21450
21450-21799
FDD
1844.9
1879.9
3800
3800-4149
1749.9
1784.9
21800
21800-22149
10
FDD
2110
2170
4150
4150-4749
1710
1770
22150
22150-22749
11
FDD
1475.9
1500.9
4750
4750-4999
1427.9
1452.9
22750
22750-22999
12
FDD
728
746
5000
5000-5179
698
716
23000
23000-23179
13
FDD
746
756
5180
5180-5279
777
787
23180
23180-23279
14
FDD
758
768
5280
5280-5379
788
798
23280
23280-23379
17
FDD
734
746
5730
5730-5849
704
716
23730
23730-23849
33
TDD
1900
1920
26000
36000-36199
1900
1920
36000
36000-36199
34
TDD
2010
2025
26200
36200-36349
2010
2025
36200
36200-36349
35
TDD
1850
1910
26350
36350-36949
1850
1910
36350
36350-36949
36
TDD
1930
1990
26950
36950-37549
1930
1990
36950
36950-37549
37
TDD
1910
1930
27550
37550-37749
1910
1930
37550
37550-37749
38
TDD
2570
2620
27750
37750-38249
2570
2620
37750
37750-38249
39
TDD
1880
1920
28250
38250-38649
1880
1920
38250
38250-38649
40
TDD
2300
2400
28650
38650-39649
2300
2400
38650
38650-39649

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Page 13
Contents
1. Overview

3. LTE key features

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Page 14
LTE System architecture

UMTS
LTE
MME / S-GW
MME / S-GW
S1
S1
S1
S1
X2
E-UTRAN
eNB
eNB
X2
X2
eNB
LTE: simplified IP flat architecture
Less equipment node and easier deployment
Less transmission delay and easier O&M
S1 and X2 interfaces are based on a full IP transport stack

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Page 15
LTE-SAE System architecture
An evolved core network, the Evolved Packet Core is at the same time
developed, which generally is called System Architecture Evolution.
The philosophy of the SAE is to focus on the packet-switched domain,

and migrate away from the circuit-switched domain
Control plane
PCRF
HSS
eNodeB
User plane
MME
S1-MME
S6a
LTE
-Uu
X2
S1-U
UE
LTE
Gx
S11
S1-MME
eNodeB
Rx
Gxc
S1-U
S5
S-GW
SGi
P-GW
SAE

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Page 16
Operator's
IP Service
E-UTRAN functions
Transfer of user data
Inter-cell interference coordination
Radio channel ciphering
Connection setup and release
and deciphering
Load Balancing
Integrity protection
Distribution function for NAS
Header compression
Mobility control functions
NAS node selection function
Handover
Synchronization
Paging
Radio access network sharing
Positioning
MBMS function
messages

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Contents
1. Overview
2. TE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Page 18
Basic principles of OFDM
Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multicarrier transmission.
Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually
orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the

same radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.
Guard Band
Subcarrier
Frequency
Frequency
Channel
Bandwidth

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Channel
Bandwidth
Page 19
Why use OFDM?
Efficient use of radio spectrum includes placing modulated carriers as close

as possible without causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)
In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be used, In
a multi-path environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a greater

chance for Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) addresses both of

these problems:
OFDM provides a technique allowing the bandwidths of modulated

carriers to overlap without interference (no ICI).
It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus
helping to eliminate ISI.

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OFDM implementation by IFFT/FFT
OFDM modulation implementation in LTE
Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz, and

IFFT bin size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts
=N f=30720000Hz
Subcarrier
Modulation
Coded
Bits
Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform
Serial
to
Parallel
IFFT
RF
Complex
Waveform
Subcarrier
Demodulation
Fast Fourier
Transform
Receiver
FFT

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Parallel
to
Serial
Coded
Bits
Page 21
LTE Channel and FFT Sizes

Channel
FFT Size
Bandwidth
Subcarrier Sampling Rate

Bandwidth
1.4MHz
128
1.92MHz
3MHz
256
3.84MHz
5MHz
512
7.68MHz
15kHz
10MHz
1024
15.36MHz
15MHz
1536
23.04MHz
20MHz
2048
30.72MHz

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Cyclic-prefix insertion

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Cyclic-prefix insertion
Time dispersion on the radio channel may cause ISI
To deal with this problem, cyclic-prefix insertion is typically used

in case of OFDM transmission
The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is copied
and inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing the block

length from N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the corresponding
samples are discarded before OFDM demodulation
Subcarrier orthogonality will then be preserved also in case of a

time-dispersive channel, as long as the span of the time
dispersion is shorter than the cyclic-prefix length.

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Page 24
Downlink CP Parameters
Configuration
CP Length (Ts)
Time
Delay
Spread
160 for slot 0
~ 5.208s
~ 1.562km
144 for slot 1, 2, 6
~ 4.688s
~ 1.406km
Normal Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz
Extended Cyclic
Prefix
f = 15kHz
512 for slot 0, 1, 5
~16.67s
~ 5km
f = 7.5kHz
1024 for 0, 1, 2
~ 33.33 s
~ 10km

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Page 25
Advantage of OFDM
High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each subcarrier would

be adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be no wasted spectrum
With multiple subcarriers transmitting in parallel, long symbol

duration is used, thus OFDMA is more tolerant to multi-path
environment and better entitled to eliminate ISI (inter symbol
interference)
Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol interference could be

minimized
OFDM is flexible in allocating power and rate optimally among

narrowband sub-carriers (scheduling)
Frequency diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum

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Page 26
Peak to Average Power Ratio

PAPR (Peak to
Average Power Ratio)
Issue
Amplitude
Peak
OFDM
Symbol
Averag
e
Time
The drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average ratio of the

transmitted signal, which greatly decrease the efficiency of the
linear amplifiers
This is especially critical for the uplink, due to the high
importance of low mobile-terminal power consumption and cost.

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Page 27
SC-FDMA in uplink
SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multicarrier technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much
higher power amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink.
SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM
system with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes
each user occupy consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which
looks like a single carrier.
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
DFT
Symbols
Subcarrier
Mapping
Time Domain
0
0
0
0
IDFT
CP
Insertion
0
0
0

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Page 28
OFDM used in LTE

Radio
Channel
TDD
eNB
FDD
Radio
Channel
UE
UE
OFDM
(OFDMA)
eNB
OFDM
UE
(SC-FDMA)

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Page 29
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

Access
Power
OFDMA
Each user allocated a
different resource
which can vary in time
and frequency.
Time
Frequency

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Page 30
OFDMA used in LTE.
DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Anti multi-path interference
Anti frequency selective fading
Higher spectrum efficiency
Easy to cooperate with MIMO for higher

throughput
Flexible multi-users scheduling
UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - FDMA)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Save terminals cost & power consumption
Lower PAPR modulation technology: DFT-S-OFDM,

which is similar to OFDM
Higher spectral efficiency compare with traditional

single carrier technology.
Huawei Confidential
Page 31
Downlink PRB Parameters

Configuration
NSCRB
NSymbDL
f = 15kHz
Normal Cyclic Prefix
7
12
f = 15kHz
Extended Cyclic
Prefix
f = 7.5kHz
24
Normal CP Configuration
Larger first CP when
Normal CP is configured
DL
Nsymb OFDM Symbols (= 7 for Normal CP)

0
160
2048
1
14
4
2048
2
14
4
2048
3
14
4
2048
4
14
4
2048
5
14
4
2048
E.g. NCP = 144,

TCP= 144 x Ts = 4.6875s

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Page 32
6
14
4
2048
OFDM Symbol Mapping
Time
Modulated
OFDM
Symbol
OFDMA
Each user allocated a
different resource
which can vary in time
and frequency.
Amplitude
Cyclic
Prefix
Frequency
OFDM
Symbol

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Page 33
Channel-dependent scheduling
Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA,

the time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users
LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time
domain, as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain
For LTE, scheduling decisions can be taken as often as once every

1 ms and the granularity in the frequency domain is 180 kHz

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Page 34
Multi-Antenna Technique MIMO

Receive diversity:
SIMO
Transmit diversity:
MISO
Multi-antenna reception
and transmission: MIMO
Fundamentals of MIMO:
The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams.
The data streams are simultaneously transmitted from multiple antennas

through the spatial dimensions, through different radio channels, and
received by multiple antennas.
And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial
signature of each data stream.

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Page 35
MIMO--the Key to Improve Cell Throughput

1x2 SIMO
UE 1
Macr
o
LLL
T TT
EEE
18.15%
Throughput (Mbps)
eNodeB
2x2 MIMO
eNodeB
SIMO
MIMO
xx.xx%: Gain
16.4
15.12%
12.09
14.23
13.88
ISD:500m
Speed:3km/h
UE 1
28.34%
9.42
12.36
ISD:500m
Speed:30km/
h
ISD:1732m
Speed:30km/
h
xx.xx%: Gain
46.94%
46.40%
35.18
In typical urban area:
Throughput (Mbps)
34.15
Micro
SIMO
MIMO
56.68%
26.87
23.24
24.03
17.15
15%~28% gain over SIMO @ Macro

~50% gain over SIMO @ Micro

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Outdoor-to-Indoor Outdoor-to-Outdoor Outdoor-to-Outdoor

Speed: 3km/h
Speed: 3km/h
Speed: 30km/h
Page 36
More Gains through Higher-order MIMO

UL 24 MU-MIMO
DL 44 MIMO
eNodeB
UE 1
eNodeB
UE 1
UE 2
4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO:

~ 50% gain in average cell
23%~90% increasing in edge user
throughput
throughput
2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO:

23%~90%
increasing
in edge
~50% gain
in average
celluser
throughput
throughput

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Page 37
AMC & 64QAM
AMC, Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Radio-link data rate is controlled by adjusting the modulation scheme and/or the
channel coding rate
Modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Turbo code
Features
Provide higher-data-rate services
Significantly improve the system
throughput
Improve users experience

High-order modulation scheme used
within excellent channel condition
Huawei Confidential
Page38
Inter-cell interference coordination

By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in
one cell, the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part
of the spectrum will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then
be used to provide higher data rates for users in the neighbouring
cell
Cell
1,4,7
Power
2
2
76
Frequency
3
3
Cell
1
1
6
5
2,5,8
Power
Frequency
4
8
5
9
Power
Cell
3,6,9
Frequency
Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells
Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells
30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)

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Page 39
LTE Key Technologies SON

Deployment Stage
Network Planning
& Design
Self-Planning
Installation &
Initial Tuning
Self-Config.
Network Performance
Improvement
Self-optimiz.
Operation & Maintenance Stage
Network Operation &

Maintenance
Network Upgrade
and evolution
Self-Optiz. & Maintenance
Self-Organising Network (SON)

SON effectively reduces human intervention in
deployment and operation stage. Thus, SON saves both
CAPEX & OPEX.
SON with ICIC : SON helps inter-cell interference
coordination to improve cell edge throughput and user eNB 2
experience
Huawei Confidential
eNB 1
Page 40
eNB 3
SON Improving Operation Efficiency
Planning
Phase
Deploymen
t
Phase
Automatic Network Planning

Automatic Config. Planning
Automatic Parameter Planning
Optimization
Phase
Maintenance
Phase
Automatic PCI/TA Optimization

Automatic Neighbor Relation
Inter-RAT ANR,MRO, System Load
Balance, RACH Optimization
Self- configuration (Plug & Play)

Auto Software Management
Inventory Management
Sleeping Cell detection
Antenna Fault Detection
Cell/interface/sub. trace
SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network architecture changes

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Page 41
Typical SON Features at Initial Stage

ANR: Automatic Neighbor
Relation
Self-Config.: Quick Deployment

S/W
File Server
Config
Config
Config
EMS + DHCP
Config
S/W
New
eNodeB
Save cost & Improve exactness

Avoid first HO failure due to missing neighbor
relation
MLB: Mobility Load Balancing

Cell A
CellBB
Cell
Plug & Play Installation

Shorten deployment duration
MRO: Mobility Robust

Optimization
Cell C
Value
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
Optimizing cell reselection and handover

parameters
Reduce call drop rate, handover failure rate,
Reduce unnecessary redirection

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unnecessary HO Rate
HO successful rate
More reliable
Improve network KPI by HO optimization
Page 42
Thank you
www.huawei.com

LTE System Principle

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2010-09

Security Level: Internal Use

LTE system principle

Copyright @ 2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you will be able

Know the backgrounds of evolution

Know system architecture of LTE

Know key features of LTE

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

3. LTE key features

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

2. LTE system architecture

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Mobile communications standards landscape

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE

HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do

By the end of 2007, 3GPP R8 is released as the first specs of LTE

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

LTE will be the Single Global Standard

LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile operators.

SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution

Smooth Transition to LTE

Spectrum refarming starts from

LTE requirements and targets

Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less then

Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100

Improved spectral efficiency

Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access

Supporting flexible spectrum allocation (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz)

Simplified network architecture

Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

LTE technical features

The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink

similar to the approach taken in HSDPA

Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE

MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial multiplexing

which can increase data rate prominently

LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex

allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

LTE frequency bands

LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands

Transmission bandwidth could be:

Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]

Active Resource Blocks

DC carrier (downlink only)

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

LTE Release 8 Bands

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

2. LTE system architecture

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

LTE System architecture

LTE: simplified IP flat architecture

Less equipment node and easier deployment

Less transmission delay and easier O&M

S1 and X2 interfaces are based on a full IP transport stack

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

LTE-SAE System architecture

The philosophy of the SAE is to focus on the packet-switched domain,

2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.