PETROLOGY Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic THIRD EDITION HARVEY BLATT The Hebrew University of Jerusalem ROBERT J. TRACY Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University BRENT E. OWENS The College of William and Mary Ez = W. H. Freeman and Company New York——_—_————— $2. Chapter Chemistry Physics, and Classification of Igneous Rocks TABLE 3-1 Chemical composition (wt%) of earth, mantle, and crust ] Element Farr | Oxide Mantie* Oceanic crust” Continental crust Fe BL SiO, 452 aoa 603 ° 30 TO: on rr 10 si 18 ALO 354 164 156 Mg 16 Feo! 848, 101 7a Ni r Mno oa 03, on | ca 18 Mgo 3748 76 39 al 4 cao 3.08 125 58 Na 09 Nao 0. 26 32 0 018 03 25 POs - 02 02 | A. E. Ringwood, 1975, Composition and Petrology of the Barth's Mantle, New York: MeGraw til A.B Ronow and A.A Yarovshevshy, 1960, Chemical Composition ofthe Barth’ Crust. American Geophysical Union Monograph 13 «$:R. Taylor, 1064, Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochim, Cosmockim, Acta 28: 1273 1285, ‘Total iron oxide (FeO + Fes03), ‘magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and phospho- rus, The normal manner of reporting abundances of the major and minor elements is in the form of their simple ‘oxides, that is, SIO, TIO, AlzOs, FeO, Fes03, MnO, MgO, CaO, NazO, KoO, and P.O;. Other major elements are sul- fur, fluorine, and chlorine in their elemental form. All other elements are reported as trace elements in parts per million or parts per billion. The usual convention is ‘to report compositional data on a weight basis. Although rock and mineral analyses are commonly presented as weight percents of oxides, molar amounts, are used for many petrologic purposes. The conversion from weight percent to mole percent is straightforward and utilizes the molecular weights of the oxides, which can be calculated from a periodic table or found in ‘many mineralogy texts such as Deer, Howie, and Zuss- ‘man (1993). To convert, simply divide the weight per- cent of each oxide by its molecular weight. Add all these values, and then normalize to 100%. Table 3-2 shows results of a sample calculation for a simple rock analysis. ‘Two other important chemical constituents are water and carbon dioxide. In an igneous rock, these compounds foceur in an analysis only if there are hydrous or carbon- ate minerals that contain them (and if these compounds are detectable by the analytical technique used; see be- low). Major amounts of these two constituents are dis- solved in many magmas but are mostly to completely lost in the crystallization process. It is very important to keep in mind that the absence of these chemical compo- nents from an igneous rock chemical analysis does not, imply their absence from the original magma. Both water and carbon dioxide can play highly significant roles in the origin, transport, and crystallization of mag- ‘mas through eontrol of phase equilibrium processes and ‘magma physical behavior, as discussed below. TABLE 3-2 Sample conversion of weight percent oxides to mole percent oxides ‘Oxide Weight percent Molecular weight We /mw Mole % SiO: 72.04 60.09 1.1989 71.95 ‘0: 0.30 79.90 0.0038 025 NOs 14.42 101.985 0.415 920 | Feo 2.90 7185 0.0404 2.63, ‘Mgo om 4031 0.0176 14 cad 182 56.08 0.0324 au Nad 3.69) 61.85 0.0387 3.88 0 412 9420 0.0497 2.84 Total 100.00 1.5380 100.00