Sociology (Prelims)

Monday, July 14, 2014

5:48 PM

Pioneers of Sociology:
1. Auguste Comte (Dynamics and Statics) - Comte argued that society needs scientific knowledge based on facts and
evidence to solve its problemsnot speculation and superstition,
a. dynamics = or the study of the processes by which societies change;
b. statics = or the study of the processes by which societies endure.
2. Herbert Spencer (Survival of the Fittest) - Spencer suggested that society will correct its own defects through the natural
process of survival of the fittest"; the rich endures and the weak dies.
a. Compared society to a living organism with interdependent parts.
b. Change in one part of society causes change in the other parts, so that every part contributes to the stability and
survival of society as a whole. If one part of society malfunctions, the other parts must adjust to the crisis and
contribute even more to preserve society. Family, education, government, industry, and religion comprise just a
few of the parts of the organism of society.
3. Karl Marx (Exploitation of the poor) - Marx claimed that social conflict, especially class conflict, and competition mark all
societies.
a. observed society's exploitation of the poor by the rich and powerful
b. Bourgeoisie (rich and powerful) versus proletariat (poor)
4. Emile Durkheim (Suicide / Scientific Methods / Objective Evidence) - Durkheim stressed the importance of studying social
facts, or patterns of behavior characteristic of a particular group.
a. The phenomenon of suicide especially interested Durkheim.
b. Durkheim certainly advocated the use of systematic observation to study sociological events, but he also
recommended that sociologists avoid considering people's attitudes when explaining society. Sociologists should
only consider as objective evidence what they themselves can directly observe. In other words, they must not
concern themselves with people's subjective experiences.
5. Max Weber (Subjective Evidence) - Weber believed that sociologists must inquire into people's thoughts, feelings, and
perceptions regarding their own behaviors.l
a. Weber believed that individuals' behaviors cannot exist apart from their interpretations of the meaning of their
own behaviors, and that people tend to act according to these interpretations. Because of the ties between
objective behavior and subjective interpretation.
Sociology - study of human behavior in a society
Sociological Perspectives
1. Symbolic Interaction: using symbols to behave
a. Library bell - silence
b. Room bells - end of class
c. TIP Uniform - students
d. In a school - act like a students
e. When you go to a school, you're not expected to do bible study.
2. Functionalism: a person has its own function
a. Student in a school, son or daughter in a house
b. Christian in a church, professor in a school
3. Conflict: You have a symbol and your own function, hence, conflict may arise when the two do not match.
a. Very shy at home, but totally talkative outside.
Participant Observation: researchers systematically observe people while joining in their activities
Experiment: research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
Survey: research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview
Secondary analysis: research method in which a researcher utilizes data collected by others

III Culture
What is culture? The way of life
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What is culture? The way of life

Concepts of Culture
1. Learned: Pwedeng matutunan kahit kanino.
2. Adopted: Pwedeng iaccept or ireject.
3. Transmitted: Pwedeng ituro.
4. Shared: Can be shared to others
5. Dynamic / Diversity: Iba-iba and malawak yet we can still understand each other.
IV. The Process of Socialization
Socialization - process wherein your personality should be developed into a more mature individual
- happens when two or more people interact (one stimuli and one respondent)
- there's always an interaction
Process Of Socialization:
1. Stimuli: starts the socialization process through communication (either verbal or non-verbal).
2. In return the respondent will either:
a. Respond: pinag-isipan
b. React: di-napag-isipan
3. However, stimuli may start miscommunication to which respondent may have a wrong opposite reaction
a. 90% of socialization is with wrong impression because we tend to react fast instead of responding
b. Miscommunication happens when stimuli shows verbal or nonverbal and respondent reacts.

Types of Socialization:
1. Primary socialization: Based on the family
a. The culture of how you communicate based on your understanding of the family.
b. Whatever you have learned from your family going out to the society
2. Secondary socialization: things you do outside the house
a. "Mahiyain sa family, pero madaldal sa labas"
3. Gender: masculinity or femininity
a. Masculine in nature (not biological) tend to socialize in a masculine way (e.g tibo = laklakan or brasuhan)
b. You expect masculine ones to comment on beauty or sexiness of the Miss universe contestants, while
females look at the perfection of the answers.
4. Anticipatory: You know what will happen.
a. In school, when you see a teacher, you anticipate that he will teach.
b. You won't expect a teacher to teach in the study area.
5. Re-socialization:
a. When you are grouped for the first time, everything is okay. But when you belong to a new group, you will
see new people hence, you have to re-socialize.
6. Group Socialization: People who socialize according to groups
a. If you don't know each other, are you comfortable to tell your personal life? No.
b. We tend to socialize with people who know like friends.
7. Organizational: More formal / professional
a. Like on project, we socialize in a formal way.
8. Natural: Your own. Natural state.
a. Jolly person tends to socialize in a jolly way.
9. Positive or Negative Socialization
a. Positive: socialization wherein the outcome is always pure positive (pure benevolence, positive outlook in
any situation)
b. Negative: outcome is always negative in nature (intentional crime)
Six Thinking Hats - a mind of a respondent can be classified into six different thinking hats in every situation
1. Yellow: Kahit pangit ang situation, remains positive.
2. White: Focuses more on facts
3. Black: Focuses on negative sides.
4. Green: Possibilities. Focuses on solutions.
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4. Green: Possibilities. Focuses on solutions.

5. Red: Emotions
6. Blue: The one that dictates which hat to follow.
*When you socialize, it shows one's personality. And personality is not just born, but developed!

Theories on Personality Development:

1. Looking glass self (Charles Cooley) - Our personality develops based on how others perceive us.
a. When someone tells us something bad about ourselves, we try to remove it. If the personality is of use, we
continue to do it.
b. Personality is like looking at the mirror.
c. Psychologically, a person likes to see himself.
2. Generalized Others (George Mead) - We observe and look at the personality of others BEFORE we behave and
show our own personality.
3. Psychosexual Theory (Sigmund Freud) Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood
stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. This
psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior.
a. Oral - 0 - 3 years old. (pleasure: mouth)/ Children puts everything on their mouth. Thumb sucking / nail
biting: happens when deprived
b. Anal - 3- 5 years old (pleasure: anus) / Children should be potty-trained.
c. Phallic - 5 - 8 years old (pleasure: genitals) / Children play their genitals. Sexual Maniac = happens when
deprived
d. Latency - 8-12 years old / person starts to have a crush on the opposite or same sex. Develops preference.
Straight guys have crush on guys too. (Idol) Identity crisis or confusion = happens when deprived
e. Genitals - 12 and above / person starts to have sex

Three Elements in One's Personality

1. Id (Selfish) - "Everyone is selfish because in one time, everyone wanted to have something for their own."
a. ID is not always negative. (e.g. pagpapakopya sa katabi)
2. SuperEgo (Self-Less) - "the ideal you"
a. Not always positive in nature.
3. Ego (the one who controls both)
a. The one that control which element will be followed
What if you have extra 1000, will you give 1 peso to a Badjao?
1. Id - don't give money baka kasi ginagamit ng sindikato
2. Superego - give money baka kailangan!

Pero bawal magbigay ng pera sa badjao! This law is in ID FORM!

But I'm a christian, I should be full of compassion! The church is in superego form!
Agencies of Socialization - How we as human being socialize according to where we are.
1. Peers (friends) - greatest impact on socialization, because it will push you to things you don't like to do (peer
pressure)
a. Evaluating yourself is the least biased evaluation and the most biased evaluation is from peers.
b. 100% agad kung kaibigan, 50% kung kaaway.
2. Family - First agency of socialization.
a. Your teacher can see how you socialize at home.
3. Mass Media - Strong agency of socialization
a. Some are very loud in chats, but stunned when in front.
b. Face-to-face is different from face-to-monitor. Sociological abnormality.
V. Deviant Behavior
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V. Deviant Behavior
Deviant: disturb or violates norms (standards)
When deviant behavior shows up, the other people will either
(1) be affected
(2) accepts the deviant behavior

Forms of Deviant Behavior

1. Formal - behavior that is deviant on a known formal setting (badjao asking for alms)
2. Informal - behavior that is deviant on an informal setting (police entering a drug Partee)
Three Types of Deviant behavior
1. Bad - intentionally bad like crime
2. Odd - Not normal behavior
3. Good - Policeman catching drug addicts on a Partee
Effect of Deviant behavior = social change / this will become the new norm

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