|| | Ch. aii 1@) 10 an mleger larger Ban | 3 nis vat prime |b) 21 4 pol prime ; Bee 7.468! = 3/.1057 l © Hothing, (mu is nol prime , so the Aypotheses are rdlsatited) ; but 2"-|2 23.99 fells ys the converse of the Theorem is False. i i A@ Bla) n oa natural number larger than 2 ; no nol prime (b) Ants Take notre, Thtn 2nti3 = 215.2413 2 6.13 I. Ht: b*%-a® = (b-a),(bt+a) Hh Now use the fact that b-a>o and bra >o 1. We want to show feat xd) —»> xeB. It | wll suthee t chiw that x¢B > xed. it So Seuppese x¢B. Then i xeEA-B because xeA ie) & x¢B || Since A-BE Cad, it Rllars peal xe €nd. (Se ee ale Vr Be ed NS i #9. Heat ath 2 br because ach H} _. ath < b+ 1 = z tio Unt: Use the contrapositive. Prove thal L || xe se, then CR #5)/ve) Ae, a Hint Suppose aczhd. Then ac/b 2d Hl cs pe > ac because b>a 3 >d c¢rd.| Ch.3./#12 Seappose x>/. Then A) 2Y¥ £ §- 3X because 2X+2Y4S Zee amsekS. because x >) So 2¥< 2. Heuwe yet. Ale Suppose xX>3 and yez, Then xt-2yY > 3° 2Y¥ because xX >3 50 X*>3° > 3° 22) because You = & X*-2Y > 6. Ch.3.2 HL We are ger Hat P20 and Q2R are frue. | fs frue Ap. We want tb prove that P>rR wae So Suppose Pb true, Then Q wihbe Prue because PSQ a frue, Naw since @ 12 true and O>k wt fellas that Rw trae, Hence PaR is true, We ave giventhl AEC and balC=G, Suppose xeA, Then xeC because ASC, New x cannot be mB, chherise xe Band xeC so BAC will nel be erply Hene x¢B. Thus xeA implies x¢B. We are given that AnceB and ael, Suppose that aeAh-8. ThenacA andag&, Now ach and aeC. So ae hal, Thus aeB because Ante’, But thir contradicts the fect that a¢8. Herne ad A-&,A® C3286 Weare given hal cb, ach, and thet a and b are nit both elements of 6, Suppose be B. I Snece_ aeh and Aeb, if Alls thal aeBb. || Se we mew have that both a and b are olements {I of B - a contrndiction, Hema bEB. Ys Modus tolens says; From PQ and 18, mfer +P | Just check that ((P20).Q)] > GP) isa | tauteleg y as follows : | a) [(e2ay » GQ)I + (+?) | —— T = II fa 7s i E cE 17 y F Ij T cE FE gE T ; T, F F FT is 7 ; 74 5 FOF Tas Tama Pri ih #Y7. Mo. Let's fry. Suppose You, (We will by fo | get tradielie A then conclude Then || get acon tadsefiin an en conclude Yee). || fom XY = 16, We get K*t¥=/3. So \| X*2 7, I) Mow we weuld like 4 conclude thal X>3 (% I contradict he Pact hat we were glen xA#sy) buf I we can't do so, It fe possible fr x to be -3. I We actually got a counter- exangple A he supposed || theorom : Hf x?ty=/3 and X#3, then VAY. i Just take x=-3 and y= 4, Then the hypohews are satished bal te conclusion dees nit holdh.33 Hl (Ox)[ Pe) > AW] & Gx) [770 v Bo} 41® © G77) v GN aH - [lv Po] v (4x) 06) S& [Wx) Pay ~ Gx) Ae) +P We waut fy sho thal (Yr) [xe Anb> Prag Let x bean arbitrary element cf AnB Then xe A and xeE8, Now Seypose XKECO. Then xeA, and xeBandx¢C, So xeA and xe B-O So xe An(B-c), Se AnO@-0 #6, torhadicting the fact pha A and BC are diyjont, Hence xel, Thus xe Arb , Hin xeC. Seance xX was arbitrary it flaws phat fnbe €. #4 We want t ches thal (VB) (6cA > B¢ AA)] Thus means thal for an arbihary B BSA > Be PA). So kt B be an arbifrary set wih (A Le (ts) (xe B > xeA) | Ne bave & shos that (Ux) [xeB > xe MA)}, So ket xe8. Thin xXe€A because BCA, Ful ASA) Hece xe PU). So if xeB, hen xe GA) Here we have shan thal (Yx) {xeB 2 xePt)] Sune 8 was arbitrary we have sham hal (¥8) [8SA > BSPA)], So fA) = Kh) provided He PAA), Note: It a not always tue thal AS PLA). Thats why we need h assume il. [Take A= th? The~ PA) = {6,0 629 ,[n2} so AEPA).]1@ Ch.3.34¢5 (a) Tale R=. Then Ol)= {f} and de 0) because Pe §P3 r Take A= §B,6B3} Then . PA) = $2. 503,111, 19, D4 and again | AS PA) because 6, GI $4, 1B AA, Then], | Wed ote. It js true that Ae€ ie ter any sel A | bet that is a_difherent shry! #8(0H int: Take ye (12x) /(x-1) | |) Seoppese There 1s areal ygimber y such tal it wri /y-2) = x, Mow, Tee) Then I G+)/@-2) =), Se ytl = g-2 || So f=-2 = acontradietion . Hence sf Hee exish 4 real nun ber ¥ | witch at G/¥-2) = x, Hen X47, #GMaL: Take 92 (X4 VRE MY2 or (- VEG Ye ree get hese values by solving ya xr 4+ /=0) +40 Suppose als and afe, Then we ean fnd wnlegers Z ll andl 4 such thal b= ha and c= ba, So || dece katha = (k+l). a. v. af(bte) ih So uf é[band ajc, then a/fbrc) H lw) Stappese ac/ be Pe a a i an mteger_k such thal be= k lac), Since We 40% Allows frat b> ha bewce afb. | So tt efbe and CAO, then a/b. H4) th. 3.3825 Hint: Take y= 2x. | Ch. 34 x /. Suppoe (Hd) [ Pada Q&] is pre. Lit x be an arbitrary element Then PO AQHW u frue. So” Poa true and Ob) is True, Since x was arhitrary , Fh) is true tralle. So (Ye) Pk) is true. Also since x was arb/ trary Qe) a tue tr allx, Se (Wr) Bb) ie true. Thus Wx Pb) a (We) QG) is frue, Hence Ur) [ P&) a aw] implres WP)» YQ). Now prove (Ux) Fee) » Vx) Q6%) implies (Yl Hara Qe J and you will get de conglele prof het xe A, Sue Neb, it plus that xeB, Also sine Bec, + Allw: thal xe€, So ese ser e”mLmhmhLrhmrlrm erLULrlrlLr xeA, thin xe BrCl. Hence Ae 6nC, Sea: if ACB and ACC thn AS BAC, We ae given that ACB, Lt C be any sel, Take an arbitrary element x ef C. Now Sugpense x€A. Men xeB because ASB. So 7 x¢6, tim xfA Gontrapesi*ve). hence if tel and x28, then xel amd x#4. XEC*B imphes xe 6-A. Henee C-BE CA. Sinee C was arbitary, At Pelavs thet for every set C, CB SCA,1@ Ch. 2.6#9U) Sugpse AaC= Bac, Then (A-C)ue-A = @-clueEs). let xeA. Then erher xeC or x€C, Now sh xel, then xg A-C and x€C-A, So xé A-c)uc-A), Hence x¢ B-CveE-B). Sh x¢ B-C and x¢c-B . Smve xEC and x¢C-B, dt fellows thal xeB Ard if x¢C, then xe A-€ , Smee ACE @-C)uC-8), + Allows that xe B-C or xe C-B, But x¢l, so we must have xe B-C. tee xB So nether case xKeB AgB, Now let x€B. Then evher xeC or x¢C again Jf xel, then x¢(B-c) and. x¢C-B), Se x $ (B-c)u(e- 8). Hence x $ G-C)uGA), 8 xd A-C and x¢ C-h Since X€C and XE C-A, it Follows thal xe A Aad if x¢C, then X€B-C, Since B-C€ (A-c)u(C-A) , tbh Kilows thal xe (A-¢) @ xe(C-A) Bud X¢C, so we must have xe A-c. Hente xeA. So in echer case XEA, “BEA Hen A=B. So if heb B40, hen AB, (This *s proving 4) the hard way, Notice hew ruck sherler, the previeas prot of 4) was. We did need to use ¢(a), 4b) and the assodative law fr 2, however, So it wasn't realy That shor? )4@ Sigpose AEB and A¢L. Then we can fd an ehinent x, € A such thal xXo#E (because AGC), Mow sine ASL, xXeeB Se Xoe Band XofC, Hence BEC, So if AEB and ALC, thn BFC, ket te PAnb). Then CEAnB. So CEA and CS8, Wencee CeEPP) and Ce Pa). Thus ce PANPB) ----M New let Ce PO) PIB), Thin © elf) and CeEPB). So. Cech and CEB, Here Le AnB&, Thus Ce Aas --- @® Frm 6)&8@ 11 lave hal P0b)- Phare) Suppose Ac é. Let Cé PA). Thin CEA Suva pes, if puns: thal CEB. Thus ce). So CGS (Bd. Thes Ace wovp lies PAs PB) ----O Now suppose (PU) © (BD. Then ce PA) unplies “Ce Ob). Now we knew that A € CA) because ACA, So AeP@), 44. Aes. Thus PA)e?@) implies AcB. .. (2) From 0&0) it fpllous phat pcb iff PA) se PE), Seppose and y are odd Then we canfnd integers k and k such that x=2kt+! & yo2be/, Soo xy = (eke \l2bt1) = 4hbe 2kt2bts = e/2kbtket)t) is odd. Hence if x &¥ are odd, then xy is odd3-4 # #26 0. Suppose 1 is even. Then we can tnd an vateger ke suck “thel m=2k. So nz bk)}i= 2(h?) is even, So if n & ptn, hin m Is even Now Segpose an is pel even, Vie encar adh lan integer 4 suck Thal m=2bt), So ms Chrir= 8b ral sblr) = 2404614304 1s odd. benrce jf n & aot evin hen mn’ 6 nel even. Thur nb een ff m3 io even, fia Lex eR 2 | Suppose xA/, Take ¥= Xl), MenyeR ||| Pso xeye x x = AUX, XK BA Ser = i = Peery eer xy) x) X-l iSebea ae 71, thew (dreR) (xty = xy) : Mow Suppose (FYER) (xt¥= xr). WY x=/, then we wenld get 14¥2 LY, that os 1+yYe2y, So 1= 0 ~ @ Lonfraduhon. Hen st (Fryer) (xty=x¥) ten X41, Thus (Ux) [ (GveR) (xty= xx) ee x41] (a) Siyppose 3fa and 8/n. Then | ke £ suck that n>ak ,aGitnee sfn 7 be2 suck Stat nesk=6£ Since a ss Such hal k= 6m. Thus + 3k= 36m) = /5m Hen 15/h. Now Suppose isfn. Thin ImeZ suck phal n= i€m. Since n= 2(5tn) | 3/n. Ako since n= 5(3m), S/n. Weng IS/n tft 3/n_ and s/n. 6)A@ Chd4¢ #26(b) 6/30 and /of30 but b0f20, So H H Ch. 35 #h i Hl 6/n and to]n does not unply 6o/n . Let xe An(Bul), Then _xeA and xe Gud). | Se (eA) a (xeBv KE). Hene (xe An xeB) v (xeAnxel) (Distributive Law) So (x € Ang) wv xe (And)... x€ Gaa)u(Acc) Have AnevE) € (Anb)¥ Gat) Let xe vB) -C. Thin xeN-B and X¢C. So (KeA vxe B)a(xfC). fence (xeAn x#€C) v (xe Ba xéC) CDistributwe Law) (xe A) vi (Ke BA X40) becaue XEA A KEE wmplies xe A, Wente x €A or xe(B-C) xe Av G-0). Thus (Aug)-C ¢ AvG-O. het Ce PAu PB). Then CePA) ox Ce 7B) Se CEA cr CEB, Now if CEA, then Ce Ab. bnd # CEB, hen cenme, So in ether case C<€AvB, “ C€ PAB) Hence PAu 0b) 5 Pav 8). Stappose (x-3)> 3. Now €iThey _X-3 20 or (x23) <0, Call hese Case and Case (i), resp. | Gase (i): x-320, In this case [x-3]> x-3. So we knew That X-3>3, 2. X? By3=6. X22 X.X > EX because X76, So x*>bxAG) ch. 35#%p, Case): X-3 <0. In this case [x-3] = -(x-3), Se we know feat - (4-3) 73. 1. €x)¥3>3 pean Katte, *, Xo0 and 6xco, it Allows the x? >bX. Son ether case 2° >éx, Hence |x-3]>3, oe 13, Mont: — X*# x = x(xt0) Now observe Mal esher x 7s even er X+t/ 1s even, =ite 26 (a) The ‘preot is nol conuplete - so if is ont correct. (6) The ‘pro!’ was done by sphiing Ue problem te two cases, We want % prove P+@, We split P inh fo cases Avh, ©) Yer, t can be fixed. (d) The pheorem is corred, We will fix the proof” First, let us state what was wang. In case t ~ we did not prove thal 00. Huge 06x<6, Cace(2): X-3<660, Then ...., 80 0. Haw Hint: Take y= -, Then XY x-¥ = -XdHY tH =-¥ = 4Y, ||) Hod: Assume x3 4X- 4 = 43, Thon shor thal i peck #2.) Boat Take X= O. (A-#)u(p-A)= Avg=A id) dnt: ht ba Aei 9) A%M= AA Od) =p (0 Hint Take 02 AaB. Thenrn ir toa. | Asc = Aas) = edee (Assoc. Low ) ti eal PW mee eel tn ete amet Coren ED) Hint: Take B= A, Men for_any CEA, ii! Bac = Ae = (A-CvuCA) i = A-C) vB = A-C ld) A= Asd = Ae(Cac) = = (Aacyec (Assoc. aw) = (B4c)ac = @ (Cec) ~ Bag = 8B,| 1@ 87H (Existence) ket Az UF. —_IIl(a)_S uppese ce J ht xe. Then xeC end Ce So xe fx1: Gd) (xed and De d)pon, d Hence sf xeC, ten XEN. So CEA. b) let 8 be any set suchthal Fe PD, __ Then Wd) (DEF +28), So hr eachCeF Ce B. Hence Ufe: ce#} © B&B. Bud A= Ufe:ce9}. une ACB, Unigue ness) __ Suppose A’ was another set with | Ke properties (a) and (4). Then 95 P@’) and " V8)(Fs C6) > AEB). Now Poe _ _ take B=A, Then _we_knm FECA), so if | Albws tat Ave A. - Ako_if we take &=A’, and plug Wt nb te jerrginal vesuld thal we paved fr A, jhen we will get-om ¢ ¢ PO’) and Hl (V4) (Js Pb)» As B) | fAat ASA’, Hence AeA’. 4 Se thre /s only ene sel A that satisfies (a) 4b) #21 0@-8)- [00-0] =§h3. Le? pine Bes eee ll Airset chserve that P@-8) € PA) becanx 7 A-6ch, Abo PA)-G(8) = PA)- P08) . {il Se @@-8) -[P@)-(8)] = 0@-8) n G28), Mow © € O(A-B)n e608), , iff CEA-B& | and Cs Ane, The only cet wrt this pr erty is B. So C=Y. Thus P68) - [0A)-Mb)J= 5p.