Hypercalcemia can result when too much calcium (Ca) enters the extracellular fluid (ECF) or

when there is insufficient calcium excretion from the kidneys.

Calcium plays an important role in intracellular and extracellular metabolism controlling such
processes as nerve conduction, muscle contraction, coagulation, electrolyte and enzyme
regulation, and hormone release. Calcium metabolism, in turn, is tightly regulated by a series of
hormones that affect not only the entry of calcium into the extracellular space from bone and the
GI tract but also control its excretion from the kidneys

Overactive parathyroid glands. The most common cause of hypercalcemia, overactive

parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism) may stem from a small noncancerous tumor on
one or more of the four parathyroid glands.

Kidney disease - if the kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium, blood calcium levels will
fall, stimulating continual secretion of parathyroid hormone to maintain normal calcium levels
in blood.

Immobility. People with cancer or other diseases that cause them to spend a great deal
of time sitting or lying down may develop hypercalcemia. Over time, bones that don't bear
weight release calcium into the blood.

Supplements. Taking excessive amounts of calcium or vitamin D supplements over time

can raise calcium levels in your blood above normal.

Vitamin D toxicity. The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium Vitamin D enables the
formation of calcitriol, a hormone that regulates levels of calcium in the body and bone
growth. . If vitamin D intake is increased, there is an increase also in calcium absorption.

Dehydration. A common cause of mild or transient hypercalcemia is dehydration,

because when there is less fluid in your blood, calcium concentrations rise.

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