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Culture Documents
Objective:Explainwhatnationalismisandwhateffectitcanhaveonindividualsandonsociety.
Introduction
Directions:Examinetheimagesandinformationpresented,thenanswerthequestionthatfollows.
Accordingtotheauthorsofthesetwoimages,whateffectsmightnationalismhaveonacountry?
Whatisnationalism?
Directions:Readthedefinitionofnationalismandexaminetheimagesbelow,thencompletethepromptsthataccompanyeachimage.
Nationalism-strongfeelingsofsupportforonesnation
ImageA
ImageB
ImageC
TheFrenchcelebrateBastilleDayeveryyearon
July14thtomarkthestartoftheFrench
Revolutionandhonortheirhistoryofgovernment
basedonEnlightenmentideals.
Inthe1930s,Indiannationalistsprotestedagainst
Britishrule.LedbyMohandasGandhi,theyused
non-violenttacticstogainindependenceforIndia.
Inthe1930s,nationalisminGermanywasfueled
byblamingthecountrysproblemsonJewish
people.Inthisphoto,Germansoldiersholdsigns
readingGermans!Defendyourselves!Dontbuy
fromJews!
Observe:Whatdoyouseehappeningin
thisimage?
Observe:Whatdoyouseehappeningin
thisimage?
Observe:Whatdoyouseehappeningin
thisimage?
Explainwhythisimagedepictsanexample
ofnationalism.
Explainwhythisimagedepictsanexample
ofnationalism.
Explainwhythisimagedepictsanexample
ofnationalism.
GermanUnification(1861-1871)
Directions:Readthroughthetextandexaminetheimagebelow,thenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
Bythemid-1800s,PrussiahadbeenaforceinpoliticsinNorthernEuropeforcenturies.LikemostofEurope,it
wasconqueredbyNapoleonintheearly1800sandwasapartofthecoalitionofcountrieswhodefeatedhimin
1814.
In1861,KingWilhelmI,asupporterofGermanunity,cametopower.In1862,heappointedOttovonBismarck
(18151898)thenewPrimeMinisterofPrussia.Bismarckbecameknownforhisstyleofdiplomacyknownas
realpolitik.Realpolitikisalsoknownaspragmatismandisawayofmakingpoliticaldecisionsbasedonbeing
practicalinsteadofbasedonideals.BismarckarguedthatGermanycouldonlyunifythroughaforeignpolicy
calledbloodandiron,meaningthroughwarandmilitarystrength.
In186364,disputesbetweenPrussiaandDenmarkgrewoverownershipofanareacalledSchleswigontheir
borders.Thedisputeledtowar,inthecourseofwhichPrussia,joinedbyAustria,defeatedDenmark.Denmark
wasforcedtogiveupSchleswigandanotherGerman-speakingareacalledHolstein.Intheaftermath,the
managementofthetwoareascausedgrowingtensionsbetweenAustriaandPrussia,whichultimatelyledtothe
Austro-PrussianWar(1866).ThePrussianswerevictoriousandasaresult,by1871,Prussia,ledbyKing
WilhelmIandOttovonBismarck,wasincontrolofmostoftheGermanspeakinglandincentralEurope
TimelineofGermanUnification
1861
KingWilhelmIofPrussia
comestopower
1862
WilhelmIappointsOtto
vonBismarckas
Minister-Presidentof
Prussia
1864
DanishWar-
1866
Austro-PrussianWar
1870-1871
Franco-PrussianWar
January18, GermanEmpireis
1871
proclaimed,unifying
Germany
KingWilhelmIandBismarckthenlookedtotheGerman-speakinglandstothewest.Theywenttowaragainst
FranceintheFranco-PrussianWar(1870-71).TheGermansinvadedParis,capturedEmperorNapoleonIII,and
wonthewar.Franceceded[gaveover]whatbecameknownasAlsace-LorrainetoGermany.
DuringtheSiegeofParis,theGermanprincesassembledintheHallofMirrorsofthePalaceofVersaillesand
proclaimedthePrussianKingWilhelmIasthe"GermanEmperor"onJanuary18,1871.TheGermanEmpirewas
thusfounded,andBismarck,again,servedasChancellor.Itwasdubbedthe"LittleGerman"solution,since
Austriawasnotincluded.
Source:Germany.NewWorldEncyclopedia.http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Germany
Questions
1.WhowerethetwoleadersofPrussiathatledtheunificationofGermany?
2.DescribeOttovonBismarckspolicycalledrealpolitik.Howwasrealpolitikdifferentfromtheway
MaximilienRobespierreledduringtheFrenchRevolution?
3.AccordingtoBismarcksbloodandironpolicy,howwasPrussiagoingtounitetheGerman-speaking
people?
4.WhichcountriesdidPrussiagotowarwithtogaincontroloftheGermanspeakingareasinEurope?
ItalianUnification(1849-1878)
Directions:Readthroughthetextandexaminetheimagesandmapsbelow,thenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
TimelineofItalianUnification
1849
VictorEmmanuelIIbecomeskingofSardinia
1852
CountCavourbecomesprimeministerof
Piedmont
1860
GiuseppeGaribaldisinvasionoftheTwo
Sicilies
March17,
1861
KingdomofItalyisproclaimed
1866
ItalyannexesVenetia
1870
ItalyannexesRome,unitingalloftheItalian
peninsula
AfterNapoleonIsempirecrumbled,therepresentativesattheCongressofViennadecidedtoawardmostofnorthernItalytotheAustrianEmpireandto
grantauthoritytoseveralmonarchsthroughouttheItalianpeninsula,insteadofunifyingthem.DespitetheAustrianEmpiresattemptstosuppressit,
nationalisticfervor[passion]inspiredbytheFrenchRevolutiontookholdoftheItalians.
RevolutionarygroupsformedinItalyandtriedtoorganizethepeopleintorevolt.GiuseppeMazzini,whowaslaterknownasthesoulofItalianunification,
wasapartofoneofthemostinfluentialgroups,knownastheCarbonari,thatcreatedasecretorganizationcalledYoungItalyin1831.InsouthernItaly,
anothermemberoftheCarbonari,ageneralnamedGiuseppeGaribaldigatherednationalisticvolunteerscalledredshirtstofightwithhimagainstthe
AustrianEmpireandthoseItalianmonarchswhodidwanttounifyItaly.Between1814and1849,therebellionsstartedbynationalistorganizationslikethose
ledbyMazziniandGaribaldiwerestampeddownbylocalforcesorAustriantroops.Asaresult,bothMazziniandGaribaldiwereexiledfortheirrevolutionary
actions.TheyreturnedwhenleadersinnorthernItalystartedacampaignthateventuallybroughtItalytogether.
In1849,VictorEmmanuelII,asupporterofItalianunification,becametheKingofSardiniainthePiedmontregionofnorthernItaly.CamillodiCavour,an
experiencedandsavvydiplomat,becameEmmanuelspresidentoftheCouncilofMinistersin1852.EmmanuelandCavour,withthehelpofNapoleonIIIof
France,usedPiedmonteseandFrenchtroopstosuccessfullypushedtheAustriansoutofNorthernandCentralItaly,expandingtheKingdomofSardiniatoa
largeamountoftheItalianpeninsulaby1859.
Garibaldi,whohadreturnedtoItalytoaidintheunification,wasconvincedbyCavourinMayof1860toconcentratehisforcesonSicilywhererecent
rebellionsdemonstratedthattherewassupportfortheircause.GaribaldiandaboutathousandredshirtsconqueredSicilyinthreedays.Garibaldiwentonto
attackseveralothercitiesandinvadedNaples,gainingsupportfromtheinhabitantsandbecominganationalherointheprocess.
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TofinallydefeattheNeapolitanarmy,GaribaldineededhelpfromtheSardinianarmy.UnderVictorEmmanuelscommandtheSardinianarmymarchedsouth,
defeatingthePapalstates,andcomingtoGaribaldisaid.GaribaldigaveoverhiscommandtoEmmanuelandtheydefeatedthekingofNaples.OnlyRome
andVenetiaremained.OnFebruary18,1861,VictorEmmanuelassembledthedeputiesofthefirstItalianParliamentinTurin.OnMarch171861,the
ParliamentproclaimedVictorEmmanuelIIKingofItaly.
Threemonthslater,Cavour,havingseenhislife'sworknearlycomplete,died.Whenhewasgiventhelastrites,Cavourpurportedlysaid:"Italyismade.Allis
safe.
By1871bothVenetiaandRomecameunderthecontroloftheItaliangovernment.VenetiawaswonbecausetheItalianssidedwiththePrussiansinthe
Prusso-AustrianWarin1866andRomewastakenbyforcewhenFrenchtroopsleftthecitytodefendFranceagainstPrussiain1870.
Source:AdaptedfromItalianUnification.NewWorldEncyclopedia.http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Italian_unification
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian-unification.gif
1.IdentifythefourmostimportantleadersofItalianunification.
2.Whichcountries/empiresdidtheItalianshavetofightormake
dealswithtogaincontroloftheentireItalianpeninsula?
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