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FM Stereo Transmitter
FM Transmitter
Composite Baseband Signal for Final Wideband FM
Modulation is
FM receiver
FM receiver is similar to the
superheterodyne layout
Only Difference is Envelope Detector is
replaced by Limiter Discriminator and
De-Emphasis Circuits
RF is 88 to 108 MHz, IF is 10 MHz.
RF
mixer
LO
IF
limiter
AF power
amp
Discriminator
deemphasis
Receiver components:
RF amplifier
AM may skip RF amp but FM requires it
FM receivers are called upon to work with
weak signals (~1
(~1V
V or less as compared to 30
for AM)
V
An RF section is needed to bring up the signal
to at least 10 to 20 V before mixing
Limiter
A limiter is a circuit whose output is constant
for all input amplitudes above a threshold
Limiters function in an FM receiver is to
remove unwanted amplitude variations of the
FM signal
Limiter
Sensitivity example
An FM receiver provides a voltage gain of
200,000(106dB) prior to its limiter. The limiters
quieting voltage is 200 mV. What is the
receivers sensitivity?
200 mV/200,000= 1V->sensitivity of receiver
Discriminator
The heart of FM is this relationship
fi(t)=fc+kfm(t)
Disc.output
-75 KHz
+75 KHz
fcarrier
Deviation limits
Examples of discriminators
Slope detector - simple LC tank circuit
operated at its most linear response curve
output
fc
fo
Phase-Locked Loop
PLLs are increasingly used as FM
demodulators and appear at IF output
fin
Phase
comparator
Error signal
Lowpass
filter
Output proportional to
Difference between fin and fvco
Control signal:constant
When fin=fvco
fvco
VCO
VCO input
Hard
limiter
Zero
Crossing
detector
Multivibrator
Averaging
circuit
Output
FM input
Hard limiter
ZC detector
multiV
Averaging circuit
more frequent
ZCs means
higher inst freq
in turn means
Larger message
amplitudes
FM Receiver
After Limiter and Discriminator, Signal is Passed through various Filter
Circuits.
Output of Filters is De-Emphasized and Audio Signals obtained as L and
R separate channels of Stereophonic Receiver.
Pilot Freq. Signal after extracted from Filter Used as Synchronous
Detector Carrier for DSBSC Modulated Waves.
B. Internal Noise:
(1)Atmospheric Noise
(2)Extraterrestrial Noise
Solar Noise
Cosmic Noise
Noise Calculations
(1)
(2)
Channel model
Distortionless
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
Flat noise spectrum:white noise
No/2
Receiver Model
The objective here is to establish a relationship
between input and output SNR of an AM
receiver
Modulated signal s(t)
BPF
detector
filter
output
BT=2W
Noise n(t)
-fc
fc
(SNR )o
(SNR )c
ka P
=
<1
2
1 + ka P
k : AM modulation index
P : avg. message power
Best case is achieved for 100% modulation index
which, for tone modulation ( Ka2 = P/2), is only
1/3
Threshold effect-AM
In DSB-AM (not DSB-SC) there is a
phenomenon called threshold effect
This means that there is a massive drop in
output SNR if input SNR drops below a
threshold
For DSB-AM with envelope detection, this
threshold is about 6.6 dB