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When a protein is needed by a cell, the genetic code for that protein
must be read from the DNA and processed.
A two step process:
1.
2.
2. tRNA
3. rRNA
4. snRNA
5. miRNA/siRNA
2.
3.
4.
No primer
No proofreading
RNA polymerase
Fig. 5.2
Initiation
2.
Elongation
3.
Termination
2.
3.
2.
Different types and levels of sigma factors influence the level and
dynamics of gene expression (how much and efficiency).
Fig. 5.4
2.
3.
4.
Part of the new RNA strand is hybrid DNA-RNA, but most RNA is
displaced as the helix reforms.
Fig. 5.4
Type I (-independent)
Palindromic, inverse repeat forms a hairpin loop and is believed to
physically destabilize the DNA-RNA hybrid.
Fig. 5.5
2.
Type II (-dependent)
Involves factor proteins that break the hydrogen bonds between
the template DNA and RNA.
2.
3.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Gr10-23.html
Each GTF works with only one kind of RNA polymerase (required
by all 3 RNA polymerases).
Order of binding is: IID + IIA + IIB + RNA poly. II + IIF +IIE +IIH
Fig. 5.7.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Eukaryotes
1.
2.
3.
2.
5 cap
1993: Richard Roberts (New England Biolabs) & Phillip Sharp (MIT)
2.
3.
4.
Lariat is excised, and the exons are joined to form a spliced mRNA.
5.
6.
Fig. 5.12
Fig. 5.13
Significance of Introns:
They can also be lost and gained, making them a type of mobile
genetic element.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
60S subunit = 28S (4,700 nt) +5.8S (156 nt) + 5S (120 nt) +
50 proteins
5.
DNA regions that code for rRNA are called ribosomal DNA (rDNA).
6.
Fig. 6.12
8.
9.
Coding sequences for RNA subunits within rDNA genes contain the
following:
internal transcribed spacer
external transcribed spacer
nontranscribed spacer
ITS
ETS
NTS
Fig. 5.18
2nd
edition
2. Synthesis of tRNA:
1.
2.
3.
4.
tRNAs form clover-leaf structures, with complementary basepairing between regions to form four stems and loops.
5.
6.
Figure 6.9
U7
H/ACA