HERBAL PLANT CRUDE EXTRACT AND ITS EFFECT

TOWARDS BLOOD CLOTTING TIME

MON IVAN D. ARGUELLES

ALDEN MAE H. DELLOSA
CHARITY MAE D. LAWAS
LANIELYN F. REGACHO
GERALINE G. SOEJIMA
JERIEL B. VELOSO

October 2009
 HERBAL PLANT CRUDE EXTRACT AND ITS EFFECT
TOWARDS BLOOD CLOTTING TIME

A THESIS PRESENTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE NURSING DEPARTMENT
SOUTH PHILIPPINE ADVENTIST COLLEGE-
ADVENTIST UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES,
CAMANCHILES, MATANAO DAVAO DEL SUR

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

MON IVAN D. ARGUELLES

ALDEN MAE H. DELLOSA
CHARITY MAE D. LAWAS
LANIELYN F. REGACHO
GERALINE G. SOEJIMA
JERIEL B. VELOSO

October 2009
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis attached hereto, entitled, “Herbal Plant Crude Extract and its Effect

towards Blood Clotting Time,” prepared and submitted by Mon Ivan D. Arguelles,

Alden Mae H. Dellosa, Charity Mae D. Lawas, Lanielyn F. Regacho, Geraline G.

Soejima, Jeriel B. Veloso, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Nursing is hereby accepted.

Ranzolin G. Bayeta, MA
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

JEE ANN M. MARATAS, RN, MAN, Ph. D

Chair

JARED R. MARATAS, Ph. D ________________

Member Date Signed

BERNARD A. CORDITA, MAT ________________

Member Date Signed

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Nursing.

JIMMY F. FADEROGAYA, Ph. D

Dean, Academic Affairs
________________
Date Signed

JEE ANN M. MARATAS, RN, MAN, Ph. D

Chairperson, Nursing Department
________________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers are so much grateful for all the abounding grace, love, and

wisdom of the Almighty God, the Heavenly Master Teacher. It continues to bean

inspiration for the researchers who completed this research with the contributions of

different knowledgeable persons. Therefore, the researchers would like to acknowledge

the following persons, who, in one way or another, extended their help for the

accomplishment of this research work:

To Jee Ann M. Maratas, RN, MAN, Ph.D, Chairperson of the Nursing

Department, for letting them explore and experience the world of research and sparing

her time in correcting this study which inspired them to finish their work;

To Dr. Jared R. Maratas, research and community extension officer, for his

untiring support, suggestions, and motivation to the group;

To Bernard A. Cordita, MA; one of the members of the panel, for his support and

modifications to make this piece of work a successful one;

To their adviser, Ranzolin G. Bayeta, MA, for the expertise he shared in statistics

and for being supportive;

To Karel Mei G. Navora, MALE, and Moises R. Perral, MALE, for the

corrections of the grammar of this manuscript;

To Dionosio V. Tuapin, the school librarian, for linking and accessing the books

for them to fill the parts in the review of related studies;

To the beloved parents of the researchers, who care and give their financial and

moral support;

To their classmates and friends for the support. Thank you all.
 DEDICATION

Our heartfelt dedication to all the people who were part of our success their unlimited

love, understanding and encouragement that made

this research study possible. To our beloved

parents who were always there to support

us in obtaining better education.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABSTRACT x

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Significance of the Study 4
Scope of limitation of the Study 4

II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 6

Review of Related Literature and Studies 6

Blood Clotting 6
The Blood Clotting Mechanism 8
Guava 10
Malunggay 11
Mayana 13
Betadine 15
Conceptual Framework 15
Research Paradigm 17
Hypotheses 18
Definition of Terms 18

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20

Research Design 20
Locale of the Study 20
Respondents of the Study 20
Sampling Procedure 22
Data gathering Procedure 22
Statistical Treatment 23
 IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF 24
DATA

Clotting Time of Different Herbs, Natural (- Control), and Betadine 25

(+Control)
Computation of the F value 26
Mean Difference of Clotting Time of the Blood with Extracts to the 27
Positive and Negative Control Variables
Different Subsets of Blood Clotting Time 28

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 29

Summary of Findings 30
Conclusion 31
Recommendation 32

BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

APPENDICES 35
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE Pages

1. Clotting Time of Different Herbs, Natural (- Control), and Betadine 25

(+ Control)

2. Computation of the F value 26

3. Mean Difference of Clotting Time of the Blood with Extracts to the 27

Positive and Negative Control Variables

4. Different Subsets of Blood Clotting Time 28

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES Page
1. Research Paradigm Used in this Study 17

2. Map of St. Michael Hospital, Kabacan, North Cotabato 21

 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

1 Appendix A Communication Letter 35

2 Appendix B Response Letter 36

3 Curriculum Vitae

4 Pictures
 ABSTRACT

Arguelles, M.I.D., Dellosa, A.M.H., Lawas, C.M.D., Regacho, L.F., Soejima,

G.G., Veloso, J.B., South Philippine Adventist College-Adventist University of the

Philippines. October 2009. Herbal Plants Extract and its Effect to Blood Clotting Time.

The study was conducted at St. Michael Hospital Kabacan, North Cotabato. An

experimental type of research and convenience sampling were used in this study.

Result shows that guava extracts have the lesser blood clotting time of 142

seconds, then the Betadine (+control) with 234.4 s. Mayana has a clotting time of 283.4

s, natural clotting time is 288.4 s (- control) and last is the malunggay with 375.4s. One

way ANOVA was employed to test for the significant difference among the means. The

computed F value is 1074.442 which is much higher than the critical F value of 7.27 at

degrees of freedom 4 and 20 ( α equal to 0.01). This means that there is significant

difference among the means of the blood clotting time using the different crude extracts

of common herbs. Scheffe post hoc test was employed. Guava crude extract was found

significantly higher than the betadine in hastening the blood clotting. It was found out

that guava is the most effective herbal plant extract to stop bleeding and the best herb to

be used in emergency cases.

Based on the findings of the study, the following are recommended. The public

health nurse and other health care personnel must conduct community teachings about the

effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and mayana leaves extract to the blood clotting time.

It is also recommended that the public health nurse and other health care personnel must

emphasize that in their in health lectures the guava extract has the fastest blood clotting

time than malunggay and mayana. Also, doctors must recommend the guava extract in
treating a wound in case of emergency for fast clotting. And lastly, further study will be

conducted on the variables which are not included in the study such as having

respondents of blood type A, AB, and B.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In the past years many herbal plants are believed to be effective in treating

wounds specifically in minimizing its bleeding however, people in the communities are

using herbal plants to treat wounds. Some people use herbal perching for the leaves to

produce extract and put the leaves on the wound. Examples of those are the guava and

malunggay. Other people use guava leaves; they chew the leaves and put it into their

wounds. Most people believed that these herbals are used only in treating wounds. Not

knowing that these herbal plants are also effective in minimizing the bleeds on wounds

which can be used as an immediate treatment for the wounds that excessively bleed.

In rural areas where there is no clinic to ask for the treatment of wounds that

excessively bleed, people resorted to use herbal plants instead of seeking consultations

from the clinics or hospitals. They can just get herbal plants to treat the bleeding wounds.

Nowadays, people are educated about the usefulness of herbal plants. One of the

commonly used herbal plants in treating the bleeding wounds are guava leaves, mayana

leaves, and malunggay leaves.

Guava leaf contains Vitamin C which often aligned with wound healing because

of its role in collagen formation. Vitamin C is a co-factor in proline and lysine

hydroxylation, a necessary step in the formation of collagen (Collins, 2003). Batugal

(2005), pointed out that “Malunggay” is indeed considered a Miracle Tree because of the

healing and nutritional benefits that it can give. Most notable would be its possible
contribution to the prevention or healing of the three most dreaded illnesses such as

cancer, diabetes and hypertension.

The folkloric used of Mayana are for carminatives, bruises and sprains,

headaches, mild bleeding of wounds, sinusitis, dyspepsia, and eyedrops for eye

irritations. The use of mayana is reported as an Asian traditional medicine for asthma,

angina, bronchitis, epilepsy, insomnia, skin rashes (http://www.stuartxchange.com/

index.html).

However, the use of locally available medical plants has been advocated by the

Department of Health. Many local plants and herbs in the Philippine backyard and field

have been found to be effective in the treatment of common ailments as attested to by the

National Science Development Board (Cuevas, 2007).

This study looked into the field of emergency care for wounds, especially, those

that need immediate management to prevent blood loss.. The researchers would like to

determine the effectiveness of the guava leaves, the mayana leaves and the malungay

leaves extract crude to blood clotting time. Furthermore, this study was conducted to

provide additional option aside from the betadine or any other management for wound in

cases of emergency situations.

 Statement of the Problem

The study is designed to find out the herbal plant extract and its effect to blood

clotting time. Specifically, it answers the following questions:

1. What is the blood clotting time when the following herbal plants crude extract are used:

1.1 Malunggay

1.2 Guava

1.3 Mayana

2. What is the most effective herbal plant which hastens blood clotting time?

3. Is there a significant difference in the blood clotting time using the following herbal

plants:

2.1 Malunggay

2.2 Guava

2.3 Mayana

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this determines the effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and mayana

leaves extract to the blood clotting time.

Specifically, it intends to:

1. Identify the blood clotting time when the Malunggay, guava, and mayana extracts

are used.

2. Identify which herbal plant is effective to hasten the blood clotting time.

3. Distinguish the significant difference in the blood clotting time using the

malunggay, guava and mayana herbal plants.

 Significance of the Study

The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and

mayana leaves extract to the blood clotting time. The result of the study gives benefits to

the following:

Public Health Nurse. The result of the study would give additional knowledge regarding

health information given or taught by public health nurse about the effectiveness of

malunggay, guava, and mayana leaves extract to the blood clotting time.

Doctors. The study would help the doctors to recommend what kind of herbal plant is

effective in treating a wound in cases of emergency

Community. The study would help the people informed which herbal plant crude extract

is better to hasten the blood clot of the wounds.

Future Researchers. This would serve as a reference and a guide to the future

researchers on what variables they would include or focus as they conduct another study

related to this topic.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of the study is on the effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and mayana

leaves extract to the blood clotting time. The study was conducted at the St. Michael

Hospital, Kabacan, North Cotabato. The respondents are the students of South Philippine

Adventist College whose blood type is “O”. It was decided to use persons with blood

type “O” because it is the universal blood type. Five drops of blood samples were placed
on the slides with a malunggay, guava, and mayana extract. Each herbal extract was done

in five (5) replications.

 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter discusses the review of related literature and studies, conceptual

framework, research paradigm, hypothesis of the study, and definition of terms.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Blood Clotting

Theories on the coagulation of blood have existed since antiquity. Physiologist

Johannes Müller (1801-1858) described fibrin, the substance of a thrombus. Its soluble

precursor, fibrinogen, was thus named by Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), and isolated

chemically by Prosper Sylvain Denis (1799-1863). Alexander Schmidt suggested that the

conversion from fibrinogen to fibrin is the result of an enzymatic process, and labeled the

hypothetical enzyme "thrombin" and its precursor "prothrombin". Arthus discovered in

1890 that calcium was essential in coagulation. Platelets were identified in 1865, and their

function was elucidated by Giulio Bizzozero in 1882(Fogoros,2003).

The theory that thrombin is generated by the presence of tissue factor was

consolidated by Paul Morawitz in 1905. At this stage, it was known that

thrombokinase/thromboplastin (factor III) is released by damaged tissues, reacting with

prothrombin (II), which, together with calcium (IV), forms thrombin, which converts

fibrinogen into fibrin (I).

Coagulation factors the remainder of the biochemical factors in the process of

coagulation were largely discovered in the 20th century. A first clue as to the actual
complexity of the system of coagulation was the discovery of proaccelerin (initially and

later called Factor V) by Paul Owren (1905-1990) in 1947. He also postulated its function

to be the generation of accelerin (Factor VI), which later turned out to be the activated

form of V (or Va); hence, VI is not now in active use. Factor VII (also known as serum

prothrombin conversion accelerator or proconvertin, precipitated by barium sulfate) was

discovered in a young female patient in 1949 and 1951 by different groups. Factor VIII

turned out to be deficient in the clinically recognised but etiologically elusive hemophilia

A; it was identified in the 1950s and is alternatively called antihemophilic globulin due to

its capability to correct hemophilia A.

Factor IX was discovered in 1952 in a young patient with hemophilia B named

Stephen Christmas (1947-1993). His deficiency was described by Dr. Rosemary Biggs

and Professor R.G. MacFarlane in Oxford, UK. The factor is, hence, called Christmas

Factor or Christmas Eve Factor. Christmas lived in Canada, and campaigned for blood

transfusion safety until succumbing to transfusion-related AIDS at age 46. An alternative

name for the factor is plasma thromboplastin component, given by an independent group

in California.

Hageman factor, now known as factor XII, was identified in 1955 in an

asymptomatic patient with a prolonged bleeding time named of John Hageman. Factor X,

or Stuart-Prower factor, followed, in 1956. This protein was identified in a Ms. Audrey

Prower of London, who had a lifelong bleeding tendency.

In 1957, an American group identified the same factor in a Mr. Rufus Stuart.

Factors XI and XIII were identified in 1953 and 1961, respectively. The view that the

coagulation process is a "cascade" or "waterfall" was enunciated almost simultaneously

by MacFarlane in the UK and by Davie and Ratnoff in the USA, respectively (Hara,

2005).

The Blood Clotting Mechanism

Blood Clotting is one of the three mechanisms that reduce the loss of blood from

broken blood vessels. These three mechanisms are Vascular Spasm, platelet plug

formation and blood clotting. In vascular spasm the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls

contracts immediately the blood vessel is broken. This response reduces blood loss for

some time, while the other haemostatic mechanisms become active. The clotting

mechanism is one of the most important and complex of physiologic systems. Blood must

flow freely through the blood vessels in order to sustain life. But if a blood vessel is

traumatized, the blood must clot to prevent life from flowing away. Thus, the blood must

provide a system that can be activated instantaneously – and that can be contained locally

– to stop the flow of blood. This system is called the clotting mechanism (Fogoros,2003).

When blood platelets encounter a damaged blood vessel, “platelet plug

formation” will occur to help close the gap in the broken blood vessel. The key stages of

this process are called platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, and platelet

aggregation. Following damage to a blood vessel, vascular spasm occurs to reduce blood

loss while other mechanisms also take effect. Blood platelets congregate at the site of

damage and a mass to form a platelet plug. This is the beginning of the process of the

blood "breaking down" from its usual liquid form in such a way that its constituents play

their own parts in processes to minimize blood loss. Blood normally remains in its liquid

state while it is within the blood vessels but when it leaves them the blood may thicken
and form a gel (coagulation). Blood clotting technically "blood coagulation" is the

process by which (liquid) blood is transformed into a solid state. This blood clotting is a

complex process involving many clotting factors (incl. calcium ions, enzymes, platelets,

damaged tissues) activating each other. (Kozier,2006)

The three stages of this process are Formation of Prothrombinase, prothrombin

converted into the enzyme thrombin, and fibrinogen (soluble) converted to fibrin

(insoluble). Prothrombinase which is the stage one can be formed in two ways, depending

of which of two "systems" or "pathways" apply. These are Intrinsic System and extrinsic

System. Intrinsic System is initiated by liquid blood making contact with a foreign

surface, i.e. something that is not part of the body. The Extrinsic System is initiated by

liquid blood making contact with damaged tissue. Both the intrinsic and the extrinsic

systems involve interactions between coagulation factors.

These coagulation factors have individual names but are often referred to by a

standardised set of Roman Numerals, e.g. Factor VIII (antihaemophilic factor), Factor IX

(Christmas factor). In stage two, Prothrombin converted into the enzyme Thrombin;

Prothrombinase formed in stage one converts prothrombin, which is a plasma protein that

is formed in the liver, into the enzyme thrombin; And in stage tree Fibrinogen (soluble)

will be converted to Fibrin (insoluble). In turn, thrombin converts fibrinogen (which is

also a plasma protein synthesized in the liver) into fibrin. Fibrin is insoluble and forms

the threads that bind the clot (Hara, 2005).

Guava

Guava is a great snack and a healthy fruit. The whole fruit can be eaten, including

the rind and the seeds. It is high in fiber, low in cholesterol, sodium, fat and calories. In

addition, the rind of the guava is said to contain five times more vitamin C than an

orange. Other nutrients found in the guava fruit include: vitamin A, folate, calcium, iron,

and potassium. Check out the benefits of such nutrients below. Vitamin A is beneficial

for eyes, assists with night vision and healthy immune system functioning. It promotes

repair and growth of body tissue. Vitamin C helps protect the body’s cells from free

radical damage that can lead to a host of health complications including heart disease and

cancer.

Vitamin C also promotes wound healing, strengthens blood vessels and helps

build connective tissue, boosts immunity and aids the skin, bones, gums and teeth.

Calcium strengthens the bones, protects against osteoporosis, high blood pressure, heart

disease and kidney stones. Iron supplies oxygen to the blood, which is vital to the entire

body. Potassium aids muscle contractions, helps the body maintain healthy blood

pressure levels, promotes healthy electrical activity in the heart, and rapid transmission of

the body’s nerve impulses (Lewis, 2009).

The leaves of the guava tree are also medicinal in nature. They yield an essential

oil that has a pleasant odor. This is the reason for the guava oils being used in perfumery

and confectionery industries. Guava leaves and the bark of the guava tree are powdered

and used for their medicinal properties. The powdered form of the bark and leaves has

been found to be beneficial in treating wounds and sores. A decoction of guava leaves has

been found to be good in increasing the digestion of foods.

 It has been found that increased secretion of digestive enzymes is possible with

guava leaves. The decoction of guava leaves has been effective in arresting vomiting and

also diarrhea. The decoction can also be gargled to relieve tooth ache and boils on the

gums. A paste formed from the powdering of leaves added to water can be applied on the

skin of joints where there is pain due to rheumatoid arthritis. This will help to relieve the

pain from the area affected (Deena, 2009).

Malunggay

Malunggay (Sajina or Moringa) plant grows in the Philippines, Malaysia,

Thailand and other regions of the Far East. The plant is sometimes referred to as nature's

medicine cabinet and a miracle vegetable or horseradish tree for its root taste. Moringa

has sprouts of flowers, appear eight months during the year. These flowers are edible

when cooked (taste like mushrooms) or used to make tea, containing calcium and

potassium. The bark of the tree sometimes used to make mats and rope.

The leaves taste like spinach (contains three times the iron of spinach. Also, a

Moringa dried leaf has over ten times more nutrients than a fresh Moringa leaf,

confirmed by universities and independent research laboratory analyses.), and its fruit

produces a vegetable, like asparagus. Both contain Vitamin C (seven times more than

found in oranges) and other minerals. Sajina contains seven times the amount of Vitamin

C found in oranges, four times as much calcium as milk (a substitute for whole milk

powder.) and three times the potassium of bananas. Moringa has quadruple amount of

beta Carotene found in carrots, which is good for eyesight, and effective against treating

cancer.
 The Moringa plant provides nutrition for healthy skin (provide healing benefits

for cuts, scrapes, rashes, and cracking signs of aging), bone, muscle development,

medicinal properties, enriches anemic blood (an extract from Moringa leaf has been

shown to be effective in lowering blood sugar levels within three hours of ingestion). The

effects increased with larger doses, in Africa nursing mothers have been shown to

produce more milk when Moringa leaves have been added to their diet, and natural

source of energy supplement. Also, University laboratories around the world have shown

Moringa ability to purify water. The process by which, it attaches itself to harmful

material and bacteria. Afterwards, waste is expelled. Doctors use it to treat diabetes in

West Africa and high blood pressure in India. Other known health benefits include:

Strengthening immune system, blood pressure controlled, reducing arthritis pains and

inflammations, restricting the growth of tumors, managing diabetes sugar level, and

treating headaches and migraines (Travels, 2006).

Malunggay contains the phytochemical niaziminn, found to have molecular

components that can prevent the development of cancer cells. The edible parts of

Malunggay (leaves, pods, and flowers) are served with meals or converted to a powder,

used as a food supplement. Moringa provides excellent source of fuel and fertilizer. The

plant contains for human consumption very low fat and carbohydrates. Roots of Moringa

are used to treat sore throat and effective treating gingivitis (inflammation of the gums

around the teeth) (Janzen, 2005).

Many organizations around the world and researchers study

Malunggay.Researchers at the Britain University of Leichester is studying the

coagulating properties of the seeds, found in the Moringa pods, believe to work better
than known water purifier aluminum sulfate, which can be toxic. International Eye

Foundation based in Bethesda Maryland, is using Moringa to treat childhood blindness,

attributed to seventy percent lacking vitamin A. The National Science Foundation,

National Geographic Society and Ander Mellon Foundations is financing, the collection

of thirteen known species of Moringa. Published studies in the journal Phytotherapy

Research and HortScience discovered different Moringa parts to be effective in lowering

blood sugar, reducing swelling, lowering blood pressure, healing gastric ulcers and

calming the nervous system.

Moringa contains nutrients attributed that are lacking, causing diseases such as

Beri beri, rickets, and scurvy. Three spoonfuls of Moringa leaf powder contain these

nutrients: Vitamin 'A' - 272%, protein - 42%, calcium - 125%, iron - 71% and Vitamin

'C' - 22%. Reported in September 2006, Japanese businessman Mitsuo Shoji has

developed a tea made from Malunggay plant contains antioxidants, amino acids vitamins

and minerals for healthy nutritional supplement. In a Bible passage: "tree that cures all

diseases." The tea distributed by Yumeshoji Trading Corporation. According to Shoji,

people suffering from chronic diseases should consume at least 3.5 grams of the

powdered tea. Also, he mentioned those who take Moringa Condensed Powder may

experience a "slight to moderate discomfort" depending on their health status (Travel,

2006).

Mayana

According to Janzen (2005), Vachellia mayana probably represents a "wet-forest

edition" of V. cornigera. Undoubtedly, the two taxa are very closely related, having
many vegetative and floral characteristics in common. However, the large leaflets (more

than 10 mm long), the rachis glands between each pinna pair, and the inflorescence,

which narrows toward the elongated and pointed apex separate this species from the

closely related V. cornigera and V. sphaerocephala. Also, the pair of blade-like

longitudinal flanges extending from the spine base to apex separates V. mayana from all

other species of ant-acacia. As is typical of most ant-acacias, none of the individuals of

V. mayana tested positive for cyanide production. Vachellia mayana is one of the rarer of

the ant-acacias. Collecting data from the few collections observed indicate that it has

pinkish flowers and varies in size from a shrub to a small tree to 10 m tall. Most

collections indicate that Vachellia mayana occurs as scattered individuals in moist

lowland forests.

Janzen (2005) reported an individual from old second growth cornfield

regeneration where the forest was about 15 m tall. Unlike most wet forest ant-acacias,

Beltian body production in Vachellia mayana is extremely high. On developing leaves,

nearly all of the leaflets contain Beltian bodies, and these bodies are usually about 2 mm

long and up to 0.8 mm wide.

Mayana grows well in open areas with moist, well-drained and friable soil.

Occasionally cultivated throughout the Philippines. Common garden plant. It flowers all

year round.The plant is deeply rooted. Prefers warm and moist habitat, sensitive to

dryness. Soil should be well-drained, and rich in humus to produce higher yields. Use

seeds for propagation.

The mature fresh leaves of Mayana are harvested 2 to 3 months after planting.

Leaves are picked leaving the branches on the plant to allow it to flower and produce
seeds for the next season. The leaves are air-dried until they crumble when crushed with

the fingers. Store in amber colored bottles in a cool, dry place.

Betadine

Povidone- iodine, it is virtually non stinging and nonirritating to skin and mucous

membrane and non stinging to skin and clothing. Used for prevention and treatment of

surface infections, as antiseptic for burns, lacerations, abrasions, and other minor wounds,

and in management of vaginitis.( Govoni & Hayes, 2002)

According to Gutierez and Queener (2005), povidone-iodine is used in the

prevention and treatment of infections of the skin, scalp, and mucous membrane of the

mouth and vagina. It is effective against most bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but antiseptic

activity depends on the concentration of iodine. When applied to the skin, a1% solution

kills approximately 90% of bacteria within 90 seconds.

Conceptual Framework

This study is based on the theory of the blood coagulation that described fibrin, the

substance of a thrombus. The theory discuss that thrombin is generated by the presence of

tissue factor. At this stage, it was known that thrombokinase/thromboplastin (factor III) is

released by damaged tissues, reacting with prothrombin (II), which, together with

calcium (IV), forms thrombin, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin (I).

Blood Clotting is one of three mechanisms that reduce the loss of blood from

broken blood vessels. These three mechanisms are Vascular Spasm, platelet plug

formation and blood clotting. In vascular spasm the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls
contracts immediately the blood vessel is broken. This response reduces blood loss for

some time, while the other haemostatic mechanisms become active. The clotting

mechanism is one of the most important and complex of physiologic systems.

Blood must flow freely through the blood vessels in order to sustain life. But if a

blood vessel is traumatized, the blood must clot to prevent life from flowing away. Thus,

the blood must provide a system that can be activated instantaneously – and that can be

contained locally – to stop the flow of blood (Forgoros, 2003).

 Research Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Herbal Plants:

- Malunggay
- Guava Blood Clotting Time
- Mayana

(Positive control)
Povidone Iodine

Figure 1. Research Paradigm showing the Independent and Dependent variables

of the Study
 Hypotheses

The following hypotheses of the study are stated in the null and alternative forms:

Ho1: There is no significant difference in the clotting time of blood with extracts

of malunggay, guava and mayana leaves.

Ha1: There is a significant difference on the blood clotting time using the

different herbal plants extract.

Definition of Terms

The following are the operational terms used in the study:

Blood clotting. This refers to the conversion of fluid blood into a coagulum that involves

shedding of blood, release of thromboplastin, inactivation of heparin, conversion of

prothrombin to thrombin, interaction of thrombin with fibrinogen to form an insoluble

fibrin network, and contraction of the network to squeeze excess fluid.

Betadine. This word pertains to the antiseptic that is used topically to destroy

microbes. In comparison to iodine, it is less to sensitize or sting the affected area.

Crude Extracts. This word refers to the liquid form of the mayana, guava, and

malunggay made by purging of the leaves.

Effectiveness. This defines as the fulfilling result of the herbal plants used in the

clotting time.

Fibrinogen. This pertains to a plasma protein that is produced in the liver and is

converted into fibrin during blood clot formation.

Guava. This refers to the herbal plant with a scientific name of 'psidium guajava'. Guava

leaves are used in folk medicine as a remedy for diarrhea and, as well as the bark, for

their supposed antimicrobial properties and as an astringent. Guava leaves or bark are

used in traditional treatments against diabetes.

Malunggay. This pertains to the herbal plant with a scientific name of Sajina or

Moringa, the plant is sometimes referred to as nature’s medicine cabinet and a miracle

vegetable or horseradish tree for its root taste. It has sprouts of flowers, appear eight

months during the year.

Mayana. This word defines as the herbal plant with a scientific name of Coleus

scutellarioides. This herbal plant has the large leaflets (more than 10 mm long), with

rachis glands between each pinna pair, and the inflorescence, which narrows towards

the elongated and pointed, with an apex pair of blade-like longitudinal flanges

extending from the spine.

Time. This word refers to the duration of time the blood will clot if the herbal plants

are used during bleeding.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It also includes the

research design, locale of the study, respondents of the study, sampling procedure, data

gathering procedures, research instruments and validation, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

An experimental type of research is used in this study to determine the accurate

blood clotting time when the different herbal plants extract are used. Experimental

research controls the condition of the study (Venzon, 2004).

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted at St. Michael Hospital, Kabacan, North Cotabato with

the supervision of a registered medical technologist. This was intended to be done at St.

Michael Hospital because this institution is equipped with facilities and laboratory

equipment needed in the research study. In addition, the management of this institution

give the researchers an opportunity to use their laboratory for free.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the students of South Philippine Adventist

College. Specifically, the researchers conveniently chose students with blood type O

since it is the most common among the blood types. Five respondents were chosen to
offer blood samples. Four of them are females and one is male. They are 20 to 26 years

old. All of them are singles. Participation in the study is voluntary.

The analysis of blood samples was done at St. Michael Hospital, Kabacan, North

Cotabato.

Sampling Procedure

Convenience sampling was employed in this study. The respondents are those

students whose blood type is “O”. They were readily available at the time when the study

was conducted.

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter from the researchers was sent to the medical technologist of St. Michael

Hospital in Kabacan, North Cotabato asking permission to assist the researchers in

analyzing the data gathered. After securing the approval of the request, the researchers

together with the respondents went to St. Michael Hospital to submit the data for

analysis. After conducting the test all data were tabulated and analyzed.

The following is the step by step process of getting the data.

(1) Find persons with type “O” blood. (2) Clean the end of the finger to be

pricked using a cotton ball with alcohol in a circular motion. (3) Press the end of the

finger and prick it. (4) Get a slide and let the blood drop into the slide; then get another

cotton ball and press it on the pricked area to stop bleeding. (5) Get 10 uL of guava

extract and mix it on the slide with blood. (6) Using a stopwatch, get the exact blood

clotting time.(7) Using a toothpick, about every 15 seconds, observe if there is a

threadlike form to be noticed on the blood with guava extract, and if this will be noticed it

would indicates that the blood is already clot. (8) Stop the timer when a threadlike

formation is noticed and record the time.

Same procedure is used in Mayana, malunggay, natural (- control), and betadine

(+ control).

Statistical Treatment

To determine the significant difference of the clotting time among the different

herb extracts, different statistical tools were employed. First, the measure of central

tendency and variability which include the mean were computed. Standard deviation of

the different blood clotting time were also calculated for every herb extracts.

Finally, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test if there is

significant difference on the means of the blood clotting time. Furthermore, ANOVA was

used since this study involves interval level variables with equal number of cases in each

of the categories. Scheffe post hoc test was computed after determining the F value.
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the study.

The significant effect of herbal plant crude extract towards blood clotting time is

discussed in this chapter.

Table 1 shows the different clotting times of the different herbs, natural clotting (-

control), and Betadine (+ control) and the overall mean of each variables used. There are

five replications in each variable.

In malunggay, the result in replication one is 375 seconds, replication two is 375

seconds, replication three is 375 seconds, replication four is 376 seconds, and replication

five is 376 seconds. It has an overall mean clotting time of 375.4 seconds.

These are the clotting time of Mayana: replication one result is 280 seconds,

replication two is 285 seconds, replication three is 283 seconds, replication four is 283

seconds, and replication five is 287 seconds. It has an overall mean clotting time of 283.4

seconds.

For the clotting time of Guava: replication one result is 140 seconds, replication

two is 145 seconds, replication three is 140 seconds, replication four is 140 seconds and

replication five is 145 seconds. It has an overall mean clotting time of 142 seconds.

The next variable is natural blood (- control). The first replication is 285 seconds,

replication two is 290 seconds, replication three is 290 seconds, replication four is 287

seconds, and replication five is 290 seconds. It has the overall mean clotting time of

288.4 seconds.
 The last variable is betadine (+control). The clotting time in replication one is 239

seconds, replication two is 236 seconds, replication three is 220 seconds, replication four

is 237 seconds, and replication five is 240 seconds. This variable has the overall mean

clotting time of 234.4 seconds.

Table 1. Clotting Time of Different Herbs, Natural (- Control), and Betadine

(+ Control)

Clotting Time (s)

Herbs Average Average

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Seconds Minutes
Malunggay 375 375 375 376 376 375.4 6:26
Mayana 280 285 282 283 287 283.4 5:12
Guava 140 145 140 140 145 142 2:37
Natural(-control) 285 290 290 287 290 288.4 5:21
Betadine (+
239 236 220 237 240 234.4 4:31
control)

To test for the significant difference among the blood clotting time using the

different crude extracts of common herbs, one way ANOVA was used. One Way

ANOVA was utilized since there are more than three variables considered. Table 2

presents the computed F value.

The computed F value is 1074.442 which is much higher than the critical F value

of 7.27 at degrees of freedom 4 and 20 ( α equal to 0.01). This means that there is a

significant difference among the means of the blood clotting time using the different

crude extracts of common herbs.

Table 2. Computation of the F value

 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 79680.640 4 19920.160
Within Groups 370.800 20 18.540 1074.442 .000
Total 80051.440 24

To determine the most effective herbal plant that hastens blood clotting time,

betadine was used as the positive control since it is the most common medicine used to

stop bleeding. Natural blood clotting without the aid of medicines nor herb extracts

serves as the negative control.

Scheffe post hoc test was used to test for the homogeneity of the different blood

clotting time. Table 3 shows its result.

The table 3 shows that there is no significant difference between malunggay and

the natural clotting time. Mayana has the higher blood clotting time as to compare it with

the natural clotting time but there is still no significant difference. Only guava and

betadine (positive control) are found significant at 0.05 level of significance in clotting

time as to compare with the natural clotting.

As to compare with the blood clotting time of the positive control, Betadine, only

the blood clotting time with guava extracts come up with positive mean difference. The

difference was found significant at 0.05 level of significance. Malunggay and mayana

clotting time is also significant at 0.05 level of significance but of negative values. It

means that the clotting time of both malunggay and mayana is higher than the blood

clotting time of the batadine.

It is guava crude extract that is found significantly higher than that of the betadine

in hastening the blood clotting. Therefore, it is the most effective crude extract to stop
bleeding and the best herb to use in emergency cases. This finding supports the study of

Janzen (2005) that the guava extract hasten the blood clotting time of a wounded person.

Table 3. Mean Difference of Clotting Time of the Blood with Extracts to the Positive
and Negative Control Variables

Independent Mean 95% Confidence Interval

Herbal plants
Variables Difference Lower Bound Upper Bound

Malunggay 0 -9.2206 9.2206

Natural Clotting Mayana 5 -4.2206 14.2206

(negative control) Guava 146.40000* 137.1794 155.6206

Betadine 54.00000* 44.7794 63.2206
Malunggay -54.00000* -63.2206 -44.7794
Betadine
Mayana -49.00000* -58.2206 -39.7794
(positive control)
Guava 92.40000* 83.1794 101.6206
Natural
-54.00000* -63.2206 -44.7794
Clotting
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Furthermore, test of homogeneity among the clotting time was also done. The

table 4 below shows the result.

In terms of different means, blood clotting time of guava has the shortest. Second

is the blood clotting time of betadine. It further reveals that the clotting time of mayana,

malunggay and the natural clotting is statistically equal. Therefore, it further proves that

guava crude extract is the best and it is much better than the commercially available

betadine. This finding corroborates the study of Deena (2009) that it is better used guava

extract to hasten the blood clotting time of the person than the commercial products.

Table 4. Different Subsets of Blood Clotting Time

 Subset for alpha = 0.05
Herbal Plants N 1 2 3
Guava 5 142.0000
Betadine 5 234.4000
Mayana 5 283.4000
Malunggay 5 288.4000
Natural Clotting 5 288.4000
Sig. 1.000 1.000 .514
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 5.000.
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings, the pertinent conclusions and

recommendations drawn by the researchers from the result obtained.

Summary

This study entitled “Herbal Plant Crude Extract and its Effect towards Blood

Clotting Time” was conducted at St. Michael Hospital, Kabacan, North Cotabato.. The

objective of the study is to identify the blood clotting time when the malunggay, guava,

and mayana extracts are used.

This also identify what is the most effective herbal plant that hastens the blood

clotting time and distinguish the significant difference in the blood clotting time using the

malunggay, guava and mayana herbal plants.

An experimental type of research with convenience sampling is used in this study

to determine the accurate blood clotting time when the different herbal plant extracts are

used. The respondents of the study are the students of South Philippine Adventist

College. Specifically, the researchers conveniently chose students with blood type O

since it is the most common among the blood types.

To determine the significant difference of the clotting time among the different

herb extracts, different statistical tools were employed. First, the measure of central

tendency and variability which includes the mean were computed. Standard deviation of

the different blood clotting time was also calculated for every herb extracts.
 Finally, the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test if there is a

significant difference on the means of the blood clotting time. Furthermore, ANOVA was

used since this study involves interval level variables with equal number of cases in each

of the categories. Scheffe post hoc test was computed after determining the F value.

Summary of Findings

The study is to determine the blood clotting time when the different common

herbs extracts are used.

The result has shown that the guava extracts have the lesser blood clotting time of

142 seconds, next is the Betadine (+control) with 234.4 s. Mayana has a clotting time of

283.4 s, natural clotting time has 288.4 s (- control) and last is the malunggay with

375.4s.

The computed F value is 1074.442 which is much higher than the critical F value

of 7.27 at degrees of freedom 4 and 20 ( α equal to 0.01). This means that there is

significant difference among the means of the blood clotting time using the different

crude extracts of the common herbs.

There is no significant difference between the malunggay and the natural clotting

time. Mayana has a higher blood clotting time compared with the natural clotting time

but still there is no significant difference. Only guava and betadine (positive control) are

significant at 0.05 level of significance in clotting time compared with the natural

clotting.

Only the blood clotting time of Betadine with guava extracts come up with a

positive mean difference. The difference is found significant at 0.05 level of significance.
Malunggay and mayana clotting time is also significant at 0.05 level of significance but

of negative values. It means that the clotting time of both malunggay and mayana is

higher than the blood clotting time of betadine.

It is the guava crude extract that is found significantly higher than that of the

betadine in hastening the blood clotting. Therefore, it is the most effective crude extract

to stop bleeding and the best herb to use in emergency cases.

In terms of different means, the blood clotting time of guava has the shortest. The

blood clotting time of betadine comes in second. It was also found out that the clotting

time of mayana, malunggay and the natural clotting is statistically equal. Therefore, it

further proves that the guava crude extract is the best and it is much better than the

commercially available betadine.

Conclusion

In the light of the findings of the study, the researchers come up with the following

conclusions.

1. There is a significant difference among the means of the blood clotting time using

the different crude extracts of common herbs.

2. Guava crude extract is found significantly higher than the betadine in hastening

the blood clotting.

3. Guava is the most effective crude-extract to stop bleeding and the best herb to use

in emergency cases.
 4. Mayana and malunggay are not the best options in applying open wounds to stop

bleeding. Both herbs have a blood clotting time statistically equal with the natural

clotting.

Recommendation

Relative to the findings and conclusions the researchers come up with the following

recommendations:

1. The public health nurse and other health care personnel must conduct community

teachings about the effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and mayana leaves extract

to the blood clotting time.

2. The public health nurse and other health care personnel must emphasize in their in

health lectures that the guava extract has the fastest blood clotting time than

malunggay and mayana.

3. Doctors must recommend the guava extract in treating a wound in case of

emergency for fast clotting.

4. Further study will be conducted on the variables which are not included in the

study such as having respondents of blood type A, AB, and B.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Cuevas, Frances Prescilla L., Editor in chief (2007). Public Health Nursing in the
Philippines; Publication Committee, National League of Philippine Government
Nurses, Incorporated 11th Ed. @

Govoni, Laura E. & Janice E. Hayes (2002). Drugs and Nursing Implications;Meredith
Publishing Company.

Gutierez, Kathleen & Sherry F. Queener (2005). Pharmacology for Nursing; Mosby Inc.

Kozier, Barbara, et. Al.(2006). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and

Practice 8th ed. Pearson Education Inc.

Ramont, Robeta Pavy, Maldonado, Dolores and Towle, Mary Ann. (2006).
Comprehensive Nursing Care. United States of America. Pearson Education, Inc..
Venzon, Lydia M. (2004). Introduction to Nursing Research; Quest for Quality Nursing.
Quezon Avenue.
Internet Sources

Batugal, Pons, 2009. http://malungaimiracleoil.multiply.com/

Collins, Nancy, 2003. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/ quest-

design/
Deena, David, 2009 http://www.saching.com/Article/Guava-trees--Health-benefits-of-
guava-trees--leaves--fruits-and-bark/3574

Fogoros,Richard N., M.D., 2003. http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/-heartattacks/a/

clotting.htm

Hara, Hari C., 2005. http://www.shvoong.com/exact-sciences/biology/1757270-blood-

clotting-mechanism/

Janzen, 2005. http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarian-recipe.com/

balanoy.htm

Nazia, Hussain. http://www.psychicsahar.com/artman/publish/article_376.shtml

Rica Lewis, 2009. http://www.brighthub.com/health/diet-nutrition/articles/46313.aspx

Travels, 2006. http://www.associatedcontent.-com/article/64998/utilizing_malunggay_

for_ nutrition_ and_pg2.html

Travels, 2006. http://pinoyentrepreneurs.multiply.-com/market/item/27/Moringa_

Plus_Multivitamin_CapsMalunggay_extract
APPENDIX A - Communication Letter

October 16, 2009

St. Michael Hospital

Rizal Avenue, Kabacan
North Cotabato

Through: Aisha B. Kalipapa

Medical Technologist

Dear Madam:

Greetings!

We would like to ask permission from your office that we will be conducting a laboratory
test on October 18, 2009 for our thesis writing in partial fulfillment of our subject
“Introduction to Research” as part of our Bachelor of Science in Nursing Curriculum.
The title of the study is “Herbal Plant Crude Extract and its effect towards blood clotting
time.”

The respondents of our study are the residents of South Philippine Adventist College,
Camanchiles, Matanao, Davao del Sur with a blood type “O”.

Rest assured that the data will be kept confidential. Hoping for your approval.

Thank you and God Bless.

Sincerely yours,

Alden Mae H. Dellosa

Group Leader

Noted By:

Jee Ann M. Maratas, RN, MAN, Ph.D

Chairperson, Nursing Department
APPENDIX B - Response Letter

October 16, 2009

Ms. Alden Mae H.Dellosa

BSN 4th year, Group Leader,
Introduction to Reasearch
SPAC Km.68, Matanao, Davao del Sur

Dear Ms. Dellosa,

I have read your letter regarding your intention to conduct a study on “ HERBAL
PLANT CRUDE EXTRACT AND ITS EFFECT TOWARDS BLOOD CLOTTING
TIME” at St. Michael Hospital.
I found out that your study is beneficial to the people in the community by using herbal
plant to hasten blood clotting time.
I assure you to lend my expertise in the laboratory to conduct your study by getting the
blood clotting time.
Thank you for informing me of your intention to undergo this kind of research study.
God bless you and also your group.

Sincerely yours,
Aisha B. Kalipapa_
Medical Technologist
Name : Mon Ivan Dela Cruz Arguelles

Age: 21 years old

Birthdate: September 16, 1988

Birthplace: Caloocan City

Address: Tienda Aplaya, Digos City

Parents: Father: Nehemias Dionson Arguelles

Mother: Ofelia Dela Cruz Aeguelles

Educational Backgropund:

Primary: Digos Center SDA Elementary School

School-Year: 2000 - 2001

Honor: Honor List

Secondary:

School-Year: South Philippine Adventist College Academy

Honor: Dean’s Lister

Tertiary: Adventist University of the Philippines – South Philippine Adventist

College

Enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Name : Alden Mae Hemoroz Dellosa

Age: 20 years old

Birthdate: April 30, 1989

Birthplace: Magkiangkang, Bayugan City

Address: : Magkiangkang, Bayugan City

Parents: Father: Marcial Galanido Dellosa

Mother: Eden Hemoroz Dellosa

Educational Backgropund:

Primary: Forest Hills Academy Elementary Department

School-Year: 2001 - 2002

Honor: First

Secondary: Forest Hills Academy

School-Year: 2005 - 2006

Honor: Valedictorian

Tertiary: Adventist University of the Philippines – South Philippine Adventist

College

Enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Name : Charity Mae Dacanay Lawas

Age: 19 years old

Birthdate: May 14, 1990

Birthplace: Tokawal, Alabel, Saranggani Province

Address: Sunrise Village, Padada, Davao del Sur

Parents: Father: Jemilito Momo Lawas

Mother: Meriam Dacanay Lawas

Educational Backgropund:

Primary: Tala-o Elementary School

School-Year: 2001 - 2002

Honor: Valedictorian

Secondary: Sulop National High School

School-Year: 2005 – 2006

Honor: Honor List

Tertiary: Adventist University of the Philippines – South Philippine Adventist

College

Enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Name : Lanielyn Fudolin Regacho

Age: 22 years old

Birthdate: April 24, 1987

Birthplace: Capayuran, Pigcawayan, Cotabato

Address: 22 Talisay Street, Kidapawan City

Parents: Father: Rolando Echalar Regacho

Mother: Jocelyn Sancho Regacho

Educational Backgropund:

Primary: Capayuran Elementary School

School-Year: 2000 - 2001

Honor: Honor List

Secondary: Presbitero National High School

School-Year: 2004 - 2005

Honor: None

Tertiary: Adventist University of the Philippines – South Philippine Adventist

College

Enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Name : Geraline Gonzales Soejima

Age: 21 years old

Birthdate: November 13, 1988

Birthplace: Purok Poblacion, Bitaugan West, Cagwait,

Surigao del Sur

Address: Purik Mandalo, Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur

Parents: Father: Gerardo Corvera Soejima

Mother: Elena Gonzales Soejima

Educational Backgropund:

Primary: Bitaugan East, Elementary School

School-Year: 2000 - 2001

Honor: Consistent third honor student from grade 1 to grade 6

Secondary: Northeastern Minsanao Academy

School-Year: 2004 - 2005

Honor: Dean’s Lister

Tertiary: Adventist University of the Philippines – South Philippine Adventist

College

Enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Name : Jeriel Bedolido Veloso

Age: 20 years old

Birthdate: July 8, 1989

Birthplace: Maniki, Kapalong, Davao del Norte

Address: Block 1, Lot 18, Villa Clementa, Maniki, Kapalong, Davao del Norte

Parents: Father: Gennethon Abacial Veloso

Mother: Elsa Astronomo Veloso

Educational Backgropund:

Primary: Maniki Central Elementary School

School-Year: 2005 - 2006

Honor: Honor List

Secondary: South Philippine Adventist College Academy

School-Year: 2005 - 2006

Honor: None

Tertiary: Adventist University of the Philippines – South Philippine Adventist

College

Enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Nursing