Chapter 4 - Non-Uniform Flow in Open Channel

HYDRAULICS
(BFC 21103)
Prepared by:-
MR WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED

DEPT. OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FAC. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
e-mail: afnizan@uthm.edu.my
CHAPTER 4
NON-UNIFORM FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL
CONTENT
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW
HYDRAULIC JUMP
INTRODUCTION
USAGE OF HYDRAULIC JUMP
TYPES OF THE JUMP
MOMENTUM EQUATIONS
MINIMUM FLOW FORCE
FLOW FORCE ON RECTANGULAR SECTION
JUMP EQUATION (
CHANNEL)
.... Cont
CONTENT
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

HYDRAULIC JUMP
ENERGY / HEAD LOSSES
POWER JUMP LOSSES
HEIGHT OF THE JUMP
LENGTH OF THE JUMP (IF BOTTOM
SLOPE IS FLAT)
LOCATION OF THE JUMP (IF SLOPE
CHANGE EXIST)
.... Cont
CONTENT
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

DEFINITION
TYPES OF SLOPE
FLOW ZONE
PROFILE TYPE
OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL
FLOW PROFILE
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW FORMULA
.... Cont
CONTENT
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW Cont

METHOD OF GVF CALCULATION
DIRECT INTEGRATION METHOD
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION METHOD
STEP METHOD
RAPIDLY
VARIED FLOW
HYDRAULIC JUMP
INTRODUCTION
Figure 4.1: Flow inside pipe
.... Cont
INTRODUCTION
.... Cont
INTRODUCTION
Figure 4.2: Hydraulic jump in the hydraulic laboratory
.... Cont
INTRODUCTION
Figure 4.3: Hydraulic jump at the spillway toe (Itaipu

Dam, Brazil)
.... Cont
INTRODUCTION
Figure 4.4: Hydraulic jump at the downstream of sluice

gate (Harran cannal, Turkey)
.... Cont
INTRODUCTION
Figure 4.5: Waves that hit sea wall in Depoe Bay (Oregon U.S)
.... Cont
INTRODUCTION
Figure 4.6: Surges waves (Tangjiasan, China)
USAGE OF HYDRAULIC JUMP
TYPES OF THE JUMP
TYPES OF THE JUMP

Fr = 1.6
MOMENTUM EQUATION
MOMENTUM EQUATION
MOMENTUM EQUATION
MOMENTUM EQUATION
MINIMUM FLOW FORCE & CRITICAL DEPTH
MOMENTUM EQUATION
MOMENTUM EQUATION
EXAMPLE 4.1
Using the force equation draw the specific
force graph if the hyraulic jump was
occured inside a rectangular channel and
the discharge per unit width is 25
ft3/s.ft..
SOLUTION:
Given:-
Rectangular channel
q = 25 ft3/s.ft
Plot y vs F ???
SOLUTION
.... Cont
MOMENTUM EQUATION
JUMP EQUATION - RECTANGULAR SECTION
.... Cont
MOMENTUM EQUATION
4.2 ..
.... Cont
MOMENTUM EQUATION
4.3 ..
ENERGY LOSS
Figure 4.7
ENERGY LOSS
. 4.4
. 4.5
POWER LOSS
. 4.6
HEIGHT OF THE JUMP
. 4.7
LENGTH OF THE JUMP
. 4.8
. 4.9
EXAMPLE 4.2
A spillway discharges a flood flow at a
rate of 7.75 m3/s per metre width. At
the downstream horizontal apron the
depth of flow was found to be 0.5 m.
What tailwater depth is needed to form a
hydraulic jump? If a jump is formed, find
its (a) type, (b) length, (c) head loss, and
(d) energy loss as a percentage of the
initial energy
SOLUTION:
Given:q = 7.75 m3/s.m
(i)
y2
(ii) Jump type
y1 = 0.5 m
(iii) L
(iv) EL
(v) EL/Eo (%)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont
EXAMPLE 4.3
A 25-m wide spillway has velocity of 30
m/s and flow depth of 1 m. Hydraulic
jump occurs immediately downstream.
Find the height of the jump and power
loss in the jump
SOLUTION:
Given:B = 25 m
(i)
Hj
v1 = 30 m/s y1 = 1 m
(ii) PL
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont
LOCATION OF THE JUMP

IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE
Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

PROCEDURES OF
CALCULATION

.... Cont
PROCEDURES OF
CALCULATION
. 4.10

.... Cont
PROCEDURES OF
CALCULATION And
,
where,
EXAMPLE 4.4
A rectangular channel 5 m width convey
flow at a rate of 15 m3/s. At a point inside
the channel there is abrupt slope change
from 0.010 to 0.0015. Determine :
(i) Whether the jump will occur,
(ii) Location of the jump (if occur) and
(iii) Power loss inside the jump.
Use Manning, n = 0.013
EXAMPLE 4.4
SOLUTION:
Given:Rectangular channel
B =5m
Q = 15 m3/s y1 = 1 m
Sos = 0.010 Som = 0.0015

Find :(i) Occurence of the jump
(ii) Lj
(iii) PL
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont
GRADUALLY
VARIED FLOW

DEFINITION

TYPES OF SLOPE

FLOW ZONE

PROFILE TYPE
PROFILE TYPE

OCCURRENCE EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUAL FLOW PROFILE







EXAMPLE 4.4
Determine the flow profile type as shown
in figures below.
SOLUTION

Figure 4.8











. 4.10

. 4.11
. 4.12
. 4.13



METHOD OF GVF
CALCULATION
Figure 4.9

METHOD OF GVF
CALCULATION
Figure 4.10
EXAMPLE 4.5
Given:
A very wide channel
yo = 3 m
So = 0.0005
n = 0.035
Water behind the weir rise to 1.5 m
from the normal depth. Calculate the
length, L from upstream starting 1%
higher of the normal depth using the
direct integration method.
EXAMPLE 4.5
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
-ve = Against co-ordinate
SOLUTION .... Cont

Sketch of flow profile
0.826
2.260
EXAMPLE 4.6
EXAMPLE 4.6
Sketch of the
problem
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
+ve = Follow the coordinate
SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

. 4.14
. 4.15

. 4.16
. 4.17

Figure 4.11

. 4.18
. 4.19

. 4.20
EXAMPLE 4.7
10 m3/s of water flows inside a rectangular
channel with 3 m width, channel slope of 0.0016
and Manning n 0.013. A weir is constructed
causing water level to rise as shown in the
Figure. Using the numerical integration method,
calculate the distance of L. Devide into 5
segments.
SOLUTION:
Q = 10 m3/s B = 3.0 m
So = 0.0016 n = 0.013
yend limit = 1.85 m
EXAMPLE 4.7
Sketch of the
problem
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont
SOLUTION .... Cont
-ve = Against the coordinate
SOLUTION .... Cont
EXAMPLE 4.8
Water flow at 5.25 m3/s inside a trapezoidal
channel having side slopes of 1 vertical : 2
horizontal, base width of 3 m, bottom slope of
0.0005 and Manning n 0.017. A weir is
constructed causing the water level to rise as
shown in the. Using the numerical integration
method, find L distance.
SOLUTION:
Given:Trapezoidal channel
Q = 5.25 m3/s
B = 3.0 m
z =2
So = 0.0005 n = 0.017
yinitial limit = 1.5 m yend limit = 2.5 m
EXAMPLE 4.7
Sketch of the
problem
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
Calculation table :-
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont
0.826
2.260
SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260

Formula applied
. 4.16
. 4.17
. 4.18

Formula applied cont
. 4.19
EXAMPLE 4.9
10 m3/s of water flows inside a rectangular
channel having the width of 3 m, channel slope of
0.0016 and Mannings n 0.013. A weir is built
causing water to rise 1.85 m behind it. Using the
step method, calculate the length of L.
SOLUTION:
Q = 5.25 m3/s
B = 3.0 m
So = 0.0016 n = 0.013
yend limit = 1.85 m
EXAMPLE 4.7
Sketch of the
problem
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Calculation table :-
SOLUTION
SOLUTION .... Cont

0.826
2.260
TIMES UP
THANK YOU

Chapter 4 - Non-Uniform Flow in Open Channel

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HYDRAULICS

MR WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED

RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW Cont

Figure 4.1: Flow inside pipe

Figure 4.2: Hydraulic jump in the hydraulic laboratory

Figure 4.3: Hydraulic jump at the spillway toe (Itaipu

Figure 4.4: Hydraulic jump at the downstream of sluice

Figure 4.6: Surges waves (Tangjiasan, China)

USAGE OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

TYPES OF THE JUMP

TYPES OF THE JUMP

JUMP EQUATION - RECTANGULAR SECTION

JUMP EQUATION - RECTANGULAR SECTION

JUMP EQUATION - RECTANGULAR SECTION

HEIGHT OF THE JUMP

LENGTH OF THE JUMP

Given:q = 7.75 m3/s.m

(ii) Jump type

(v) EL/Eo (%)

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

LOCATION OF THE JUMP

LOCATION OF THE JUMP

LOCATION OF THE JUMP

LOCATION OF THE JUMP

LOCATION OF THE JUMP

IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

LOCATION OF THE JUMP

IF THERE IS CHANGING OF SLOPE

Use Manning, n = 0.013

Sos = 0.010 Som = 0.0015

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

SOLUTION .... Cont

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW