Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Landscape composition
Landscape change and communities
Pollination and bees
My study system
Mechanisms for how landscape change
impacts bees
5%
Managed forests
Agricultural and
animal production
32%
39%
31%
Human settlement, other
(roads, housing, industry, mining,
etc.)
Landscape Composition
Biodiversity
Ecosystem services
Complex
Simple
Ecological problems:
Water
contamination
Pollution
Erosion
Loss
of biodiversity
Landscape composition
Landscape change and community
Pollination and bees
My study system
Mechanisms for how landscape change
impacts bees
Pollinator diet
Pesticide use
12/2/2015
a. Impact Biodiversity
b. Impact Populations
c. Impact Functional Traits
d. Impact Conservation
(Tscharntke et al., 2012)
4. Landscape moderates
concentration and dilution
8 Hypotheses: Landscape on
Functional Traits
5. Functional trait
selection
hypothesis
6. Insurance
hypothesis
Stink bugs
CPB
Provides impetus for
earthworm evolution
Earthworms present in ag
due to surrounding litter
complex
7. Intermediate landscape
complexity
12/2/2015
Ecosystem services
They contribute to human welfare (directly and indirectly) and therefore represent part of
the total economic value of the planet (U$33 trillion/year vs. U$ 18 trillion/year global
gross national product).
Gas regulation
Climate regulation
Disturbance regulation
Water regulation
Water supply
Erosion control & sediment retention
Soil formation
Nutrient cycling
Waste treatment
Pollination
Biological control
Refugia
Food production
Raw materials
Genetic resources
Recreation
Cultural
Ecosystem/landscape
Community
Population
One bee
species
Individual bee
measuring stick
Individual
Bee Pollination
35% global crops depend on insect
pollination (Klein, 2007)
Pollination services $200 billion+ per year
(Gallai et al., 2009)
Bees are chief pollinators
~20,000-25,000 spp. of bees (more than
fish!)
4,000 native bee species in U.S.
Many bees pollinate crops
Apple alone in NY, 100+ spp.
Landscape composition
Landscape change and biodiversity
Pollination and bees
My study system
Mechanisms for how landscape change
impacts bees
Global Pollination
Human
populations
increasing
Wild
pollinators
Landscape composition
Landscape change and biodiversity
Pollination and bees
My study system
Mechanisms for how landscape change
impacts bees
12/2/2015
Provision mass
composition
experiments
Habitat simplification
Diet Diversity
Reproductive success
Pesticide exposure
Body weight
# Offspring per capita
Composition of Pollen - HQ
Offspring Production
1.Average offspring per female and 2. Weight
Landscape composition
Landscape change and biodiversity
My study system
Mechanisms for how landscape change
impacts bees
Pollinator diet
Pesticide use
12/2/2015
References
Plant-Insect Interactions
Aizen&Harder. 2009.
Budde&Lanua.2007. Entomologie heute. 19: 173- 179.
Costanza et al. 1997
Eckhardt et al. 2013. J. Anim. Ecol. 83(3): 588-597.
Gallai et al. 2009
Gill et al. 2012. Nature. 491 (7422): 105-108.
Klein.2007.
Kramer&Favi. 2005.
Park, M. et al. 2012.
12/2/2015
Possible Interactions
Outline
Plants
+
Insects
Mutualisms
Pollination
Fig wasps
Herbivory
Galling
Destruction
Leaf cutter ants
Shelter
Ant-Aphid
Types of Feeding
Plant Defenses
physical
chemical
Co-evolution
Carnivorous
Plants
Evolution
Herbivory
Decomposition
of insect
bodies and
frass
Herbivory
Mostly herbivorous:
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Less so:
Diptera
Hymenoptera
First Terrestrial Plants
475 mya
MYA
Leaves (gymnosperm)
Leaf litter (angiosperm)
Leaf litter (gymnosperm)
Wood (to 0.03)
Phloem sap (to 0.003)
Xylem sap (to 0.0002)
0.1
0.5
Insects 7-14% N
1.0
5.0
Nitrogen content (% dry weight of plant tissue)
Leaf chewers
12/2/2015
Chewing:
Leaf miners
Piercing/sucking feeders
Chewing: Roots
Flower feeders
Gall makers
Diptera &
Hymenoptera are
the biggest gallmaking orders
12/2/2015
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Plant Defenses
Physical Defenses
Chemical Defenses
1.Secondary Chemicals
2.Volatiles
12/2/2015
Secondary Chemicals
Secondary Chemicals
Surface chemicals
Concentrations vary
Combination of Defenses:
Monarchs and Milkweed
-Trichomes
-Latex
-Cardiac glycosides
Latex
Downside to Defense?
12/2/2015
Inducible defenses
Plant Defenses
Inducible defenses
Inducible defenses
2.0
mM/g oils
Ln (x+1)
mustard
Indole Glucosinolates
Concentration of
protease (insect)
6
4
2
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
Control
Control
Induced
Induced
Agrawal 1998
Plant-parasitoid communication
Secondary Chemicals
Volatiles
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs):
organic chemicals with a high vapor
pressure
1.Low boiling point
2.Molecules evaporate or sublimate from the
liquid or solid form
3.Enter the surrounding air
10
12/2/2015
Plant-parasitoid communication
Plant-parasitoid communication
Host-plant: tomato
Herbivore: Spodoptera exigua
Parasitoid: Hyposoter exiguae
Chemical signal: methyl jasmonate
Tomato (hostplant)
Thaler 1999
Thaler 1999
Plant-parasitoid communication
Experiment 2: cage individual Spodoptera caterpillars beneath
tomato plants that are sprayed with jasmonic acid (induced)
and that are sprayed with water (control). Measure parasitism
rate of caterpillars.
Results:
Thaler 1999
Coevolution
Definition: Co-evolution is reciprocal evolutionary
change in interacting species. Species A evolves in
response to selection by species B; species B then
evolves in response to the change in A.
Herbivory
Passiflora and Heliconius
Mutualism
Fig Wasps
11
12/2/2015
(Gilbert, 1971)
(Gilbert, 1971)
(Gilbert, 1971)
(Spencer, 1988)
(Engler-Chaouat&Gilbert, 2007)
(Gilbert, 1971)
12
12/2/2015
Mutualisms
Sexual dimorphism
Moraceae Ficus spp. (strangler fig)
Agaonidae Blastophaga esthera
females
(Jandr et al., 2010)
males
Synconium
13
12/2/2015
Number of
aborted figs
Pollen free
Questions?
Pollen carriers
Insect pollination
Saw-tooth
mandibles
Outline
What is pollination?
Pollination origins
Mutualism
What rewards to flowers offer?
How do flowers advertise?
Pollinators
Specialization
Cheaters
Pollination importance
Colony Collapse Disorder and honeybees
Solutions
14
12/2/2015
What is pollination?
Types of Pollination
Process by which a
pollination agents
transfer pollen from
the anthers to the
stigma to enable
fertilization in plants
stigma
anther
720 species
250,000 species
Appearance of insect
feeding modes
The flower is an
evolutionary
innovation
Pollination Mutualism
Mutualism: a relationship between two species
of organisms in which both benefit from the
association.
Benefits
Past
Timeline
Plants
Fertilization
Insects
Floral Rewards
Present
15
12/2/2015
Pollination
agent
Food:
1.Nectar: 8 - 76% sugar (energy)
2. Pollen: 2 - 60% protein + lipids
3. Oils: rich in energy
Nesting material & sites:
4. Resins
5. Brood sites
Sex:
6. Fragrances: attract opposite sex
1. Color
3. Nectar guides
2. Floral Morphology
2. Scent, volatiles
16
12/2/2015
Vertebrate pollination
Who pollinates?
Mice
Bats
Bats
Lizards
Hummingbirds
Birds
Coleoptera: Beetles
Insects!
Beetles
flowers
Liberate pollen
Moths
AROIDS
Wasps
Flies
Butterflies
Flies
Strong-scent
Open flowers - exposed
flowers
Scent + heat
Reins
Diptera: Flies
Lepidoptera: Butterflies
Hover flies
Flower flies
Mimic bumblebees
Mimic bumblebees
Long Proboscis
Extendable sponge
Diurnal pollination
Hover fly
Bee fly
17
12/2/2015
Lepidoptera: Moths
Hymenoptera: Bees
Obligate pollen foragers
Specialized structures (scopa) for pollen
and nectar collection
Cant see red, can see ultraviolet
Long proboscis
Strong scent in flowers
White flowers
Nocturnal pollination
The predicted moth
Different Interests
Benefits
Plants
Fertilization
Insects
Floral Rewards
18
12/2/2015
Color Trained
Color and Scent
Trained
Landings on Flower
Not trained
2. Specialization
Color Hue
Reward
Reward
(Leonard et al, 2011)
Risks
Plants
Fertilization
Nectar Robbing
Insects
Floral Rewards
Sexual Deception
Males collect
fragrances from
orchids
Pollinia
19
12/2/2015
Orchid: Ophrys
Pollinia
Ecosystem service
Agriculture
Economic
Importance:
Agriculture
Importance:
Agriculture
$200
billion/year
20
12/2/2015
Importance: Economy
Bee Declines?
Questions?
Conservation
Attract wild bees
Biological Control
Research
21