A HANDY GUIDE TO JEWISH COINS REV. E. ROGERS M.A. LONDON SPINK & SON LTD. ry & 18 piccapnir, we slgYO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE ‘THE LORD M BA WITH CRATITUDE BECAUSE HE FIRST TAUGHT ME THAT ‘THERE ARE THINGS IN LIFE BESIDES BREAD AND Bi WHICH ARE WORTHY A MAN’S STUDY.CONTENTS introduction . Chapter [. Legends... _ I. Hashmone: — Il. Herodivn Fami — JN. Procuracors, Les Revolt and Alter == V. Second Revol = VI. After the Soi Revolt Al, “Bible Coins «2 oecxes ence ends, Crass ret Key to Plates Table of Alphabets nd UN ge nen cioretin PLATES 1. ashmonean Dynasty. IL. Herod Famil II. Roman Procurators and Romano-Judaecan. IV. Romano-Judaean. V. Sccond Revolt. V1. Second Revolt, VIL. Second Revolt and After. Page ay ee AM 7a VII. Cains of Christian and Turkish Claimants to Jerusalem. IX. Coins of the Old and New Testament.PREFACE Grace before and alter meals is noc only a pious custom but the mark of a properly grateful man. This Preface is by way of being both Graces rolled into one. As it comes lirst in place in. this lie book, iris meant to express the gratitude of the reader for all that is best in it : as it comes last in order of time of writing, it is meant to express the gratitude of the author for al] the help and kindness, which alone have made this book possible. It is therefore rather a record of thanks, than a recommendation ofmerie, either real or supposed, as is the stark or disguised purpose of most of its kind. First and foremost my thanks dre due to Messvs, Spink for giving me the opporsanicy of writing in their Numismatic Cirenlar and in connection J owe more than I can put down to my friend, Mr. L. Forrer, if he will allow me to call bim so. Te has been at the most en pains both in the test and the illustrations; his Boe his experience and enthusiasm, invaluable. Then | have to thank the Rev, De. Burney, Fellow of S. John's College, Oxford for reading and correcting the proofs; oe menting py meagte Hebrew attainments by his well known scholarship. H would be less than graceful, if 1 were not 10 acknowledge that even if my sae of Hebrew is but meagre, the interest with which he i inspired me twenty years ago at Osxtord is living still. Whatever may be thought of the general treatment of the sub- ject, there can be but one opinion of the illustrations, which are at present of a. superlative excellence, never before reached in the study ot Jewish coins. For them coo | have to thank many kind friends. No single collection could provide all the specimens necessary. Mr. G1! Hill, the Keeper of Medals at the Britsh Museum has not only given me carte blanche for all L needed of the casts from his magnificent Cata- logue, which at the moment is nearing completion, but with the utmost generosity has supplied me with “teadings and other valuable= ei informadon on dhe asking. For the loan of other coins I _haye to thank Field Maisbal Lord Grenfell, Mr. Perey Webb, Mr. J. Campion and Her 1, A. Mayer of Frankfort, as well as Messrs. Spink, who have freely placed their large stock at my disposal. And finally, since gratitude has heen defined as the expectation of favours to come, I would ask as my own reward, that more scholars and numismatists should study this series of absorbing iterest, and from their study correct my inevitable mistakes and so build up the fair fabric of accurate and scientific knowledge. Epcak Rocers,A HANDY GUIDE PoE Wish. COdNs BY REY. EDGAR ROGERS, M, A. INTRODUCTION. The coins of the Jews ought to provide an interest for the collector, as few other series can. Whatever bis own religion may or may not be, the life and religion of Israel have profoundly: moulded the standard of morality in the great nations of modern civilization. A study, then, which throws any light upon the history of the chosen people is worthy the attention of 2 cultured man. Hebrew monuments and inscriptions are singularly few. The Stele of Mesha and the inscription of Siloam practically “exhaust them‘. Outside the Bible, and possibly Josephus, the history and antiquities ofthe Jews are a sealed letter to'most people. A practically universal ignorance of Hebrew among coin collectors shuts the door upon Jewish literature at firsthand. Nor is the prospect of immediate enlightenment very brilliant. Islam is in possession of the Holy Land?; and the Crescent is raised above the most sacred spots on earth. The coins then, which come to us in considerable numbers provide us with some of the first-hand witnesses, outside the litera- ture, of the thought and customs of the people whe paved the way Dr, Buroey reminds me “tha: Ie nine ve: This view is further strengthened by the fact that Abraham’s servant gave Rebekah ‘a golden carting of half a shokel weight, and two bracelets for her bands of ten shekels weight”. Gen, xxiv. ep eheue the English gives ‘‘ earring”, the Hebrew has whtch means an earring or nosering. In the case of the oa Job the same expression is used. “ Every man also gave him a piece of money and every one an earring of gold ” — Why 15} =72 WN and would seem to imply a specified weight of gold ring. This form of bullion was a general one in Egypt as the monuments testify. Indeed ancient Britain had its gold ring-money, and to this day the Oriental chooses to carry his riches in the form ot jewellery. Attention might also be given to such passages ay describe the sale of Joseph by his brothers ta the Midianites (Gen. vi. 28) 5 the tle of money (Gen. x1.11.35) which Jacob’s children took with them to purchase com in Egypt; the wedge of gold of filty shekels’ weight ”, obviously an ingot, found in “the tent of Achan' (Josh : vier); and the many references to the Lord’s hatred ofa false Balance, ©. go: Prov. xiut, xvi.t1, which throw 2 light upon the unchanging avarice of human nature. We may conclude then, thatuntil almost the eve of the Captiv- ity, references to money all imply ingots of recognized weights and not actual coins, Thus the following divisions of the shekel men- tioned are 32: Bekah. 1/3 shekel. 259; Rebah. 1/4 shekel. 5 “tongue of gold”. CL the golden “tongue”? 1. The Hebrew properly me: Bible Side-lights from the mound of Gerer, discovered at Gezer, Vide Macaliste p. 122 and Agure 36to shekel, 13 of shekel. A talent and a mina are moneys of account, This will pave the way for the invention of coined money, which scholars on che authority of Herodotus (1, 24), are agreed belongs to the Lydiaus. The carliest coins are simple staters of clectrum, x natural alloy, four parts gold and one silver, with stria- tions or indentations of straight lines upon ane side; and on the other three incuse depressions, the centre depression heing oblong in shape and apparently shewing a running fox. These coins have been attribuied to B.C. 700-637 during ‘the ri igus of Gyyes and Ardys. Supposing that the Jews (as is not very likely, because they did notat the time occupy a very prominent partin the world’s commerce) took advantage of the invention of this moncy from the first, tt would be roughly co-ncident with thedeath of Hezekiah. Other and more elaborate coinage followed : Aegina in B.C 680 issued elee- trum coins and in the time of Pheidon,about 669 B.C., struck the first silver coins. These present a sea tortoise on the obverse and an iucuse square roughly diyided on the reverse. Very soon the legend AIP I (for AIFEINHTON) and a dolphin were introduced on the reverse and che square became more carefully formed. Others'cau, hawever, claim the honour of having first struck coins with a distinet type and design on botli sides of the pice ; some- where beoween 566 and 514 B.C. Athens issued the first form of the famous © owls” of antiquity. On the obverse is the head of Athene ina crested helmet, and on che reverse an owl standing in an incuse square, with a spray of olive and bersies behind and the legend AQE to the right from the top to the bottom of the coin. ‘A reformed coinage appeared about the time of Hippias B.C. 5 14- 511, which lasted GH B.C. 4o7. So careful were the weight aud quality of this issue that it practically became a world-wide Coinage accepted by both Grechs and Barbarians in preference to all other coins (Arist. Rar. 721-599. frist. Num., p. 373.1911 edition, Head). When the issue ceased, barbarous imitations in Eeypt, India, Persia and Arabia testify to its popularity. Tt was in B. C. 587 that Nebuchadnezzar carried the children of Judah to Babylon, more than a hundred years after the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel and the dispersion of the ten tribes became the historical and cthuologreal puzzle of the ages. The captives at Babylon and che remmant in the Hoty Land must have beco acquainted with the “* owls”. During ali this period there is no trace of any Jewish coins. The Captivity caine to an end in the first year of Cyrus, King of Persia (B.C. 538), when fifty thousand Jews returned to Jerusalern2 hy ee to build the Temple. The stery is told in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. We need not dwell upon the story here except to remark that the Persians, who had acquired the Kingdom of Babylon after the capture of Sardes by Cyrus and the conquest of the Lydian Empire, began to coin money. It is certain thar Darius Hystaspis (B.C. 521- “486) coined gold money of a high quality (Herodotus IV. 166) aa that an abundant issuc of gold and silver, commonly called Darics and Sigloi, continued until the victory of Alexander the Great at Arbela B, C. 331, when the Persian Empire was broken, and the Dynasty of the Achaemenidae came toan end. Alexander was master of Asia, Darius (from whom the coin name of Daric is derived, as a Napoleon or a Louis is from the French Kings) and Artaxerxes Longimanus (or Ahasuerus, of the Bible) issued enormous quantities of gold and silver, Double datics, darics and sigloi arc well known. ‘The type is always the. same. Obv. The great King in kandys, crowned with kidaris, is represented in a “half kneeling posture, holding a spear and bow, while the reverse is merely a rough ineuse. "Che Jew on his return from Babylon must have been familiar with these coins and the post-exilic references to moncy especially in Ezra and Nehemiah (c.g. : Ezra 1. 69) are represented by the daric and siglos. "With the success of Alexander the place of these coins was taken by the gold and silver which were issued in his name. Like the Athenian coinage it was so acceptable that its issue continued long ter his premature death. “Phe gold (stater) has for obverse a helmet- ed head of Pallas, and reverse a Niké to left, with the legend BAZIAEQE AAEZANAPOY or AAEZANAPOY merely; the silver (tetradrachm) has ahead of young Heracles in lion skin, possibly a portrait of sAlexanidse yGucthes ob versaand: Gutihe prencr ovat half naked, seated on throne to left, holding in his right handan e eagle aud in his left a sceptre with the same legend as a gold piece. This coiage superseded the “owls? and the Jews were obviously familiar with, it; for dismissing the theory that the monogram Al which often appears on the reverse stands for Diospolis or Lydia in Palestine, probably 101 stands for Joppa or Jaifa, the port of Jerusalem. Among his other exploits Alexander appeared before Jerusalem ; amd the story runs that he was so impressed by the glory of the High Priest Thaddeus or Yaddous, that he not only refrained from destroying Jerusalem, but actually granted special privileges to the Jews. In virtue of this De Sauley did not hesitate to aseribe the carly Jewish shekels to the time of Alexander. Their proper attribution will be discussed later, but it may be said now that this is clearly a mistaken idea. The early death of Alexander ts one of the mysteries of God'ssay == providence and amony earth’s tragedies. His vast dominions became the prey of his rival generals, diadachoi as they are sometimes termed. This is noplace to consider their ambitions or their conflicts, Tr is sufficient to say that the [oly Land was the bone of contention between the Scleucid Kings of Syria, who count Seleucus, satrap of Babylon, their founder, and the Tagidae of Egypt, who would look to Prolemy Tas theirs. At various times in the three centuries before Christ the Jews must have been familiar with the moneys issued by these rulers and have found a practical usé for them. We enter upon the actual issue of Jewish coins with the reign of Antiochus LV (Epiphanes) of Syria, and the story as it runs in the book of the Maccabees. The Apocry} pha has nota yood name among us, but we are free to assert that it contains some of the most valuable historical documents in the world. Before, however, we consider the accession of Antiochus Fpiphanes to the throne of Syria, which is one of the landmarks of the world’s progress, we must briefly review the numismatic history of the great maritime cities of Phoenicia. All this is relevantto the study of lewish numismatics. The mast important of these for our purpose are Aradus, Tyre and Sidon, Aradus, the Island City of the northern coast of Phoenicia, began to coin inalmost the fifth centary B.C. Dagon and Melkarth (Mi coi) both appear as types, and dumpy coins were frequent until the conquest of Alexander. Gold and silver coins of his pattern with the monogram P are extant, while from B.C. 137-45 a dated coinage of flat fabric exists, presenting on the obverse the turreted head of Tyehe, and on the reverse, Athene standing with aplustre and palm, and date. Later on, under Roman domination, Aradus issued, to Gordianus Pins, a colonial and imperial coinage. Of a similar character is the numismatic history of Tyre, which was lirsta colony of Sidon and then its rival. Tyrian coinage begins in the fifth century with the ustal dumpy archaic type. Obverse, Melkarth, holding how and ri dling over the waves with a dolphin beneath. reverse, owl with crook and fizil, and dates of Phoenician character. From B. C. 126 to A. D. 56 Tyre, free from the domination of Alexander, the Seleucids, and the Ptolemies, on the celebration of a new era issued an autonomous coinage, of w1 hich the flat tettadrach with the head of Baal on the obverse, and the eagle with club and legend TYPOY IEPAE KAI AEZYAOY dated, is the most characteristic coin. ‘Vhat this coinage was acceptable to the Jews and largely used by them cannot possibly’ be donbted from the tact that the five shekels, ‘ow Tiberiusee oie which was the price of the redemption by the first born, were ordered expressly to he of “Tyrian weight ”. (Becchor, vt, 7.) The Jews were equally familiar with the coinage of Sidon, where esactly the same transition from an archaic module to the standard flat tetradrachm takes place. The coins of Gaza, Marathus and Byblus or Gebal also throw : light upon the ancestry of purely Jewish nmmismatics, while for later developments the coins of Deeapolis, Samaria, and Ascalon will give a completeness 10 a comprehensive Jewish colk ction. We come now to the series of coins, which are admittedly Jewish, struck by the Jews as a nation and notas the money of any oe ume or locality. At once we are face to face with one of the puzzles and charms of numismatic science. A scries of silver shekels and half shekels, of copper pieces without name of monarch or issuer, but all of them dated, suggests conjectures, which nmst each stand on its own merits. We propose in the following classification to assign the first Jewish coins (copper) to the early days of the Maccabees, the silver shekels to Simon and John Hyrcanus, and then the rest ts practically plain sailing The method most convenient will be to describe the coin and then give the reasous for its particular attribution. AVTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obverse. Reverse. 1, ‘Two baskets of flowers with Palm tree between two bas- citron between: border of dots. kets: border of dots. a7 &. 11/12. es We 252 g1s.? Pls Two baskets of Howe Citron : border of dots. border of dots. L-8. &, 10/12. L.é. Wr. 142 gts. Pi, 1. 2. Basket of branches between Jewelled chalice: border of two citrons: border of dots. dots. U9? MEE Os UlS We. 85. grs. PL 1.3, 4. An imteresting specimen in the B.M. (British Museum) has an elephantas countermark, suggesting Seleucid times. Like the Seleucid 1. L means legend; and num ral following refers to table of legends supra. Measurements of coins ave in inehes and twellths ofinches. Weight in grains. N. Jk. Weights throughour are given. approsimately : there is considerable varivty in different specimens of the samme denomination,ory = and Ptolemaic coins, they are struck on cast fans sith a bevelled edge; which is characteristic of all the Jowish series, till the last revolt, In the present attribution they are considered the earliest Jewish coins, though Reimach attributes them to the first Revolt. The present attribution appears preferable for the following reason which seems to spring naturally out of the legend on the Revers What does “the Redemption of Zion” mean} In the year 165 B.C. the Maccabees “ builded up the mount Sion with high walls and strong towers round about, lest haply the Gentiles’should come and tread them down as they had done aforetime” (1 Macc. IV’, 69). This was the crucial point of time in the opposition of the Jew to Antiochus Epiphanes. ln B.C. 164, Antiochus 1V died. Two years later Demetrius, who had been a hostage at Rome, landed at Tripolis, murdered Antiochus V. Buy ator, the son of Epiphanes, and his tutor Lysias “and sat upon the throne of his Kenalone *(t Macc, VII, 4). Immediately Aleimus (a usurper high priest) and @ party of men hostile to the Maccabees appealed to the King, who promprly anarmy under Nicanor against Judas Maccabaous, ‘The latter defeated Nicanor and at the same time * heard of the fame of the Romans” (i Maec., VII. 1) and conchuded an offensive and defensive treaty with them. This occnrred in the year B.C. 161 and then it may we ell be thar Judas, emulating the practice of the Phoenician cities who had coiied bronze coins even under the rule of Epiphanes, had this series of coins struck. They would, therefore, date [rom the forti- fication of Zion in B.C. 164 and so the fourth year would be B.C. 163, The alternative to this is to suppose that they are the coins, apparently copper shekels, half shekels and quarter shekels, which Simon Maccabaeus struck as the outcome of the permis ton of Antiochus VII Sidetes (of Syria) to coin money foes xe nena sh yen ova (1 Mace. XV, 5, 6). This would give the dats B. C 139, if the “fourth year” on the coins referred “hack 16 Bec: "Hs which had been declared ‘ the first of Liberty (cf. 1 Macc. XIV, The ty pes of the coins, a basket or bundle of branches, palms and willow (lulab) and the citron (ethrog) were taken fram the Feast of ‘Yabernacles ; for the faithful carried the Julab in the right hand and the ethrog in the left in the Feast and it ts worth remembering that the recovery of the Temple and the fortification of Zion were marked by asolemn celebration of the Feast of Tabernacies (11 Macc, X, 5-8). Obverse. Reverse. _ A chalice jewelled (except A triple lily or spring flower: Dee ec ieee ie ence eect of dots: above chalice, date. PLLIS. 6, 7.‘Two denominations : Shekel. LB. Riatj1a, bel or 2. We 220 grains, 1/2 Shekel L.4. «RK. roft2. — L-1 or 2. Wr, a10 grains, No halt shekels of the fifth year! have been found and the shekels are rougher than the rest in execation. On coins of first year the date isnot preceeded by the & The attribution of these coins is the real crux of Jewish Numiis- matics. They have been variously assigned to the time of Ezra, the High Priest Yaddous of Thaddaeus, contemporary with Alexander the Great, Simon the Maccabee and the period of the First Revolt. To day the claims of the last two are alone worth discussing, Undoubtedly the strongest case for their attribucion to Simon bas been made out by M. Theodore Reinach in his book, “ Jewish Coins? ; and the arguments employed hy him seem well nigh irrefutable. Against these can only he set a somewhae precarious argument hased upon the epigraphy ; and the negative one, that the name ot Simon does not occur upon them, while the fabric and exccution ot the ascertained Hasmonean coins posterior to the time of Simon, all copper, appear to shew too big a decline from the art of coining to allow that they are the immediate successors of this series. ‘Twwo further grounds for cheir attribution to Simon may be pro- perly added here ; and their final attribution left to conjecture, until some countermarked or overstruck coin be found 16 afford a more certain clue, In Maccabean times the ruling Jews were fanatically anti-Helle- nistic. That indeed was their whole raison d'éve. This was most assuredly not the case in the time of the First Revolt, when the ruling class belonged to the party of the Sedducees, bitterly opposed to the Pharisves, wha were the descendants of whe Chasidim or patriotic party, who followed Simon. Admittedly Simon obeains the right of coinage by the grant of Antiochus VII of Syria. Upto this time, the Jews had been acquainted with the coins of dumpy fabric issued by the famous commercial cities of Phoenicia, Sidon, Tyre and Aradus. On the other hand their supreme Hellenistic enemy, Audochus Epiphanes, had issued tetradrachms of flat fabric. To have produced coins of flat fabric similar to the Seleucid or Prolemaic coinage would have been a public surrender to Hellenistic ideas, which is inconceivable of the staunch patriotic Maccabees. Ir was the natural result of Hellenistic influence, as may be seen from the fact that the very same Phoeni- 3. Half Shekels of the fourth year, which are ver rare, are not to my mind ‘ond suspicion33 cian cities, who whole-hearwdly embraced Hellenistic ideas, struc! tetcadrachms of flit fabric upon the first Dena of autonomy. ‘This was the case with Aradus in B.C, 137, Tyre B.C, 126, Sidon Bake Eee By A.D. 66 the position was entirely different, Greck literature, Greek att and Greek ideas were no longer anathema, Leading Rabbis could have been easily found as enthusiasts for Greek culture. There would have been no point at all in the issue of a coinage, which exhibits an effete archaism and an opposition to current practice —Greek, if you will, i origin. Thar is abundanily clear from the coinage of the second eels when the false Messiali RBarcoehba with the utmost patriotic appeal does not hesitate to issue fat tewadrachms. Secondly, the type of the coins has a probable interpretation, it they are Maccabean. Simon, a patriotic Jew, Gzzz by surname, that is “the burst of spring”, placed upon the coins the spring flower, a lily or a rhododendron to designate himself (2:7 yeusoua) as the Book of Maceabves distinetly says. On the reverse he placed the jewelled chalice to indicate his priesthood. It was not until the time of Aristobulus thatthe Hasmonean ruler called hiniself “king” and then he did not dare to put his dignity upon the coins. Simon was not of the true priestly rank and therefore did all he could to make his claim acceptable. It is obvious that, if this interpretation is correct, he took for his ideal Onias, the Son of Simon ;and found for that ideal in the Book of Eectesiaticus L. 6-9 a type for his coinage |. This interpretation fits in with all the known facts of history, It scems a gratuitous waste of record for the writer in ] Macc, XV 3, 6, to state that Antiochus VII gave the Jews the right of coir if they never used it or never used it to the full. ‘The Phoen Cities issued municipal coinage under the suzerainty of the Seleucid monarchs. As 2 marke of autonomy they promptly issued silver, Can it really be doubted that the Jews did the same ¢ If they were indeed less important, they were always more troublesome and curiously succeeded throughout their existence in obtaining mare privileges than their neighbours from their masters. The soundest numisimatic interpretation of the passage quoted from | Macc., can only indicate a silver coinage. ‘The right of striking copper would hardly be worth chronicling, Nor does the literal translation of the original Greek necessitate Sinton putting his own name on the money, The * canting ” device, as has been suggested, would be adequate. Further the revocation of the right by Antiochus VII, when he broke all the former treaties (1 Macc. XV, 27) ; his initial failure and subseqnent success, after the death of Simon, against 1. Vide Nuen. Chret., Fourth series, Vol. Xta Jolan Hiyreanus, involving the fall of Jerusalem in B.C. 134, would account for the cessation of the silver coinage subsequent to the first year of John My nus. Ifthe grant morcly referred to a copper coinage, it is hard to sce how the Hashmonean princes, who never attained so full a measure of freedom as Simon did from Antiochus VII, ventured to issue any coins at all without a definite rescript permicting then to do so; and of sucl reseript there is na mention in history. With the fall of Jerastlem some time before April B.C. (34, the Jewish coinage appears to cease and probably did not begin until the death of Antiochus Vitin B.C. 129, when a treaty Rome was concluded and an alliance made with Alexander Zebina. Antiochus VII (Sidetes) appears to have signalized his success at Jerusalem by the following coins : Obverse. Reverse. » Lily: border of dots. Anchor ; below date ANP? (81 B.C. 132). BAP (182 TGs tsa). Noel g/I2. L.3l. Pl. 8, Half Chaleous. Wr. 18 grains. The alliance with Alexander Zebina allowed Jobin Ayrcanus to strike money; anda series begius which only ends with the decay and conquest of the Hashmonean family by the Romans. ‘Ihe last of them, Antigonus Mattathias, whose full name we haye solely on the evidence of the coins, established h mselfupon thethroneat Jerusalem in B.C. 4o by the help of the Parthian King, Pacorus, Rome treated him as a rebel. An expedition was sent out under Caius Sosius, a lieutenant of Mark: Antony; took Jerusalem in B.C. 37, and after scourging Antigonus, beheaded him — an indignity which had never before been offered to a King. In his place Herod was installed as King. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Jobn Hyreanus (after B.C. 129). Obverse. Reverse. 6. Wreath of olive. A poppy head between two cornucopie. Dilepton. AE. 8/12, No, i Wr. 48 grains, L. 1, This is more probably’ a lotus flower, GL, the ormamentation of lows Howers aud seed vessels on the hem of the | igh Priest’s robe, which is called in Holy Scripture, ** bells and pomegranates” a by HY, M. Flinders Petrie ($.1 j © The date our the voin refers to the Selenci@) 10. Sls c) 12, The ex Aristobulus was the fi \n unique coin in the BLM. deser of the series. Obverse. 7. Helmet : border of dots. Ai oft2. *L. on Rev. Geiss Aas ly eae Sta AnD Jcho... vehacheber Feuatis John and the senate of the Jews. Judas dristobulus B.C. 106-105. The A a ably is interesting. Apparend tof the family to call hinaself King. 452 signifies the alliance with Alexander Zebina. Pl. I. 40. Judas from the Hamburger collection s mention : —Tts module is slightly larger than the remainder Reverse. Double cornucopiae : border of dots. Wt. 56 grains. PL. 1.9. Chaleous. Coins similar in type and weight to John Hyreamus’, bue L. 13 “The smallness of the issue niakes these coins very rare*. Afexander fannaeus. B.C, , 105) Obverse. 8. Wreath of olive, L. (a) 15. Restruck with Greek legends. (b) not restruck. (Ce) 16, Special types: Obverse. y. Half opened flower : border of dots. L. 14. AL, g/t. BUTE 12, Reverse. y head between two No. L. PL. 1. 48. BITE 6: Reverse, Anchor within circle. 22, Wr 47 grains. Ph. 1. 43 1, Towe this reading to Mr G. F. Hill, the Keeper of Medals, in ile British, Museum. 2. Thev are often confused with the coins of Mexander Jannacus. No 8, {¢)— 26 to. Palm branch : border of dots +. L414. By gf 13: tr. Sun with 8 interincdiate spaces L L.14. AE. 9 42. rays: in edlexanlra. Obverse. 12. Anchor : border of dots. A lily, border of ders, No. Le We. 47 grains. PL I. 44. Anchor: border of dots. L.32. WU. 45 grains. Pl. 1.417, Reverse. Sun with eight rays, in the intermediate spaces of probably a Hebrew Legend, L.33. Be fra. Li8. We. 46 grains. doubtful: but in the face of such ‘an, wha both accepted it, it would This attribution remains highly authorities as De Saulcy and Wig be rash to deny its probability, bn Hyrcanns I B.C, 69. Aristobulus IE B-C., 69-63. John Hyreanus JU (second reign) B.C., 63-57. dlexunder ID B.C. 63- ve Ba . i No certain attribution can be made, but the fallowing coins pro- bably belong to this period, Reverse. Sun with cight rays: border of dots, L outside border. L-19. We 15-30 grain PILI. 48. Obverse. 13. Anchor within circle. ee. BE, 6/12. Probably Alexander II (B.C. 57.) or John Hyreanus IE (B.C. 47- 4o). This coin is the lepton and so probably the ‘widow’s mite’ ot the Gospel. Antigonos (Mattath Obverse. t4. Wreath : border of dots. ias) B.C., 40-37. Reverse. Two cornucopiae with date between: border of dots. L20. WI, 220 grains. P),T, 24. L.34. Ai, 1tft2. 1. Cf, Pl, 1. 44. Same type ander Jolm Hyrcanus. Me Hill suggests L- 10 as reading.3 15. Legend within wreath. Cormcopiae between vine ? leaves. L.34. : £.20. WI. 110 grains, Pi, 1. 20 16, Uncertain. Obverse. Reverse. The tetrastyle screen between Seven branched candlestick * the Holy Place and the Holy border of dots. of Holies : border of dots. (?) No. L. AL. 9/12. BAZ eT, ? BAZIAEQE ANTIFONOY- Wr, 46 grains. Pl. VII. 6. “Lhe attribution of the coins complete, they deserve a moment’s study from the witness they hear to the history of the Jews in the first century and a half before Christ. It was a time of transition for the last. Alter the death of Autiochus VIT, the last great successor of Seleucus Nicator, his empire fell away under the advance of the Parthians, the ‘Arabs and other barbarians” 3 untilits shadow of a shade was grasped by Tigranes of, Armenia. The Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties perished, but their influence had not passed and the day of the East was not come. The Jews revained che kingdom of old; the herote struggle of the Maccabees found its reward, but could not escape the price. Israel became a nation again: but once more feshuria iwaved Jat and kicked. The Pharisees were poor successors of the Chasidim, and the later [asmioneans of the patriotic Maccabees. Seleucid rule waned ; but the Hellenistic ideas of the Sclencids gained the day. The high priest became king. Aristobulus was the first to style Himeel! se and his successor Alexander Jannaeus did not scruple to place his tide upon his coins; and with that he Aung all else over board; far his coins bear a Greek inscription as well as Hebrew. If our attribution of £6 is correct, then the last known coin of the Hasmoneans not only omitted a Hebrew legend altogether, but dared a type which would have been inconceivable in carlier days. The mystery of the Temple was laid bare, and with Greek legend the heathen had entered into the inheritance of Israel. {f then the Jews were holding outa hand of friendship to Greck thonght and ready to do their “share in Hellenizing Asta Minor, they did not estimate rightly the new power in the world. The 1, Lhave comected this coin in the IItustrations with the Mohammedan coins presenting the seven branched candlestick. | have no real confidence that it belongs to Antigonus.= 30 = parbarian—even refined by a veneer of Hetlenism —was not yet to overrun the West. It was Caesar and not Arsaces, who was to wear the diadem of Alexander. Antigonus might well rely upon an alliance with Parthia; and the moment's gain is 10 be seen in his prayer coins, the best the Jews had dared to strike for a century; but in the world that counted, Rome had won the place of Greece, and the mistake brought Antigonus to the Roman scourge and block. The knell of the Holy Nation was sounded when he was put to death ; and a new day dawned for the civilised world, to last until the barbarian hammered at the gates of Rome, Note, Sinee writing the above chapter two specimens of an hitherto unpublished coin of Manathias have come into my possession, which, because they arc. so similar in type and Fabrie to their predecessors, [ take to be the eattiest coins issued by this prince. They arc also in the B. M. Their description is: Oov. Exr of corn of popps head between double cormeopiae: border of dots. Rev. Within a wreath of laure! the insceiption 4% % that is 227: retrograde —= Mattathias : border ot she? dots. -E, 5 c2, Weight 26 gr, PI. T. 49.CHAPTER [if With the revolt and degrading exceution of Antigonus Mantathias the Hasmonean Dynasty closed. The last Mattathias was a pitiable suecessor to that glorious Mattathias who had begun the family’s fortunes by saving his country from the Gentile. The defeat of Antigonus had heen accomplished by the help of ihe Romans, who were only too ready to enter upon the scene of Jewish policies. They were the true inheritors of the kingdom and ideal of Alexander the Great. They had rotled back the rising tide of Armenian victory on the fall of the House of Seleucus. The Maccabees had appealed to Rome: and in B.C. 63 ' Pompey had decided in favour of the claims of Hyrcanus in his quarrel with his brother Aristobulus; and now it was Caius Sosius, a lieutenant of Mark Antony, who was called in to crush Antigonus. An interest- ing copper coin of Sosius, commemorating the event, exists. new actor, Who was to play an important part in the world’s drama was the master mind behind Sosius. Herod the Great, the Edomite or Tdumaean, was the rival of Antigonus. He was the son ofa certain Antipater, who had been Mayor of the Palace in the reign of Hyrcanus U and had been appointed Procurator of Judaca by Julius Caesar in B.C. 47. His mother was Cypros, an. Arabian. Hig sympathies, if such a word can properly be used of a blood— thirsty maniac like Herod, were entirely Hellenistic, and he endeavoured to introduce Greek culture and even Greek games into the Holy City, His coins with their types of Macedonian helmet, tripod and suchlike amply prove this, while an interesting small copper coin with the type of an cagle. probably refers to the golden Eagle whict he set upon the pe afiment the Temple with an utter dis sregard for the feelings of his Jewish subjects, His building of the ‘Temple was rather to gratify his artistic projects than from any love for the religion which it enshrined. He married in all ten wives, of whom Matthace, the mother of Antipas and Archelaus is the hese known, Elis reign was a continual deluge of blood, Alter the death of Autigonus, he signalised his accession to the throne of Judaea, which he owed to Mark Antony, by the murder of all the members of the Sanhedrin except two, No one was safe from the monster, whose atrocities were so infamous, that Josephus does not even te Platte: 4931 23. Helmet : border of ders, Double cornucopiag + border of dots. Lon both sides erased : probably some form of 35. .E. 9/12. Wr 67 gts. ‘Tripod. bepyeen gwo —_ Wreathowith X_inside ( 2mark branches. Barder of dots. of value Chaleous). No. L- Bin2. L. 38. Wt. 45 prs. Pi. It. 4. Note. Smaller denominations of the ahoye oscar g.. scrostoliam with rude wreath + trefoil (?) with ith unimportant variations + 0. Anchor ; border of dots, Poppy. head between two comucopiae united at base border of dots. L. (variously disposed) 35. No. L. We. 28 gr. §/I2. Pl. I. 8. 26. Legend only : border of Anchor in wreath. dots. L. 850rpart thereof. .5 12. Wr. 28 ges. 27. Cornucopia : border of border of dots. dots. L-on either side. L. 35.0r part. Eg 12. Nook Wr. 16 ut. PI IE. 6. Note. Variations from the above and degrees of careful workmanship are common, It is likely. that it will be Jong befure any complete classification of the abundant coinage of Herod the Great will be complete. Historically the two most interesting coins are nv, 18, which no doubt contains a reference to the Star of Bethfchem ; and no. 27, which shews the eagle placed by Hered on the Temple. Herod Archelaus. B.C. 4, — A.D. 6 Herod Archelaus was the son of Herod the Great and his Samaritan wife, Malthace. He was brought up at Rome and orginally cut out of his father’s will at the instance of his eldest brother Antipater, Herod. however, made a change in his will, and Archelaus succeeded lim in the “kinguom ” of Judaea, Samaria and Idumaea. His accession was stoutly opposed and it was only after the massacre of 3000 of his enemies, that he made his position sure. Refusing to accept the title “king” from anyone except Augustus, he went ta Rome to ple: gainst hts brother Antipas and other rivals. The Emperor confirmed him in his “ kingdom ” with the title Ethoarch, which appears on his coins and means the ruler ol the nation. Ie was through fear of him, thac S. Joseph with thean #2 = Holy Child and Mary, His Mother, turned aside on the return from Egypt after the death of Hered the Great, and dwelt at Nazareth in Galilee. This is the only direct reference t0 him in Holy Seripture (S. Mate. II, 22) but there is supposed to be a veiled allusion to him in the Parable of the Pounds (S. Luke XTX, 14), being the king whom his citizens hated, This is nly truc to ff because his cruelty and utter disregard for Jewish Law and custom, as for example in bis marriage with Glaphyra, his brother’s widow, caused such frequent complaints to be made, that in the end Augustus summoned him to Rome in A.D. 6 and banished him to Vienne, where he died, His kingdom was confiscated and put under the administration of a Roman Procurator. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obverse, Reve 28. Anchor : border of dots. Jeweled oak wreath. L within: border of dots. L. 3G (usually in part), — L. 36 (remainder of part). 5/12. Wt, 16 gers. PL IL 40 ag. Prow of ship : botder of Similar to last. dots. EER L. 36 (part). 5/12 We, 16 urs. jo. Double cornucopiae : Galley with or without snast : border of dots. border of dots. L. 36 (par), AB gia. L- 36 (remainder). W. 47 ars. PL Ii. 8. Note. Smaller denominations with uaimportant variations wre Trequent. 31. Bunch of grapes: border Helmet with tuft and cheek or dots, pieces: in field left, caduceus + 7 border of dot PL II. 9. L. 36 (lf). L. 86 (remainder). Wt.35 ers. 32. Siimilar to last Caduccus : border of dots. L. 36 (half). L. 36 (remainder). Wt.35 ars. Note. As in the case of the coins of Herod the Great there are minor vada- rious of type and probably fresh finds will produce new types altogether. Herod Antipas. B.C.4 —A.D.4o. ‘This is the Herod, who is so frequently mentioned in the Gospel narrative. Like the last he was the son of Herod the Great and the= yn Samaritan Malthace. Originally itended by his lather as his heir, the change in his will gave him ae Galilee and Peraea, of which he became 'Tecrareh, Married to the dauglier of Aretas, king of Arabia Petraea, he conceived a guilty ion for Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, whom he matricd. His character was a mixture ot eruelty, caprice and cunning; “that fox”, Our Lord calls him. Like the rese of his family, who had opportunity, he was a great builder, and the city of Tiberias, from which his coins w ued, long eet the evidence of his enthnsiasin. It will he remem- bered that it was the ontcome of his relations with Herodias, which caused him to put S$. John Baptist to death; while Pilate effected a reconciliation with him, over a previous quarrel, by sending Our Lord ta be tricd by him, In the end Herodias proved his ruin. She urged him to go to Rome to obtain the same title of king, as bad been conferred upon his nephew Agrippa, with the only result, that his cnemivs found the ear of the Emperor, and Antipas was banished to Spain, where Herodies cccole par ied him, ae death. Bible Renan Oe Matt SIV, 34. 3, 6,.9..9,, Math: VI. Tanke THT, 1, 193 VITE, 3; IX. 9; XIL 31; NXT, 71s. Mets WV, ; NU, 1. NUTRIBUTION OF COINS, ‘Yhe type is generally the same, with but slight variations, in all modules, ranging from i, 11/12 to di. 7/12. Some specimens are dated. Obverse. Reverse. 33. Palm branch : border of Wreath with L. within. dots. L387. B.irfia to M L. 38 or 39. Wr. 230 60 gts. PL. UL 44. A variety AE. 9/12 exhibits a fruit tree, palm or fig, on the obverse, with usual reverse, and L. 39 and 37, It is dated LAA, that is A.D. 30-31. Herod Philip I, He was the husband of Herodias, and by herthe father af Salome, No coins are known to which can be attributed to him, bs Herod Philip H, B.C. 4. — A.D, 34. He was the son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra; mentioned in S. Luke HI, 1. He married the notorions Salome and built Caesarea= Philippi (S. Mate. XVI, 13), which was the most noteworthy. event of his unimportant reign. Te was buried at Bethsaida, which he had renamed Julias, in honour of Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Perhaps this is the city mentioned in S. Mark VII, 22, S. Luke IX To. AFTRIBUTION OF COINS. Reverse. 34. Laureateheadof Augastrs ——Tetrascyle Temple with date 1 tight , border of dots between pillars: border of dots, L. 40. 22, WI. 95 gts. PIL IT. 42. 35- Similar head of Tiberius. Suilar. L. 4} S42, L. 42. Wt. 65 gts. Pied dae Note. Por dates vile Tabke of L. no. 42. Herod Agrippa 1 ND., 35-44. ‘The son of Aristobulus and Perenice and therefore the grandson of Herod the Great. Born in B.C. 11, he was brought up at Rome, where he became the close friend of the Emperor Caius, as he was afterwards; and of his successor Claudius. Vhis friendship is indicated by the title @IAOKAICAP, which he placed upon some of his coins. An unfortunate remark of his, to the effect that he wished Caius might succeed Tiberius, caused the later to throw him inio prison, where he remained unril the Emperor's death, Unmediately released by Caius upon bis accession, le was fist given the tenarchy of Herod Philp Hand then that of Herod Antipas. On the accession of Claudius he was also given Judaea, Samarta and other territory. until the whole of Herod the Grear’s kinzdom came into his hand: Probably this is why he styles himself METAC upon some of his coins. He cared to Jive at Jerusalem and behaved as a strict Jew. Hence his persecution of the Church. It was he who put James, the brother of John, to death, and threw S. Peter into prison, while the account of his miserable death is to be found in the same chapter (XID of the Acts. He was a great builder and in particular lavished his pains upon the city of Bervtus. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obverse. Reverse. 36. Umbrella: border of dots. Three cars of corn on one stalk: in fieldon either side, dateBorder ot dots. Lees. We. qo.grs PL. I. 36, Other dates besides L. 43 have been published te: g:L&0Z,LH and L@, but their reading must remain doubrful. ‘There are sorne exceedingly interesting non-Jewish coins of Agrippa’; but they must be omitted here, One of them shews the portrait of Agrippa : the first of the [lerod family to venture this upon his coins. ‘The eldest brother of Agrippa was known as Herod, king of Chaleis, but he has left na coins. On his death the “Emperor Claudius gave his kingdom to Agrippa JI, the son of Agrippa [ and his wife Cypros, He was only seventeen years of age when his father died, and though Claudius was ready to give him his father’s dominions, he was persuaded that his youth was too tender; and Judaea was entrusted to thé procurator Cuspius Fadus. Agrippa IL? issued coins, as king of Chalcis, some of which bear his portrait, but they cannot be said to belong to the Jewish series. Yet another Herod must he mentioned, Aristobudus, the son of Herod, king of Chalcis, and great grandson of Herod the Great, who was king of Chaleis and parts of Armenia. A. D, 34-92 @), Bronze coins of him are extant, as also bronze wich portraits of himself and his wife Salome *. With, them the house of Herod ended and 2 new era began for the chosen people, of infinite importance, because it was to close in the destruction of Jerusalem and the scattering of the Holy Nation to the ends of the earth. + PLIL. 45. ePl LAG, 47, Pl. TV, 8, 3. Vide Mist. Nun. jy. 809CHAPTER IV While it is true that Herod the Great had his kingdom con- firmed to him by Augustus, yet it was only with the banishment of Hered Archelaus in A.1D. 6. that the Romans had the disposition of the Holy Land really in their hands for the first time. They were the paramount power in the Western world; and Asia Minor had practically yielded to their sway. The Seleucid house had fallen to Tigranes of Armenia in B.C. 83, and Tigranes had been dofeated in B.C. 6y by Lucullus. There was at the heginmiug of the Christian era no other serious claintant to the Empire of Alexander the Great. His inimediate successors and descendants had failed; and in thac tay corner of the world, which we know as Palestine, Jewish rulers had been tried and in the person of Archelaus had been found wanting. Rome was not slow to take advantage of the opportunity. Judaca was made a Roman Province; and the Emperor Augustus appointed Publins Sulpiciny Quirinus, the Cyrenius of $. Luke IL, 2, as Propraetor of Syria, Givewevsdevtes tH Nuzfas) with Coponius as first Procurator : under him, possessing the snificant power of life and death. ‘Three years later Coponius returned to Rome, and Marcus Ambivius took his place, to be followed by Annius Rufus, who was Procurator at the death of Augustus in A.D. 14. Next year Tiberius sent Valerins Gratus to succeed him. After holding office for cleven years, he was in turn followed by Pontius Pilate, whose term ot office lasted from A.D. 26 t A.D. 35 or 36. It therefore covers the three years of our Lord’s Public Ministry, Crucifixion and Resurrection. The deposition of Pilate and his consequent exile appear to have Jed to some contusion in the government of Judaca. Vitellius, the propractor of Syria, who had deposed Pilate, appointed Marcellus, a friend of his, as Manager @rpekizns) of Judaea. ‘Tiberius died in A.D. 37 and was succeeded by Giese Marcellus Br ceir (o Cece Hipmucly le scrap lereeceed ea part of his dominions, as has been seen, and rapidly obtained from the next Emperor, Cl audius, all the kingdom of his grandfather, Herod the Great, No more procurators were appointed until the death of Agrippa in A.D. 44, when Rome, cae that his son, Agrippa Il, was too young to tule, appoimed Cuspius Padus, a Roman knight she and bis immediate successors, Tiberius—aa— Alexander (A.D, 46-48) and Ventidius Cumanus (A.D. 48-52) apparently did mot issue’ any coins, thoy may bo passed by, and notice taken of the appointment of Felix, whose name was either Claudius or Antonius, in A.D. 52 under che Emperor Claudius. ‘This was the Felix by whem S. Baul wis tried. [le left the Apostle for the judgment of Porcius Festus, who superseded him in A.D. 60, after the accession of Nero. A year alterwards he died, and Nero sent Albinus to succeed him early in A.D, 61. His term of office was disgraced by the grossest maladministration, and in A.D. 64, being suspected of ton ambitious designs, he was superseded by Gessius Florus, Matters went now from bad to worse. The Jews had never taken kindly to their Roman masters ; and outbreaks of Messianic fanaticisin were inet by the Procurator with the mos¢ savage and unsympathetic repression. The administration of Florus was not only unhappy but even in Roman eyes reprehensible. In his second year the first Revolt blazed out. What provocation the Holy Nation suffered is clear from the words of the Roman historian Tacitus, who sams up the situation with his usual terseness : } Daravit patientta Judaeis nsqnead Gessium Flomum procuratorem; sub eo bellum ort”. The blow was struck for freedom which only rested in the Jong prophesied destruction of Jerusalem. Although the coins of those Procurators whe issued them, do not cither by any variety of type or skill of workmanship possess an interest for their own sikes, on the other hand they do give tise to some significant reflections, To start with, they were not struck under the author ity of the Senate, as they do not bear the initials, s.¢.5 but under that of the Emperor, as Judaea was an imperial ae But they bear no portrait of the reigning Caesar, who did not dare to impress the witness of his new religious cule upon them. Augustus was forced to bow before Jehovah in the proudest prerogative of his monarchy. Only inanimate objects and floral wreaths are represented. They are evidently the work of Jewish craftsmen. They are all of ove module and of bronze t. Probably their denomination is a dilepton? or quadrans, They are struc upon cast flans, which are often so imperfectly finished as to shew the marks of the casting quite clearly. Blunders are frequent in inscriptions, and the workmanship i is usually inferior, although some finer specimens are extent They weigh about 35 ers. and may be represented by JE. 7 1. But see infra, 2. Cf. S. Mark XII “two mites, which make a farthing” (. ! de 3» Phe patience of the Jews lasted until the hue of the Procuruior Gesstus Floss: under him war broke out.ATTRIBUTION OF COINS Obverse. ce of corn order al border dots. af dots. L. 44. No. L- Pl, 1M. 4. The date is to be found on either side of the Palm-tree on the Reyerse. During the reign of Augustus the type remains the andcoinsare to be assigned to the different procur: ccording to the dates which they bear. ‘hey are as lollows. LAr. Thisis the year 33 of Augustus, that is A.D.6. The coin was then issued by Coponins, LAS. This is the 136, thatis A.D. 9; and the coin belongs to Marcus Ambivius It must he confessed that the similarity of the gamma and the stigma, combined with rough workmanship of the coins, makes the previons date somewhat doubtful. LAG. ‘This is the year 39, that is A.D. 12. LM. This is the year 4o, thar is A.D.13. LMA. This is the year 41, thar is A.D. 14 These three last coins were then issued by Annius Rufus. The types are insignificant and merely refer to the nataral fertil- ity of Judaca, and scem to have heen copied from similar brony coins of Tyre, issued by the Seleucid Kings. With the accession of Tih welcome variety of type break the monotony. or ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obv Reverse. 38. Wreath, within which L.: ‘Two comucopiac about pome= harder of dots. granate : above, date LA: border of dots. L. 45. No. L. Date is Year one, that is, Devgan, Much doubt has been thrown upon the proper attribution of the above piece; but there exists a piece similar in type; 39, Wreath within which L: ‘Tsyo cornucopiac, between border of dots. which L.B, that is Year 2, A.D. Ur Gila 15-16. Border of dots. L. 50 above cormucopiae.jo. Wreath within which Le: border of dots Le 62. pr Cadu between ovo cornucopiae : border of dots; in field right and lefi date LI, that is Year three. A.D.16-17. L. 47 above Caduceus. 42. Wreath, within which L-: border of dots. Le Stl or 52. 43. Vine-leaf’: border of dots: above L L. 47. 14. Similar but Eb) 43. Wreath, within which L border of dots. L. 48, Certain dates are LA, year four, L€, year five, A.D. 1! aa LIA, year ur, Other possible dates are LG, year 6, A.D. 20-21; LH, vear 8, A.D. LI, year 10, "aD. 23 “2. j,.and_ perha Olive branch : border of dots + in Held right and Ieh date LB, as above. Not Pl. 117, 2. Wreath, within whieh L horder of doxs. L. 46. PL, 1 3 Triple lily » border of dots : in field tight and left, date LT. No. Lb. PILI. 4. Diota : border ot dots sin feld right and left, date LA, that is Year four, A.1). 17-18. Le Bis Pl, WI. 5. No. L. Pl. 1, 6. Pahw branch : border of dots: in field, right and left, dace. L. 52. Pi. Ul. 7 AD. 7 240 A.D. 19-205 LZ, year 7, -225 LO, year 9, A.D. 22-23: ‘All these from No. 38 belong to Valerius Gratus, who was suc- ceeded by Pontius Pilate. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obverse 16. Simpulum : border of dots. Date LIS, year 16, A.D. 29-30, L. 48. 47. Augur's wand + border of dots. 1.49. Reverse. Three cars of corm, bound together : horder of dots. BEE Pi II. 8. Wreath : within which date = border of dots. No. Le Pl. TI. 9.— oO eThere are ONCE dates = WIS ayear GACT eogesOpend the two following years, LIZ and LIH. ‘The next known coins belong to Bex in the reign of Claudius, ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obverse Reverse. 48. Two palm branches cross) L. within wreath ; border of ed: border of dots. dots. L. 54. L. 56. Pl. HII. 10 2 are two dates on the obverse, — Lit and LIA, that cars 13 and 14, corresponding respectively to A.D, 53-54 and 34-35. Madden points out that the special interest of these rwo coins lies in the fact that they are the only coins ta tell us thar the family name of Julia was Agrippina. Another type is as follows : Obverse. Reverse. 19. "Iwo shields and javelins — Palnv-tree with frair: L. above crossed : border of dots. and below : date on either side of tree, LIA, year 14, A.D. 54- 35: border of dots. L. 55. Ler: Pi, IU. 44. Fe s the Acts tells us, was succeeded by Festus; and he appa- rently issued the following coin. Obverse, Reverse. 50. Palin-branch : border of Wreath, within which L-: dots. border of dots. L. 58. Le 59) Pl. TIL. 12. 13. This coin, which closes the series, is extraordinarity blundered ; and some forty variations exist, Under Gessius Florus, the Revolt blazed out. If the present attribution is correct, chen there are but insignificant numismatic remains of the life and death struggle of the Jews. It will be sufli- cient here that the cause of quarrel was the conflicting claim, which the Jews and Greeks borh made, to the city of Caesarea. ‘The Romans favoured the former, and added insult ta injury by phinder- ing the treasures of the Temple for seventecn talents on the ground. ‘that C: wanted them ”. The Queen Bernice pleaded barcfoot before Florus, Agrippa I spoke eloquently for peace, butpee to no cHeet. The Procurator would not give way and the Jews bad already broken out into insurrection. The sacrifices, which had been offered for the welfare of the Roman Empire ceased. Eleazar, the Captain ofthe Temple, massacred the Roman garrison and held the Holy City, Cestius Gallus the Roman Governor of Syria, advanced against the Temple, but was urterly defeated and the Revolt triumphed in the month lou! or September A.D. 66. The two following coins can alone with certainty be actributed to the time of the Revalt, Obverse. Reverse. g1. Diota : horder of dots. Vine-leaf ; boarder of dots. Le 2Es Lael a, Pi. IM. 15. 52. Diota with cover : border Vine-leaf: horder of dots. of dots, bk, 22° L. 23. Pi. Til. £6, The weight of these coins, which with a passible exception are copper, is about 45 ers. and their size E.7/t2; they are struck upon cast flans and have bevelled edges. Probably the denomination is the half-chalcous. An interesting coin in the Humer collection is af the same type as No. 51, bur ic is in silver. I possess a silver coin of the crossed palm type of Felix (No. 48), and there is a curious picce in the B.M., which purports to be a quarter shekel of the general procu- ratorial type,also in silver’. it is casy to say that these coins are forgeries and dismiss the matier in an off-hand fashion, bur it is supremely unwise and unscientific. At least they require as much disproving as proving; and before being relegated to the finabo of the false, they had better be kept and stored to await corroboration from further finds or final condemnation to the melting pet, when the verdict of many mare students is unanimous. 3, As hy Mr Hil’s kindness | lve been able te figure this piece Pl. I. 44 it is worth describing in detail. Obv. ‘Three palm branches tied together ; border of ut se os4 tA —aquarter. Rev, Wreath of palm tied by X : within. <= 2 border of dots. E, 8/12, Weight 51 t/2 gus, If this silver coin is Tat ted ie Same MecHae spon Ine cae aUroy of ice late alleen half shekels. The maint that turned them out was incapable of such a poor piece of work as this coin, which in paint of styleand (abric is poles apart trom them, Equally interesting and indubitably genuine are the small Ai, in the BLM, Collec tion of which the description is. Oby. Amphora thated with curved handles : honder of dots : inscription indveipherable around. Rev. Vine leaf or patm brinch : border of dats : inscription indecipherable + Ai. 6/t2. Weight 16 12 gvs. Pl. MIL. 47.The Revolt lasted for four yea doomed from the beginning to disaster not oy because of the pues power ofthe Romans, but because of the ficrce partizanship of its own leaders and their parties. Tres duces, tat exereitus sneered the Roman historian Tacitus; and assuredly the three, Eleazar, Simon Bargiaris 2nd John of Giscala did as much as: the Roman Commanders to sake defeat certain. Still the religious fanaticism of the Jews held out with almost incredible ferocity until Lis arrived in the spring of A.D. 7o and forced the siege of Jerusalem. There is no need to recount its horrors nor the stubbornness with which its defence was conducted, until famine and bloodshed had done their work, Ar fast the ‘Jomple was taken amd the Jewish leaders fled. Titus had given the strictest orders that the Temple was not to be hanned, bur the will of Jehovah was otherwise; and a drunken soldier flinging a fighted torch within, set it on fire. It was burned to the ground ; nat one stone was left upon another and the prophecy of the Lord was fulfilled. Not only did a savage slaughter mark the fall of Jera- salem, but so thorough was its destruction, that Josephus says, no one would credit its ever having been inhabited. ‘Titus celebrated a famous triumph in which Vespasian, Domitian and himself rook part. ‘The seven-branched candlestick, the golden table of shewbread, the silver trampets and the ‘Fables of the Law were carried in the triumph, while Simon Bargioras was drageed in its train to he executed afterwards. ‘he famous Arch of Titus was sct up, adorned with the sacred furniture. Iz was the signal glory of the Plavian fine; but it is signifeant that none of the Emperors adopted fudaicus ora similar ttle, sly out of their contempt for the Jewish nation. On the other hand they boasted their victory in numerous coins of every metal and module. The coins [all generally inta two classes ; those which were struck in the Holy Land, of rough provincial work, with legends usually in Greeks “and those struck at Rome, of course with ‘Latin legends. It is fairly safe to say that every coin of Vespasian or Titus which ea ae of any victorious or triumphal character, refers to the Jewish war. Only those which are distinctive are, however, mentioned here, Before describing them in detail, it will be useful to mention wo very interesting countermarked coins, which were published by De Sauley. Obverse. Reverse. ‘Type and legend effaced ; Type and legend effaced : in possibiy AES to be read. inidale of field, square counter- mark, in which pig and dolphin with L.X.F. Below, second A una. countermark with galley.54. Lamreate head of Angus- ‘Type and legend eflaced excep ts to right : on cheek, square C for §-C., as on coins of countermark with 4X. Antioch, AB, ra/t2. Both these coins came rom Jerusalem, ‘The initials L-X-F. stand for Legio decinna Fretensis. Titus had with tim the Fifteenth Legion. When he left Judaca he sent it away to Pannonia and installed the Tenth Legion as garrison. The coins remain as a remarkable fulfil: ment of the old prophecy. The standard of the Tenth Legion, which was set up upon the ruins of Jerusalem, was the sow. Here was indeed * the abomination of desolation” in the Holy Place. The studentof history can find few undesigned coincidences move strange than our coins supply in the fall of Jerusalem and the outworking of the will of Jehovah. VESPASIAN. (A.D. 69-79.) Two coins of Vespasian were apparently struck in Palestine. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS, Obverse. Reverse. 55. Radiate head of Vespasian Victory to left, holding crown to right : border of dots. and palm. WN. 9/12. L. 64 Eee 56. Laureate head of Vespasian Victory writing on shield : to right : horder of dots. border of dots, A. 10/12. L. 60. L. 61. These coins were not, of course, struck at Jerusalem, which had been destroved ; and the claims of Nicopolis und Cacsarea for all such coins are advocazod ardently by leading mumismatists Abundant coins were struck at Rome to commemorate the conguest af fudaea. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS, Gold and silver. Obverse. Reverse. 57- Faureate head of Vespa Judaea seated en ground to * The gold coin is an mmews; the silver, a deuarius : the bronze, seste fins and dupondins: no weights are given, us the coins are the well known aud aormal weights,= : border of dots. sian L. 64. As last. 59. As last. 60. As last Gr, As last. 62. As last but L. 70. Note. All the above occ Bronze. HE. Sime 1 5/12 inch. Obverse. . Laureated head of Vespa- sian to tight : border of dots. (a) L. 64-69 inclusive, with varia- tions and different numerals for indicating the times the Emperor held an office. 64. As last. (6) As last. (c) right, at foot of trophy : border of dots. L. IVDAEA. Pl. III. 20. Jodaca seated on ground to right, with hands bound bebind her back, at foot of palm tree, L. IVDAEA. Judaea sianding 10 left, with bound hands, before palm tree : border of dots. L- IVDAEA. Palm tree : emperor standing with spear and parazoniuni: left foot on helmet, left of tree eft on right oftree: PL. II. 24. Jndaea seated le border of dots. Now bk : border of dots. Victory to left erecting tro- phy : border ef dots : beneath, judaea seated : horder of dots. Lo Fs. ur both in gold and silver. Reverse. Palm tree : border of dots. Jewess sits weeping on right ol tree : on left (a) Jow standing with hands bound behind him, surrounded by different arms ar, PL IV. 4. () Emperor standing left of tree with spear and parazonium, foot on helmet: or, PL IV. 2. (0) Jewess seated left: Jew standing right of tree. b. 72 with §.C,66. As last. Winged Victory standing left: toot on helmet: writes $ P-O-R- or OB-CIV SER on shield fixed to tree: Judacato right, seated. L. 73 with S.C or 71. PL. IV. 2, 67. As las. Emperor standing with foot of ship, holding spear Victory : at his foot Jew ng: Jewess running in supplication : behind, palm 3 border of dots. Ese. 68. lead of Emperor, to left, Palm tree + Jewess seated lett : laureated ¢ border of dots. Jew standing right : border oF dots. L. 64-69 inclusive. te feo Note. The legends are abbreviated ditierently and on dhe Be differently disposed either around edge, in field or in esergue, sl. IL Size one inch. 69. Laureate head of Vespasian Palm tree : Jewess seated right right ot left; border of dots: or left: trophy of arms left or right : border of dots. L G4 and some of rest to 69. L. 72 with S.C. PL IV, 7 go. As last. Victory to left erecting trophy: border of dots. L. 71 in field with S.C. 71. As last, Victory to right on prow : border of dots, L. Ft or L977 im Full with S.C PL. IV. 6, TITUS (A.D. 79-81). Coins of Titus ‘ were, like his father’s, struck both in Palestine and at Rome; to take the former first. 1. CE PL IV. 40.= ATTRIBLT| Obverse. 72. laureate head of Titus to right : border of dots, AL 9/12. L. 78 (part). aureate head of Ties to border of dots. #, U1 11/12. L. 62 (part). Ty As last, AL Uo/r2. 75 . As last. Thgy tae The coins smivk by 1ON OF COINS. Reverse. Victory standing to right: left foot on helinet > writes IMP. T CAES. on shicld nailed to palm tree : border of dots. Le 73. ‘Trophy with crouching Jew, lett: shield to right. at foot: border of dots. L. 63. PLIV. 4, Victory sanding to right, foot on helmet, writing on shield. fixed to paln-tree: border of dots. L. 63. Palni-tree, at foot of which to loft, a crouching captive (2) and to right, a shield : horder ot dots. Le A EM M.¢AAQY- PAHN @) onl, Maddon, (: 218. Vitus ap Rome, lasing teleirtice to the capture of Judaea occur in gold, sil present the same types as Vespa: dl generally prion that the eee eos co ermal cree mtr coer SI ee it; and the reverses appear oceasionally without any tout here different types, given hy Maditen, It is therefore only useful to » Tio interesting denarii are nd at all. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obverse. 6. Laureate head of right: border of dots, “RB. 8/12. L. 78 (part). “lus to Reverse, Jew kneeling, prescating a standard : border of dots, L. 67 with numeral ¥.ae a7. As last. jew kneeling, holding wophy: border of dots. AK, 8/12. L. 78 (part). £. 65 with mumentl VII and 67 with numeral VI. ‘The remainder are bronze as follows : — “78, Laureate head (@ right: “Titus standing, his right foc border of dots. on prow of a vessel, holding Victory (?) and spear : at his feet tivo Jews in supplication + to the left. a palm: border of dots. ae, It. 5/12. - 78 (part). L. $.€ only. 79. As last. Palm-tree + Jewess seated at right : on left border of dots, of arms: 4. IL. one inch. L. 78 (part). L. 80 So. Laureate head of Titus to Jewess left of Palm-tree, pile tight : border of dots. of arms right; border of dots. AZ, MM. 8/12. L. 78 (part). L. 72 (part) sith $.C. DOMITIAN (A.D, 81-96). One or two coins of provincial fabric of this Emperor can be ascribed to Palestine not only because their provenance has usually heen Jerusalem, but because their types bear obvious reference to the victory of the Flavian Emperors over the Jews. ‘The chief types are worthy of record, ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Obverse. Reverse: Laureate head of Douinian Trophy ef arms + border of to wht border of dots. dots. “ 10; 2. L. 81 (part). ts 83. Vid, Madden, ps2os Laureate head of Domitian : border af dots. As GUT Rs L. 8) (part). Obverse. 3. Laureate head of Domitian to right: border of dows. eels Le8t. 5/1 Radiate head of Dominan toright: border of dots. ais Ile infra. L. 81 (part). Besides these coins described i Pallas with helmet, shield and javelin in left hand, stands to left, with right hand on trophy of arms ; at her feet sometimes an owl: sometimes behind goddess horder of dots. PL IV. 8. a second trophy No. Reverse. Jowess seated on ground, and Roman soldier standing near a trophy : border of dots. Lei swith SC: Palm tee: border af dots, PL IV. 9. L. 81 (remainder). as has u the test, there are many been said, bearing wiumphal types of various sorts on the reverse, and both from type and date they may be considered to com- niemorate the conquest of Judaea ; which, itis worth repeating, was not only the chief fruit of victory for the Flayians, but one of which they were inordinately proud. Any student can pick these out for himself. On the other hand a particular type occurs with great frequeney upon the coins of these chree Emperors. Tam indebud to a suggestion from Mr. Leopold Messenger for chinking that it has reference to the Conquest of Judaea. The type is that of the Capricorn. ‘Vhat is sufficiently famili upon the coins of Augustus, who was enthusiastic enough anustrologer to know that he was born under this sign and to adopt it, in consequence, as a coin type. Comparatively rare throughout the Toyperial series, it is commonly to be found upon the coins of these three Emperors, and may therefore be presumed to have same special cae Ieis surely mare than a coincidence, that astrologers have always held that Capricorn is the sign which goyers the “Hebrew + race; and itis not fanciful to account for the frequency of the type upon econ ofthese Flayian Emperorsas a special reference to their achievements against the Holy People. With them Jerusalem was in ruins and Judea Roman ene but the national spirit of the Hebrew a. PL WI, 22. 23, 24.=o race was not yet broken, and alter some troublesome years, blazed once more into revolt, the last effort of the Nation scattered and pected. Rome's task was unhappily nor finished with the destraction of Jerusalem and the gorgeous triumph which Titus celebrated at Rome. The sacred vessels of the Temple adorned that Triumph; crowds of Jewish captives followed in its tain; the leader of the Revolt, Sinion Ben Gioras, was dragged along by a rope round his neck antid many an losult, 10 be put to death, as the custom was, before the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Tins himself, as Josephus says, went through Judaea settling the country, but it is difficult to find one exactly what did happen to that doomed Holy Land and Holy People. Josephus sums up the Roman dealing in singularly moderate term “About this time it was that Caesar..... gave order that all Judaen should be exposed for sale; for he did not found any city there, bue reserved the country for himself. However, he assigned a place for eight hundred men only, whom he had dismissed from his army, which he gave them for their habitation; it is called Emmaus and is distant from Jerusalem threescore furlongs. He also laid upon the Jews wheresoever they were, and enjoined every one of thena to bring two drachmac every year into the Capitol, as they used to pay the same to the temple ai Jerusalem. And this was the state of the Jewish aflairs at this time?”. This twibute, which was naturally particularly obnoxious to the Jews, was enforced by Domitian with extreme rigour; and the in- Stinctive Jewish grievance was inereased by the indecent and insult ing methods adopted for its collection. Itis indeed true that the Nation was scattered to the four winds and its Sanctuary desolate, but its race spirit was not broken and its power in the world was greater than ever, and so it has remained until this day. Religion held the Jews together, when they had no * local hati tion”; the reality of their monotheism contained a special attraction for a world of men and women, sick and cynical ofa rotten pagan- ism and a philosophy of despair; thrift and ability made them masters of finance, and they clutched a money-loving society in the hollow of their hand. Seneca sums up the position, To such a degree does the hab of this most accursed race obtain, that it is received now-a-days in every country ; the conquered actually give laws to their congucrors” *. ‘The Jews had always been able to acquize special privileges. In the time of Nerva they obtained some alleviation of their wrong Iris remarkable that many coins of Donsitian fouod in Samaria a . Wars of Jews, Book VIL.VI.6. Frag. 8. Augustine © de Civ. Dei? VI.i1.= and Judaen ste countenmarked, with a head of Nena or Trajan, both of whom appear to have been regarded by the Jews as bene- factors. One notable coin of the former Emperor exists, which is humismatic evidence that, at least if the tax was not remitted, its collection was freed from seme of che insulting proceedings which added to its indignity Obverse. Reverse. « Laureate head of Nerva Palin tree: on either side S. felts border of dots. C.; border of dots. 83. Ad, 1.4)! 12. L. 84. We. 452 Bre. PILIV. 44 But the hatred of the Jews for their conguerors was deeper= seated, Insurrections were frequent on all sides. Bands of Sicarii, as Josephus calls them, fomented sedition; and in pardcular ‘the Christians, who refused to join in the insurrections, were cruelly treated. Revalts broke out in Cyprus and Cyrene, where ee imassacres were caused by the insurgent Jews. ‘Pheir esansple followed in Mesopotamia and Atexandria all of which places were great centres of Jewish population. The Roman arms sutlered several defeats at the hands of the rebels, before these risiags were finally pucdown; and something like quiet was restored, w! shen ‘Trajan in A.D. 117 made Lusins Quivtus, who had pacilied Mesopotamia, governor of Judaea. Soon alter, Trajan died and Hadrian raised the expectation of the Jews. He certainly made a tour in Judaea and curious coins exist to commemorate the welcome he received to order. Obverse. Reverse, 86. Bare head of Hadrian tw Judaea advances to Hadrian right : border of dots. aay hand: nccompanied by children, holding: palms and leading bull for sacrifice = border at dots. L. 85. wate] ft L. 86. Whit 452 Bis. Pi, IV. 42. ~ Similar. Similar to last: but three children. Loh WingCHAPTER V Jerasalein coin of the Fest yeu Whatever Hadrian’s promises were, they were not destined to be fulfilled. Its project of rebuilding Jerusalem as Aelia, with a ‘Temple dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus, and direct acts of me ‘ocation, such as the forbidding of the Sabbath observance and the rite of circumcision stirred the Jews to their final fury. A leader appeared in the person af one Simon Bar-coehba (son of a star) who was hailed by the Rabbi Akiba, a mtn of the highest learning and reputation, as the promised Messiah. Akiba and Hleasar of Modein, another Rabbi, the uncle of Bar-Cochba, were the only two doctors to back him. The Revolt, as appears from the coins, was Jed at first in conjunction by Simon Bar Cochba, who assumed the tide of Nasi or prince, probably meaning the secular leader, and Hleasar the ee itis tempting ta suppose that the Eleasar of the coins is Eleasar of Modcin, though there is no evidence that be was a priest. It is ae more than a coincidence that the name of Eleasar does notoccur on the coins after the lirst year of the revolts and itis known that Barcochba soon suspected hie of treachery and kicked him to death, thus himself becoming the sole leader of the Revolt. ‘The Revolr began in A.D. 132 and lasted till 135. At least 200000 Hocked to Simon’s standard and were quickly in possession af many strongholds and villages, and probably even of Jerusalem itself, Julius Severus was sent from Britain to guell che revolt. From A D.134fornearly two years it took the highest skill of che Roman general and the strictest disci ipline of che Roman soldiers to over- come the fanatic followers of Simon. They were harried fron: one stronghold to another, until at Jast. they were enclosed in the tor- uess of Bethar, where they were foreed to surrender and extermi- natéd. Bar-Cochba was killed and remains to posterity Bar Noziba ~ the despised ‘Son of alie’ froma callons play upon hés name. A terrible slaughter followed and the Romans rook the severest t 1. Vide, Mudd.,revenge upon the learned Jews,” so that many of them died under ernel torments, and among them Akiba, who, while torn in piceus with red-hot pincers, continued to cry “Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God; the Lord is God alone”. The Revolt is rich in coins; indeed it may safely be said, that it is the most ‘interesting period of all Jewish history from the muniis- inatic point of view; and fortunately from the circumstance of strik- ing it is perfectly easy to attribute the coins. At the beginning of the Waele Jerusalem’ no longer existed; the vast treasure of the ‘Temple and the vaster hordes of private Jews had fallen 2 prey to the conquering Roman in the destraction of Jerusalem ; and Josephus pecially refers to the amount of money and jewels which were discovered in the ruins of the Holy City. At the same time the insurgents were too patriotic or fanatic, if vou will, to he content to use the moneys of their enemies, and struck coins with their own dies. For the blanks they used the silver tetradrachms of Antioch or the ordinary denarii of Rome or those of Cappadocia and such like; while the Copper coins were fabricated in the same way. Often enough the striking is done so hurriedly that considerable portions of the type and legends of the original remain beneath the Jewish over-strike. Thus, coins plainly shew the Emperors from Vespasian to ‘Trajan; and it is eee een coins which shew no traces of overstriking are only particularly well struck. There is a sort of savage sati isfaction in this efficement of the hated image and superscription of Caesar. One peeuhar mark of the fabric is to be found in the carefully hammered edge. ‘The types are mmerous and interesting and bear reference either to the religion of the Jews or to the fertility of their land. Ag arempt is here’ made to date the series, but it is confessedly only an attempt; and more data are required before certainty can be attained. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Shekels or overshuck tetradvachins, Obvers Reverse. $8.Four pillars ofshittim wood —— Lalaborbundle offruits(righd), overlaid with gold for the veil ethrog or citron (left) - border of before the Holy of Holies in the dots. Tabernacle. Within, the Ark and Merey Seat, symbolically repre- sented. Above, star: border of dots. UR. inch. Wi. 216.3 ars33 ‘There itre four diferent legends as follows : a) Obverse. L- 27 L. 28. Reverse. Bb) in Deete 29; Pi, ¥. 10. ee be260L329; = Pl, V. 6. i) L. 26. L- 30. PL VI. d. Pl VIL 4 Sy. Simil, Le bur instead of star, Similar wavy line above pillars, a. sym- bolical representation of pillar of fire. Ee 26. L. 30, Wt. 215.6 ers. PL VI. 44. Vor a full discussion of the wpe of these interesting tetradrachins, see Nine. Chrait., fourth series, vol. XI, pp. 205 seq. A reference to Exod. XVI, 31, 32, will explain the obverse type, while in the one case the star is naturally an allusion to Simon’s surname “Son ofa Star”; and in the other the wavy line is probably the pillar of fire. On the reverse the bulab and the ethrog were borne respectively in the right and left hands of the faithful during the Feast of Tabernacles. These tetrtdrachms, like all the coins of the Second revolt, are overstruck upon Roman or Greek iniperial coins, and in many cases the svorkinanship is so careless and hurried that it is quite easy to identify the defaced coin which has served for thy blank. One, for example, in my own Sea is overstuc upon a tetradrachm of Vespasian, of Antioch, and shews quite plainly the cagle, the palm and the date of the reverse. The reason for such overstriking is quite clear. After the destruction of Jerusalem, whielr terminated the First Revolt, the vast temple treasures were of course seized by the Romans, and the insurgents of the second Revolt had no ingots of their own to fall back upon. But it was a poor satislac- dion 10 stamp pauiouc Hebrew devices and legends upon the image and superscription of Caesar, when he awas in fact ruthlessly stamp- ing out the Holy Nation As will be seen later there is a large number of denarii overstrn, and since some of thei bear the name Eleasar, it would seem as in diey were the first coins to be issued by the rebels. Reckoning chat the tetradrachm: is equivalent to the shekel and, consequently, the denarius to the quarter shekel, it is remarkable that the half shekel, which is the most obviously necessary denomination, is not the commonest of all. Perhaps it will appear one day; but its absence or extreme rarity is due to the rarity of the didrachm, upon which it might be struck; and numerous denarii find a natural reason for their comparative prevalence in the fact that two devarii would eqnal the Walt shell of the sacred tribute.See The dating and sequence of the series must at present remain conjectural. “The most satisfactory arrangement would make the coins of the first year A.1D. 132-1333 the second year A.D. 133- 134; the undated coins A.D. 134 t0 the end of the Revols; and so probably the undated tetradrachms with the wavy line instead of the star, the latest of all. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Quarter shekels or overstruck derarti. he special fnterest of these coins lies in the fact that same of them are struck in the name of Eleasa Obverse. 90, Jug: in fieldto right, palm Bunch of grapes : border of hyanch : border of dots. dots. L, 24. A. ofv2. L280 Wr: 57 ars. A singularly interesting coin combines the names both of Fl and Simon, and therefore perhaps may be regarded, although it is not dated, as being one of the very earliest issned during the Revolt. Obverse. Reverse. gi. Jag: in field, sight. palm Wreath, within which L. : hranch ; border of dats border of dots. L. 24. AR, 9/12. L. 26. (part), Wt.: 57 g7s. Pl. ‘Two mule coins, which are in the British Museum Cabinet, deserve mention. If they are not accidents, which is most likely, they conld point to the fact, that partisanship was still the curse or the Jewish cause, and that Simon was by no means easy in his assunipdon of leadership. Undated tetradrachms. with a wavy line instead of a star scem to hear wimess to a lile idea. The coinsare as follows : Obverse. Ruverse, 92. Bunch of grapes : harder Palm branch : border of dats. of dots. L. 28. AR. gjt2. Lan! Wr. : PEWS? 93. Bunch of grapes : border Lyre : border of dots. ot dots. Le 28: A g/t L. 29. Woy 37 Ske Tho usual types areie ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Eleasar. Obverse. Reverse. 95. Palm tree: border of dots. Bunch of grapes : border of dots, L. 24. Ae OT. L. 28. or 30". We. 98 grs. PL Was ‘The inscription on the obverse is usually retrograde and frequently blundered, although the coin is very rare. he remaining coins, whether they read Simon or Jerusalem must be given to Batcochab, though it may be that the coins of the first year with the legend “ Jerusalem ”' were 2 joint issue of Simon and Eleasar, cither the very first ofall, before the leaders dared to assert their or personalities, or, in the case of the undated coins, a desperate appeal of Barcochab to the patriotic sentiments of the Jews, when he realised his failing one and thus the ‘ Jerusalem” copper, like the tetradrachms with the wavy line above the pillars, would he the final effort of the Holy Nation —sad memento of a Jerusalem, which existed only in name and in the undying memories of hearts which were ready to break, for a glory which had fled, As we handle ‘het wwe can but utter the * Ichabod” which must have been sobbed of old from many a Jewish breast. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS. Sten. Obyerse. Reverse. g7?. Laurel wreath adorned — Two handled vase : horder of with jewelled clasp : border of dots. dots. 1 gira. There are 4 different legends known of this coin — those _on which the word ** Jerusalem” appears being infinitely the rarest. The weights of known specimens vary considerably and while they 1, ‘Two interesting specimens of Fleasar's coins with the legend on the Reverse Soe pam, not retrograde, have lately come into my: possession from Jern- salem, They are hitherto wipublished. They weigh cespectively 62 1/2 and 35 1.2 erains, Apparentiy both are Irom the same Reverse die: but from different Obverse dies. Are they merely accidental and careless or are they a definite issue? If the latter, then possibly all the undated coins ought to come at the beginning of the series, The latter is figured Pl, V. 2, 2. Cf. Nun. Chron., 1912, Pare Il, Fourth series, No. 46, p. 223 sea.usually average the weight of the Roman sestertius that is com- monly called First Brass, Madden gives 368 ers. as the weight of one specimen and ] have lately handled another which actually weighs 724 ars,The legends are as follows: — egenls. «) Obverse, L: 27, Reverse. Ls 28. Head of chapter V. by aor. — tb 29. EB vedae ¢ ee ee PIV. 3, d) Loe 2 89g. ~ PLV.IL Obverse. Rever 98. Palm tree: border of dots. Vine leaf : border of dots. ene We. 170 ars. Three varieties of legend appear vi a) Obversc. L- 25. Reverse. L. 28, Pl Ya) b) — L 26. L. 29, PL Y.8. e) — +. 296, — [..30, PI. VI. 12.43. Pl. Vil, 3.4. Nole, A reading FZWW O8e'C) instead of F ZW (NES) occurs. This may be cither an engraver's error or perhaps means “leader”, equicalent 10 Nasi (cf XXNIX, 2) vide Madden, p. 204. Simon’s name'on the obverse is curiously abbrev ted and an unusual form of the letter Yau is found in #3. Obverse. Reverse. 99. Palm branch within Lyre, with six, five, four or ‘sreath, joined by jewelled clasp: three strings : border of dots. border of dots. ff, From 11/12 to 8/12. Wr. from 134 grs. to 68 a Legends. a) Obverse. L- 25. Reverse. L. 28. PL Y¥. 5. PL VI, 2. b — L230 — Le 20: PL. ¥. 8. ‘ — aa7 =. 26. Pl. VI. $, ‘Vhis type appears to include onc or uye denominations, unless it is merely carelessly {2 ated in the exigencies of the sicge. The legends on’ (8) are most curious and reseruble the mules to be found among the overstruck denarti. Probably more varieties will he found. I can only suggest that a large brass of Epiphanes (¥ (Seleucid) or of oneor the Piolemnios was Used. My sugecstion is alsa. contirmed by the coin figured from my collection, which is overstrtel npon a Ptolemaic copper. I have another on a copper of Gaza. PI. VEE. 3, . [have recently acquired a quarter shekel of the second year : Obv. Jug a Palm. Rev. Grapes, with the same form of Van.i Simon Barcochab seems to have issued a small bronze coin similar to No. 96, which: belongs to Eleasar, though it is usually lighter. ‘This may of course be accidental, but it is probable that the longer the Revolt lasted the less careful were the moneyers in the choiee of coins from which to manufacture Alans. The type is as follows : Obverse. Reverse, 100, Palm tree: horderofdets. Bunch of grapes ; border ot dots. ofa2. * We 98 ars. ‘Three variations of legend appear. a) Obverse, L. 27, Reverse. L. 29, by ee ae L. 30. PL VI 44. I 25 30! PI. VI. 10. ft is rather remarkable that no coin of Simon’s either of the first or second year of this type is extant; but it suggests the reflection that there are still a few gaps left in the series; and some happy surprises for lucky students and collectors. With these coins the moneys of the Jews are really finished, They are the last pathetic witness of che Nation’s effort ava Nation with a Fatherland to call its own and the Holy Place, where Jehovah had chosen to set His name and His Honour. There still remains much that is interesting both in ancient and in mediaeval times, centring around the Holy City; for it is scill according to its Arabie Title El-Kuds, the Haly City; ; and all along the ages there are coins to commemorate its changing fortunes and to prove it at least“ the desire of many nations”. Noje. ‘Tine large, no 97 2, has.a very curious form of vau XX which 1 had neser Seon) on any other coin, until Lately Messrs. Spink showed nte one af no 98 b. with the same form, This is a very curious coin £it 1s well hammered up and weighs 290 prs. unusually heavy. Oa the o:her hand the vineleaf is wnusuatly snaall anid delicate and suggests it comes (ran the same hand as the fornier cain.APTER VI. ‘The Roman Conqueror of Barcochab was not slow to leave his amark on the new city, which he had heen contemplating, before its realisation roused the Jews to their last disastrous fury. ee) well sums up the controversy, which has raged round the date of the actual foundation as follows: ‘* It seems most prob- able @} thar a colony was sent to Jorusalem in A.D.¥31 by order of Hadrian, and the city a (2) that during the revolt the city was destroyed; and (3) that tt was not rebuilt and completed dll A.D.136, in which year the colonial coins were first struck ”. ‘Yo this new city Hadrian gave the name of Aelia Capitolina. The former title was derived from his own family name ** Aelins” and the latter was in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, to wham he erected a Temple, it is said, actually upon the site of the old Temple ot Herod. Jews were forbidden under pain of death to enter the colony, but Christians were allowed to live side by side with Teas The Colonial coinage is known to last from Hadrian, A.D.136 to Valerian A.D.255-260, who was in the latter year defeated and taken prisoner by the Persian king, Sapor. Most of the extant coins are inan extremely poor condition, prob- ably pointing to the face that they have still remained in cireula~ tion up to the present day. As the coins shew, the Colony reecived the further title of Commodiana from the time of the Emperor Commodus, A.D. 180- 192, probably to gratify the vanity of this maniac Caesar, who stowed the like title on all his possessions. Ar all events it retained the title until the end of the series. A similar tide, Aurelia, occurs als upon the coins of Commodus and Tlagubalus. Most of the types are obvious but some are interesting. Among them are Jupiter in a temple; Serapis, shewing the iniluence of Egyptian thought upon Rome; the Wolf and ‘Twins, a national symbol ; Fortune in various forms; Wietory, even Bacelnss and, prob- ably, Asarte. Hadrian is said to have raised a Temple to Astarte- Venus. Two, however, descrve special mention. Of these the former, the usual type of Colen ploughing the foundations of the new city, is shortly to be described at length, as being the frst coin of Aclia Capitolina issued, and a second, "probably also the next type struck, represents on the reverse the three deities Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. To Christian students the interest of this latter coin lies in the fact that this triad of deities is a travesty of the Blessed=r 66 = ‘Erinity, Which was first proclaimed at Jerusalem, Only the sin ot Isracl, with the blood of its Christ and ours upon its head, could have made such a burlesque of eternal truth possible. ‘The description of the first coin is as follows + Obyerse. Reverse. ror. Laureate bust ofEmperor Colon ploughing with two to right with paludamentum: oxen to right: behind them a border of dots. standard : border of dots. IM P.CAES. TRAIANO-HADRI- COL-AEL.KAPIT.COND. ANOQ. AL, 10/12. Wi. 152 94 Pl. VII. 5. Under the Byzantine Emperors, as is natural, cote attained a high prosperity ; while previous to this the veal of the Empress Helena, who discovered the true Cross, raiscd Jerusalem higher than ever in the estimation of Christendom, ‘The golden age of the Holy City scemed to have retumed for an all too brief space, before it was lost to Jew and Christian alike. ‘The Emperor Julian (A.D 32) encouraged an abortive attempt of the Jews to rebuild the Temple, which was frustrated by a ter- rible earthquake and fire. Jerusalem became the centre of devout pilgrimages for many years; and one of the clearest and most famous accounts of carly Christian worship is to be found in the writings of S. Silvia, about 384 A.D, With the Council of Chalecdon 451-453 A.D. Jeru- salem was constituted an independent Patriarchate and played a pro- qinent part in doctrinal controversies. Churches, monasteries and shrines were builtin profusion. ‘The Empress Hadocia, after her exile from Constantinople, spent the last sixteen years of her life in Jeru- salem and built upon a generous and munificent scale; the Emperor Justinian did so in like manner, and founded the famous Church in honour of the Blessed Virgin. This period of calm and prosperity — for Jerusalem had become notonly the centre of Christian devotion, but a rich market for che waders of the Mediterranean, — was savagely broken in upon by the Invasion of the Persians ander Chosroes IL in 614 A.D.. when the City was taken, clergy and monks massacred, and Churches. schools, almshouses and monasteries ruthlessly burned. ‘Treasur and relics were carried aif and it was not until fourteen years after, that the Roman arms were victorious and in A.1).628 the Emperor Hleractius re-entered the Holy City, bearing with lim in token ot his success, the Wood of the True Cross — which Chosroes had taken in his assault.—=i6h ss The golden age of the Holy City was past; and its respite of peace bur short. In A.D. 637 after'a few months’ siege, the Arabs or Saracens, as we know them, captured Jerusalem, aid began the Mosiem occupation, which with very few interruptions has lasted until to-day, ‘There remain some very interesting coins of this Mahommedan success, fashioned atter the types of the current Byzantine pieces, except that the erescent takes the place of the Cross, Various mints are represented : ‘Tiberias, Damascus and Baalbck, or Heliopolis, are familiar names. ATTRIBUTION OF COINS Obverse. Reverse. 103, Lo within border of dots. Five-branched candlestick. Moe i.e. Mobarnnid is the Apostle of God. : We. 62 yrs. Probably this was struck by che Kaliph Oniar himself. ‘Two others may be described. Obverse. Reverse. 104. Figure of Kaliph, stand- Crescent overleter M : below: ing facing, with sword: border border of dots, of dots. Las last. L (ight) i: ¢: Pales- tine: (left) UL! i: e: Aelia. Ai, 9/12, Wt. Igo gis. PL VIL.7. 1057. L withina circle in three In three lines Lo: border of lines : border of dots. dots. a tt! Up : Milam the apostle of Ged. Margin. elles tabi eae saci eee = There is no deity but God alone. In the name of Goi, iis fels was struck in al-Ardun (or Jordan). « For this and the following coin, vide. Madden, p. 276-277. » Muar. Chron, "Uhird series, vol. TIL, p. 206. Rogury Bey collection.— 62 — A snmilar coin was struck at ‘Viherias. These belong to the iene Malik ibn Marwan. A.D. 684-705. From this point the story must hurry on. In the time of Char- lemagne (77-814) an embassy was sent to distribute als in the Holy City and the libertl-minded Kaliph, the fumous Hanin er- Rashid replicd by sending Charlemagne the keys of Calvary and the ifoly Sepulchre. But such friendly “velations did not last for long; and che Moslems themselves fell into a state of anarchy. Jerusalem still remained the yoal of the pious and pilgcimages were frequent. The Mussalnians of the eleventh century not only tarned these pil- grimages to a source of revenue, by exacting a byvant from every visitor to the Holy Sepulchre, but taeir ill-treatment of the pilgrims was ane of the reasons for the Crusades. Tt was no casy task thacthe Arabs had, to retain the Holy City, Che Turcoman hordes were upon them, and the last days. of the cleventh century were a time of travail for Jerusalem, which was crowned when, on June 7. 1099, the Crusading Host was marshalled against its walls to win for Christendam from the Infidel, the sacred places where the Redeemer of mankind had lived and died and risen again. The Crusades were the dream of Peter Gautier, or Peter the Hermit, as he is called, a French officer of Amiens, who became pilgrim and preacher, He obtained from Urban JI, the Pope, the comunission to arouse Europe to fight for the holy places. Urban convened the Council of Clermont, at which all the anybassadors of the great powers of Europe were present, and the Crusades were determined upon with the sanction of Holy Church, ‘Chere were vight in all, the last m 1270, when alter 21 years’ conflict, the Sultan took Acre and the Christians were driven out of Syria. It must he left to others beside the umismatist to moralise upon the Crusades. At least he knows that a common cause against the Infidel procuzed the peace of Europe 5 the great nations devel oped, and the lessou of chivalry, of mercy and compassion — in the establishment of Hospital and Chapelry — has borne a gracious fruit alike in peace and war to-day. Por the numismatist the first interest Hes in the fact that many: coins remain to bear their witness of this conllict; and for the description ol them, as well as for the historical comments, which illuminate them, Tam wholly indebted to my friend Mr, L. Forrer. The first cifort of the Crusaders was triumphantly successful, Forty thousand in number they assailed the Holy City. On July 15 1099 it had fallen into their hands after prodigies of valour. It is said that they took a terrible revenge upon the infidel in the slaughter of Too00 Sacarens. Churches were established and for eighty eight years Jerusalem remained in the power of the Christiatts,=e until Saladin retook it for the Moslem in 1187. For more than a hundred years the Crusades ran their course with varying success, until their final defeat. The first capture of Jerusalem by the Christians was stgnalised by the foundation of a Kingdom; and on 23 July 1099, Godfrey, Duke of Basse-Lorraine, seigncur of Bouillon, was uamed King of Jerusalem, ‘This Kingdom was incorporated into that of Cyprus in 1268 and ceased to exist after the capture of Saint-Jean d’Acre, 1291. 1099. Godfrey of Bouillon. 1100. Baldwin 1. “ria8. Baldwio IPof Bourg. BALDVINVS REX. Pi. VII. 8. The coins with this legend are usually ascribed to Baldwin Il, Baldwin U1, and Baldwm iv. 1131. Fulk of Anjox. *1144. Baldwin ILI. “1162, Amalric I. AMALRICYS REX. PL VI, 9. “1173. Baldwin lV. Pl. VII, 10. 1183. Baldwin V. “1186. Guy of Lusignan, REX GVIDO. PL. VI. 44. *1192. Haney of Champagne. COMES RENRICVS. 1197, : 1205 Teabelta. 1205. Maric of Montisferrato, alone 1210. = in conjunction with John of Brienne. * 1212. Joh of Brienue, regeat on behalf of his danghter, Yolanda. IOHANNES REX. 1225. Yolanda and Frederick U1 of Germany. 1228. Frederick H, regent for his son, Conrad, 1243. Conrad of Montisferrato, CVNraD’ rex. 1243-46. Alix of Cyprus, regent in conjunction with her consort, Raoul of Soissons, 1246-68. Henry 1, Hugo Il, and Hugo ill of Cyprus. + Couradin, ‘Lype : Cross patece; che Holy Sepulchre ; cross patriarchal; facing head of ki Among the most interesting coins of the Latin Orient is a sunall billon coin with T.V-R-RAS. David’s Tower Cat Jerusalem) 5 BR. D-ALV-L T. Bight-rayed star. ‘I'his has been considered as an obsidional coin struck in 1187 on the approach of Saladin’s army. Acoin which has not yet been attributed has MONETA- REGIS cross with A and G); RL. + REX-IERL'C) cross pattée. Sehlumber- Goins are known onty ofthe rulers whose names ure preceded by an asterisk. 1 Cb Pl. VIL 42.eee ger describes in his Suppl., py. 4, another interesting piece : + SEPVLCHRI : DOMINI. The large dome of the Holy Sepulchre; 1. + DRAGMA ACCONEN(Is). A variety with ACCONSIS. The word Dragnea stands for Denartus. This coin belongs to the latter years of the twelfth century, and may have been struck in the Crasaders’ camp at Acre in rigs, as also the Denier with MONETA REGIS. OF interest is also the curious Pugeoise in copper struck at Acte by Henry of Champagne with the legend + PVYGES D'ACCON; and a Denier of John of Brienne, struck in 1219, during the occupation of Damictta by the Franks: -- IOHES : REX : cross; Re. 4+ DAMAITA. Crowned head of king, facing (a variety with TOHANNES and DAMIETA). M, Schlumberyer ascribes to the kingdom of Jerusalem a series of Deniers with the legend VERe CRVCIS and on Be. a large patriarchal ctoss. There is a denier with CVN..D’ and on Bg. the Holy Sepulchre, which may be given to Conrad (Orient falint, p. 494). ch. A Blanchet, Nouvean Manuel de Numismatique, 1890, Il, Mt chlumberger, Numésmatigne de POrient latin, 1878. ‘The Kings of Cypras retained the title of King of Jerusalem after the lows of the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1296. Henry I of Lusignan! (5285-1324) styles hiniself REL DE IERVSALEM ET DE CHIPRE. Analric 1. of Tyre, during the six years of his usurpation (1306-12) used the title of Ciprt gidernator et rector Terusalin et Cipré regis Pierre L(1 359-69) issteed Gros and Demi-gros with the legend vot de Gerugalem ¢ de Chipre?. On a denier of James 1 (1382- alem is spelt EROZALAM. sl of Anjou, om becoming king of Sicily, 1265, took the title of King of Jerusalem and Sicily, and the tide was preserved by the Spanish and Bourbon rulers of the Kingdom of the Two- Sicilics until its incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy in, 1860. The House of Savoy, under Victor Amedeus IJ, king of Sicily (4713-1718) added to their titles that of king of Jerusalem. This tide was retained on the coinage uneil 1861, when the New King- dom * of Italy was constituted, The princes of this house were titular Kings of Cyprus as represcotatives of the Lasignan dynasty, Charlowe de Lusignan having been married to Louis de Savoie, and both reigning conjointly (1458-60). 1. PL VII. 42. PL. VE. 1. 2. Pl, VII. 44. 3+ PL. VII. 2 (Pierre 1), 4. Pi. VOI. 3, 4.