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mekanis dan gesekan fluida. Sebagian lagi dipakai untuk menggerakkan alat bantu
mesin seperti pompa bahan bakar, generator dan pompa air pendingin. Total daya
yang diteruskan oleh poros mesin disebut daya pengereman (brake horse power).
Efisiensi mekanis mesin adalah:
mech =
(1)
Halaman 12
adalah kerja bersih dibagi dengan volume langkah (displacement volume or stroke
volume ), Vs = V1 V2.
mep =
Wnet
Vs
Proses pada siklus mesin empat langkah adalah : langkah isap (intake), kompressi
(compression), kerja (power) dan buang (exhaust
Langkah Isap (Intake stroke).
Katup masuk terbuka sedangkan katup buang tertutup.
Piston bergerak dari titik mati atas, TMA, (top dead
center, TDC) menuju ke titik mati bawah, TMB (Bottom
Dead Center, BDC), menyebabkan tekanan di dalam
silinder vakum (lebih rendah dari tekanan atmosfir).
Akibatnya campuran udara bahan bakar tersedot masuk.
Saat piston sampai di bawah katup pemasukan tertutup.
Halaman 13
P (kPa)
Qin
3
2
Qin
4
Qout
3
1 V (m )
Qout
6
a
(a)
(b)
(c)
Gambar 1 Siklus ideal motor bensin (a) Diagram P-V (b) Diagram T-s
(c ) Sistem piston silinder
Halaman 14
P1V1 = P2 V2
or
T2 V1
=
T1 V2
(2)
(3)
P3V3 = P4 V4
or
T4 V3
=
T3 V4
(4)
Process 4=> 1; heat is rejected from the system at constant volume. The
temperature, pressure and entropy decrease. The amount of heat
transferred from the system is
Qout = mcv (T4 T1)
(5)
(6)
th =
Wnet
Q in
(7)
T1
1
= 1 1
T2
rv
(8)
V1 V4
=
V2 V3
Halaman 15
cp
cv
Note that the thermal efficiency is a function of the compression ratio rv. Hence an
increase in the compression ratio results in an increase in thermal efficiency.
In spark ignition engine, an upper limit of the compression ratio is set by the
ignition temperature of the fuel. The temperature of the fuel-air mixture at the end
of the compression stroke must be below the fuel ignition temperature. If this limit
is exceeded, a high speed, high pressure combustion wave (detonation wave) will
propagate prematurely in the engine cylinder cause knocking.
Referring to the T-s diagram on fig.1, area a-2-3-b-a is equal to the amount of heat
transferred to the system during the constant volume process 2-3. Since T6 is the
lowest temperature at which heat may be rejected, process 5-6 corresponds to the
minimum possible heat rejection. The area above process 5-6 (area 6-2-3-5-6) is
available energy; the area below it (area a-6-5-b-a) is unavailable energy.
Example 1.2.1
Solution:
Known; rv, T1, P1, T3
From eq.2;
T2
1.4 1
= (8)
yields T2 = 689.2 K
300
From eq.4;
T4
1.4 1
yields T4 = 522.3 K
= (1 / 8)
1200
For process 2-3 the average temperature is 944.6 K; hence the specific heat
at constant volume cv = 0.754 kJ/kgK. Eq.3 becomes:
q in = c v (T3 T2 )
= (0.754 kJ/kgK)(1200 689.2)K
Halaman 16
=385.1 kJ/kg
For process 4-1 the average temperature is 411.15 K; hence the specific
heat at constant volume cv = 0.7165 kJ/kgK. Eq.5 becomes:
q out = c v (T4 T1 )
= (0.7165 kJ/kgK)(522.3 300)K
=159.3 kJ/kg
The net work done per kg of air is
wnet = qin qout
= 225.8 kJ/kg
Because we assume that cv is not constant then eq.8 can be applied. The
thermal efficiency is obtained from eq.7, yields
th =
225.8
= 0.586 or 58.6%
385.1
Halaman
17
Halaman
18
Contoh 1.2.2
r=
V1 V4
=
=8
V2 V3
P1 = 100 kPa
T3 = 2200 K
V1 = 400 cm3
T1 = 290 K
Qin
Qin
Qout
Qout
s
a. Massa udara di dalam sistem tetap. Dengan persamaan gas ideal diperoleh:
P1 .V1
R.T1
m=
= 4,806 x 10-4 kg
Halaman
19
k 1
= 290 K (8)1,4-1
= 666,245 K
c. Kalor yang dimasukkan ke dalam sistem
Qin = m.cv .(T3 T2)
= 4,806 x 10-4 kg x 0,7165 kJ/(kg.K) (2200 666,245) K
= 0,5281 kJ
d. Temperatur pada akhir langkah ekspansi (T4) diperoleh dengan melihat bahwa
proses 3-4 adalah ekspansi isentropik.
V
T4 = T3 4
V3
1 k
= 2200 K (8)1-1,4
= 957,606 K
e. Kalor yang dibuang dari sistem
Qout = mcv (T4 T1)
= 4,806 x 10-4 kg x 0,7165 kJ/(kg.K) (957,606 290) K
= 0,2299 kJ
f. Efisiensi thermal siklus:
=1
=1
Q out
Q in
0,2299
0,5281
= 56,47 %
Contoh 1.2.3
Sebuah siklus Otto ideal mempunyai rasio kompresi 8. Kondisi udara pada awal
proses kompresi adalah 95 kPa dan 27oC; kalor sebesar 750 kJ/kg dipindahkan
selama proses pemasukan pada volume konstan. Dengan memperhitungkan
variasi kalor spesifik sebagai fungsi waktu, hitunglah:
a. Temperature dan tekanan pada akhir proses pemasukan
b. The net work output
Halaman
20
Bila temperatur sumber 2000 K dan temperture sink 300 K hitung total
irreversibilitas proses, dan availability pada akhir langkah tenaga
Penyelesaian
Diketahui
Fluida : udara dengan Cp dan Cv bervariasi terhadap temperatur.
Meski Cp dan Cv bervariasi tetapi R = Cp Cv nilainya konstan. Untuk
udara
: R = 0,287 kJ/(kg.K)
Compression ratio :
1
=r =8
2
P1 = 95 kPa
T1 = 27oC = 300K
To = Tsink = 300K
Tsource = 2000K
T
qin
qin
qout
2
1
4
1
qout
= 0,9063 m3/kg
Volume spesfik pada akhir langkah kompresi (titik 2)
1
= 8 v2 = 0,1133 m3/kg
2
Persamaan
T2
P
k 1
atau 2 = (rv )k tidak dapat dipakai karena nilai k
= (rv )
T1
P1
Halaman 21
vr1 = 621,2
= 2
r1
1
r2 = r1
rv
621,2
8
= 77,65
Berdasarkan harga vr2 = 77,65 dari tabel diperoleh:
T2 = 673,09 K
u2 = 491,22 kJ/kg
m3
kg
= 1705,00 kPa
Jumlah kalor yang disuplai ke sistem:
qin = u3 u2
u3 = qin + u2
= (750 + 491,22) kJ/kg
= 1241,22 kJ/kg
Berdasarkan u3 = 1241,22 kJ/kg dari tabel diperoleh:
T3 = 1538,70 K
vr3 = 6,588
v3 = v2 = 0,1133 m3/kg
m3
kg
= 3897,68 kPa
Halaman 22
= 4
r3
3
v4 = v1 ; v2 = v3
r4 = r3 1 = r r3
2
= 6,588 x 8
= 52,704
Berdasarkan harga vr4 = 52,704dari tabel diperoleh:
T4 = 774,54 K
u4 = 571,72 kJ/kg
Sebab
w net
q in
= 392,35
750
= 52,31 %
d). Mean effective pressure:
mep =
w net
1 2
Halaman 23
392,35
0,9063 0,1133
= 494,77 kPa
e). Irreversibilitas pada proses 1-2:
i = To sgen
q
i1 2 = To s 2 s1 + surr
Tsurr
q
i 2 3 = To s 3 s 2 + surr
Tsurr
Tsurr = 2000K
3897,68
= 3,47608 2,53079 0,287 ln
1705,00
= 0,70799 kJ/(kg.K)
kJ
750
kJ
kg
+
i 2 3 = 300K 0,70799
kg.K 2000K
= 99,897 kJ/kg
Irreversibilitas pada proses 3-4:
q
i 3 4 = To s 3 s 4 + surr
Tsurr
Halaman 24
q
i 4 1 = To s1 s 4 + surr
Tsurr
Tsurr = 300K
+ 357,65
kJ
kg
+
i 4 1 = 300K 0,70799
kg.K
300K
= 145,253 kJ/kg
Irreversibilitas total dari sistem:
i total = i1 2 + i 2 3 + i 3 4 + i 4 1
= 0 + 99,897 kJ/kg + 0 + 145,253 kJ/kg
= 245,150 kJ/kg
Availability pada akhir proses (titik 4)
4 = (u 4 u o ) To (s 4 s o ) + Po ( 4 o )
Dimana:
u4 uo = u4 u1 = qout = 357,65 kJ/kg
s4 so = s4 s1 = 0,70799 kJ/(kg.K)
v4 vo = v4 v1 = 0
sebab v4 = v1
Dengan demikian
4 = (u 4 u o ) To (s 4 s o ) + Po ( 4 o )
= 357,65 kJ/kg 300K [0,70799 kJ/(kg.K)] + 0
= 145,253 kJ/kg
Halaman 25