WorksCited

Article
Bahadur,Nina.WomenInTheMedia:FemaleTVAndFilmCharactersStillSidelinedAnd
Sexualized,StudyFinds.
HuffingtonPost:Women
.N.p.,13Nov.2012.Web.28Sept.
2015.
Summary
SociologistStacyL.Smithconductedastudythatexaminedtherolesofalmost12,000
charactersinfilmtounderstandhowtheywereportrayedasaresultof,ortoperpetuatethe
stereotypesof,theirgender.Thestudyalsoshowedthatalmost55%ofthegainfullyemployed
charactersinG,PG,andPG13ratedfilmsweremale.Additionally,infamilyfilmsratedGor
PG,anyteenagefemaleswerealmostalwaysdepictedasthinandtall.Genderrolesinfilmalso
provetoaffectthejobidealsheldbyyoungeraudiences,asmanymoremalesareopentohigher
positionsofauthoritysuchasbeinganattorney,doctor,businessexecutive,scientist,engineer,et
cetera.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticlecanapplytomyresearchbyemphasizinghowwomeninparticularareoften
portrayedinthemediaandintelevision.Itaddresses,inparticular,howamajorityofwomenin
filmeitherrarelyholdpositionsofpowerandauthority,orarecompletelysexualizedandtreated
asobjectsusedtoattractothercharacters.Byperpetuatingtheseideasofhowwomenshouldbe

seenandtreated,mostfilms,especiallythosePG13andabove,treatwomenasobjectsand
emphasizetheideaofanimpossiblewoman.

Article
Chemaly,Soraya.20FactsEveryoneShouldKnowAboutGenderBiasinMovies.
HuffPost
Women
.HuffingtonPost,24Sept.2014.Web.11Sept.2015.
Summary
Thisarticleaddressessomeoftheinformationfoundinarecentresearchstudyconducted
bytheGeenaDavisInstituteonGenderinMedia.Ofthemanyfactsreferencedinthisarticle,
oneofthemistheoftenignoredpercentofwomenportrayedonscreen.Thismarginalappearance
ofwomenandgirlsinfilmhasbeenaroundforyears,continuingfordecadesinthepasttowhen
peoplefirststartedtocreatemovies.Infact,becauseofhowlongthegenderbiashascontinued,
manyviewersdonotevenrecognizetheimmensedifferencebetweenmaleandfemales
onscreen,despiteonly17%oftherolesbeingplayedbywomen.Interestinglyenough,thereis
alsoaround17%ofgovernmentofficialswhoarefemale,comparedtothe83%maleswho
dominatetheworkforce.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleemphasizesthedrasticdifferencesbetweenmalesandtheirfemale
counterpartsinfilmsworldwide.Bycomparingdifferentcountriesandregionstoeachother,it
helpstoshowthatdifferentregionsmightaffectthemindsetsoftheiryouthindifferentways,as

theymayportraywomendifferentlyandmayhavemoreorlessgeneralgenderequalityintheir
films.Thedifferencesbetweenbothonandoffscreenequalityintermsofsheernumbers
emphasizesthevarietyofpossiblesuccessinthefilmindustrywhenwomenaremoreinvolved.

Article
ChildrenandTelevision,ResponsibleParenting,ChildPsychology.
AssociationforNatural
Psychology
.N.p.,12Nov.2012.Web.20Sept.2015.
Summary
Thisarticlediscussestheeffectsoftelevisionontelevision,andhowtheremaybean
increasedrateofsleep,attentional,[and]behavioralproblemsamongsaidchildren.Thisarticle
especiallylookedintoextremelyyoungchildren,whomaybeasyoungas21/2yearsold.By
notinghowunhealthyitcanbeforyoungerviewers,mostnotablythoseunder2yearsofage,to
watchlargeamountsoftelevision,thisarticledisplayshowcertainamountsoftimespentinfront
ofascreencaneffectchildren.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thiscouldapplytomyresearchbyshowinghowothertopics,whichisviolenceinthis
case,canaffectchildrenviamedia.Bystudyingtelevisionviolenceseffectonchildren,this
articlecanhelpmeunderstandthedifferentwaysthatchildrencanseethingsonscreenandhave
thataffecttheirownminds.Onbothchemicalandemotionallevels,byusingsubjectssuchas
televisionviolence,thisarticlemayhelpmecomprehendhowchildrenreactoncetheyare
constantlyreintroducedtocertainsubjectmatter.


Article
Juergen,Michelle.HarmfulStereotypesWeNeverRealizedOurFavoriteDisneyMovies
TaughtUs.
Arts.Mic
.Mic,25Apr.2014.Web.10Sept.2015.
Summary
ThisarticleaddressesthestereotypesthatDisneysprincessmoviessupportedbothout
rightlybutalsomoresubtly.Italsomentionsthenotionthatmanyofthemovieshave,especially
beforeacertainpoint,suchasincludingonlythin,whiteprincessesbeingbeautifulandlovable
beforeMulanandThePrincessandtheFrog.Themoviesdemonstrateideasthatarenotonly
wrongtosupport,butarealsoimpossibletomeetthestandardsof.Forexample,Pocahontas
claimedthatwomenhadtobebothstrongandgentle,butnottoomuchofeither,whichwould
requireagirltobehaveintheperfectway,otherwisesheistoostrongandbrutish,ortooweak
andpathetic.However,therearealsostereotypesintheDisneymoviesthatpromotebad
stereotypesformen,suchasthemhavingtobestrongandbrave.Therearealsostereotypesthat
areplacedonbothmen,women,andeverythingelse,suchasbeingsmallandthinmeansthat
youarefrailandcannotsupportanyone,letaloneyourself,andbeingtallerandhavingalarger
buildmeansthatyouarebrutish,notintelligent,andstrong.Thisarticlepointsouttheseflawsof
thewellknownDisneyprincessmovies,andreiterateshowdetrimentaltheseideasareandhow
absurdmanyofthesestandardsare.

ApplicationtoResearch

Thisarticlecanapplytomyresearchbyexemplifyingtheamountofvaryinggender
stereotypesasshowninfilmstargetedtowardsyoungeraudiences.AsIaminterestedinareas
involvingyoungerchildrenandtheirideasonsubjects,theideasthatsomeoftheaddressed
Disneyfilmsencouragemayprovetobecomeabasisformyresearchonwhatmightaffectthe
thinkingofyoungerviewers.

Article
Latagne,Allison.GenderRolesinMedia.
HuffPostTeen
.N.p.,15May2014.Web.10Sept.
2015.
Summary
Manypopulartelevisionshowsinmoderntimesdisplayfewtononemajorfemale
characters,especiallythoseofwhicharepresentedtoviewersashumanbeingsandnotgender
stereotypes.Forexample,thecharacterPennyonTheBigBangTheoryusedtoprimarilyexistas
asourceforromantictension,andwasoftenportrayedasaditzyblonde.Sincetheearlier
seasons,Pennyhasprogressedintoamorecomplexindividual,butthesourceofhercharacter
remainsunchanged.OtherfemalecharactersincludethoseinTheOffice,wheretherewerea
consistentamountofnoticeablefemaleleads,eachofwhichisrepresentedfairlyand
realistically.Whiletheywerenotperfectlywritten,theyareamajorimprovementconsidering
manyotherfemaleleads.Still,thebestpartofthegenderrolesinTheOfficewasthesheer
numberoffemaleleads.ComparedtofilmslikeGrownUps2whereonlyaquarterofthecast
wasfemale,TheOfficeanditscastshowsamajorimprovementinthefilmindustry,provingthat
itispossibletohavealargepercentoffemalesandbejustas,ifnotmore,successfulastheirless

proportionatecounterparts.Additionally,theBechdelTestfurtherstheneedforgenderequality
infilm.TheBechdelTestasksiftherearetwoormorefemalecharacters,andifso,iftheyever
haveaconversationwitheachother.Iftheydo,thenthelastquestionasksifthosecharacters
discussanythingotherthanmenorotherromanticinterests.FilmslikeTheCallpresenteda
strongfemaleleadandpromotesstrongfemaletofemalerelationships.Whilethisfilmgrossed
significantlylessthanmoregenderstereotypicalfilms,itcanalsobearguedthatthecauseofit
couldberootedintheadvertising,directingofthefilm,etcetera.Pointbeing,filmmakersare
quitecapableofcreatingfilmsthatbreakawayfromstereotypicalgendermolds,andconsumers
arejustas,ifnotmore,willingtowatchsaidmovies.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thiswebpageprovidesalotofinsightonexamplesofgenderinequalityinfilms,both
onandoffscreen.Itprovidesexamplesofrelevanttelevisionseriesandfilms,andallowsreaders
tobetterunderstandthepotentialforsuccessofmoreequalfilmsandshows.Byprovingthatitis
possibletocreatesuccessfulfilmsandserieswherethereisasubstantialamountoffemales
involved,thisarticlealsohelpstoshowhowfewexamplesthereactuallyareofa
genderbalancedenvironmentonandoffscreen.Thisdemonstrationofalackofequalitycanbe
usedtoexemplifythebasisbehindanyfurtherexplorationsonfactsandhowothersmightbe
affectedbysaidinequality.

Article

Lomtatidze,Dato.Howdomoviesortelevisioninfluencepeoplesbehavior?
YouthVoices
.
N.p.,31Jan.2013.Web.6Oct.2015.
Summary
Inthisarticle,theauthorstatedthattelevisionandfilm,aswellasotherformsofmedia,
caneasilybeconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialfactorsinoursociety.Healsoclaimsthatfor
manyoftheyouthinoursociety,theyspendmoretimewatchingtelevision,andthereforespend
lesstimestudying,creatingadecreaseingrades.Additionally,hebelievesthataccordingto
severalotherstudies,somecrimescommittedbyyoungergenerationswereinspiredfromviolent
formsofmediathattheymayhavewitnessedinthepast.Still,althoughhebelievesfilmand
televisionisextremelyimportanttoourculture,weshouldbemindfulofhowitmayinfluenceus
andourbehavior.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisappliestomyresearchbecauseitaddresseshoweventhetimespentconsumedwith
filmcanaffectpeopleslifestyles.Bysomethingassimpleasalackofstudying,thisarticle
addresseshowpeoplecanwarptheirpasthabitstobettersuitwhattheydeemmoreimportant.
Televisioncanstarttoaffecttheirpriorities,andwhatpeopleseeonscreenmaybeableto
influencehowtheyviewthem.Forexample,ifthefictionalcharactersoftenskipschoolorspend
timewitheachotherinsteadofinclass,thenviewersmaystarttofeelalackofimportancein
theiracademicstudiesandpursuits.

Article

Magowan,Margot.DisneyUnderminesaHeroinein4EasySteps.
Jezebel
.N.p.,11Oct.2013.
Web.15Sept.2015.
Summary
ThisarticlewasaimedtowardsDisneysmorerecentfilm,
Frozen
,andtargeteditto
emphasizethegenderbiaspresentinwhatmanyclaimedwasahugelyfeministmovie.While
Frozen
wasoftenpraisedforshowingafemalecharacterinthespotlightwhodidnotfallinlove,
thisarticleemphasizesthepointsinwhichDisneysfilmwasmorelacking.As
Frozen
wasbased
offoftheinfamousfairytale
TheSnowQueen
,thefilmshowssignificantlyfewerfemale
characters.Infact,evenmakingSven,areindeersidekickofoneofthemaleprotagonists,or
Olaf,asnowmanbroughttolifebythemaincharacter,female,

ApplicationtoResearch
ThisarticleappliestomyresearchbyaddressingaspecificDisneyfilm,
Frozen
.

Article
Orenstein,Peggy.WhatsWrongWithCinderella?
TheNewYorkTimes
.N.p.,24Dec.2006.
Web.7Oct.2015.
Summary
Thisarticleaddressestheproblemwithprincessesandhowtheyareemphasizedinour
culture.Astheauthorhasayoungdaughter,theyareespeciallyawareofhowsocietyasawhole
treatsyoungerchildren,especiallyyoungergirls.Societyexpectsalmostallyoungergirlstobe
princesses,tolikeprincesses,andtoactprincesslike.Thatbeingsaid,theyareexpectedtolove

thecolorpink,adorewearingdresses,andtoalwaysactproperandpoliteeveniftheyhaveno
reasonto.Whilethereisnothingwrongwithanyoftheaforementionedsubjects,itiswrongto
expectthatofanyandallgirls.Instead,itshouldbeanoptionandnotanexpectation.

ApplicationtoResearch
ThisarticleinparticularaddressesasingleDisneyprincess,Cinderella.Thisfilm,
originallymadein1950,isaclassicGratedfilmtargetingyounggirls.WhileIamstudying
PGratedfilms,itwouldbeveryhelpfultounderstandsimilarproblemsinfilmstargetedfor
evenyoungeraudiences.Inthisarticle,theauthoraddresseshowtheprotagonistofCinderella
wasportrayed,andwhyexactlytheycouldbeandwereproblematic.Theseissuesareoften
amplifiedbytherepetitivenatureinwhichtheyareshowninmanyotherfilms,especiallysimilar
princessthemedmovies.

Article
ThePsychologicalEffectsofChildrensMovies.
AssociationforNaturalPsychology
.N.p.,23
Apr.2015.Web.21Sept.2015.
Summary
Thisarticlehitsonavarietyofsubjectsinchildrensmovies,andaddresseseachand
potentialquestionsposedtoparents.Forexample,thisarticleexplainswhymanyparentsallow
theirchildrentowatchpotentiallyharmfulfilmsandexplainswhysomeoftheirreasoningmay
provetobefaulty.Italsoexplainsthatsomesubjectsthatarerepeatedlyshownonscreenmay
leadtochildreninternalizingthesamebehaviorathome,school,etcetera.Theactualinfluence

carriedbytelevisionandmoviesseemsimpossibletobeactuallycalculated,butitspresenceis
undeniable.Additionally,manychildrenarealsofamiliarwithincrediblyviolentthemes,found
inmoviessuchas
Chucky
and
ChainsawMassacre
.Thisarticlealsoaddressesspecificmovies
byDisneylike
Bambi
and
Pinnochio
andhowunderlyingmessagessuchasparentalphysical
abuseandseparationanxietyareshownthroughoutthefilms.Filmshavetheabilitytomakesaid
themesseemlikeapartoflife,ifnotsomethingtobeconsideredanormalpartofeveryones
lives.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleappliestomyresearchbyshowcasinggeneraleffectsofchildrensmovieson
apsychologicalaspect.Althoughthisarticleisnotspecificaroundgenderstereotypes,itdoes
addressanothertopic:childrensmovies.AsIamlookingtohavemyresearchbasedoffof
childrensmovies,orthoseGorPGrated,thisarticlemayhelpmetobetterunderstandother
effectsofsimilar,ifnotthesame,typesoffilm.Thisarticlealsomentionshowsomefilms,
especiallythosemadebyDisneythatfeatureprincessesasdamselsindistress,mayaffectyoung
childrenwatchingsaidmovies.Bydoingthis,Iwillbeabletobettercomprehendwhattolook
forwhenanalyzingmyresultsonhowchildrenmayorcanbeaffectedbywhattheyview.

ApplicationtoResearch
USCAnnenbergStaff.GenderStereotypesPersistinFilmsonaWorldwideScale.
USCNews
.
UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,22Sept.2014.Web.2Sept.2015.
Summary

StudentsandresearchersatUSCsAnnenbergSchoolforCommunicationandJournalism
lookedintothegenderstereotypesinvolvedonscreenandbehindthecamerainregardsto
popularfilms.Theirstudy,mostlybasedonthefilmsofcountriessuchasAustralia,Brazil,
China,France,Germany,India,Japan,Russia,SouthKorea,theUnitedStates,andtheUnited
Kingdom,concludedthatthereisstillanundeniablegapbetweentheportrayalandopportunities
formenandwomenwhenitcomestothefilmindustry.Infact,notevenathirdofspeaking
charactersinover120internationalfilmsarefemale.Thestudyalsoconcludedthatlessthan
25%ofthefictionalworkforceweremadeofwomen,showinga13to1maletofemaleratiofor
attorneysanda16to1ratioforprofessors.Around10%offilmsactuallyhadacastmadeof
equalpartsmaleandfemale,andUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesfilmshadjustunder25%of
theirspeakingcastwasdirectlybalancedbetweenmalesandfemales.TheUSCstudyalsonoted
thanalittleover20%ofindividualsworkingbehindthescenesoffilmswereactuallywomen,
butthatwhenwomenwereinvolvedinfilms,therewasasignificantlyhigheramountofwomen
onscreen.

ApplicationtoResearch
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreaseinequalitybetweenmalesandfemalesinthe
filmindustry,bothinthoseonscreenandthoseoffscreen.Evenso,theresanundeniablegap
betweenmenandwomen.Theresacleardifferenceinsheernumbersalonethatcanandmustbe
changed.Althoughmanyyoungerorlessknownwomenmightstruggletomakeadifference,
therearestillplentyofinfluentialindividualswhohavethepowerandauthoritytodemanda
greaterpresenceofwomenandequalityregardingfilms.Theseindividualsdontevenneedtobe

femalesthemselves,theyjustneedtounderstandthenecessityforequality.Sincefilmandthe
mediahassuchamassiveinfluenceontodaysyouth,theslimamountofwomenevenseen
simplyspeakingonscreencanimpacthowyounggirlsviewthemselvesandhowcomfortable
theyareintheirgender.Infact,mostofthosespeakingcharactersarealsooftensexualized,and
evenfewerofthosewhoarentfindthemselvesinquietjobs,likeasstayathomemomsor
primaryschoolteachers.Thefactthatsofewwomenareshowninjobsofpowerandauthorityin
filmisnotonlyincrediblyinaccurate,butalsoextremelydiscouraging.Sorarelyarewomen
shownasstronghumanbeingsthatgrowinggirlsandteenagersdoubtthestrengthand
capabilitiesofwomenandofthemselves.Thislimitingviewofanentiregendernotonlyputs
imaginaryboundariesforwomen,butitalsoemphasizessexistideastomales.Whenneither
malesorfemalesareshownwhatwomencando,itbecomesincrediblyeasyforthemtoforget
thatitspossible.

Article
Witt,SusanD.ReviewofResearch:TheInfluenceofTelevisiononChildrensGenderRole
Socialization.
ChildhoodEducation
76.5(2000):322324.
Summary
Televisioninfluencesthesocialbeliefsofchildrenongenderroles,asgenderstereotypes
onscreenisoftenalsoreinforcedbyotherfiguressuchasfamilymembers,friends,classmates,
etcetera.Theseideasongenderaffecthowchildrenviewhowtheybelievemalesandfemales
shouldlookandactliketobeacceptedinsociety.Thesemessagesinfluencethebehavioras
childrenevenastheycontinuetogrowolder,especiallywhentheyarecontinuouslyshownmore

biasesandstereotypesthroughouttheirlife.Traditionalgenderrolesalmostneverbenefit
individuals,andinsteaddiscourageuniquenessorindividuality.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thiscanapplytomyresearchbyspecificallyaddressingtheeffecttraditionalgender
rolesmayhaveonchildren,andhowtheycanprovetobeharmfulwhenthosechildrenhavesaid
ideascontinuouslyperpetuatedthroughouttheirlifetime.Byemphasizinggenderideals,someof
whichareimpossibletopossessorcontradictoneanother,televisionsportrayalsprovetobe
harmfultohowchildrenseetheperfectmaleandfemale.Theybelieveinimpractical
appearancesandimpossiblestandardstoholdthebarforhowmalesandfemalesaretolookand
behave.

Article
Wolska,Malgorzata.GenderStereotypesinMassMedia.CaseStudy:AnalysisoftheGender
StereotypingPhenomenoninTVCommercials.
Krytyka
.N.p.,9Jan.2011.Web.6Oct.
2015.
Summary
Thisarticleaddresseshowmalesandfemalesareoftenshownandrepresentedonscreen
viatelevisedcommercials.Commercials,inordertoprofitthecreator,company,orproduct,
havetoberemembered.Todoso,theyareoftenamusing,emotionallyinspiring,etcetera.Ifnot,
theydrawtheeyevisuallybyportrayingacustomer.Thiscustomer,whetheranactororan
actualclient,issupposedtorepresentanideal.Theyarebeautiful,happy,peacefullymarried,et

cetera.Thisportrayaloftheperfectpersonemphasizestheimportanceofthecompanyorproduct
inanindividualssafety,happiness,appearance,andothers.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticlecanapplytomyresearchbyshowingotherformsofmedia.Seeinghow
peopleareportrayedinwhataremeanttobeshort,memorablevideoscanprovidealotofinsight
intohowgendermaybeportrayedinothermedia.Also,boththeauthorofsaidarticleandthe
sitethearticleisfoundonhasPolishorigin.ThisshowsthatnotonlywillIbeprovidedwith
insightonhowgenderisportrayedinothermedia,butalsohowitisportrayedinothercultures.

Article
Zurko,Nicholas.GenderInequalityinFilm.
NewYorkFilmAcademyBlog
.N.p.,25Nov.
2013.Web.1Sept.2015.
Summary
Inspiredbythereleaseof
HungerGames:CatchingFire
,afemaleleddystopianaction
film,theNewYorkFilmAcademylookedintowomenandtheiradvancementsinregardsto
film.TheyquicklyconcludedthatHollywoodisstuckintheirgenderbias,buttherearesome
womenemergingandtakingthespotlight.Accordingtotheirgraphics,from2007to2012,about
30%ofspeakingcharactersarewomeninthetop500films.Almost30%ofthemworesexual
clothing,whereonly7%menworesimilarlyrevealingattire.Over25%ofwomengotpartially
nakedcomparedtolessthan10%ofmen.Thereareoverdoublemaleactorsthanfemale,and
teenagefemaleswithdepictednudityhasincreasedbyover30%from2007to2012.However,

theresanoticeableincreaseinfemalecharacterswhenawomenisdirectingorwhenafemale
screenwriterisattached.Somewomenhaverisentoinfluentialstatusesinthefilmindustry,
includingKathrynBigelow,DiabloCody,andLenaDunham.Despitetheachievementsofthem
andotherslikethem,therearestillfivetimesasmanymenworkingonfilmsthanwomen.In
fact,thehighestpaidfemaleactorof2013,AngelinaJolie,madethesameamountasthetwo
lowestrankedmen.Thisgenderbiasisalsovisibleinacademyawardnomines,asonly35
womenwerenominatedin2013s85thAcademyAwardscomparedtothe140mennominees.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thegenderbiasinandsurroundingfilmsiscleareveninpresentday.Allinall,overthe
pastyears,therehavebeensomeimprovements.Therearedozensofpowerfulandinfluential
femalesrisingintheworkforceasupandcomingactors,directors,screenwriters,etcetera,et
cetera,etcetera.Despitethiswellneededstepforward,theresstillanobnoxiouslycleardivide
betweenmalesandfemalesinthefilmindustry.Obviously,itismoreequalthanpreviousyears,
butthatdoesntmeanthatitisstillanythingclosetoequal.

Article
HowtheMediaDefinesMasculinity.
MediaSmarts
.N.p.,n.d.Web.17Oct.2015.
Summary
Thisarticleshowshowmalesareoftenportrayed.Forexample,itdescribeshowmales
areoftenshowninfilmasstrong,heterosexualworkersinpublichsphereswhosolvetheir
problemsviaviolenceorsimilaraggression.Thisarticlealsodescribeshowtheyareshownin

televisionshows,especiallythoseforchildren.Inthoseshows,themalesaretough,powerful,
andeithercompletelyaloneoraleader.Insimilarshows,ifnotthesameones,thegirlsare
showntodependonsaidmales,bothofwhichareinterestedinromance.

ApplicationtoResearch
ThewebsiteiswrittensolelybyCanadianauthors,soitprovidessomeinsightinto
representationinCanadianmedia.WhileitmayhavesomedifferencestotheUnitedStates,its
morethanlikelythattheywillcontainseveralpointsofsimilaritybetweenthem.Forexample,
bothculturesseemtoaddresstheoverhypedmasculinityandfemininitythatthesocietiesforce
theiryoungergenerationstodesire.Thisarticlemainlytargetstheportrayalsofmen,butalso
addresseshowgirlsmaybeportrayed.

VideoWebBlog
Kimmel,M.(2015,Mayaslas).MichaelKimmel:Whygenderequalityisgoodforeveryone
menincluded.
Summary
Thispresentationdescribesthespeakerscollegelife,inwhichtheyhadbeeninvolvedin
astudygroupthatreadanddiscussedfeministtext.Hedescribedaconversationbetweenother
membersofthegroup,whichledhimtounderstandthatprivilegeisinvisibletothosewhohave
it,butglaringlyobvioustothosewhodont.Thiswasshownbyhowyousawyourselfinthe
mirror.Forexample,aCaucasianwomansimplysawawoman,butanAfricanAmericanwoman
sawablackwoman.Thespeaker,however,wasamiddleclassCaucasianman,andhesimply

sawahumanbeing.Thatbeingsaid,groupsresponddifferentlytogenderequality.Someare
indifferent,somearewillingtoworkforit,andsomewillresist.However,manyofthosewho
resistfindtheirreasoningintheirsenseofentitlement.However,moregenderequalcountries
andcompaniestendtobehappier,andcompaniesalmostalwayshavealowerjobturnover.In
fact,genderinequalityismoreexpensivethangenderequality,andequalityisessentiallyawin
foreveryone.However,itisimpossibletofullyempowerwomenwithoutinvolvingmen.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thispresentationaddressesgenderinequalityintheworkplacemorethantheirportrayal
onscreenandinfilm.However,asreallifeandwhatweareexposedtoaffectshowweview
subjectslikegender,itwillalmostdefinitelyaffecthowwechoosetoportraygenderonscreen.
Alternatively,whatpeopleseeonscreenwillinherentlyaffecthowtheythinkandactinreallife.
Genderinequalityisalmostcompletelyaboutthemindsetitsabouthowyouviewthegenders
andequalityingeneral.

Article
Sargent,JF.6InsaneStereotypesThatMoviesCantSeemtoGetOver.
Cracked
.N.p.,15Oct.
2012.Web.18Oct.2015.
Summary
Thisarticletalksaboutissuesotherthangenderportrayal,suchastherepresentationof
races.Morespecifically,filmstendtoportrayAfricansasviolentanduncivilized,andAsian
rolesarebettershownviaCaucasianactorsthatthoseofactualAsiandescent.Anotherissues

thatitaddressesistherepresentationofwomen.Forexample,itexplainstheBechdeltest,in
whichatleasttwowomenmustbepresentandspeaktoeachotheraboutsomethingotherthan
men.Asfewfilmspasssaidtest,thearticlepointsoutthatfilmlikestoactasthoughwomen
onlyexisttotalkaboutmen.

ApplicationtoResearch
Whilethisarticledescribesotherissuesthatarejustasrelevantasgenderportrayal,it
takestimetodiscusseachoftheissuesbackground,aswellassimilaritiesbetweenthedifferent
categories.

Journal
Wilson,BarbaraJ."MediaandChildren'sAggression,Fear,andAltruism."

ChildrenandElectronicMedia
18.1(2008):n.pag.Print.
Summary
Thisarticletalksaboutthecorrelationbetweenmediaandmoraldevelopment,andhow
exactlytheirrelationshipexists.Infact,thisarticlesaidthatinarecentpolling,aroundseventy
percentofAmericansexpressedconcernthatmediawasnegativelyinfluencingthemoral
standardsandbeliefsofsociety,ormorespecifically,childrenandyoungergenerations.While
thisarticlefocusedontelevision,primarilythosegearedtowardschildren,andalmost
exclusivelyspokeaboutitseffectsonmoralstandards,italsobrieflymentionedothereffects
suchascheating,lying,stealing,etcetera.Thisarticleaddressedhowtelevisionviolencemore
oftenthannotaffectschildren'sviewsonwhatisandisnotconsideredsociallyormorally

acceptable.Forinstance,dependingonwhattheyarerepeatedlyintroducedtoviathemedia,
theirmoralreasoningforviolencemightbealtereddependingoniftheyviewitasjustifiedor
heroic.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleappliestomyresearchbecauseitaddresseshowaspecificformofmedia,
television,mayaffectthemindsets,views,andbeliefsofchildrenastheygrowolderandtheir
mindsdevelop.Itfocusesprimarilyonviolenceanditsportrayalinmainstreamtelevision,
especiallyincludingthosewhohavechildrenastheirintendedaudience.Bytakinganegative
subjectmaterial,violence,andaddressinghowitcanbeportrayedintelevisiontoalterstandards
andbeliefs,thesameideacanpotentiallybeappliedtogenderportrayals.Bynormalizingcertain
standards,televisionessentiallyhasthepowertochangethemindsetsofanentiregeneration.

Article
Chaubal,SangeetaSanjay."HowWatchingMoviesImpactChildren."
StudyVillage
.
N.p.,5Aug.2011.Web.21Nov.2015.
Summary
Thisarticleaddressesthevarietyofgenresinthefilmindustry,suchascomedies,
romanticfilms,horrorfilms,actionfilms,andfairytales.Italsonotesthatotherprogramsthat
aremeanttobeinformativeoftenaretheonesnotwatchedshowsthatcouldhaveapositive
impactonitsviewersstillexist,justinaverysmallcornerofoursociety.Theseshowscould
potentiallybelesspopularasaresultoftheirforcedmessages,oritcouldbecausedbyother
factors.Regardless,amajorityofourcurrentsociety'spopularshowsandfilmsnegativelyaffect

themindsetsofyoungergenerations.Thisarticlealsoaddresseshowthedecisionofwhat
childrenwatchisultimatelyuptotheparents,andtheygettodeterminewhattheylettheir
childrengetexposedto.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticlecouldapplytomyresearchbecauseittalksaboutthedifferentgenresoffilm
andhoweachonemayaffectchildrenindifferentways.Bylookingatthisvarietyofgenresand
theirseparateeffects,Icangetabetterunderstandingofhowexactlythemindsetsandbeliefsof
certainaudiences,ormorespecifically,children,maybeaffectedbythefilmandtelevisionthat
theywatchandareconstantlybeingexposedto.

Blog
ElizabethNyamayaro.(2015,May).ElizabethNyamayaro:Aninvitationtomenwho
wantabetterworldforwomen
Summary
Thespeakertalkedaboutherchildhood.andhowfaminehadhithercountrytwicebefore
shehadreachedtenyearsold.Becauseofthis,hergrandmotherhadtosendhertothecity,
whereshewenttoschoolforthefirsttime.There,shewasunabletospeakEnglishandwasan
outsiderviathelanguagebarrierandhergender.Asthespeakermovedon,shenotedthat"What
weshareismuchmorepowerfulthanwhatdividesus".Shealsocommentsthatgenderequality
hastoincludemen.InthefirstweekafterthelaunchofHeForShe,theUN'smovementfor
genderequality,atleastonemanforeverycountrywasrecognizedasasupporterofthe

movement.Shealsospokeabouthowhavinganactiveroletoachievedreamsofequality,and
thatstandingbywillpreventchangejustasmuchasapprehensiontothecausewould.Equalityis
aboutnotonlytheworkandmovementofwomen,butofmenaswell.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thiscouldapplytomyresearchbecausethespeakeraddressestheactualimpactof
genderinequality.Moreimportantly,shealsospeaksabouthowthegapbetweenmalesand
femalescanbebreached.WhileshesaysthatprogramssuchasHeForShecanhelp,andthey
undoubtedlycould,thereareotherpossibilitiesthatcouldhelpinbringingaboutachangeinour
society,suchastheoftignoredinfluencesoffilmandtelevisionfortoday'syouth.

ResearchProject
Smith,StacyL.,etal.
GenderRoles&Occupations:ALookatCharacterAttributesand
JobRelatedAspirationsinFilmandTelevision
.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.Print.
Summary
Thisreportdescribestheresearchconductedongenderinfilm.Whiletheyanalyzeda
largevarietyoffilmandmedia,theydidnotethatbecauseoftheirusageofpurposivesampling,
theirfindingscan'tandshouldn'tbeusedtogeneralizealltopgrossingfilmsand/orthosethat
havechildrenastheirtargetaudience.However,theirresearchcanbeusedtoapplytothe
specificmediaandreferencesthattheyexplored.Theirresearchincludesthefactthatyounger
kidsconsumebiasedmediamessagesviashowsandfilms.Forexample,about20%ofwomen
onscreenareemployed,wheninreality,womenmakeupabouthalfofthemodernday

workforce.Thelackofbalanceintheworkforce,aswellasthesheeramountofmalesonscreen
comparedtofemales,influencesviewerstoplaceboyshigherupwhenitcomestoimportance.
Additionally,manygirlsinparticularviewfemalesdifferentphysically,ifonlybecausethey
growupseeingtheperfectwomanasonewhoisimpossiblythin,tall,etcetera.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisresearchcanprovidemealotofassistance,asitprimarilyfocusesonchildren's
programs.Bynarrowingdowntheirresearch,theymayalsohelpmeinunderstandingsimilar
programs,aswellasotherprogramsandfilmsthatmayberelatedtothem.Italsomentionsthat
whenchildrenarerepeatedlyexposedtoaspecificsubjectoridea,theyfindthemselves
unintentionallycreatinganormalizationofgenderstereotypes.Thisprojectalsomentioned
variousstereotypesphysicallyandsocially,allofwhichprovidemeinsightintopossible
examplesthatImaybeabletolookintointhefuture.

Article
Smith,StacyL.,andAmyD.Granados."GenderandtheMedia."
PTA
.N.p.,n.d.Web.2Nov.
2015.
Summary
Thisarticleaddresseshowoftenwomenareshownmalesappearthreetimesmore
frequently,andeveninchildren'stelevisionshows,theystillshowupalmosttwiceasoften.This
articledescribestherolesofbothmalesandfemales,theformerbeingstrongprovidersand
leaders,andthelatterbeingcaregiversandsupporters.Infact,manywomendon'tevenhold

jobs,whereasmanymenareshowninpositionsofpowerandauthority.Thisarticlealsotalks
abouthowfemalesinGratedfilmsareactuallyalmostaslikelytobeshowninsexually
revealingclothesaswomeninRratedfilmsare.It'sportrayalslikethesethatmayaffectpeople's
selfworthasaresultoftheirviewontheirgender,aswellasadvancingandinhibitingtheir
opinionsonoccupations,bodyimage,andrelationships.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleusesdatafromanotherstudyconducted,oneinwhichthemainauthorofthis
article,StacyL.Smith,participatedin.Thisarticleusesdatafromsaidresearchtoexplainhow
womenandgirlsareportrayedinfilm,aswellasthosedifferencesbetweendifferentfilmsby
rating,yearofrelease,etcetera.Italsotalksabouttheeffectsofthosestereotypesandportrayals,
whichiswhatI'mresearchingwithmyproject.

Article
Davis,Geena."GeenaDavis'TwoEasyStepstoMakeHollywoodLessSexist."
PretaReporter
.
HollywoodReporter,11Dec.2013.Web.2Nov.2015.
Summary
Inthisarticle,theauthorwritesalotabouttheportrayalofwomenonscreenintermsof
numbers.Forexample,themaletofemalerationonscreenisrecordedtobethesamesince
1946.Addingwomen'sconstanthypersexualization,theauthoraddressesthemanyportrayalsof
womenonscreen,regardlessofthetargetaudience.Thearticleincludesstepstoaddinteresting
femalestohelpavoidthelackofwomenandgirlsonscreen.Thefirststepinvolvestakinga

malecharacterandsimplymakingthemfemaleinstead.Asthisonlychangesthecharacter's
gender,theindividualisstillthesameperson,withtheexactsamecharactertraits,strengths,and
flaws.Thesecondstepistomakecrowdscenesmoreequal.Inamajorityofsceneswithlarge
groupsorcrowds,about17%arewomen.Bymakingthismoreequal,wecanreducenegative
genderportrayalsonscreen.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleaddressesdifferentstereotypesforwomen,especiallyintermsofnumbers.It
alsoexplainshowthelackofwomenevenshownonscreencanbefixedwithoutcompromising
astory'splot,thecharacters'growth,etcetera,etcetera,etcetera.Notonlythat,butthearticle
describeshowsimpleitistochangetheamountofstereotypesshownonscreen.Allofthesecan
helpmeinmyresearchbyshowingwhattolookintoinregardstoportrayals,aswellashow
theycanbeeliminated,ifnotreduced.

Article
McDonough,Katie.WeSawYourBoobscelebratesrapeonfilm.
Salon.
N.p.,26Feb.2013.
Web.8Dec.2015.
Summary
SethMacFarlane,whosecrudeandoftensexistand/orracisthumorgothimamajorityof
hisfame,performedasongatthe2013Oscars.Thissongreferencedavarietyofscenesin
differentfilmsinwhichtheaudiencewasexposedtoawoman'sbreasts.However,manyofthose
scenesweredepictionsofsexualassault,oritsaftermath.Whilethearticledescribesthescenes

aswellastheircontextinthefilms,manyofthewomenwerefoundtobebruisedandotherwise
injured.MacFarlanealsopokedfunatathenrecentincidentregardingScarlettJohansson'snude
photosbeingstolenfromherphoneandleaked.WhileJohanssonherselfinsistedthattherewas
nothinghumorousaboutthesituation,MacFarlaneclearlyfounditamusingifonlyforthe
inclusionofbreasts.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleappliestomyresearchbecauseitaddresseshowsomeofthepublic,ifnota
majority,mayviewwomenandtheirbodiesassomethingtobesexualizedregardlessofthe
circumstance.Whilesomemaybelieve,oratleasthopetobelieve,thatMacFarlanewasalonein
hispoorlycreatedjokes,thefactthatsimilarhumorwaswhatbroughthimtotheOscars'stage
andsupportedbydifferentindividualsshouldspeakforitself.BecauseofpeoplelikeMacFarlane
whocontinuouslyemphasizecertainideasandbeliefsregardinggender,especiallywomen,ideas
showninfilmmadetoportrayacertainaspectmayinsteadbetwistedtoprovideamessage
potentiallyoppositetoitsoriginal.

Article
Ebert,Roger.TheAccused.
RogerEbert
.N.p.,14Oct.1988.Web.8Dec.2015.
Summary
Thisarticleisamoviereviewofthe1988film
TheAccused
.Inthisarticle,theauthor
summarizedtheeventsofthefilmandhowitaddressesrapeandrapevictims.Thefilmitself
beginsbyshowingtheprotagonistaftershewasraped.Showingamajorityoftheactualraping

viaflashbacks,thefilmarguesthatawoman'sbehaviorshouldnothaveanyinfluenceon
whetherornotheropinionsshouldbeheard.Italsoconsiderstheresponsibilityofbystanders,as
therewereseveralpassivebystanderspresentandfullyawarewhentheprotagonist'sraping
occurred.Asitwasanextremelybrutalraping,thearticlequestionswhetherornotthefilmmay
addresstomenwhatwomenknowsexualharassmentisviolence.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisappliestomyresearchbecauseitaddressesfilmspecifically,andhowitsportrayals
ofdifferentsubjectmattersmayinfluenceitsaudience.Byusingsomeone'sreviewofthisfilm,I
canbetterunderstandafilm'sdirectimpactonspecific,morematureindividuals.Iamalsoable
toseehowthewayfilmmayaddressdifferentsubjectsmayinfluencehowtheyalsoshow
genderinrelationtothem.

Article
Chew,CassieM.GeenaDavis:TooManyWomenServeasEyeCandyOnscreen.
TheWrap
.
N.p.,23May2011.Web.8Dec.2015.
Summary
ThisarticletalksabouttheactressGeenaDavis,whofoundedtheGeenaDavisInstitute
onGenderinMedia.Theinstitute'sresearchthusfarhasconcludedthattherearemanyreasons
foralackoffemalecharactersinfilm.Forexample,there'sapositivemalemarketforce,
whereasthere'salsoanegativefemalemarketforce.Otherinfluences,suchasthemale
dominatedindustryandthemaletargetaudience,affectwomen'sportrayalinfilmintermsof

sheernumbers.Additionally,aresistancetofemalestories,aswellasourmodernculture,tendto
influencefemalesinfilm.Davisalsoaddressedhowthosefemalecharacterswhodoappearon
screenareoftenincrediblystereotypicalinthattheyaretypicallybeautifulandconformto
society'sstandardsofbeauty.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleappliestomyresearchbecauseittalksaboutfilmingeneral,andfemales
portrayedinthem.Itdescribeshowmalestendtooutnumberfemales,andthosemalesareoften
opposedtobringingbalancetothefilmindustry,bothonandoffscreen.Plus,thisarticletalks
aboutwomen'sportrayals.Becausetheirappearanceinfilmsingeneralisoftenquitelimited,to
havesuchastereotypicalportrayalforthefewtimeswhentheyareshownmaycreateaneven
strongerinfluenceandeffect.

Article
BlaszczakBoxe,Agata."MasculineBoysAndFeminineGirlsAreMoreLikelyToEngageIn
CancerCausingBehavior,StudyFinds."
HuffPostWomen
.HuffingtonPost,17Apr.
2014.Web.14Dec.2015.
Summary
ThisarticledescribesastudypublishedinJournalofAdolescentHealth.Inthisstudy,
about9,500malesandfemales,aged9to14yearsold,wereobservedfrom1996to2014.The
studyreportedthatgirlswhoconsideredthemselvesfemininewere32%morelikelytouse
tanningbedsand16%lesslikelytoexerciseandbephysicallyactive.Boyswhoconsidered

themselvestobemasculinewerealso80%morelikelytochewtobaccoand55%morelikelyto
smokecigars.Theseactivities,aswellastheuseofcigarettes,areconsideredtobringariskof
cancerandpotentialserioushealthissues.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleappliestomyresearchbecauseitaddressestheeffectofstereotypicalgender
rolesonyouth,aswellashowstereotypicalfeminineandmasculinebehaviormayimpose
standardsonmodernyouth.Theideasofcertaintypesofactionsandbehaviorbeingspecifically
masculineorfemininemaybeshownviaadvertisements,asthestudysuggestedasaspecific
source,andmayalsobeasaresultofreiteratedidealsalsoshownanddisplayedinothermedia,
suchasfilmandtelevision.ConsideringhowIamresearchgenderportrayalsinfilm,thisarticle
supportstheideaofhowmediaaffectschildrenandteenagers.

Article
Solomon,Barbara.AvoidingGenderStereotypes.
Parents
.N.p.,n.d.Web.14Dec.2015.
Summary

Thisarticleaddresseshowkidsunderstandgenderandhowparentscanhelptobreak
stereotypes.Childrenreceiverepetitivemessagesongenderessentiallysincebirth,andgender
stereotypesarepresentedalmostasearlyastheideaofgenderisitself.Additionally,
stereotypicalbehaviorforeithergendercanbeseenasearlyaspreschool,wheregirlsplay
dressuporactasmothersandplayinkitchens,whereasboysmaymakebuildingsandtowers
outofblocksandknockstructuresoverwithtoytrucks,aswellasotheractionsthatputthemin

positionsofpower.Someparentsmayalsobereinforcingthesestereotypeswithoutrealizingit.
Tobreakthesestereotypes,parentscanencourageplaydatesoftheirkidswithmixedgendersas
wellasexpandtheiractivities,reinforcepositivebehaviorthatcanhelptogetridofstereotypes,
questiongendergeneralizationsandencouragechildrentodothesame,andforparentsto
understandtheirownopinionsandbiaswhenitcomestogender.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleappliestomyresearchbecauseitdescribesgenderportrayals,butfocuses
primarilyonchildren.Italsoaddressespotentialactionsthatparentscantaketoavoid
perpetuatinggenderstereotypes,andincludingtheendorsementofpositivebehavior,thetypesof
filmsandstereotypesthereinmayalsobeincluded.Forinstance,parentsmayavoidshowing
theirchildrenwithmorestereotypicalportrayalsofgender,andinsteadexposethemtomore
equalfilmsinordertoreinforcepositiveidealsandbehavior.

Article
GenderIdentityDevelopmentinChildren.
HealthyChildren
.AmericanAcademyof
Pediatrics,
n.d.Web.14Dec.2015.
Summary
Thisarticledescribeshowgenderidentitiesdevelopinchildrenbetweenvariousyearsof
theirearlylife.Forinstance,bythetimetheyreachtwoyearsofage,mostchildrencantellthe
physicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.Bythetimetheyreach3,theyareableto

determineiftoysarespecifiedforboysorgirls,andbythetimethey're4yearsold,theyhavea
senseandgeneralideaofgenderrolebehavior,orhoweithermalesorfemalesaresupposedto
act.Thearticlealsotalksaboutwhatparentscandotohelpreinforcepositivegenderidentities.It
alsoaddresseshowchildrenmayexpresstheirowngenderidentity,suchasviatheirappearance,
preferrednameornickname,ifany,toysandgamestheyprefer,generalsocialbehavior,and
theirsocialrelationships,includingthegenderoftheirfriends.Thearticlealsodescribesgender
stereotypes,andhowtheymayhavechangedovertimetoperhapsbemorepositiveinsome
ways,buttostillbeagenderidentityandsetofstereotypicaltraits.

ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticleappliestomyresearchbecauseitaddresseshowchildrenwillnotonlybe
affectedbygenderportrayals,buthowtheywill,inturn,takethosestereotypesandhavetheir
ownpersonalgenderidentity.Thisgenderidentitytheninfluenceshowthechildmaylateron
continuethroughtheirlifeandperpetuatedifferentideasongender.Thismayleadtothem
perpetuatingtheirownideasontotheindividualsaroundthem.