Ch17HW

Due:11:59pmonTuesday,September8,2015
Tounderstandhowpointsareawarded,readtheGradingPolicyforthisassignment.

HeatRadiatedbyaPerson
Inthisproblemyouwillconsiderthebalanceofthermalenergyradiatedandabsorbedbyaperson.
Assumethatthepersoniswearingonlyaskimpybathingsuitofnegligiblearea.Asaroughapproximation,theareaofa
humanbodymaybeconsideredtobethatofthesidesofacylinderoflengthL = 2.0 mandcircumference
C = 0.8 m.
FortheStefanBoltzmannconstantuse

= 5.67 10

W/m

/K

PartA
IfthesurfacetemperatureoftheskinistakentobeT body
describedintheintroductionradiate?
Taketheemissivitytobee

,howmuchthermalpowerP rb doesthebody

= 30 C

= 0.6

Expressthepowerradiatedintotheroombythebodynumerically,roundedtothenearest10W.

Hint1.Areaofperson
FindtheareaA oftheperson,ignoringtheendsofthecylinderthatrepresentstheperson'sarea.
ExpresstheareaintermsofL,C ,andanyconstants.
ANSWER:
A

LC

Hint2.Symbolicexpression
FindP rb ,thetotalpowerradiatedintotheroombythebodyoftheperson.
ExpressthetotalpowerradiatedintermsoftheStefanBoltzmannconstant,thebodyareaA ,the
bodytemperatureT body ,andtheemissivitye .
ANSWER:
P rb

eAT body

ANSWER:
P rb

= 460 W

Correct
Typesettingmath:38%

PartB
Thebasalmetabolismofahumanadultisthetotalrateofenergyproductionwhenapersonisnotperforming
significantphysicalactivity.Ithasavaluearound125W,mostofwhichislostbyheatconductiontothesurrounding
airandespeciallytotheexhaledairthatwaswarmedwhileinsidethelungs.Giventhisenergyproductionrate,it
wouldseemimpossibleforahumanbodytoradiate460Wasyoucalculatedinthepreviouspart.
Whichofthefollowingalternativesseemstobestexplainthisconundrum?
ANSWER:
Thehumanbodyisquitereflectiveintheinfraredpartofthespectrum(whereitradiates)soe isinfact
lessthan0.1.
Thesurroundingroomisnearthetemperatureofthebodyandradiatesnearlythesamepowerintothe
body.

Correct
Thehumanbodycontainssignificantamountsofwaterandorganiccompounds.Thesetypicallyhavemany
absorptionbandsintheinfraredpartofthespectrumwhereroomtemperatureobjectsradiatethermalenergy.
Consequently,humanskinhasahighemissivityinthispartofthespectrumregardlessoftheemissivityofthe
skininthevisiblepartofthespectrum.

PartC
NowcalculateP br ,thethermalpowerabsorbedbythepersonfromthethermalradiationfieldintheroom,whichis
assumedtobeatT room = 20 C.Ifyoudonotunderstandtheroleplayedbytheemissivitiesofroomandperson,
besuretoopenthehintonthattopic.
Expressthethermalpowernumerically,givingyouranswertothenearest10W.

Hint1.Roleofemissivities
Theemissivitye isthecomplementofthereflectivity.Thepowerincidentonthepersonispartlyabsorbed
andpartlyreflected.Thefractionabsorbedisproportionaltotheemissivityofthepersonandthusisless
thanorequaltothethermalpowerstrikingthepersonbytheamountofthispowerthatisreflected.
Becausetheroomisclosed,noallowancehastobemadeforitsemissivity.Iftheroomhasanemissivityof
0.7,thenwhenyoulookatthewall(withaninfraredviewer)0.7ofwhatyouseeisthepowerradiatedbythat
spotonthewalltheremaining0.3ofwhatyouseeiswhatisreflectedbythewall.Butinaclosedcontainer
likearoom,thisreflectionissimplyanotherpartofthewall(sincetheroomisclosed).Beingatthesame
temperature,thisotherpartofthewallradiatespoweratthesamerateasthespotyouarelookingat.When
alltheemissionsandreflectionsareaddedtogether,theneteffectisthattheradiationfromanypartofthe
wallhasthesametotalthermalpowerasifitwereperfectlyblack.Thisaccountsfortheremarkablefactthat
thethermalradiationfieldinanyclosedcavityisindependentofthematerialofthecavityanddependsonly
onthetemperature.
Suchradiationiscalledcavityradiationorblackbodyradiation.Thefactthattheintensityateachcolor
dependedonlyonthetemperaturewassostrikingtophysiciststhattheexplanationofthisphenomenom
wasassiduouslystudieduntilitunlockedthekeytoquantummechanicsandrevealedafundamental
quantumofnature:Planck'sconstanth .
Agoodexampleofthisisakiln.Justafterapartisplacedinakiln,theheatersaremuchhotterthanthecool
part,andthepartisvisiblethroughthepeephole.Asthermalequilibriumisreachedeverythingglowsa

uniformredororange,andthepartdisappearsintothebackgroundcolor,becomminginvisible.

Hint2.Areaofperson
FindtheareaA oftheperson.
ExpresstheareaintermsofL,C ,andanyconstants.
ANSWER:
A

LC

Hint3.Symbolicexpression
FindP br ,thetotalpowerabsorbedbytheperson.
ExpressyouranswerintermsoftheStefanBoltzmannconstant,thebodyareaA ,theroom
temperatureT room ,andtheemissivitye .
ANSWER:
P br

eAT room

ANSWER:
P br

= 400 W

Correct

PartD
FindP net ,thenetpowerradiatedbythepersonwheninaroomwithtemperatureT room
Expressthenetradiatedpowernumerically,tothenearest10W.

Hint1.Howtosetuptheproblem
Thenetpowerradiatedissimplythepowerradiatedminusthepowerabsorbed.
ANSWER:
P net

= 60 W

= 20 C

Correct
Thisnetthermalpowerradiatedislessthanhalfofthebasalmetabolicrate.Underthesecircumstancesa
personwouldfeelcool,butnotcold(ifweneglectlossofheatbyconduction).However,ifthesurrounding
temperatureismuchcoolerthanthis,thenetradiativelosswillbecomeasignificantlossmechanismforbody
heat.Thisexplainswhylightweightsurvivalblanketshaveashinyside:Thelowemissivitydramatically
reducesradiativeheatloss(andtheairtrappedbetweenblanketandbodyreducesheatlossbyconduction).

Exercise17.6
ConvertthefollowingKelvintemperaturestotheCelsiusandFahrenheitscales.

PartA
Themiddaytemperatureatthesurfaceofthemoon(400K ).
ANSWER:
T

= 127 C

Correct

PartB
Themiddaytemperatureatthesurfaceofthemoon(400K ).
ANSWER:
T

= 260 F

Correct

PartC
ThetemperatureatthetopsofthecloudsintheatmosphereofSaturn(95K ).
ANSWER:
T

= 178 C

Correct

PartD
K

ThetemperatureatthetopsofthecloudsintheatmosphereofSaturn(95K ).
ANSWER:
T

= 289 F

Correct

PartE
Thetemperatureatthecenterofthesun(1.55 107 K) .
ANSWER:
T

= 1.55107 C

Correct

PartF
Thetemperatureatthecenterofthesun(1.55 107 K) .
ANSWER:
T

= 2.79107 F

Correct

RankineTemperatureScale
LiketheKelvinscale,theRankinescaleisanabsolutetemperaturescale:AbsolutezeroiszerodegreesRankine(0

R).However,theunitsofthisscalearethesamesizeasthoseontheFahrenheitscale( F )ratherthantheCelsius

scale( C).

PartA
Giventhatwateratstandardpressurefreezesat0 C,whichcorrespondsto32 F ,andthatitboilsat100 C,
whichcorrespondsto212 F ,calculatethetemperaturedifferenceT indegreesFahrenheitthatcorrespondstoa
temperaturedifferenceof1K ontheKelvinscale.
Giveyouranswertotwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.RelationofCelsiusandKelvintemperaturescales
Atemperatureincreaseofonekelvincorrespondstoatemperatureincreaseofonedegreealsoonthe
Celsiusscale.TheKelvintemperaturescaleandtheCelsiustemperaturescaledifferonlyintheirzeropoint.

ANSWER:
= 1.8 F

T = 1 K

Correct

PartB
WhatisthenumericalvalueofthetriplepointtemperatureT triple ofwaterontheRankinescale?
Giveyouranswertothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Triplepointtemperature
OntheKelvintemperaturescale,waterfreezesandcoexistsinthreephases(solid,liquid,andvapor)at
273.16K atstandardpressure.Thistemperatureisknownasthetriplepoint.
ANSWER:
T triple

= 492 R

Correct

Exercise17.18
Asteeltankiscompletelyfilledwith2.50m 3 ofethanolwhenboththetankandtheethanolareatatemperatureof35.0

C .

PartA
Whenthetankanditscontentshavecooledto16.0 C,whatadditionalvolumeofethanolcanbeputintothe
tank?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
V

= 3.4102 m 3

Correct

HotRods

Twocircularrods,bothoflengthLandhavingthesamediameter,areplacedendtoendbetweenrigidsupportswithno
initialstressintherods.
ThecoefficientoflinearexpansionandYoung'smodulusforrodAare A andY A respectivelythoseforrodBare B
andY B respectively.Bothrodsare"normal"materialswith > 0.
ThetemperatureoftherodsisnowraisedbyT .

PartA
Aftertherodshavebeenheated,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
Choosethebestanswer.
ANSWER:
ThelengthofeachrodisstillL.
Thelengthofeachrodchangesbutthecombinedlengthoftherodsisstill2L.

Correct
Thelengthofthecombinedrodremainsthesame,butbecausetherodshavedifferentexpansioncoefficients,
thelengthsoftheindividualrodschange.Inotherwords,LA + LB = 0eventhoughLA 0and
LB 0 .

PartB
Aftertherodshavebeenheated,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
Choosethebestanswer.
ANSWER:
Thestressineachrodremainszero.
Acompressivestressarisesthatisthesameforbothrods.
Acompressivestressarisesthatisdifferentforthetworods.
Atensilestressarisesthatisthesameforbothrods.
Atensilestressarisesthatisdifferentforthetworods.
Acompressivestressarisesinonerodandatensilestressarisesintheotherrod.

Correct
Stressisaforceperunitarea.ByNewton's3rdlaw,theforceonrodAduetorodBisthesameasthatonrod
BduetorodA.Sincetherodshavethesamediameter,theircrosssectionalareaisthesame.Therefore,the
stressoneachrodmustbethesame.

PartC
WhatisthestressF /Aintherodsafterheating?
Y

Expressthestressintermsof A , B ,Y A ,Y B ,andT .

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Youknowthatthelengthofthetworodsremainsequalto2Lduringtheheatingprocess.Findthechangein
lengthofeachrodasafunctionofthestressontherods,thensetthetotalchangeinlengthtozeroand
solveforthestress.

Hint2.Changeinlengthforeachrod
Thechangeinlengthforeachrodisduetoboththermalaswellascompressivestresses.The
correspondingformulasare
Lthermal = LT

and

L compressive

stress

Thesumgivesthenetchangeinlengthforeachrod.

=L

F
AY

ANSWER:

F
A

( A + B )T
1
Y
A

1
Y
B

Correct
Anotherwayofthinkingaboutthisisthatthecombinationofrodshasanetthermalexpansioncoefficient
andanetYoung'smodulusgivenby

= 1 + 2

Y =

Y1Y2
Y 1 +Y 2

VideoTutor:HeatingWaterandAluminum
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatany
point.

PartA
Supposethatwereplacethealuminumwithamysterymetalandrepeattheexperimentinthevideo.Asinthe
video,themassofthemetalisthesameasthatofthewater.Roomtemperatureisabout20 Cbeforethestartof
theexperiment.Thewaterheatsupto40 C,andthemysterymetalheatsupto80 C.Comparedtothatofwater,
theheatcapacityofourmysterymetalis

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
RecallthattheheatQ deliveredtoasubstancecanbewrittenQ =mcT ,wherem isthemassofthe
substanceandcisitsheatcapacity.
ANSWER:
halfasgreat.
threetimesgreater.
onethirdasgreat.
twotimesgreater.
thesame.

Correct
Giventhesameinputofenergy,thetemperatureofthemetalincreasedthreetimesasmuchasthe
temperatureofthewater.Therefore,themetalhasonethirdtheheatcapacityofwater.(RecallthattheheatQ
deliveredtoasubstancecanbewrittenQ =mcT ,wherem isthemassofthesubstanceandcisitsheat
capacity.)

Exercise17.27
Analuminumteakettlewithmass1.55kgandcontaining1.70kgofwaterisplacedonastove.

PartA
Ifnoheatislosttothesurroundings,howmuchheatmustbeaddedtoraisethetemperaturefrom21.0 Cto80.0

ANSWER:
Q

= 5.03105 J

AnswerRequested

ThermalEnergyfromFrictiononaRope
Acapstanisarotatingdrumorcylinderoverwhicharopeorcordslidestoprovideagreatamplificationoftherope's
tensionwhilekeepingbothendsfree.Sincetheadded
tensionintheropeisduetofriction,thecapstangenerates
thermalenergy.

PartA
Ifthedifferenceintension(T 0 T )betweenthetwoendsoftheropeis520 N andthecapstanhasadiameter
of10.0 cm andturnsoncein0.90\{\rms},findtherate\texttip{P_{\rmthermal}}{P_thermal}atwhichthermal
energyisbeinggenerated.
Giveanumericalanswer,inwatts,roundedtothenearest10W.

Hint1.Torqueappliedtotherope
Inthiscase,thecontactforcebetweenthecapstanandtheropeisnotlocalizedatasinglepointbutis
distributedalongtherope.(Thisismorerealisticthanassumingthatforcesactatasinglepoint.)However,
wecanstillsaythatthenettorqueistheproductofthedifferencebetweenthetensions(T_0T')andthe
radius.(Findinganumericalvalueforthistorquecancertainlybedoneasanintermediatecalculation,butit
doesn'thelpmuchinreachingtheanswer.)

Hint2.Powerduetothetorque
Ifyou'vefoundthetorque,eithersymbolicallyornumerically,thepowerisgivenbyP=\tau\omega,where
\omega=2\pi/t_0,with\texttip{t_{\rm0}}{t_0}asthetimeforonerevolutionofthecapstan.

Hint3.Powerfromforce

Weshouldbeabletofindthepowerastheproductofaforceandarelativespeed,andofcoursewecan.
ThenetforceontheropeisT_0T'andtherelativespeedisthecircumferenceofthecapstandividedbythe
periodofthecapstan'srotation.

Hint4.Howbothmethodsworkequallywell
Ifyou'vedonethisproblemsymbolicallyusingtorques,you'vefoundthat
P_{\rmthermal}=\tau\omega=(Fr)\left({2\pi\overt_0}\right)={2\pir\left(T_0T'\right)\overt_0}\.
Ifyou'vedonethisproblemsymbolicallyusingforces,you'vefoundthat
P_{\rmthermal}=Fv=\left(T_0T'\right){2\pir\overt_0}.
Thefactthattheseexpressionsarethesameshouldnotbesurprising.
ANSWER:
\texttip{P_{\rmthermal}}{P_thermal}= 180 W

Correct
Theanswerdoesnotdependonthenumberofturns,onlyonthedifferenceintensions!Alargernumberof
turnsmightwellcreatealargertensiondifference,butoncethisdifferencehasbeenachieved,theworkdone
perrotationofthecapstanwillnotdependonthenumberofturns.

PartB
Ifthecapstanismadeofiron(withaspecificheatcapacityC_{\rmiron}=470\{\rmJ/(kg}\cdot^\circ{\rmC})andhas
amassof6.00\{\rmkg},atwhatrated\Theta/dtdoesitstemperaturerise?Assumethatthetemperatureinthe
capstanisuniformandthatallthethermalenergygeneratedflowsintoit.
Notethat\texttip{\Theta}{Theta}isatemperature.
Giveanumericalanswer,indegreesCelsiuspersecond,roundedtotwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.Usethechainrule
InPartA,youfoundtherateatwhichheatisaddedtothecapstan.Thisaddedheatwillofcoursecausea
temperaturerise,andthisrateoftemperaturerisewillbeproportionalto\texttip{P_{\rmthermal}}{P_thermal},
theproportionalitybeingthereciprocaloftheheatcapacity.Symbolically,
P_{\rmthermal}={dQ\overdt}={dQ\overd\Theta}{d\Theta\overdt}=(mC){d\Theta\overdt},
where\texttip{C}{C}isthespecificheatcapacity,sothat
{d\Theta\overdt}={P_{\rmthermal}\overmC}.
ANSWER:
{d\Theta\overdt}= 0.064 ^\circ{\rmC/s}

Correct

VideoTutor:WaterBalloonHeldoverCandleFlame
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.

PartA
Whichofthefollowingchangeswouldmakethewaterballoonmorelikelytopop?(Ignoreeffectsofconvection
withinthefluid.)
Selectallthatapply.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem.
Recallthatinthevideo,thewaterballoondidnotpopbecausemostofthecandle'sthermalenergywentinto
heatingthewater.Let'sthinkabouttheprocessinmoredetail.
Thehighheatcapacityofwatermeansthatthewaterintheballoonwarmedonlyslowly.(Recallthatthe
higherasubstance'sheatcapacity,thelessthesubstance'stemperaturewillriseinresponsetoagiven
inputofheat.)Contactwiththisrelativelycoolwaterkepttheballoon'sthinrubberskinfromgettinghot
enoughtomelt.
Rubberconductsheatmoreslowlythanwater.Ifyoumaketherubberskinofawaterballoonthicker,willthe
skinbemorelikelyorlesslikelytomelt?Thinkabouttheconductionofheatacrosstheskinbetweenthehot
sidefacingthecandleandthecoolersideincontactwithwater.
ANSWER:
Usealiquidthathasalowerheatcapacitythanwater.
Useathinnerballoon.
Useathickerballoon.
Usealiquidthathasahigherheatcapacitythanwater.

Correct
Usingaliquidwithalowerheatcapacitythanwatermeansthatthecandleflamewillraisetheliquid's
temperaturemorequicklythanforwater.Athickerballoonwillconductheatthroughtotheliquidmoreslowly,
sothattheouterpartoftheballoonwallwillheatupmorequicklytoitsmeltingpoint.

Exercise17.41
Acopperpotwithamassof0.500{\rm{\rmkg}}contains0.170{\rm{\rmkg}}ofwater,andbothareatatemperatureof
20.0{\rm^\circC}.A0.250{\rm{\rmkg}}blockofironat85.0{\rm^\circC}isdroppedintothepot.

PartA
Findthefinaltemperatureofthesystem,assumingnoheatlosstothesurroundings.
ANSWER:
T= 27.5 {\rm^\circC}

Correct

Steamvs.HotWaterBurns
Justabouteveryoneatonetimeoranotherhasbeenburnedbyhotwaterorsteam.Thisproblemcomparestheheat
inputtoyourskinfromsteamasopposedtohotwateratthesametemperature.
Assumethatwaterandsteam,initiallyat100^\circ{\rmC},arecooleddowntoskintemperature,34^\circ{\rmC},when
theycomeincontactwithyourskin.Assumethatthesteamcondensesextremelyfast.Wewillfurtherassumea
constantspecificheatcapacityc=4190\{\rmJ/(kg\cdotK)}forbothliquidwaterandsteam.

PartA
Undertheseconditions,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
ANSWER:
Steamburnstheskinworsethanhotwaterbecausethethermalconductivityofsteamismuchhigherthan
thatofliquidwater.
Steamburnstheskinworsethanhotwaterbecausethelatentheatofvaporizationisreleasedaswell.
Hotwaterburnstheskinworsethansteambecausethethermalconductivityofhotwaterismuchhigher
thanthatofsteam.
Hotwaterandsteambothburnskinaboutequallybadly.

Correct
Thekeypointisthatthelatentheatofvaporizationhastobetakenintoaccountforthesteam.

PartB
Howmuchheat\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}istransferredtotheskinby25.0{\rmg}ofsteamontotheskin?Thelatent
heatofvaporizationforsteamisL=2.256\times10^6\{\rmJ/kg}.
Expresstheheattransferred,injoules,tothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Determinetheheattransferredfromsteamtoskin
Findanexpressionfortheheat\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}transferredfromthevaportotheskin.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{c}{c},themassofsteam\texttip{m}{m},thelatentheatof
vaporization\texttip{L}{L},andthetemperaturedifference\texttip{\DeltaT}{DeltaT}betweenthe
initialtemperatureofthesteamandtheskintemperature.
ANSWER:
\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}= m\left(c{\Delta{T}}+L\right)

ANSWER:
\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}= 6.33104 {\rmJ}

Correct
Hereweassumedthattheskincontinuestoremainat34^{\circ}{\rmC}.Actuallythelocaltemperatureinthe
areawherethesteamcondensescanberaisedquitesignificantly.

PartC
Howmuchheat\texttip{H_{\rm2}}{H_2}istransferredby25.0{\rmg}ofwaterontotheskin?Tocomparethistothe
resultinthepreviouspart,continuetoassumethattheskintemperaturedoesnotchange.
Expresstheheattransferred,injoules,tothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Determinetheheattransferredfromwatertoskin
Findanexpressionfortheheat\texttip{H_{\rm2}}{H_2}transferredfromthehotwatertotheskin.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{c}{c},themassofwater\texttip{m}{m},andthetemperature
difference\texttip{\DeltaT}{DeltaT}betweentheinitialtemperatureofthewaterandtheskin
temperature.
ANSWER:

\texttip{H_{\rm2}}{H_2}= mc{\Delta{T}}

ANSWER:
\texttip{H_{\rm2}}{H_2}= 6910 {\rmJ}

Correct
Theamountofheattransferredtoyourskinisalmost10timesgreaterwhenyouareburnedbysteamversus
hotwater.Thetemperatureofsteamcanalsopotentiallybemuchgreaterthan100^\circ{\rmC}.Forthese
reasons,steamburnsareoftenfarmoreseverethanhotwaterburns.

AnElectricWaterHeater
Anengineerisdevelopinganelectricwaterheatertoprovideacontinuous("ondemand")supplyofhotwater.Onetrial
designisshowninthefigure.Waterisflowingattherate
\texttip{F}{F},theinletthermometerregisters\texttip{T_{\rm
1}}{T_1},thevoltmeterreads\texttip{V}{V},andtheammeter
readscurrent\texttip{I}{I}.Thenthepower(i.e.,theheat
generatedperunittimebytheheatingelement)isVI.
Assumethattheheatcapacityofwateris\texttip{C}{C}and
thattheheatcapacityoftheheaterapparatusis
\texttip{C_{\rmh}}{C_h}.

PartA
Whenasteadystateisfinallyreached,whatisthetemperaturereading\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2}oftheoutlet
thermometer?
Expresstheoutlettemperatureintermsof\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1},\texttip{F}{F},\texttip{C}{C},andany
othergivenquantities.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Determinetheamountofheatinputperunitmassofwaterthatflowsthroughtheheater.Thenusethe
definitionofheatcapacitytocomputehowmuchthetemperatureofaunitmassofwaterwillincreasefora
givenquantityofheat.Combinethesetwocalculationstodeterminetheincreaseintemperatureofthewater
asitflowsthroughtheheater.

Hint2.Findheatinputperunitmassofwater
Howmuchheat\texttip{Q}{Q}isdeliveredbytheresistorperunitmass\texttip{m}{m}ofwaterflowing
throughtheheater?
Expresstheheatperunitmassintermsofquanititiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.

Hint1.Whatrelationshipsareinvolved
Thepower\texttip{P}{P}dissipatedintheresistorisequaltotheenergydissipatedperunittime.The
flowrate\texttip{F}{F}isequaltothemassofthewaterthatflowsthroughtheheaterperunittime.
Thus,ifalloftheenergydissipatedbytheresistorgoesintoheatingthewater,then
\large{\frac{P}{F}=\frac{\frac{\mbox{heat}}{\mbox{time}}}{\frac{\mbox{mass}}
{\mbox{time}}}=\frac{\mbox{heat}}{\mbox{mass}}}.

Hint2.Electricalpower
Theelectricalpowerdisspatedinadeviceisgivenbytheproductofthevoltageandthecurrent:
P=VI.
ANSWER:
Q/m= \large{\frac{VI}{F}}

Hint3.Findthechangeinwatertemperature
Ifanamountofheat\texttip{Q}{Q}isaddeduniformlytoasubstanceofmass\texttip{m}{m}andheat
capacity\texttip{C}{C},byhowmuchwillthetemperatureofthatsubstanceincrease?
Expressthetemperatureincrease\texttip{\DeltaT}{DeltaT}intermsof\texttip{Q}{Q},\texttip{m}{m},
and\texttip{C}{C}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\DeltaT}{DeltaT}= \large{\frac{Q}{m}\frac{1}{C}}

ANSWER:
\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2}= \large{\frac{VI}{FC}+T_{1}}

Correct

PartB
Whyisitunnecessarytotakeintoaccounttheheatcapacityoftheapparatusitself?
Choosethebestexplanation.
ANSWER:

Insteadystatethetemperatureoftheapparatusdoesn'tchange.Henceitsheatcapacityisirrelevant.
Theheatcapacityofanyofthematerialsusedinawaterheaterismuchsmallerthanthatofwater.
Sincetheactualheatingunitisimmersedintheflowalltheheatgoesdirectlyintothewater.

Correct
ImaginethattheinputtemperatureofthewaterisT_1=18^\circ{\rmC},theammeterreadsI=15.0\{\rmA},the
voltmeterreadsV=120\{\rmV},andtheflowrateisF=0.500\{\rmkg/min}.TheheatcapacityofwaterC=4200\{\rm
J/(kg\cdotK)}.

PartC
Whatisthepower\texttip{P}{P}atwhichtheheateroperates?
Expressyouranswernumerically,inwatts.

Hint1.Electricalpower
Theelectricalpowerdisspatedinadeviceisgivenbytheproductofthevoltageandthecurrent:
P=VI.
ANSWER:
\texttip{P}{P}= 1800 W

Correct
Thisisalarge,butreasonable,powerrequirementforahouseholdappliance.

PartD
Calculatethetemperature\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2}ofthewaterleavingtheheater.Notethat\texttip{F}{F}isdefined
asthenumberofkilogramsofwaterflowingthroughtheheaterperminute,whereasthepowerismeasuredinwatts
(joules/second).
Expressyouranswernumerically,indegreesCelsius,tothenearestinteger.
ANSWER:
\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2}= 69 ^\circC

Correct

PartE

Considerusingthisheatertogenerate"ondemand"hotwaterforahomeshower.Theinputwatertemperature
(duringthewinter)canbeaslowasT_1=5.00^\circ{\rmC}andtheoutputtemperatureshouldbeatleast
T_2=40.0^\circ{\rmC}foramoderatelywarmshower.AssumeaconservativeflowrateofF=8.00\{\rmkg/min}
(correspondingtoabout2.5gallonsperminute).
IftheheateristooperateonaUSstandardV=120\{\rmV}wallplug,howmuchcurrent\texttip{I}{I}woulditneed
todrawtomeetthedesignrequirements?
Expressthecurrentnumerically,inamperes,tothenearestinteger.
ANSWER:
\texttip{I}{I}= 163 A

Correct
163Aisatremendousamountofcurrentforahomeappliance.MosthomesintheUnitedStatesarewiredfor
amaximumof200Afortheentirehouse,andonly20Aonanyparticularoutlet.Fortheelectricheatertomeet
themodestdesignrequirementsgiven,itwouldconsumealmost20kWofpower!
Forthisreason,most"ondemand"waterheatersgenerateheatbyburningafuelsuchaspropane,ratherthan
usingelectricity.

Exercise17.71
Apicturewindowhasdimensionsof1.40{\rmm}\times2.50{\rmm}andismadeofglass5.60{\rm{\rmmm}}thick.On
awinterday,theoutsidetemperatureis17.0{\rm{\rm^\circC}},whiletheinsidetemperatureisacomfortable20.5
{\rm{\rm^\circC}}.

PartA
Atwhatrateisheatbeinglostthroughthewindowbyconduction?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
H= 1.88104 {\rmW}

Correct

PartB
Atwhatratewouldheatbelostthroughthewindowifyoucovereditwitha0.750{\rmmm}thicklayerofpaper
(thermalconductivity0.0500{\rmW/m\cdotK})?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:

H= 5970 {\rmW}

Correct

HeatFlowthroughThreeRods
ThreeidenticalrodsareweldedtogethertoformaYshapedfigure.Thecrosssectionalareaofeachrodis\texttip{A}
{A},andtheyhavelength\texttip{L}{L}andthermalconductivity\texttip{k}{k}.
Thefreeendofrod1ismaintainedat\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}
andthefreeendsofrods2and3aremaintainedatalower
temperature\texttip{T_{\rm0}}{T_0}.Youmayassumethat
thereisnoheatlossfromthesurfacesoftherods.

PartA
Whatis\texttip{T_{\rmj}}{T_j},thetemperatureofthejunctionpoint?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}and\texttip{T_{\rm0}}{T_0}.

Hint1.Findarelationshipamongtheheatcurrents
Heatisflowingfromthefreeendofrod1tothefreeendsofrods2and3,breakingintotwoflowsatthe
junctionpoint.Whatistherelationshipbetweentheheatcurrentinrod1(\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1})tothe
heatcurrentsinrods2and3(\texttip{H_{\rm2}}{H_2}and\texttip{H_{\rm3}}{H_3}respectively)?
Express\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}intermsof\texttip{H_{\rm2}}{H_2}and\texttip{H_{\rm3}}{H_3}.

Hint1.Useananalogytoelectriccurrents
Ifyouarefamiliarwithelectricalcurrent,youcansolvethisproblembyusingtheanalogofKirchoff's
junctionrule,whichstatesthatthealgebraicsumofthecurrentsintoanyjunctioniszero(anycurrent
leavingthejunctionmustbesubtractedfromthetotal).Similarly,insteadystate,thealgebraicsumof
allheatcurrentsintoajunctioniszero(anyheatcurrentleavingthejunctionmustbesubtractedfrom
thetotal).
ANSWER:

\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}= H_{2}+H_{3}

Hint2.Find\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}intermsofthejunctiontemperature
Now,ifyoucanfindexpressionsfortheheatcurrentsintherodsintermsoftheirphysicalpropertiesand
temperaturedifferenceacrossthem,youcansubstitutetheseintotheformulaH_1=H_2+H_3andsolve
algebraicallyfor\texttip{T_{\rmj}}{T_j}.
Deriveageneralexpressionfortheheatcurrentthroughrod1intermsofthetemperatureofthejunction,
\texttip{T_{\rmj}}{T_j},andotherquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
ANSWER:
\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}= \large{\frac{kA\left(T_{1}T_{j}\right)}{L}}

ANSWER:
\texttip{T_{\rmj}}{T_j}= \large{\frac{T_{1}+2T_{0}}{3}}

Correct
Thisisaweightedaverageofthetemperaturesatthetwoendsofthesystemandsoalwaysliesbetweenthem
asyouwouldexpect.Also,itiscloserto\texttip{T_{\rm0}}{T_0}thanto\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}.Thisis
becausetheheatcurrentinrods2and3separatelymustbelessthantheheatcurrentinrod1(sinceH_2+
H_3=H_1).

PartB
Whatistheheatcurrent\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}inrod1?
Expresstheheatcurrentintermsofanyorallof\texttip{k}{k},\texttip{L}{L},\texttip{A}{A},andthe
temperatures\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}and\texttip{T_{\rm0}}{T_0}.

Hint1.Determinethegeneralformulaforheatcurrent
Giventhedifferenceintemperaturebetweentheendsoftherod(\texttip{\DeltaT}{DeltaT}),therod's
thermalconductivity\texttip{k}{k},anditslength\texttip{L}{L}andcrosssectionalarea\texttip{A}{A},whatis
thegeneralformulafortheheatcurrent\texttip{H}{H}intherod?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{k}{k},\texttip{L}{L},\texttip{A}{A},and\texttip{\DeltaT}
{DeltaT}(typedasDeltaT).
ANSWER:
\texttip{H}{H}= \large{\frac{kA{\Delta{T}}}{L}}

Hint2.Findthetemperaturedifference
Whatisthetemperaturedifference\texttip{\DeltaT}{DeltaT}betweentheendsofrod1?

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}and\texttip{T_{\rm0}}{T_0}.Youranswer
shouldbepositive.

Hint1.UseyouranswertoPartA
Thetemperaturedifferencebetweentheendsofrod1is\DeltaT=T_1T_{\rmj}.Toexpressthisin
termsof\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}and\texttip{T_{\rm0}}{T_0},usetherelationshipyoufoundinPartA
ofthisproblem.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\DeltaT}{DeltaT}= \large{\frac{2}{3}\left(T_{1}T_{0}\right)}

ANSWER:
\texttip{H_{\rm1}}{H_1}= \large{{\frac{2}{3}}{\frac{kA}{L}}\left(T_{1}T_{0}\right)}

Correct
Thisisgreaterthantheheatcurrentduetoonly2rods.Youwouldexpectthistobethecasesincethe
effectivesurfaceareaisincreasedbyhavingathirdrod.Youcancheckthatifyouwantedtoremovethethird
rodwhilekeepingthesameheatcurrent,youmustincreasethecrosssectionalareaoftheremainingtworods
byafactorof1.33.

PartC
Bysymmetry,theheatcurrentinrods2and3willbethesame.Findthisheatcurrent.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{k}{k},\texttip{L}{L},\texttip{A}{A},andthetemperatures
\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}and\texttip{T_{\rm0}}{T_0}.

Hint1.Howtoapproachthisproblem
RecallthatH_1=H_2+H_3.Also,bysymmetry,H_2=H_3.Thisinformationissufficienttofind
\texttip{H_{\rm2}}{H_2}and\texttip{H_{\rm3}}{H_3}.
ANSWER:
H_2=H_3= \large{kA{\frac{T_{1}T_{0}}{3L}}}

Correct

Problem17.92

Youcoola110.0{\rmg}slugofredhotiron(temperature745{\rm^\circC})bydroppingitintoaninsulatedcupof
negligiblemasscontaining75.0{\rmg}ofwaterat20.0{\rm^\circC}.Assumenoheatexchangewiththesurroundings.

PartA
Whatisthefinaltemperatureofthewater?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
T_{\rmfinal}= 100 {\rm^\circC}

Correct

PartB
Whatisthefinalmassoftheironandtheremainingwater?
Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
m_{\rmfinal}= 181 {\rmg}

Correct

Problem17.104
Animalsincoldclimatesoftendependontwolayersofinsulation:alayerofbodyfat[ofthermalconductivity0.200{\rm
W/(m\cdotK)}]surroundedbyalayerofairtrappedinsidefurordown.Wecanmodelablackbear(Ursusamericanus)
asasphere1.60{\rm{\rmm}}indiameterhavingalayeroffat4.00{\rm{\rmcm}}thick.(Actually,thethicknessvaries
withtheseason,butweareinterestedinhibernation,whenthefatlayeristhickest.)Instudiesofbearhibernation,itwas
foundthattheoutersurfacelayerofthefurisat2.90{\rm^\circC}duringhibernation,whiletheinnersurfaceofthefat
layerisat30.9{\rm^\circC}.
Assumethesurfaceareaofeachlayerisconstantandgivenbythesurfaceareaofthesphericalmodelconstructedfor
theblackbear.

PartA
Whatshouldthetemperatureatthefatinnerfurboundarybesothatthebearlosesheatatarateof51.5{\rm{\rm
W}}?
ANSWER:
T= 29.6 {\rm^\circC}

Correct
Shouldyouberequiredtouseyouranswertothispartinasubsequentpart,useyourfullprecisionanswer,
onlyroundingasafinalstepbeforesubmittingyouranswer.

PartB
Howthickshouldtheairlayer(containedwithinthefur)besothatthebearlosesheatatarateof51.5{\rm{\rmW}}
?
ANSWER:
L_{\rmair}= 10.0 {\rmcm}

Correct
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