Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1-1
1 Aspen HYSYS
Refining Overview
1.1 Introduction to Aspen HYSYS Refining........................................... 2
1.2 Common Property Views ................................................................ 5
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-5
1-6
Assay Manipulator
Catalytic Reformer
FCC Reactor
Hydrocracker
Petroleum Column
Petroleum Feeder
Petroleum Yield Shift Reactor
Product Blender
Isomerization Unit Operation
HBED Reactor
Temperature
1-6
Pressure
1-7
Molar Volume
Mass Enthalpy
Mass Entropy
Molecular Weight
Molar Density
Mass Density
Watson K
Kinematic Viscosity
Cp/Cv
Thermal Conductivity
Liquid Fraction
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Specific Heat
Heat of Vap.
Z Factor
1-7
1-8
Adding Notes
To add a comment or information in the Notes page/tab:
1. Go to the Notes page/tab.
2. Use the options in the text editor toolbar to manipulate the
appearance of the notes.
The following table lists and describes the options available
in the text editor toolbar.
Object
Icon
Description
Font Type
Font Size
Font Colour
Bold
Italics
Underline
Align Left
Click this icon to left justify the text for the note.
Centre
Align Right
Click this icon to right justify the text for the note.
1-8
Object
Icon
1-9
Description
Bullets
Insert Object
Notes Manager
The Notes Manager lets you search for and manage notes for a
case.
To access the Notes Manager do one of the following:
1-9
1-10
Figure 1.2
Click the Plus
icon to expand
the tree
browser.
View/Add/Edit Notes
To view, add, or edit notes for an object, select the object in the
List of Objects group. Existing object notes appear in the Note
group.
Search Notes
The Notes Manager allows you to search notes in three ways:
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1-12
Icon
Function
Current Variable
Filter drop-down list
Sort Alphabetically
icon
Sort by Execution
Order icon
Move Selected
Variable Up In
Execution Order icon
Move Selected
Variable Down In
Execution Order icon
Show/Hide Variable
Enabling Checkbox
icon
1-12
You can define your own filters on the Filters tab of the user
variable editing property view.
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1-14
1-14
2-1
2.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 The Centroid Point.................................................................... 4
2.2 The Petroleum Assay Manager Tab ................................................ 6
2.2.1 Adding and Editing Petroleum Assays .......................................... 7
2.2.2 About Importing Petroleum Assays ............................................. 8
2.2.3 Importing a PIMS Assay ............................................................ 8
2.2.4 Importing a CrudeManager Assay ............................................. 11
2.2.5 Importing an Assay in CSV format ............................................ 12
2.2.6 Converting an Assay from HySYS Oil Format .............................. 13
2.2.7 Characterizing an Assay Using a Macro-Cut Table........................ 14
2.2.8 Exporting Petroleum Assays..................................................... 20
2.2.9 Creating User-Defined Blending Rules ....................................... 21
2.2.10 Miscellaneous SimDist Distillation Types................................... 22
2.2.12 Improving D86 5% and D86 95% Point Prediction..................... 25
2.3 The Petroleum Assay Window ...................................................... 27
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
Setup Tab.............................................................................. 27
The Assay Data Tab ................................................................ 28
Analysis Tab .......................................................................... 38
Estimation Tab ....................................................................... 38
Notes Tab.............................................................................. 39
2-1
2-2
Introduction
2.1 Introduction
In a refinery, a typical crude oil stream consists of the following
characteristics:
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-4
Introduction
2-4
2-5
Temperature
Figure 2.1
FBPn
Centroidn
IBPn
Vol 1
Vol 2
Vol 1 = Vol 2
% Volume
2-5
2-6
2-6
2-7
Description
Petroleum Assays
field
View/Export
Add/Import
Delete
Copy
Import PIMS
Export PIMS
Property Blending
Methods table
Petroleum radio
button
Settings
2-7
2-8
2-8
2-9
2-9
2-10
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2-11
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2-12
Normalized composition
2-12
2-13
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2-14
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2-15
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2-16
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2-17
2-18
Description
Extrapolate
Monotonous
BulkSpec
Multiplier Shift
2-18
2-19
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2-20
2-20
2-21
8. Click the View Macro button that appears above the list.
9. In the Blending Macros window double click the selected
property to custom define a blending rule.
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2-22
Description
AspenTech recommendation
Aspen HYSYS
Aspen HYSYS
Petroleum Refining
2-22
ASTM Distillation
Type
Description
2-23
AspenTech recommendation
ASTM D2887
Boiling range
distributions obtained
by this test method are
essentially equivalent
to those obtained by
true boiling point (TBP)
distillation.
In Petroleum assay
manager, settings
button select D2887
option as "Use TBP
Mass % Curve". (See
More details in Section
1)
ASTM D3710
ASTM D7096-05
ASTM D7169
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2-24
these API methods predict the TBP data for a few key
points - 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%.
The rest of the distillation curve needs to be estimated
using curve fitting techniques.
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2-27
2-27
2-28
Description
Name field
Import From
Export To
Is Ready? column
2-28
2-29
Description
Component table
Normalize button
Cancel button
Accept button
2-29
2-30
2-30
2-31
2-31
2-32
Description
GC Data
Characterization
group
Contains the PONA tree that list the wide cut GC data
available (in Aspen HYSYS Refining) for manipulation.
To select a GC data for manipulation:
1. In the GC Data Characterization group, expand the
PONA tree browser by clicking the Plus icon.
2. Expand the branches until you find the GC data you
want to manipulate.
3. Select the checkbox beside the GC data you want to
manipulate.
GC Data
Characterization
table
Lets you enter the new values for the selected wide cut
data at the specified cut point.
The specified cut point is the wide cut datas true
boiling point (TBP) or final boiling point
temperature.
The first row only contains the ICP (Initial Cut
Point) data, you must leave the rest of the cells in
the first row <empty> or have a value of 0.
The percentage values are based on the entire
crude and not on the cut.
When defining GC component data, if you supply
values at a component group level, you cannot define
any information in the sub level of the group, and vice
versa.
Even Distribution
radio button
Normal
Distribution
radio button
Characterize
button
GC Data radio
button
2-32
2-33
Object
Description
Mat Balance
radio button
Lets you view the sums up all the specified by-wt and
by-vol GC data values (Wt Pct Entered and Vol Pct
Entered) in the GC Data Characterization table. The
sum values indicate the amount available for the Crude
by Wt and by Vol (Total Crude Wt Pct and Total Crude
Vol Pct).
For example, if you over specified by entering more
than is available, you can click the Normalize button
to change the specified amount to the available
amount and have all the GC data changed accordingly.
Advance Settings
button
View Results
button
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2-34
Full Name
Abbreviations
Full Name
Aromatics
On
Normal Olefins
Naphthenes
ON
Naphthenic Olefins
Olefins
Pi
Iso Paraffins
Paraffins
Pn
Normal Paraffins
Oi
Iso Olefins
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2-35
Figure 2.6
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2-36
Characterization of GC data
1. Enter the initial and final boiling point.
2. Select the GC components from the GC tree. (Please follow
the rules mentioned above)
3. Enter the TBP values in first column.
The first row is the Initial Cut Point. Leave the data in first
row as <empty> or zero value.
The next rows are the Final Cut Point. The summation of
GC data for all other rows should be 100.0 %.
Click the Characterize button. HYSYS will calculate the GC
property value of hypothetical components.
Note: Summation of particular GC data allocated to all the hypo
components should add up to the summation of GC data for all
the distillation ranges. (i.e. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining
ensures mass/volume balance of GC data).
When GC data is imported from a third party tool such as Spiral
Crude Manger - Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining first populates
the GC data table as mentioned above and the Characterize
command is issued.
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2-37
2-37
2-38
Description
Warning Level
column
Warning Source
column
Warning column
Analyze button
2-38
2-39
2Estimation
2-39
2-40
bar = bar
lbf/ft2 = pounds-force
per square foot
torr = millimeter of
mercury
atm = technical
atmosphere
mmHg = millimeter of
mercury
at = physical
atmosphere
cmH2O(4C) =
centimeter of water at
4 degrees Celsius
inHg(32F) = inch of
mercury at 32 degrees
Fahrenheit
inH2O(60F) = inch of
water at 60 degrees
Fahrenheit
inHg(60F) = inch of
mercury at 60 degrees
Fahrenheit
kW = kilo watt
MMBtu/hr = millions of
british thermal unit per
hour
hp = horse power
kgmole/m3 = kilogram
mole per cubic meter
C = Celsius
lbmole/ft3 = pound
mole per cubic foot
K = Kelvin
F = Fahrenheit
API = american
petroleum institute
SG_60/60api =
standard gravity
cP = centipoise
MW = mega watt
R = Rankine
mP = millipoise
cSt = centistokes
mbar = millibar
microP = micropoise
2-40
2-41
kgmole/min = kilogram
mole per minute
lbmole/hr = pound
mole per hour
MMSCFH = million
standard cubic feet per
minute
MMSCFD = million
standard cubic feet per
day
lb/hr = pound per hour
klb/day = kilo pound
per day
kbpd = thousand
barrels per day
USGPM = US gallons
per minute
in = inch
miles = mile
m = meter
ft = feet
seconds = second
weeks = week
months = month
years = year
days = day
hours = hour
minutes = minute
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Assay Manipulator
3-1
3 Assay Manipulator
3.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2
3.2 Assay Manipulator Property View .................................................. 3
3.2.1 Design Tab .............................................................................. 4
3.2.2 Assay Tab................................................................................ 6
3.2.3 Worksheet Tab ....................................................................... 11
3-1
3-2
Introduction
3.1 Introduction
The Assay Manipulator allows you to change the petroleum
assay properties of a material stream, without the need to
supply any theoretical equations or calculations to obtain the
property values.
The common reasons to change the petroleum assay property
values are:
3-2
Assay Manipulator
3-3
3-3
3-4
Description
Delete button
Status bar
Ignored checkbox
Connections
Parameters
User Variables
Notes
Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can specify the feed and product
streams attached to the Assay Manipulator. You can change the
name of the operation in the Name field.
Figure 3.2
3-4
Assay Manipulator
3-5
Parameters Page
On the Parameters page, the following field appears. Select
Mass, Volume or Molar for transfer.
Figure 3.3
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
Notes Page
Options
Change Props
Shift Props
Composition
3-5
3-6
Options Page
In the Options page, you can select the petroleum property you
want to modify and select the type of modification method using
the drop-down lists in the table.
Figure 3.4
Description
Property
Options
You can select the method of modification using the dropdown list in the cells under this column. There are two
methods to choose from: Change Props and Shift Props.
You can only apply one type of modification method for each
petroleum property.
3-6
Assay Manipulator
3-7
Description
Drop-down list
Table
Plot
3-7
3-8
Description
Drop-down list
Reference Assay
table
Targets table
Calculated
Values table
Plot
3-8
Assay Manipulator
3-9
The drop-down list will be blank if you had not selected Shift
Props method for any of the petroleum properties in the
Options page.
Composition Page
The Composition page enables you to manipulate the product
composition. Using this feature, you can change the distillation
curve (TBP, D86, D1160, and D2887) of a process stream in
your flowsheet.
Figure 3.7
3-9
3-10
Description
Manipulate Product
Composition
checkbox
Keep Feed LE
checkbox
Distillation radio
button
Yield column
Right column
Fraction column
Plot
3-10
Assay Manipulator
3-11
Notes:
If you enter light end information which is not consistent with
distillation data, it is possible to have a negative composition for
some hypothetical components.
It is not recommended to have heavier pure components (C5
onwards), instead it is recommended to use GC properties.
It is recommended that a component list be ordered by boiling
point in ascending order. Use the Sort List button in the
Components List View to move an out-of-order component to
the proper position.
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Catalytic Reformer
4-1
4 Catalytic Reformer
4.1 Introduction................................................................................... 3
4.1.1 Theory.................................................................................... 6
4.2 Overall Operation Structure/Environment ................................... 16
4.2.1 Main Environment .................................................................. 17
4.2.2 Catalytic Reformer Environment ............................................... 21
4.2.3 Calibration Environment .......................................................... 23
4.3 Reformer Configuration Wizard.................................................... 24
4.3.1 Configuration Page ................................................................. 26
4.3.2 Geometry Page ...................................................................... 27
4.3.3 Calibration Factors Page .......................................................... 28
4.4 Catalytic Reformer Property View ................................................ 29
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4-2
Catalytic Reformer
4-2
Catalytic Reformer
4-3
4.1 Introduction
The Reformer model in Aspen HYSYS Refining is a state-of-theart Catalytic Naphtha Reformer Unit simulation system that can
be used for modeling a CCR or Semi-regenerative reformer unit
as a standalone unit operation or as part of a refinery-wide
flowsheet.
The Catalytic Reformer operation includes feed characterization
system, reactor section, stabilizer and product mapper. The
reactor section includes reactors, heaters, compressor,
separator, and recontactor. The reactor model is based on
rigorous kinetics. The feed characterization system and product
mapper are designed to work together with the Aspen HYSYS
Refining assay system so the Reformer model can be simulated
in a refinery-wide flowsheet.
Figure 4.1
4-3
4-4
Introduction
Cyclopentane
24-Mpentane
O8*
6N9*
Methane
22-Mbutane
2-Mhexane
n-Octane
IP10*
A12*
Ethane
23-Mbutane
3-Mhexane
5N8*
n-Decane
P13*
Ethylene
2-Mpentane
3-Epentane
E-Benzene
5N10*
N13*
Propane
3-Mpentane
n-Heptane
o-Xylene
A10*
A13*
Propene
n-Hexane
O7*
m-Xylene
6N10*
P14*
i-Butane
O6*
11Mcycpentan
p-Xylene
IP11*
N14*
A14*
n-Butane
Mcyclopentan
Ecyclopentan
6N8*
n-C11
1-Butene
Benzene
Toluene
IP9*
5N11*
i-Pentane
Cyclohexane
Mcyclohexane
n-Nonane
A11*
n-Pentane
22-Mpentane
MBP8*
5N9*
6N11*
O5*
23-Mpentane
SBP8*
A9*
P12*
N12*
O: Olefin
MBP: Multi-branch paraffin
SBP: Single-branch paraffin
6N: 6-Carbon Ring Naphthenic
IP: Isoparaffin (no distinction on number of branches)
5N: 5-Carbon Ring Naphthenic
A: Aromatic
P: Paraffinic (no distinction on isomer type)
N: Naphthenic (no distinction on number of carbons in
ring)
Catalytic Reformer
4-5
Reformer. These ratios, along with the distillation and PONA data
from the attached inlet stream will be used to calculate the
Reformer component compositions.
Feed Component Ratios
nP5 /Total C5 Ratio
MB P6 / Total P6 Ratio
MB P8 / Total P8 Ratio
MB P7 / Total P7 Ratio
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4-6
Introduction
4.1.1 Theory
Reaction Kinetics - Components
The components used for the reaction pathways in the Reformer
model are either present in the Reformer component list, or can
be easily calculated by summing the appropriate components.
Below is a list of the components used in the reaction network:
H2
NP6
O8
P1
5N6
5N8
IP11
NP11
P2
A6
A8
5N11
O2
6N6
6N8
A11
P3
MBP7
IP9
6N11
O3
SBP7
NP9
P12
P4
NP7
5N9
N12
O4
O7
A9
A12
P5
5N7
6N9
P13
O5
A7
IP10
N13
5N5
6N7
NP10
A13
MBP6
MBP8
5N10
P14
SBP6
SBP8
A10
N14
O6
NP8
6N10
A14
4-6
Catalytic Reformer
4-7
The components P4, P5, and A8 are further delumped after the
reaction network. P4 and P5 are mapped into their
corresponding normal and isoparaffin components. A8 is
mapped into ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene.
Example
NP6 SBP6
NP6 5N6
5N6 6N6
6N6 A6 + 3H2
6N7 + H2 6N6 + P1
P5 + H2 P2 + P3
A7 + H2 A6 + P1
A7 + P5 A12 + H2
Condensation
4-7
4-8
Introduction
where:
x: carbon number from 6 to 8
nP: normal paraffins
SP: single-branch paraffins
MP: multi-branch paraffins
5N: 5-carbon ring naphthenics
6N: 6-carbon ring naphthenics
A: aromatics
As the carbon number increases beyond 8, the complexity of
the paths is reduced.
4-8
Catalytic Reformer
4-9
(4.1)
where:
Activity = product of catalyst activity, metal site activity, and
dehydrogenation specific activity
kf = Arrhenius form of the forward reaction rate multiplier
[6N6], [A6], [H2] = concentration of cyclohexane, benzene,
and hydrogen
Keq = Arrhenius form of the rate equilibrium factor
PFx = pressure factor, default x=0.02 for dehydrogenation
4-9
4-10
Introduction
4-10
Catalytic Reformer
4-11
4-11
4-12
Introduction
k P = A S A RXI F Pi e
k N = A S A RXI F Ni e
k A = A S A RXI F Ai e
EP
-----------RT
EN
-----------RT
(4.2)
EA
-----------RT
where:
kP = rate factor of paraffins, carbon number i to coke
kN = rate factor of C5 ringed naphthenes, carbon number i to
coke
kA = rate factor of Aromatic, carbon number i to coke
AS = Coke Activity of the Reactor System
ARXI = Coke Activity of the individual Reactor
FNi, FAi = Frequency Factors for C5 ringed naphthenes and
aromatics, carbon number i
EN, EA = C5 ringed naphthenes and Aromatics activation
energies
4-12
Catalytic Reformer
4-13
The rate factors are then used in the reaction equations in the
following general format:
dC
------- = ( k P [ TotalP ] + k N [ Total5N ] + k A [ TotalA ] ) PF H2HCF
dt
(4.3)
where:
dC
------- = coke/time
dt
kP = Paraffin to coke rate factor
[TOTALP] = concentration of total paraffins
kN = C5 ringed naphthene to coke rate factor
[TOTAL5N] = concentration of total C5 ringed naphthenes
kA = Aromatics to coke rate factor
[TOTALA] = concentration of total aromatics
PF = factor to adjust for changes in pressure
H2HCF = factor to adjust for changes in H2/HC ratio
Acid
Isomerization
Ring Closure/Open
Ring Expansion
Metal
Pressure Multiplier
X
Dehydrogenation
Hydrogenolysis - Para
4-13
4-14
Introduction
Reaction Type
Acid
Hydrogenolysis - Naph
Metal
X
Hydrocracking
Hydrodealkylation
Polymerization
Pressure Multiplier
X
X
Also shown in the table above are the reaction mechanisms that
are affected by pressure changes.
The acid and metals activities are independent functions of
carbon on catalyst (COC) expressed as percent of catalyst. The
general form for both the acid and metals activity functions is:
2
(4.4)
4-14
Catalytic Reformer
4-15
(4.5)
Base Temperature
WAIT
WABT
RON for C5+ or C6+
Aromatics Production
Stabilizer Configuration
The stabilizer is a conventional rigorous tower simulation using
the HYSYS Petroleum Tower model. A vapor and liquid draw are
taken off the overhead receiver, and the reformate off the
reboiler.
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4-16
4-16
Catalytic Reformer
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4-17
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Catalytic Reformer
4-19
4-19
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Catalytic Reformer
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Catalytic Reformer
4-23
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4-24
4.3 Reformer
Configuration Wizard
The Reformer Configuration Wizard enables you to quickly set
up the Catalytic Reformer operation.
The Reformer Configuration Wizard is made up of three
sequential pages. You enter information in a page, then move on
to the next page in order.
The following table list the common buttons available at the
bottom of the Reformer Configuration Wizard property view:
Button
Description
Next>
<Prev
Cancel
4-24
Catalytic Reformer
4-25
Button
Description
Close
Done
4-25
4-26
Object
Description
Reaction Section
group
Include Hydrogen
Recontactor
checkbox
Include Stabilizer
Tower checkbox
4-26
Catalytic Reformer
4-27
Object
Description
Length row
4-27
4-28
Object
Description
Library button
4-28
Catalytic Reformer
4-29
Description
Delete button
Reformer
Environment button
4-29
4-30
Object
Description
Status bar
Ignore checkbox
Connections
Calibration Factors
Notes
Connections Page
The Connections page enables you to rename the operation, and
connect/disconnect streams flowing into and out of the Catalytic
Reformer.
Figure 4.12
4-30
Catalytic Reformer
4-31
Object
Description
Name field
Products table(s)
4-31
4-32
Object
Description
Calibration Factor
Set drop-down list
Calibration Factors
Library button
Calibration Factors
table
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
4-32
Catalytic Reformer
4-33
Feeds
Reactor Control
Catalyst
Recontactor
Product Heater
Solver Options
Solver Console
Advanced
Feeds Page
The Feeds page enables you to modify the properties of the feed
streams entering and exiting the Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.14
4-33
4-34
Object
Description
Feed
Conditions
table
Combined
row
4-34
Catalytic Reformer
4-35
Object
Description
Reactor Temperature
Specification table
Hydrogen Recycle
table
Product Separator
table
Copy Data
4-35
4-36
Catalyst Page
The Catalyst page enables you to specify catalyst parameters for
the reactor beds.
The features available in the Catalyst page varies depending on
which type of reactor you selected for the Catalytic Reformer:
Figure 4.16
Object
Description
CatCircRate field
Coke on Catalyst
(wt%) rows
4-36
Catalytic Reformer
4-37
For the Semi-regen reactor, you can specify the start and
end time for the reaction, the initial coke on catalyst, and
the coke on catalyst equilibrium distribution factor.
Figure 4.17
Object
Description
Simulation End/Start
Times table
COC at Start of
Simulation table
Equilibrium
Distribution Factors
table
Rate of Coke
Production table
4-37
4-38
Recontactor Page
The Recontactor page enables you to configure the booster
compressors and recontactor drums.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not have a recontactor, the
Recontactor page appears blank.
Figure 4.18
Object
Description
Outlet Pressure
row
Inlet Stream DP
row
Product
Temperature row
Murphree
Efficiency row
4-38
Catalytic Reformer
4-39
4-39
4-40
Object
Description
Convergence
Tolerance group
Contains the Residual field that enables you to specify the maximum
residual value allowed for the convergence calculation.
Iteration Limits
group
Contains two fields that enable you to control the iteration range for the
OOMF Solver performance:
Maximum Iterations field enables you to specify the maximum
number of iterations.
Minimum Iterations field enables you to specify the minimum number
of iterations.
Creep Step
Parameters
group
Contains three fields that enable you to configure the creep function of the
OOMF Solver:
On/Off Switch drop-down list. Enables you to select On (enable) or
Off (disable) option for the creep feature.
Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of iterations per
creep step.
Step Size field. Enables you to specify the size of each creep step.
Completeness
Checking group
4-40
Catalytic Reformer
4-41
Object
Description
SQP Hessian
Parameters
group
Line Search
Parameters
group
Variable Scaling
Parameter group
Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of
the following options:
On. Activates the variable scaling parameter.
Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter.
Failure Recovery
Action dropdown list
4-41
4-42
Object
Description
Simulation Engine
Message and Script
Commands field
Enter Script
Command field
Clear Message
button
Run Command
button
Clear Command
button
4-42
Catalytic Reformer
4-43
Advanced Page
The Advanced page displays in detail the parameters that affect
the performance of the Catalytic Reformer.
The features in the Advanced page are intended for expert
users who have detailed knowledge on the Catalytic
Reformer.
Figure 4.22
Description
FOE Densities
Heater Efficiencies
4-43
4-44
Parameter
Description
General Kinetic
Calibration Factors
Activity Profile
Constants
Zone Pressures
Specs
4-44
Catalytic Reformer
4-45
Specs Page
Refer to Specs Page
section from Chapter 6 Petroleum Column for
more information.
The Specs page enables you to specify the values of the product
output streams of the fractionator. These are the values that the
Column algorithm tries to meet.
There are two specs options to choose from: TBP Cut Point or
Product Flow Fraction. Depending on which option you select in
the Spec Option group, the features available in the Specs page
varies.
4-45
4-46
Figure 4.24
Figure 4.25
4-46
Catalytic Reformer
4-47
Summary
Feed Blend
Product Yields
Product Properties
Reactors
Heaters
Recontactor
Product Streams
Summary Page
The Summary page displays the calculated results of the
Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.26
4-47
4-48
Properties
mass flowrate
volume flowrate
standard volume flowrate
moles flowrate
molecular weight
specific gravity
API gravity
components
paraffins
naphthenics
aromatics
D86 Initial point
D86 cut points
TBP Initial point
TBP cut points
4-48
Catalytic Reformer
4-49
Table
Properties
Grouped
Yields
Displays the weight% and volume% values for the following properties:
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
of normal paraffins
single-branched paraffins
of multi-branch paraffins
of all paraffins
of Olefins
of 5 ring Naphtha
of 6 ring Naphtha
of all Naphtha
of all aromatics
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
sum
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
C4+
C5+
C6+
C8 aromatics
C5 paraffins
C6 paraffins
C7 paraffins
C8 paraffins
C9 paraffins
C10 paraffins
4-49
4-50
Table
Properties
Isomer
Weight
Ratios
Displays the isomer to normal weight ratios for the following components:
C6+
C6+ single-branch to multibranch
A8 para-xylene %
A8 meta-xylene %
A8 ortho-xylene %
A8 ethyl-benzene %
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
Table
Properties
Detailed
Yields
H2
P1
P2
OL2
P3
O3
IP4
NP4
O4
IP5
NP5
O5
5N5
MBP6
SBP6
NP6
O6
5N6
A6
6N6
MBP7
SBP7
NP7
O7
5N7
A7
6N7
MBP8
SBP8
NP8
O8
5N8
ETHYLBENZENE
O-XYLENE
M-XYLENE
P-XYLENE
6N8
IP9
NP9
5N9
A9
6N9
IP10
NP10
5N10
A10
6N10
IP11
NP11
5N11
A11
6N11
P12
N12
A12
P13
N13
A13
P14
N14
A14
4-50
Catalytic Reformer
4-51
Table
Properties
Vapor
Streams
Displays the weight% and mole% (of net H2, Stab O/H
vapor, and vent H2) for the following properties:
Liquid
Streams
MASS
VOLUME
H2
P1
P2
OL2
P3
O3
IP4
NP4
O4
IP5
NP5
O5
5N5
MBP6
SBP6
NP6
O6
5N6
A6
6N6
MBP7
SBP7
NP7
O7
5N7
A7
6N7
MBP8
SBP8
NP8
O8
5N8
ETHYLBEN
O-XYLENE
M-XYLENE
P-XYLENE
6N8
IP9
NP9
5N9
A9
6N9
IP10
NP10
5N10
A10
6N10
IP11
NP11
5N11
A11
6N11
P12
N12
A12
P13
N13
A13
P14
N14
A14
Displays the mass, volume, and mole basis (of Stab O/H
liquid and Stab btms) for the following properties:
Flow Rate
H2
P1
P2
OL2
P3
O3
IP4
NP4
O4
IP5
NP5
O5
5N5
MBP6
SBP6
NP6
O6
5N6
A6
6N6
MBP7
SBP7
NP7
O7
5N7
A7
6N7
MBP8
SBP8
NP8
O8
5N8
ETHYLBEN
O-XYLENE
M-XYLENE
P-XYLENE
6N8
IP9
NP9
5N9
A9
6N9
IP10
NP10
5N10
A10
6N10
IP11
NP11
5N11
A11
6N11
P12
N12
A12
P13
N13
A13
P14
N14
A14
4-51
4-52
The Net Yield Properties group a table that displays the following
properties:
C5+ RON
C6+ RON
sum of aromatics, weight% of feed
4-52
Catalytic Reformer
4-53
Properties
Stabilizer
Overhead Liquid
molecular weight
API gravity
specific gravity
Stabilizer
Bottoms
RON
MON
RVP
specific gravity
API gravity
molecular weight
Single-Branched Paraffins wt%
Multi-Branched Paraffins wt%
Reactors Page
The Reactors page displays the key simulation results of the
reactors.
Figure 4.30
Inlet Temperature
Outlet Temperature
Delta T. Temperature difference between the inlet stream
and outlet stream.
4-53
4-54
Inlet Pressure
Outlet Pressure
Delta P. Pressure difference between the inlet stream and
outlet stream.
Inlet Moles. Inlet stream flow rate in moles.
Outlet Moles. Outlet stream flow rate in moles.
Residence Time. The length of time the fluid stream
remains within the reactor.
Heaters Page
The Heaters page displays the calculated results of the heater
properties after the reaction.
Figure 4.31
Recontactor Page
The Recontactor page displays calculated results of the
recontactor.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a recontactor,
then the Recontactor page appears blank.
4-54
Catalytic Reformer
4-55
Figure 4.32
4-55
4-56
4-56
Catalytic Reformer
4-57
Description
Import button
Export button
Delete button
Properties of
Selected Feed Type
table
4-57
4-58
4-58
Catalytic Reformer
4-59
Description
Delete button
Status bar
Ignore checkbox
Configuration
Geometry
Notes
Configuration Page
The Configuration page enables you to specify the reactor name,
and displays the reactor type, number of reactor beds, and
whether the reactor contains a recontactor.
To modify the configuration, click the Configuration Wizard
button to access the Reformer Configuration Wizard property
view.
4-59
4-60
Figure 4.36
Geometry Page
The Geometry page enables you to specify detailed information/
structure of the reactor beds and heaters.
Figure 4.37
4-60
Catalytic Reformer
4-61
Object
Description
Length
Cat. Wt.
Void Fraction
Catalyst Density
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
Library
Properties
You can also access the features in the Feed Data tab by
clicking the Feed Type Library button in the Connections
page of the Catalytic Reformer property view.
4-61
4-62
Library Page
The Library page enables you to create, copy, modify, import,
export, and delete feed data types entering the reactor
operation.
Figure 4.38
Object
Description
Feed Types
group
Import button
Export button
Delete button
Properties of
Selected Feed
Type table
4-62
Catalytic Reformer
4-63
Properties Page
The Properties page enables you to specify properties for virtual
feeds. The virtual feeds are feeds not represented by internal or
external streams in the subflowsheet and flowsheet respectively.
Figure 4.39
Object
Description
Feeds group
Add button
Delete button
Assay radio
button
Bulk Properties
radio button
Kinetic Lumps
radio button
4-63
4-64
Object
Description
Use GC Data
checkbox
Assay drop-down
list
Feed Properties
group
Feeds
Reactor Control
Catalyst
Recontactor
Product Heater
Solver Options
Solver Console
Advanced
4-64
Catalytic Reformer
4-65
Feeds Page
Refer to Feeds Page
section for more
information.
4-65
4-66
4-66
Catalytic Reformer
4-67
Catalyst Page
Refer to Catalyst Page
section for more
information.
4-67
4-68
Recontactor Page
Refer to Recontactor
Page section for more
information.
4-68
Catalytic Reformer
4-69
4-69
4-70
4-70
Catalytic Reformer
4-71
4-71
4-72
Advanced Page
Refer to Advanced Page
section for more
information.
4-72
Catalytic Reformer
4-73
Summary
Feed Blend
Product Yields
Product Properties
Reactor Section
Heaters
Recontactor
Product Streams
Summary Page
The Summary page displays the calculated results of the
Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.48
4-73
4-74
4-74
Catalytic Reformer
4-75
4-75
4-76
4-76
Catalytic Reformer
4-77
Reactors Page
For more information,
refer to Reactors Page
section.
4-77
4-78
Heaters Page
The Heaters page displays the calculated results of the heater
properties after the reaction.
Figure 4.53
Recontactor Page
The Recontactor page displays calculated results of the
recontactor.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a recontactor,
then the Recontactor page appears blank.
4-78
Catalytic Reformer
4-79
Figure 4.54
4-79
4-80
Object
Description
Name field
Description field
Created field
Modified field
Normalize button
Delete button
4-80
Catalytic Reformer
4-81
Figure 4.57
Description
Available Calibration
Factor Sets list
View/Edit button
4-81
4-82
Object
Description
Add button
Delete button
Clone button
Import button
Export button
Catalytic Reformer
4-83
The options in the Factor Set property view is grouped into three
pages:
Reactor
Advanced
Stabilizer
All three pages in the Factor Set property view contains the
following common options:
Object
Description
Name field
Description field
4-83
4-84
Object
Description
Date Created
field
Date Modified
field
Reactor Page
The Reactor page enables you to access the Reactor Factors
group and specify variable values associated to the reactor.
Figure 4.59
4-84
Catalytic Reformer
4-85
Advanced Page
The Advanced page enables you to access the Advanced Factors
group and specify variable values associated to the advanced
options.
Figure 4.60
Stabilizer Page
The Stabilizer page enables you to enables you to access the
Fractionator Cuts group and specify variable values associated
to the stabilizer tower.
The Stabilizer page is blank if the Catalytic Reformer does
not contain a stabilizer tower.
4-85
4-86
Figure 4.61
4-86
Catalytic Reformer
4-87
Description
Run Calibration
button
Push Data to
Simulation button
Return to Simulation
button
Status bar
Validation Wizard
When you click the Run Calibration button, HYSYS lets you
select the data set you want to use for the calibration run, and
validate the selected data set before the calibration is actually
run.
The Run Calibration button in the Calibration property view
is unavailable until all necessary calibration input is
complete.
4-87
4-88
Object
Description
Include column
Status column
Run Calibration
button
4-88
Catalytic Reformer
4-89
Object
Description
Stop button
Close button
If there is only one data set for the calibration run, the
Validation Wizard property view appears when you click the
Run Calibration button.
4-89
4-90
Object
Description
Feed group
Product group
OK button
Cancel button
4-90
Catalytic Reformer
4-91
Object
Description
Add button
Delete button
Clone button
Rename button
Configuration
Geometry
Notes
4-91
4-92
Configuration Page
The Configuration page enables you to access the Reformer
Configuration Wizard and modify reactor type, number of
reactor beds, and whether the reactor contains a recontactor.
Figure 4.66
4-92
Catalytic Reformer
4-93
Geometry Page
For more information,
refer to Geometry Page
section.
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
4-93
4-94
Library
Properties
Library Page
For more information,
refer to Library Page
section.
4-94
Catalytic Reformer
4-95
Properties Page
For more information,
refer to Properties Page
section.
Feeds
Reactor Control
Catalyst
Recontactor
Product Heater
Stabilizer
Solver Options
Solver Console
Advanced
4-95
4-96
Feed Page
Refer to Feeds Page
section for more
information.
4-96
Catalytic Reformer
4-97
4-97
4-98
Catalyst Page
Refer to Catalyst Page
section for more
information.
Recontactor Page
Refer to Recontactor
Page section for more
information.
4-98
Catalytic Reformer
4-99
Figure 4.73
4-99
4-100
Stabilizer Page
The Stabilizer page enables you to modify the feed temperature,
top vapour pressure, bottom pressure, and reboiler duty (if
applicable).
Figure 4.75
4-100
Catalytic Reformer
4-101
4-101
4-102
Advanced Page
The Advanced page enables you to view the detail parameters
that affect the performance of the Catalytic Reformer.
The information in the Advanced page are intended for
expert users who have detailed knowledge on the Catalytic
Reformer.
4-102
Catalytic Reformer
4-103
Figure 4.78
Operation
Products
Analysis
4-103
4-104
Operation Page
The Operation page enables you to modify the parameters of the
reactor, compressor, and recycle stream.
Figure 4.79
Description
Inlet Pressure
column
Pressure Drop
column
Delta T
Discharge Pressure
cell
4-104
Catalytic Reformer
4-105
Object
Description
H2 Purity of Recycle
cell
Measured Octanes
group
Products Page
The Products page enables you to modify the product stream
parameters.
Figure 4.80
Description
4-105
4-106
Object
Description
RON row
MON row
Composition row
component rows
Analysis Page
The Analysis page enables you to view the analysis results of the
product measurement data.
Figure 4.81
4-106
Catalytic Reformer
4-107
The Ring Generation group displays the flow rate for the
number of carbons in the feed and reformate stream,
and the percentage change between the two streams.
The Light Ends Ratios group displays the molar flow rate
of the light end components in the product stream,
percentage value of the light ends in the product stream,
and the Iso to Normal butane ratio.
The Estimated Octanes group displays octanes estimated
from the measured reformate on a C5+ and C6+ basis.
Parameter
Objective Function
Parameter Page
The Parameter page enables you to modify the initial, lower
bound, and upper bound parameter value, and select which
parameters are used in calibrating the reactor model.
Figure 4.82
4-107
4-108
Description
First column
Included column
HYSYS provides default factor set values for the initial values
of the parameters (in the Initial Value column).
4-108
Catalytic Reformer
4-109
The first column contains the list of available variables for the
calibration objective function and the second column enables
you to specify the sigma value for each variables.
Calibration Factors
Mass Balance
Summary
Feed Blend
Product Yields
Reactors
Heater
Recontactor
Stabilizer
Product Streams
4-109
4-110
4-110
Catalytic Reformer
4-111
4-111
4-112
4-112
Catalytic Reformer
4-113
4-113
4-114
Summary Page
The Summary page displays the calculated values of the WAIT,
yields and RON of the octane and reformate, recycle H2
properties, Hydrogen yield properties, and aromatic yield
properties.
Figure 4.88
4-114
Catalytic Reformer
4-115
4-115
4-116
4-116
Catalytic Reformer
4-117
Reactors Page
For more information,
refer to Reactors Page
section.
4-117
4-118
Heater Page
The Heater page displays the calculated results of the heater
parameters from the calibration run.
Figure 4.92
4-118
Catalytic Reformer
4-119
Recontactor Page
For more information,
refer to Recontactor
Page section.
4-119
4-120
Stabilizer Page
The Stabilizer page displays the calculated results of the
stabilizer from the calibration run.
Figure 4.94
4-120
Catalytic Reformer
4-121
4-121
4-122
4-122
Hydrocracker
5-1
5 Hydrocracker
5.1 Introduction................................................................................... 3
5.1.1 Feed Characterization System .................................................... 3
5.1.2 Reaction Kinetics...................................................................... 6
5.2 Overall Operation Structure/Environment ................................... 17
5.2.1 Main Environment .................................................................. 18
5.2.2 HCR Environment ................................................................... 21
5.3 HCR Configuration Wizard............................................................ 23
5.3.1 Configuration Page ................................................................. 24
5.3.2 Geometry Page ...................................................................... 26
5.3.3 Calibration Factors Page .......................................................... 27
5.4 HCR Property View....................................................................... 27
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5-1
5-2
Hydrocracker
5-2
Hydrocracker
5-3
5.1 Introduction
The Hydrocracker model in Aspen HYSYS Refining is a state-ofthe-art Hydrocracker Unit simulation system that can be used
for modeling a single-stage, two-stage Unicracker, or two-stage
Isocracker hydrocracker unit as a standalone unit operation or
as part of a refinery-wide flowsheet. The Hydrocracker unit
operation includes feed characterization system, reactor section,
recycle gas loop(s), product separation, and product mapper.
The reactor model is based on rigorous kinetics. The feed
characterization system and product mapper are designed to
work together with the Aspen HYSYS Refining assay system so
the Hydrocracker model can be simulated in a refinery-wide
flowsheet.
Memory Considerations: The standard 2GB of RAM is usually
sufficient, but for very large models, 4 GB of RAM may be
required to solve the simulation. Disabling the HYSYS Start
Page may also allow more memory for the Hydrocracker
process.
The Hydrocracker within Aspen HYSYS Refining has its own set
of library and hypothetical components. The following is the
component list for the Hydrocracker subflowsheet:
Nitrogen
C9A*
MAN2HI*
HNNITA2*
IC9-2*
H2S
C10A*
HN1*
HA4*
NC10*
Hydrogen
LTHA*
HA1*
C47P*
NC11*
Ammonia
MBNITN*
MTHA2*
VN1*
NC12*
Methane
MBNITA*
HN2*
VA1*
NC14*
Ethane
MTHN*
HN3*
VN2*
NC16*
Propane
MTHA*
HN4*
VN3*
C10N-1*
C4*
MS12*
MA2NHI*
VN4*
C10N-2*
5-3
5-4
Introduction
C5*
MNNITA*
HAN*
VAN*
C12N*
C6P*
MN3LO*
MANAHI*
VBNITA2N*
C14N*
C6N*
MANLO*
HA2*
VA2*
C16N*
C6A*
MA2LO*
HAN2*
VTHA2N*
C12A*
C7P*
MAN2LO*
C26P*
VAN2*
C14A*
C7N*
C18P*
HAN3*
VAN3*
C16A*
C7A*
MA2NLO*
HA2N*
VA2N*
IC10*
LTH*
MN1HI*
HANA*
VANA*
IC11*
LBNIT*
MA1HI*
HA2N2*
VA2N2*
IC12*
C8P*
MANALO*
HA3*
VA3*
IC14*
C8N*
MN2HI*
HTHAN*
VA4*
IC16*
LNNIT*
MN3HI*
HBNITAN*
VNNITA3*
12N2*
C8A*
MANHI*
HS28*
VTHA3*
14N2*
C9N*
MTHAN*
HTHA2*
NC9*
16N2*
LS8*
MA2HI*
HBNITA2*
IC9-1*
5-4
Hydrocracker
5-5
5-5
5-6
Introduction
Components
The component slate chosen to represent the feed and the
product streams of the Hydrocracker plant is comprised of 116
components covering the full range from hydrogen to
hydrocarbons with 47 carbon atoms (B.P. 1300 C).
In the reactor model, the 19 olefin components are assumed to
be completely saturated in the first reactor bed. These olefins
are saturated in an Aspen extended reaction block before the
kinetic model for the first reactor bed. The Aspen extended
reaction block calculates the enthalpy of reaction for the olefin
saturation. This heat is distributed through the first reactor bed.
This method reduces the number of components throughout the
reactor section in order to improve the model performance.
5-6
Hydrocracker
5-7
Formula
Abbreviation
Nitrogen
N2
N2
Ammonia
NH3
NH3
Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
H2S
Hydrogen
H2
H2
Methane
CH4
C1
Ethane
C2H6
C2
Propane
C3H8
C3
N-Butane
C4H10_2
C4
N-pentane
C5H12_2
C5
Class
Paraffins
CnH2n+2
5-7
5-8
Introduction
Component
Formula
Abbreviation
2,3-dimethylbutane
C6H14_2
C6P
2,3-dimethylpentane
C7H16_5
C7P
2,3-dimethylhexane
C8H18_6
C8P
2,6-dimethylheptane
C9H20_4
C9P
2,5-dimethyloctane
C10H22-1
C10P
n-tetradecane
C14H30
C14P
n-octadecane
C18H38
C18P
Tetracosane
C26H54
C26P
C47 Paraffins
C47H96
C47P
Methylcyclopentane
C6H12-2
C6N
Methylcyclohexane
C7H14-6
C7N
Cyclohexane, 1,4dimethyl
C8H16-7
C8N
1-trans-3,5trimethylcyclohexane
C9H18-1
C9N
C14-1-ring-cycloheaxane
C14H28
MN1Lo
C18-1-ring-cycloheaxane
C18H36
MN1Hi
C21-1-ring-cycloheaxane
C21H42
HN1
C47-1-ring-cycloheaxane
C47H94
VN1
Trans-decaline (two
Ring)
C10H18-2
C10N
C14-2-ring-cyclohexane
C14H26
MN2LO
C18-2-ring-cycloheaxane
C18H34
MN2HI
C21-2-ring-cycloheaxane
C21H40
HN2
C47-2-ring-cycloheaxane
C47H92
VN2
C14-3-ring-cyclohexane
C14H24
MN3Lo
C18-3-ring-cycloheaxane
C18H32
MN3Hi
C21-3-ring-cycloheaxane
C21H38
HN3
C47-3-ring-cycloheaxane
C47H92
VN3
C21-4-ring-cycloheaxane
C21H36
HN4
C47-4-ring-cycloheaxane
C47H88
VN4
Benzene
C6H6
C6A
Toluene
C7H8
C7A
Class
Naphthenes
CnH2n
CnH2n-2
CnH2n-4
CnH2n-6
Aromatics
Para Xylene
C8H10_3
C8A
2-methyl-3ethylbenzene
C8H12-3
C9A
1,2,3,4,tetrahydronaphthalene
C10H12
C10A
n-octylbenzene
C14H22
MA1Lo
CnH2n-6
5-8
Hydrocracker
Component
Formula
Abbreviation
C18-1ring-Arom
C18H30
MA1Hi
C21-1ring-Arom
C21H36
HA1
C47-1ring-Arom
C47H88
VA1
C14tetrahydronaphthalene
C14H20
MANLo
C18tetrahydronaphthalene
C18H28
MANHi
C21tetrahydronaphthalene
C21H34
HAN
C47tetrahydronaphthalene
C47H86
VAN
C14-naphthalene
C14H16
MA2Lo
C18-naphthalene
C18H24
MA2Hi
C21-naphthalene
C21H30
HA2
C47-naphthalene
C47H82
VA2
C14-1 ring-Arom-2-ring
Naphthene
C14H18
MAN2Lo
C18-1 ring-Arom-2-ring
Naphthene
C18H26
MAN2Hi
C21-1 ring-Arom-2-ring
Naphthene
C21H32
HAN2
C47-1 ring-Arom-2-ring
Naphthene
C47H32
VAN2
C14-2 ring-Arom-1-ring
Naphthene
C14H14
MA2NLO
C18-2 ring-Arom-1-ring
Naphthene
C18H22
MA2NHi
C21-2 ring-Arom-1-ring
Naphthene
C21H28
HA2N
C47-2 ring-Arom-1-ring
Naphthene
C47H80
VA2N
C21-3ring-Arom
C21H24
HA3
C47-3ring-Arom
C47H76
VA3
Fluorene, 9-methyl
C14H12
MANALo
C18H20
MANAHi
C21H26
HANA
C47H78
VANA
C21-4ring-Arom
C21H18
HA4
C47-4ring-Arom
C47H70
VA4
C21-1 ring-Arom-3-ring
Naphthene
C21H30
HAN3
C47-1 ring-Arom-3-ring
Naphthene
C47H82
VAN3
5-9
Class
CnH2n-8
CnH2n-12
CnH2n-10
CnH2n-14
CnH2n-18
CnH2n-16
CnH2n-24
CnH2n-12
5-9
5-10
Introduction
Component
Formula
Abbreviation
Class
C21-2 ring-Arom-2-ring
Naphthene
C21H24
HA2N2
CnH2n-18
C47-2 ring-Arom-2-ring
Naphthene
C47H76
VA2N2
Sulfur Components
Thiophene
C4H4S
LTH
C8-Cyclo-sulfide
C8H16S
LS8
C12-Cyclo-sulfide
C12H24S
MS12
C28-Cyclo-sulfide
C28H56S
HS28
Benzothiophene
C8H6S
LTHA
Benzothiophene,
dimethyl-
C10H10S
MTHA
C10-tetarhydrobenzothiophene
C10H12S
MTHN
C14-trtrahydrodibenzothiophene
C14H16S
MTHAN
C21-trtrahydrodibenzothiophene
C21H30S
HthAN
C14- dibenzothiophene
C14H12S
MthA2
C21- dibenzothiophene
C21H26S
HthA2
C47-tetrahydronaphthabenzothiophene
C47H84S
VthA2N
C47naphthabenzothiophene
C47H72S2
VTHA3
Pyrrolidine (non-basic
Nitrogen)
C4H9N
LBNit
C4H5N
LNNit
C9H11N
MBNITN
Quinoline (basic)
C9H7N
MBNITA
Nitrogen Components
C9H9N
MNNitA
Phenanthridine,
tetrahydro-
C21H33N
HBNitAN
Phenanthridine
C21H25N
MBNitA2
Carbazole, dimethyl-
C21H27N
MNNitA2
C35H55N
VBNitA2N
C47H73N
VNNitA3
5-10
Hydrocracker
5-11
Cumene
Formula
Abbreviation
C6H12
C6-olef
C7H14
C7-olef
C8H16
C8_OLEF
C8H8
C8A_OLEF
C10H20
C10_OLEF
C10H16
C10N_OLE
C10H10
C10A_OLE
C14H28
C14_OLEF
C14H26
MN1Lo_OL
C14H20
MA1Lo_OL
C18H36
C18_OLEF
C18H34
MN1Hi_OL
C18H28
MA1Hi_OL
C21H40
HN1_OLEF
C21H34
HA1_OLEF
C26H52
C26_OLEF
C47H94
C47_OLEF
C47H92
VN1_OLEF
C47H86
VA1_OLEF
Reaction Paths
The Hydrocracker model in Aspen HYSYS Refining includes the
following reaction types:
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN)
Saturation of aromatics (Hydrogenation)
Ring opening
Ring dealkylation
Paraffin hydrocracking
Saturation of olefins
Saturation of olefin reaction calculations are done in a
separate Aspen extended reaction block before the
stream flows into bed 1. In the reactor bed 1, the heat of
reaction calculated for the olefin saturation reactions is
distributed through the bed.
5-11
5-12
Introduction
Above a certain temperature, equilibrium effects start to outweigh kinetic effects, and additional saturation becomes
difficult. This temperature-dependent aromatics crossover
causes the degradation of middle distillate properties - kerosene
smoke point and diesel cetane - near the end of hydrocracker
catalyst cycles.
5-12
Hydrocracker
5-13
Alkyl substitution of dibenzothiophene at the 4-position, the 6position - or both - sterically hinders this pathway. Before these
hindered molecules can be desulfurized, they must first be
saturated (which converts a planar aromatic ring into a more
flexible saturated ring) or dealkylated.
5-13
5-14
Introduction
5-14
Hydrocracker
Activity Class
Description
SAT
HSAT
MSAT
LSAT
HDS
HHDS
MHDS
LHDS
HDN
HHDN
LHDN
PCR
HPCR
MPCR
LPCR
RDA
HRDA
MRDA
LRDA
5-15
(5.1)
where:
[LNNIT] = Concentration of LNNIT
ACT = Total activity for the reaction
This is a product of each activity that affects the
reaction. In this case, the activities affecting the
reaction are the HDN and LHDN.
ADSNIT = LHHW Adsorption term
[H2] = Hydrogen concentration
n = Power for H2 for denitrogenation reactions
This value is unique for each reaction type.
5-15
5-16
Introduction
Deactivation of Hydrocracker
Catalyst
The Hydrocracker model includes a deactivation model which
allows the model to predict the number of days remaining in a
catalyst cycle. The deactivation is a function of the severity, the
amount of multi-ring aromatics in the feed, and the H2 partial
pressure of the system. The user specifies the number of days in
service and the weight average boiling point (WABP) for the end
of the cycle.
5-16
Hydrocracker
5-17
5-17
5-18
5-18
Hydrocracker
5-19
Create/Add Hydrocracker
To add a Hydrocracker into a PFD:
1. Open the appropriate simulation case.
2. Open the UnitOps property view.
3. In the Categories group, select the Refinery Ops radio
button.
4. In the Available Unit Operations group, select HCR Reactor
and click Add.
The HCR Template Option property view appears
5. In the HCR Template Option property view, do one of the
following:
5-19
5-20
5-20
Hydrocracker
5-21
5-21
5-22
5-22
Hydrocracker
5-23
Description
Next>
<Prev
Cancel
Close
Enables you to exit the HCR Configuration Wizard and keep any
specifications or changes made to the Hydrocracker operation.
Done
5-23
5-24
Description
Basic Configuration
group
Number of Reactors
drop-down list
Number of Treating
Beds drop-down list
Number of high
pressure separators
drop-down list
Include amine
scrubber checkbox
Distillation Cuts
drop-down list
Cut column
Recycle column
5-24
Hydrocracker
5-25
Figure 5.7
5-25
5-26
5-26
Hydrocracker
5-27
5-27
5-28
Description
Delete button
HCR Environment
button
Status bar
Ignore checkbox
Connections
Tuning Factors
5-28
Hydrocracker
5-29
Notes
Connections Page
The Connections page enables you to configure the stream
flowing into and out of the Hydrocracker and specify the name of
the Hydrocracker unit operation.
Figure 5.11
Object
Description
Hydrogen
Makeup table
Fractionated
Products table
Reactor Effluent
table
Name field
Feed Type
Library button
5-29
5-30
Object
Description
Feeds table
Recycle Gas
Purge table
Object
Description
Calibration Factor
Set drop-down list
Calibration Factors
Library button
Hydrocracker
5-31
Object
Description
Fractionator Key
Parameters table
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
Feed
Specification
Recycle Gas Loop
Catalyst Deactivation
Solver Options
Solver Console
5-31
5-32
Feed Page
The Feed page enables you to modify the properties of the feed
streams entering and exiting the Hydrocracker.
Figure 5.13
Object
Description
Feed
Conditions
table
Total Feed
table
5-32
Hydrocracker
5-33
Object
Description
Reactor radio
buttons
Split table
Normalize button
Accept button
Cancel button
5-33
5-34
Specification Page
The Specification page enables you to modify the temperature of
the beds in each reactor of the Hydrocracker.
Figure 5.15
5-34
Hydrocracker
5-35
Object
Description
HPS and
Recycle Gas
Compressor
table
Product
Heater table
Hydrogen
Makeup
Stream table
5-35
5-36
5-36
Hydrocracker
5-37
Object
Description
Convergence
Tolerance group
Contains the Residual field that enables you to specify the maximum
residual value allowed for the convergence calculation.
Iteration Limits
group
Contains two fields that enable you to control the iteration range for the
OOMF Solver performance:
Maximum Iterations field enables you to specify the maximum
number of iterations.
Minimum Iterations field enables you to specify the minimum number
of iterations.
Creep Step
Parameters
group
Contains three fields that enable you to configure the creep function of the
OOMF Solver:
On/Off Switch drop-down list. Enables you to select On (enable) or
Off (disable) option for the creep feature.
Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of iterations per
creep step.
Step Size field. Enables you to specify the size of each creep step.
Completeness
Checking group
5-37
5-38
Object
Description
SQP Hessian
Parameters
group
Line Search
Parameters
group
Variable Scaling
Parameter group
Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of
the following options:
On. Activates the variable scaling parameter.
Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter.
Failure Recovery
Action dropdown list
5-38
Hydrocracker
5-39
Object
Description
Command field
Clear Command
button
5-39
5-40
EO Variables Tab
The EO variables tab contains the Equation Oriented variables
in the Hydrocracker. Use the table and the EO Variables button
to inspect or edit the EO variables. Right-click over the column
headings to show or hide selected columns.
Figure 5.20
5-40
Hydrocracker
5-41
Zone Pressures
Specs
5-41
5-42
Specs Page
Refer to Specs Page
section from Chapter 6 Petroleum Column for
more information.
The Specs page enables you to specify the values of the product
output streams of the fractionator. These are the values that the
Column algorithm tries to meet.
There are two specs options to choose from: TBP Cut Point or
Product Flow Fraction. Depending on which option you select in
the Spec Option group, the features available in the Specs page
varies.
5-42
Hydrocracker
5-43
Figure 5.23
Figure 5.24
5-44
Feed Blend
Product Yields
Product Properties
Reactor
Hydrogen System
Fractionator
Hydrogen Balance
5-44
Hydrocracker
5-45
5-45
5-46
5-46
Hydrocracker
5-47
Reactor Page
The Reactor page displays the calculated parameter results of
the reactors in the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.28
5-47
5-48
Fractionator Page
The fractionator page displays the calculated results of the
product stream cut points from the fractionator.
Figure 5.30
5-48
Hydrocracker
5-49
5-49
5-50
Description
Import button
Export button
Delete button
Properties of
Selected Feed Type
table
Lump Weight
Percents radio
button
5-50
Hydrocracker
5-51
5-51
5-52
Description
Delete button
Status bar
Ignore checkbox
Configuration
Geometry
Notes
Configuration Page
The Configuration page enables you to specify the reactor name,
and displays the reactor type and number of reactor beds.
Figure 5.34
5-52
Hydrocracker
5-53
Geometry Page
The Geometry page enables you to specify the following
parameters of each reactor beds:
internal diameter
catalyst loading
catalyst density
bed voidage
Figure 5.35
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
5-53
5-54
Library
Properties
Library Page
The Library page enables you to modify, import, export, and
delete feed data types entering the reactor operation.
Figure 5.36
Object
Description
Feed Types
group
Import button
Export button
5-54
Hydrocracker
5-55
Object
Description
Delete button
Properties of
Selected Feed
Type table
Properties Page
The Properties page enables you to specify properties for virtual
feeds. The virtual feeds are feeds not represented by internal or
external streams in the subflowsheet and flowsheet respectively.
Figure 5.37
Object
Description
Feeds group
Add button
Delete button
5-56
Object
Description
Assay radio
button
Bulk Properties
radio button
Kinetic Lumps
radio button
Assay drop-down
list
Feed Properties
group
Feeds
Specifications
Recycle Gas Loop
Catalyst Deactivation
Solver Options
Solver Console
5-56
Hydrocracker
5-57
Feeds Page
Refer to Feed Page
section for more
information.
Specifications Page
The Specifications page enables you to modify the reactor bed
parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.39
5-57
5-58
The Recycle Gas Loop page enables you to modify the recycle
gas parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.40
5-58
Hydrocracker
5-59
Object
Description
Convergence
Tolerance group
Contains the Residual field that enables you to specify the maximum
residual value allowed for the convergence calculation.
Iteration Limits
group
Contains two fields that enable you to control the iteration range for the
OOMF Solver performance:
Maximum Iterations field enables you to specify the maximum
number of iterations.
Minimum Iterations field enables you to specify the minimum number
of iterations.
Creep Step
Parameters
group
Contains three fields that enable you to configure the creep function of the
OOMF Solver:
On/Off Switch drop-down list. Enables you to select On (enable) or
Off (disable) option for the creep feature.
Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of iterations per
creep step.
Step Size field. Enables you to specify the size of each creep step.
Completeness
Checking group
5-59
5-60
Object
Description
SQP Hessian
Parameters
group
Line Search
Parameters
group
Variable Scaling
Parameter group
Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of
the following options:
On. Activates the variable scaling parameter.
Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter.
Failure Recovery
Action dropdown list
5-60
Hydrocracker
5-61
Object
Description
Simulation Engine
Message and Script
Commands field
Enter Script
Command field
Clear Message
button
Run Command
button
Clear Command
button
5-61
5-62
Feed Blend
Product Yields
Product Properties
Reactor
Hydrogen System
Hydrogen Balance
For multiple reactors, use the drop-down list to view the feed
blend properties in each reactor.
5-62
Hydrocracker
5-63
5-63
5-64
Reactor Page
The Reactors page displays the key simulation results of the
reactor (s) in the Hydrocracker.
Figure 5.47
5-64
Hydrocracker
5-65
5-65
5-66
Figure 5.50
Description
Available Calibration
Factor Sets list
View/Edit button
5-66
Hydrocracker
5-67
Object
Description
Add button
Delete button
Clone button
Import button
Export button
5-68
The options in the Factor Set property view is grouped into two
pages:
Reactor
Fractionator
Both pages in the Factor Set property view contain the following
common options:
Object
Description
Name field
Description field
Date Created
field
Date Modified
field
5-68
Hydrocracker
5-69
Reactor Page
The Reactor page enables you to access the Reactor Factors
group and specify variable values associated to the reactor.
Figure 5.52
Fractionator Page
The Fractionator page enables you to access the Fractionator
Cuts group and specify variable values associated to the
stabilizer tower.
Figure 5.53
5-69
5-70
5-70
Hydrocracker
5-71
For multiple reactors, use the drop-down list to view the feed
blend properties in each reactor.
5-71
5-72
5-72
Hydrocracker
5-73
5-73
5-74
Figure 5.60
5-74
Hydrocracker
5-75
Note: When you access the Calibration view, you also enter the
Calibration Environment.
The HCR Calibration view contains the following objects below
the tabs:
Object
Description
Run Calibration
Button
Run Prediction
button
Data Set
drop-down list
Push Data to
Simulation button
Return to
Simulation
Status Bar
Validation Wizard
When you click the Run Calibration button, Aspen HYSYS
Refining lets you select the data set you want to use for the
calibration run, and validate the selected data set before the
calibration is actually run.
Note: The Run Calibration button in the Calibration view is
unavailable until all necessary calibration input is complete.
The Select Data Sets for Calibration view displays status and
names of data sets available with the calibration run.
5-75
5-76
This view will appear only when there is more than one data set.
If theres only one data set, Validation Wizard view will appear
instead.
Object
Description
Run Calibration
Stop
Close
In the Coke and Sulfur Balance group, you must specify the
following values for the Calibration of coke and sulfur balance:
Hydrocracker
5-77
Specification Wizard
When you click the Run Prediction button, Aspen HYSYS
Refining lets you select a calibration factor set, and select data
set you want to use for prediction calculation.
Note: The Run Prediction button in the Calibration view is
unavailable until all necessary input is complete.
The Select Data Sets for Prediction view displays status and
names of data sets available with the calibration run. The
following table lists and describes the options in the Select Data
Sets for Prediction view:
Object
Description
Select Calibration
Factor Set to Use for
Prediction
drop-down list.
Library button
Run Prediction
button
Stop button
Close button
5-77
5-78
Description
Add button
Delete button
Clone button
Rename button
5-78
Hydrocracker
5-79
to
Configuration
Geometry
Notes
5-79
5-80
Configuration Page
The Configuration page on the Design tab of the Calibration
property view is a read-only page.
This page displays the flowsheet configuration information:
The
The
The
The
The
number of reactors
number of HPS
type AMINE Scrubber
presence and type of fractionator
number of beds
5-80
Hydrocracker
5-81
Geometry Page
The Geometry page on the Design tab of the Calibration
property view displays the flowsheet geometry information.
Figure 5.63
Description
Internal Diameter
Catalyst Loading
Catalyst Density
Bed Voidage
5-81
5-82
Description
Total Length
Top Section
Diameter
Bottom Section
Diameter
Injection Point
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
Use the Notes page to make any notes about the calibration of
the HCR and related matters. Notes can be useful for informing
other people working with your case about changes and
assumptions you have made. You can:
to
Library
Properties
5-82
Hydrocracker
5-83
Library Page
Use the Library page on the Feed Data tab of the Calibration
property view to manage the Feed Type Library.
Figure 5.64
Description
Feed Types
Properties of
Selected Feed Types
Import button
5-83
5-84
Objects
Description
Export button
Delete button
Properties Page
Use the Properties page on the Feed Data tab of the Calibration
property view to specify properties for virtual feeds, which is to
say feeds that are not represented by an internal and external
stream in the subflowsheet and flowsheet respectively. The real
feed streams also appear here, but there are restrictions.
Figure 5.65
5-84
Hydrocracker
5-85
Description
Feeds List
Add button
Clone button
Delete button
Feed Properties
Group
The feed properties calculated from the assay and the cut points
are displayed.
Field
Description
Feed Type
The feed type. Select the feed type from the dropdown list. The feed types available are those in the
Feed Types list on the Library page of the Feed
Data tab.
Assay
Initial Point
API Gravity
Specific Gravity
(60F/60F)
5-85
5-86
Field
Description
Distillation Type
TBP
D86
D1160
D2887
0% Point [C]
5% Point [C]
Total Nitrogen
[ppmwt]
Basic Nitrogen
[ppmwt]
Total/Basic
Nitrogen Ration
Sulfur Content%
Field
Description
Name
Feed Type
The feed type. Select the feed type from the dropdown list. The feed types available are those in the
Feed Types list on the Library page of the Feed
Data tab.
API Gravity
Specific Gravity
(60F/60F)
Distillation Type
TBP
D86
D1160
D2887
0% Point [C]
5% Point [C]
5-86
Hydrocracker
Field
Description
Total Nitrogen
[ppmwt]
Basic Nitrogen
[ppmwt]
Total/Basic
Nitrogen Ratio
Sulfur Content%
5-87
Operation Tab
The Operation tab in the Calibration property view is the same
as the Operation tab in the HCR Reactor Section property view.
The Operation tab contains features used to manipulate the
operation parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Feeds Page
The Feeds page of the Operation tab of the Calibration property
displays the calculated physical properties of the feed stream
entering the reactor. This data is used for calibration runs.
The following table lists and describes the options in the Feed
page view:
5-87
5-88
Object
Description
Feed
Conditions
Total Feed
Specification Page
The Specification page on the Operation tab of the Calibration
property enables you to modify the reactor bed parameters of
the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.66
5-88
Hydrocracker
5-89
Description
HPS and
Recycle Gas
Compressor
5-89
5-90
Group
Description
Product
Heater
Hydrogen
Makeup
Stream
5-90
Hydrocracker
5-91
Fractionator Page
The Fractionator tab contains options for the fractionator in the
Hydrocracker. The options are split into the following pages:
Zone Pressures
Specs
5-91
5-92
Description
Convergence
Tolerance
Contains the Residual field that enables you to specify the maximum
residual value allowed for the convergence calculation.
Iteration Limits
Contains two fields that enable you to control the iteration range for the
OOMF Solver performance:
Maximum Iterations field enables you to specify the maximum
number of iterations.
Minimum Iterations field enables you to specify the minimum number
of iterations.
Creep Step
Parameters
Contains three fields that enable you to configure the creep function of the
OOMF Solver:
On/Off Switch drop-down list. Enables you to select On (enable) or
Off (disable) option for the creep feature.
Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of iterations per
creep step.
Step Size field. Enables you to specify the size of each creep step.
Completeness
Checking
SQP Hessian
Parameters
5-92
Hydrocracker
5-93
Object
Description
Line Search
Parameters
Variable Scaling
Parameter
Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of
the following options:
On. Activates the variable scaling parameter.
Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter.
Failure Recovery
Action dropdown list
5-93
5-94
Description
Simulation Engine
Message and Script
Commands field
Enter Script
Command field
Clear Message
button
5-94
Hydrocracker
5-95
Object
Description
Run Command
button
Clear Command
button
Temp./Press. Page
Flow
Temp./Press. Page
The Operation Measure tab in the Calibration property view
allows you to input the temperature measurement that will be
used in the objection function for calibration.
Figure 5.71
5-95
5-96
Description
Temperature Rise
Pressure Drop
5-96
Hydrocracker
5-97
Flow Page
Use the Flow page on the Operation Measure tab of the
Calibration property view to input flow measurements in the
recycle loop that will be used in the objection function for
calibration.
Figure 5.72
5-97
5-98
Cuts Page
The Cuts page on the Product Measure tab of the Calibration
property view enables you to specify the number of GC analyses
and liquid product cuts.
Figure 5.73
Name of analysis or
cut
up to 5
Number of LPG
analyses
up to 4
5-98
Hydrocracker
Name of analysis or
cut
Number of naphtha
cuts
up to 3
Number of Distillate
Cuts
up to 2
Bottom cuts
5-99
Bottoms
HCO and Bottoms
Fuel Gases
LPGs
Naphthas
Figure 5.74
5-99
5-100
The table that appears in the Light Ends page enables you to
input measurement data and is based on the number of fuel
gas, LPC analyses and Naptha cuts specified on the Cuts Page.
For example, the Heavy Naphtha column appears only if the
configuration has a Heavy Naphtha draw.
For each type of cut (each cut is represented by a column) you
can enter the flow rate and composition in the appropriate cell.
Notes:
5-100
Hydrocracker
5-101
5-101
5-102
Parameter
Object Function
Parameters Page
The Parameters page on the Calibration Control tab of the
Calibration property view displays a list of parameters and a
checkbox for each parameter to allow you to select which
parameters to be used in calibrating the reactor model.
Figure 5.76
5-102
Hydrocracker
5-103
5-103
5-104
5-104
Hydrocracker
5-105
Action
Export
Calibration Factors
Library
Re-initialize
Factors
Global Activity
Reactor 1- Bed 1
0.7000
Reactor 1- Bed 2
0.7000
Reactor 2- Bed 1
0.7000
Reactor 2- Bed 2
0.7000
9.761-eOC
0.6336
1.000
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
430-950 HDS
Activity
5-105
5-106
Factors
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
0.7581
1.000
1.000
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
0.2508
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
0.8342
1.217
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
1.665
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
7.000e-OC
1.035
1.000
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
430-950 SAT
Activity
Treating Bed
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
0.9032
1.000
0.9182
1.000
Overall Cracking
Activity
Treating Bed
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
0.1679
1.000e-OC
430- Cracking
Activity
Treating Bed
2.200
5-106
Hydrocracker
Factors
5-107
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
430-950 Cracking
Activity
Treating Bed
2.498
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
950+ Cracking
Activity
Treating Bed
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
0.8000
1.000
Overall Ring
Opening Activity
Treating Bed
5.000e-OC
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000e-OC
1.000
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
430-950 Ring
Opening Activity
Treating Bed
1.000
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
1.000
Treating Bed to
Cracking Bed Ration
1.000
8.900
C2
5.000
C3
1.000
C4
0.1000
Catalyst
Deactivation
Initial Deactivation
Constant
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
5-107
5-108
Factors
Long Term
Deactivation Constant
Activation Energy
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
WABT Bias
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
Reactor Pressure
Drop Factor
Reactor 1- Bed 1
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
Reactor 1- Bed 2
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
Reactor 2- Bed 1
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
Reactor 2- Bed 2
Included
(Initial Value and Final Value will display if
present.
Factors
Temperature Rise
RIBI Temperature Rise [C]
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
720.0
Bed 1 [STD_m3/h]
720.0
Reactor 2
Bed 1 [STD_m3/h]
720.0
Bed 2 [STD_m3/h]
720.0
36.00
36.00
5-108
Hydrocracker
Factors
5-109
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.00
C3 Yield [%]
1.00
C4 Yield [%]
1.00
10.00
10.00
5-109
5-110
The following table list and describes the groups in the Mass
Balance page:
Section
Displays data on
Feed Group
Stream Name
Mass Flow [kg/h]
Hydrogen Flow [kg/h]
Material Balance
Closures (Measured/Adjusted)
Product Group
Chemical Hydrogen
Consumption
5-110
Hydrocracker
5-111
Note:
5-111
5-112
5-112
Hydrocracker
5-113
API Gravity
Specific Gravity
Sulfur [%]
Total Nitrogen [ppmwt]
Basic Nitrogen [ppmwt]
Paraffins [%]
Naphthenes [%]
Aromatics [%]
RON
MON
Smoke Point [mm}
Freeze Point [C]
Flash Point [C]
5-113
5-114
Cetane Index
Four Point [C]
Watson K
Viscosity @ 100F [cP]
Reactor Page
The Reactor page on the Analysis tab of the Calibration property
view displays the key simulation results of the reactor. The
results displayed depend on the configuration of the HCR.
Figure 5.83
5-114
Hydrocracker
5-115
Fractionator Page
The Fractionator page on the Analysis tab of the Calibration
property view displays the fractionator solver tuning
parameters.
The Section-based solver tuning parameters group displays for
each zone:
Top Index
Bottom Index
Top R2
Bottom R2
The TBP Cut Points group displays the calculated cut point to
match the specified flow rate of each zone.
5-115
5-116
Displays data on
H2 Consumption
Bed 1 [STD-m3/h]
Bed 2 [STD-m3/h]
Sum [STD-m3/h]
H2 Balance
5-116
Hydrocracker
5-117
Worksheet Page
The Worksheet page on the Advanced tab of the Calibration
property view displays the summary of the calibration results.
Each row in the table corresponds to each variable from every
other Analysis page, and each column for every included data
sets in the calibration run.
Figure 5.86
5.10 References
1
5-117
5-118
References
5-118
Petroleum Column
6-1
6 Petroleum Column
6.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2
6.1.1 Petroleum Column Conventions .................................................. 3
6.2 Petroleum Column Theory.............................................................. 4
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6-1
6-2
Introduction
6.1 Introduction
The Petroleum Column operation lets you model petroleum
distillation columns in a refinery. The Petroleum Column is
specifically designed to help with solving the following problems:
6-2
Petroleum Column
6-3
Description
Tray Section
Stages
Overhead
Vapor Product
Overhead
Liquid Product
Bottom Liquid
Product
Overhead
Condenser
6-3
6-4
If one plots the quantity ln(Di/Bi) vs. NBPi for each component i,
the plot is typically bilinear.
6-4
Petroleum Column
6-5
where:
Di = molar component flow of component i in the distillate
Bi = molar component flow of component flow of component i
in the bottoms
NBP = normal boiling point of the component
d N, i
(6.1)
(6.2)
(6.3)
6-5
6-6
BN =
b N, i
(6.4)
F N = DN + B N
(6.5)
(6.6)
where:
N = section in the column
fN,i = i component flow rate in feed for section N
dN,i = i component flow rate in distillate for section N
bN,i = i component flow rate in bottoms for section N
D, N = fractionation index for the distillate section N
B, N = fractionation index for the bottom section N
KD,N = intercept for the distillate section N
KB,N = intercept for the bottom section N
DN = total distillate flow for section N
BN = total bottom flow for section N
FN = total feed flow for section N
You are required to specify fractionation indices for each
section, pressure for each section, and product flow fractions
for each product coming out of the column including the
condenser.
The sections are numbered from bottom of the column to the
top of the column.
6-6
Petroleum Column
6-7
The above system of equations is then solved for dN,i, bN,i, fN,i,
KD,N, and KB,N.
6-7
6-8
Overhead
Naphtha
100C
250C
Kero
Gas Oil
280C
Residue
320C
500C
These cut points are translated into molar flow fractions of the
feed.
6-8
Petroleum Column
6-9
Portion of Naphtha in
Overhead
Overhead
Portion of Overhead
in Naphtha.
Naphtha
Individual cut
6-9
6-10
3. Use the first-time setup view to select the feed stream, enter
a total number of stages and specify the feed stream stage.
It is recommended to specifiy a sufficient number of stages the default is 10.
4. Click OK. You can now use the Petroleum Column Property
View Specs page to configure the column.
6-10
Petroleum Column
6-11
6-11
6-12
Specs Page
The specs page configures the petroleum column. The following
table lists and describes the common objects at the Petroleum
Column Specs page.
Object
Description
Column
Name
Specification
Type
Basis
Separate
Pure
Component
Product Cut
Product Info
Matrix
Feed Info
Add Product
Remove
Product
Import SCD
Save SCD
Run
6-12
Petroleum Column
6-13
Object
Description
Reset
Stop
Status
Ignore
Advanced Page
The advanced page configures the advanced options in a
petroleum column, such as pressure and reboiler duty.
Figure 6.6
6-13
6-14
Summary Page
The Summary page gives a tabular summary of the feed or
product stream properties. Select the appropriate radio button
to display the information you want to see.
Plots Page
The volume interchange plot displays two types of information:
Cumulative and Incremental. You can toggle between
Cumulative and Incremental by selecting the appropriate radio
button in the Volume Interchange group.
6-14
Petroleum Column
6-15
Each curve shows the live boiling point behavior for each
stream. The curves from the product streams are normalized
with respect to the feed stream, and the curves are arranged in
increasing order of heaviness.
Figure 6.7
6-15
6-16
6-16
Petroleum Column
6-17
The spikes in the product curves are the result of the discrete
nature of the HYSYS modeling of crude oil thermodynamics. A
crude, which typically has several thousand components, is
modelled using only 50 to 80 lumps (where each lump represent
a group of components with similar characteristics). This
lumping of components causes the spikes in the Increment plot.
Feed temperature
Product temperature, pressure, flow rate, and
composition
6-18
Plots page:
Feeds Page
The Feeds page lets you to calibrate the feed stream entering
the Petroleum Column..
Figure 6.9
Description
Number of
Zones
Feed
Temperature
6-18
Petroleum Column
6-19
Products Page
Use the Products page to enter the product flows, properties and
distillation information necessary for petroleum column
calibration.
Figure 6.10
Description
Product
Enumeration
Temperature
cell
Pressure cell
Flow cell
Density cell
Distillation
Curve cell
Light Ends
checkbox
No of Points to
Add
6-19
6-20
Products Flow
Basis Radio
button
Distillation
Basis Radio
button
Yield Matrix
Temperature
Matrix
Component
Name Matrix
Yield Fraction
Matrix
NBP Matrix
Clear Product
Data Button
Clear Empty
Points Button
Generate
Calibration
Data Button
6-20
Petroleum Column
6-21
Tables Page:
The tables page shows the calibrated parameters and calibrated
feed composition. This page also lets you select which algorithm
to choose for calibration.
Figure 6.11
Description
Tuning Parameters
Table
Feed Composition
Table
Calibration
Algorithm Radio
button
Initialization
Button
Parameters Button
Results Button
6-21
6-22
Calibrate Button
Start calibration
Transfer Tuning
Parameters Button
Function
Convergence Tolerance
Iteration Links
6-22
Petroleum Column
Control
Function
Advanced Initialization
checkbox
6-23
Function
6-23
6-24
Button
Function
Initialize Default
Plots Page
The Plots page displays the calculated calibration results in plot
format.
Figure 6.14
The following table lists and describes the object available in the
Plotted Results page:
Object
Description
Manual Tuning
button
6-24
Petroleum Column
6-25
Object
Description
6-25
6-26
6-26
Petroleum Feeder
7-1
7 Petroleum Feeder
7.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2
7.2 Petroleum Feeder Property View ................................................... 2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
Connections Tab....................................................................... 4
Parameters Tab ........................................................................ 5
Worksheet Tab ......................................................................... 6
User Variables Tab .................................................................... 6
7-1
7-2
Introduction
7.1 Introduction
The Petroleum Feeder is a logical unit operation that allows
flexibility over how the crude proportions are defined and allows
you to mix petroleum assays from the Basis Environment with
assays from other streams in the flowsheet. In addition, you can
setup feeds as blends and/or cuts of petroleum assays. Streams
can also be setup to represent spiked or partial crudes.
7-2
Petroleum Feeder
7-3
Description
Delete button
Status bar
Ignored checkbox
7-3
7-4
Connections
Notes
Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can specify the assays, feed
streams, and product stream attached to the Petroleum Feeder.
You can change the name of the operation in the Name field,
and the fluid package associated to the operation in the Fluid
Package drop-down list.
Figure 7.2
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
7-4
Petroleum Feeder
7-5
Parameters Page
The Parameters page contains a drop-down list and one or two
tables depending on your selection of feed type entering the
Petroleum Feeder.
Figure 7.3
The Balance Type drop-down list allows you to select the unit
basis for the specified values. There are three types of unit for
you to choose from mole, mass, and volume.
7-5
7-6
The table in the Flow Ratio and Boiling Range group contains the
following:
Column
Description
First column
Ratio
You can specify the flow ratio of the petroleum assay(s) and
stream assay(s) that makes up the petroleum feeder
product stream.
For example, if you selected Mole as the unit basis of the
flow ratio, and you specify the Arab assay to have a ratio of
0.25. Then 25% of the product stream's mole composition
is from the Arab assay.
The sum values under the Ratio column must equal 1.
IBP
FBP
The User Variables tab contains the User Vars page. This page
allows you to create and implement variables in the HYSYS
simulation case.
7-6
8-1
8-1
8-2
Introduction
8.1 Introduction
If you do not have the Aspen HYSYS Refining license, you
cannot add a Petroleum Yield Shift Reactor.
8.1.1 Theory
Shift reactor models are empirical models representing the
response of the output of a reactor to changes in its operating
conditions. These models are not based upon the underlying
scientific theory for the reactor, or upon the chemistry of the
reaction, but simply upon an observation of how the output
responds to certain stimuli. The models are generally linear and
are only applicable within a fairly tight range of a particular base
condition.
The petroleum yield shift unit operation calculates the flow rates
of a defined set of product streams based upon the difference
between the current value of an independent variable and a
supplied base value. Dependent variables other than the flow
rates can also be specified.
The following general equations are used for the calculation of a
dependent variable yk:
y k
0
dyk ,j = -------- ( x j x j )
x j
0
yk = yk +
dyk ,j
(8.1)
(8.2)
j=0
8-2
8-3
where:
dyk,j = shift for dependent variable yk with respect to
independent variable xj
0
8-3
8-4
Figure 8.1
Description
Delete button
Status bar
Ignored
checkbox
Connections
Model Data
User Variables
(Lets you create and implement your own variables for
the current operation)
Notes
(Lets you add comments which are exclusively
associated with the unit operation)
8-4
8-5
Connections Page
The Connections page (Figure 8.1) lets you configure the
material and energy streams flowing in and out of the reactor.
The following table describes the objects in the Connections
page:
Object
Description
Name field
Calculated Feeds
table (optional)
Supplementary
Feeds table
(optional)
Cuts table
Supplementary
Products table
(optional)
8-5
8-6
Description
Specify Independent
Variable button
Specify Parameter
button
Independent
Variable / Parameter
Columns
8-6
8-7
Object
Description
The User Variables page lets you create and implement variables
in the HYSYS simulation case.
Notes Page
Product Cuts
Assay Properties
Property Shift
TBP Curves
Results
8-7
8-8
Figure 8.3
8-8
8-9
Description
Cut
Assay Properties
Base Value
Use Feed
Use Assay
8-9
8-10
Description
TBP column
8-10
8-11
Object
Description
Insert button
Delete button
Results Page
The results page provides a summary of all the variables
calculated by the petroleum shift reactor. The table on the left
shows all the product flow rates calculated by the model, and
the table on the right shows all the product properties calculated
by the model.
Figure 8.6
8-11
8-12
8-12
8-13
8-13
8-14
8-14
Product Blender
9-1
9 Product Blender
9.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2
9.2 Theory ........................................................................................... 3
9.2.1 Simulation Calculation Mode ...................................................... 3
9.2.2 Optimization Calculation Mode ................................................... 3
9.3 Product Blender Property View ...................................................... 5
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.3.5
Connections Tab....................................................................... 7
Parameters Tab ........................................................................ 8
Optimization Tab .................................................................... 10
Worksheet Tab ....................................................................... 26
User Variables Tab .................................................................. 26
9-1
9-2
Introduction
9.1 Introduction
The Product Blender allows you to mix several streams together,
and calculate a blended property value or optimize the
properties in the product stream by back calculation and
determine the optimum mix ratios for the inlet streams.
This unit operation is like a black box consisting of splitters
and mixers. Each inlet stream enters a Tee or splitter, which
splits the stream based on the specified flow ratio. Then the split
streams enter the appropriate mixer. Each mixer represents the
blended product stream. The Product Blender also has a surplus
stream that is used to maintain mass balance in the unit
operation system.
For example, consider the figure below of a Product Blender with
three inlet streams, two product streams, and one surplus
stream.
Figure 9.1
9-2
Product Blender
9-3
9.2 Theory
The Product Blender has two different calculation mode to
determine the flow rate in the product streams: Simulation and
Optimization.
9-3
9-4
Theory
Product Blender
9-5
9-5
9-6
Object
Description
Status bar
Delete
button
Calculation
Mode dropdown list
Ignored
checkbox
9-6
Product Blender
9-7
Connections
Notes
Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can specify the feed and product
streams attached to the Product Blender. You can change the
name of the operation in the Name field, and the fluid package
associated to the operation in the Fluid Package drop-down list.
Figure 9.4
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any
comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or
the simulation case in general.
9-7
9-8
Parameters Page
Figure 9.5
9-8
Product Blender
9-9
9-9
9-10
9-10
Product Blender
9-11
Description
View Derivative
Utility button
Create Optimizer
button
View Optimizer
button
Add button
Types of Parameters
drop-down list
9-11
9-12
. To shrink a
Description
Opt Variable
Hooked
Object
Hooked
Property
9-12
Product Blender
9-13
Column
Description
Current
Value
Use
checkbox
. To shrink a
9-13
9-14
Description
Minimum
Current
Value
Maximum
Range
Global Min.
Global Max.
9-14
Product Blender
9-15
. To shrink a
Description
Start Value
Current
Value
9-15
9-16
Column
Description
Status
Price
Span
Output
9-16
Product Blender
9-17
. To shrink a
Description
Constraints
Hooked
Object
Hooked
Property
9-17
9-18
Column
Description
Current
Value
Use
checkbox
. To shrink a
9-18
Product Blender
9-19
Description
Minimum
Current
Value
Maximum
Scale
9-19
9-20
. To shrink a
Description
Current Value
Status
9-20
Product Blender
9-21
Column
Description
Normalization
When the Jacobian matrix is first calculated (first pass evaluation) the
Normalization property for the constraint is set to be the largest Jacobian
entry in the row (Sparse Row) of the Jacobian matrix corresponding to this
constraint. This number is used to normalize the rest of the given Jacobian
row, for all remaining Optimizer search steps (in other words, it is not
recalculated).
Base Value
Price
Displays the shadow price (Lagrange multiplier) for the given constraint,
calculated by the Optimizer.
If a feasible solution is found by the Optimizer, then a simple interpretation of
the Lagrange multiplier is that it gives the gradient of the cost function along
the corresponding constraint normal. Thus, the shadow price indicates the
approximate change to the objective function when increasing (in other
words, relaxing) the given active bound by a unit amount.
9-21
9-22
Objectives Page
The Objectives page allows you to specify the name and price of
the objectives. The objectives are the goals you specified for the
optimization calculation.
Figure 9.13
Description
Objective
Hooked
Object
Hooked Prop
Current
Value
Weighted
Value
Price
9-22
Product Blender
9-23
Description
Maximum
Iteration field
Objective Scaling
Factor field
9-23
9-24
Object
Description
Gradient
Calculation
Method dropdown list
Diagnostic Print
Level drop-down
list
Accuracy
Tolerance field
ConvergenceSum = F ( x ) d +
uj Cj ( x )
j=1
Perturbation Size
field
Maximum
Feasible Points
field
9-24
Product Blender
9-25
Description
Starting
Objective Value
Final Objective
Value
Termination
Reason
Feasible Point
Iterations
Solution Phase
Gradient
Evaluations
Actual Optimizer
Model
Evaluations
Code Version
9-25
9-26
The User Variables tab contains the User Vars page. This page
allows you to create and implement variables in the HYSYS
simulation case.
9-26
10-1
10 Aspen HYSYS
Refining Utilities
10.1 Introduction................................................................................. 2
10.2 Petroleum Assay Utility................................................................ 3
10.2.1 Design Tab ............................................................................ 5
10.2.2 Results Tab ............................................................................ 7
10.2.3 Dynamics Tab ...................................................................... 10
10.3 Swing Cut Utility ........................................................................ 11
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.4
10-1
10-2
Introduction
10.1 Introduction
The utility commands are a set of tools, which interact with a
process by providing additional information or analysis of
streams or operations. Similar to the HYSYS utilities, the Aspen
HYSYS Refining utilities become a permanent part of the
Flowsheet and are calculated automatically when appropriate.
They can also be used as target objects for Adjust operations.
Aspen HYSYS Refining utilities can be added through the
Available Utilities property view or the Utilities page on the
Attachments tab of a stream's property view.
Figure 10.1
10-2
10-3
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-5
Connections
Notes
Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can select the parameters for the
Petroleum Assay utility.
Figure 10.3
10-5
10-6
Notes Page
For more information
refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor, where you can record any
comments or information regarding the utility, or to your
simulation case in general.
10-6
10-7
Boiling Curves
Properties
Plots
TBP
ASTM D86
ASTM D2887
ASTM D1160 (Atm.)
10-7
10-8
Properties Page
The Properties page displays the petroleum assay properties.
Figure 10.6
Plots Page
The Plots page displays the plots of the boiling point curves,
molecular weight, standard liquid density, and the petroleum
properties in graphical form. Examine the plot of your choice by
making a selection from the Property drop-down list.
10-8
10-9
10-9
10-10
The Control Period field is used to specify the frequency that the
utility is calculated. A value of 10 indicates that the utility be
recalculated every 10th pressure flow step. This can help speed
up your dynamic simulation since utilities can require some time
to calculate.
The Use Default Periods checkbox allows you to set the control
period of one utility to equal the control period of any other
utilities that you have in the simulation. For example, if you
have five utilities, and require them all to have a control period
of 5 and currently the value is 8, with this checkbox selected if
you change the value in one utility all the other utilities change.
Alternatively, if you want all the utilities to have different values
you would clear this checkbox.
The Enable in Dynamics checkbox is used to activate this
feature for use in Dynamic mode.
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-12
Description
Name field
Scope Objects
button
Calculation Basis
drop-down list
Map Column
Specifications
10-14
You can select the products you want to include in the printed
report in the Swing Cut utility by selecting their corresponding
checkboxes in the Include column.
The TBP Cut data for each product stream are retrieved from the
column. You need to specify a maximum TBP cut temperature to
define a swing cut. The maximum TBP Cut must be a
temperature value in between two adjacent product streams
and it must satisfy the following condition:
( T2 T1 )
T 1 + 1.0 < TBP < T 1 + -----------------------2
(10.1)
T2 > T1
(10.2)
where:
T1, T2 = temperature values for product stream 1 and 2
TBP = maximum TBP cut for the product stream 1
Since there is no specific TBP cut point for the last product
stream, the last maximum TBP cut must satisfy the following
condition:
T 1 + 1.0 < TBPLast < T 1 + 50.0
(10.3)
where:
T1 = temperature of the product stream before the last
product stream
TBPLast = swing cut TBP for the last product stream
10-14
10-15
10-16
10-16
10-17
10-18
Figure 10.13
2. Click the down arrow icon to open the drop-down list and
select an assay property.
(10.4)
[(V + V ) P V P ]
s
1
2
1 1
P = ---------------------------------------------------------------s
V
s
(10.5)
10-18
where:
V = volume (or weight)
P = property
s = swing cut
1, 2 = state (low, high cut point)
The Swing Cut utility is available in steady state mode. You can
perform the calculations on the petroleum distillation column
without propagation of the perturbation to other unit operations.
The utility will be available within the subflowsheet environment
as well as at the main flowsheet level. Each instance of the
utility will be independent. There may be several instances of
the utility active in a flowsheet.
10-19
10-20
Figure 10.14
10-20
10-21
10-22
10-22
11-1
11 Isomerization Unit
Operation
11.1 The Isomerization Unit Operation ................................................ 2
11.2 Theory ......................................................................................... 2
11-1
11-2
11.2 Theory
The reactor is modeled using the Aspen EORXR model. The rate
expression for each reaction class has been coded to match
literature data. The isomerization and hydrogenation reactions
are considered to be reversible, and the other reaction classes
are all considered to be irreversible. Each reaction class is first
order with respect to the primary reactant. Each reaction class
also has a denominator term following typical LHHW.
Before placing an isomerization unit in a flowsheet, the user
should first define an appropriate component slate. From the
Basis environment, the user can import the file CatRefIsom.cml.
This file is located in your HYSYS install directory under the paks
directory. The fluid package should be defined as SRK or Peng
Robinson. Alternatively, the user can use Aspen Properties and
use the file catref.aprbkp to define the components and the fluid
package. This file is located in your HYSYS install directory
under refsys\refreactor directory. If the correct component slate
has not been defined for the part of the flowsheet in which the
isom unit op is placed, the model will still initialize; however, the
model will not be able to execute until a basis with an
appropriate component slate is selected.
Once an appropriate component slate and fluid package have
11-2
11-3
been created for the isom model, the user can go into the
simulation environment and place an isom unit operation in the
flowsheet. The user may add this to the flowsheet either by
using the Refining unit operation palette (F6), or by adding a
unit operation (F12) and selecting the isom unit op from the list
of unit operations. It will take a short while after the block has
been placed to initialize the block.
Please see the online documentation for the latest instructions
on this unit operation.
11-3
11-4
Theory
11-4
12 Refining Transition
Unit Operations
12 Refining Transition Unit Operations ................................................ 1
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.4.3 Reference:............................................................................. 9
12-1
12-2
Petroleum Transition
Petroleum Transition
HCR Product Transition
FCC Feed Adjust
Reactor Transitions
12-2
Cloud Point
12-3
12-4
Flash Point
Pour Point
MON (Clear)
RON (Clear)
MON (Leaded)
RON (Leaded)
12-5
12-6
Reactor Transitions
12-6
12-7
12-8
Reactor Transitions
Properties
IP5/Total C5
nP5/Total C5
22-Dimethyl-butane/
Total P6
23-Dimethyl-butane/
Total P6
2-Methyl-pentane/Total
P6
12-8
3-Methyl-pentane/Total
P6
Methyl-cyclopentane/
[Methylcyclopentane+Cyclohexa
ne]
22-Dimethyl-pentane/
Total P7
23-Dimethyl-pentane/
Total P7
24-Dimethyl-pentane/
Total P7
33-Dimethyl-pentane/
Total P7
223-Trimethyl-pentane/
Total P7
2-Methyl-hexane/Total P7
3-Methyl-hexane/Total P7
Ethyl-pentane/Total P7
Dimethyl-cyclopentane/
Total N7
Ethyl-cyclopentane/Total
N7
Normal P8/Total P8
MB P8/Total P8
N8 N5/[N5+N6 Ring]
IP9/Total P5
N9 N5/[N5+N6 Ring]
IP10/Total P10
IP11/Total P11
12.4.3 Reference:
1. Leibovici, C.F. 1993. A consistent procedure for the estimation
of properties associated to lumped systems, Fluid Phase
Equilibria 87, 1993, 189-197.
2.Reid R.C., Prausnitz J.M., and Poling B.E., 1987. The properties
of gases and liquids, 4th Ed., McGraw Hill Book Company, p. 83.)
12-9
12-10
Reactor Transitions
12-10
Mass Blend.............................................................................. 6
Mole Blend .............................................................................. 7
Volume Blend .......................................................................... 7
Healy Method for RON and MON ................................................. 8
Component Level Calculations.................................................... 9
Stream Level Calculations ....................................................... 16
A-1
A-2
Introduction
A.1 Introduction
This appendix is contains the blending rules of the physical and
petroleum properties in petroleum assays, the definition of a
Comma Separated Value (CSV) file, and the format of an XML
file containing a petroleum assay data.
If you do not have the Aspen HYSYS Refining license, you
will not be able to access the petroleum properties.
A-2
MW blend =
MFlowS MW S
S
=
stream
---------------------------------------------------------------
MFlow S
(A.1)
S = stream
where:
MWblend = mixed molecular weight
MFlow = mass flow rate of stream S
A-3
A-4
VFlow S CBP S
= streams
CBP blend = S----------------------------------------------------------------VFlow
S
(A.2)
S = streams
where:
CBPblend = mixed centroid boiling point
VFlow = volumetric flow rate of stream S
CBP = centroid boiling point in each stream
SG blend =
MFlow S
S--------------------------------------------= streams
-
(A.3)
VFlow S
S = streams
where:
SGblend = mixed specific gravity
A-4
HofF blend =
MolFlow S HofF S
S
=
stream
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A.4)
MolFlow S
S = stream
where:
HofFblend = mixed heat of formation
MolFlow = molar flow rate of stream S
HofF = heat of formation in each stream
A-5
A-6
Mixprop =
MFlow S prop S
S
=
streams
-------------------------------------------------------------------
(A.5)
MFlowS
S = streams
where:
MFlow = mass flow rate of stream S
prop = property to be blended in each stream
A-6
Mixprop =
MolFlow S prop S
S
=
streams
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
MolFlow S
(A.6)
S = streams
where:
MolFlow = molar flow rate of stream S
prop = property to be blended in each stream
Mixprop = mixed value of the targeted property
VFlow S prop S
= streams
Mixprop = S----------------------------------------------------------------VFlow
S
(A.7)
S = streams
where:
VFlow = volumetric flow rate of stream S
prop = property to be blended in each stream
Mixprop = mixed value of the targeted property
A-7
A-8
(A.8)
(A.9)
where:
RONi Vi
RON sum =
MONi Vi
MON sum =
Olfsum =
Olfi Vi
i
Olfsum2 =
Olfi Vi
i
Arom sum =
Aromi Vi
i
Arom sum2 =
Aromi Vi
i
RONMON =
( RONi MONi ) Vi
i
RONMON 1 =
RONMON 2 =
A-8
Vi = Volume Fraction
For stream level blending:
VolFrac=
Volume flow i
------------------------------------------------------volume flow of stream
Aniline Point
The Aniline Point16,6 is calculated using the following blending
rules:
Mass Blend
Mole Blend
Volume Blend
Aromatics By Volume
The Aromatics By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Aromatics By Weight
The Aromatics By Weight16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-9
A-10
Asphaltene Content
The Asphaltene Content3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
C To H Ratio
The C to H Ratio is calculated using Mass Blend.
Cloud Point
The mass, mole, and volume blending calculations are also
available.
( v i CI i )
CIB i = --------------------------------1.8
CI i = ( 1.8 C i )
1
--n
(A.10)
(A.11)
where:
CIBi = Cloud Point of the blended component i
CIi = Cloud Point index of individual components
vi = Volume fraction of individual components
Ci = Cloud Point of individual components
n = default constant value of 0.55, for heavier cut point
HYSYS recommends 0.6
A-10
Copper Content
The Copper Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend. The Copper
Content value reported on the stream property page is in units
of wt%.
Flash Point
The mass, mole, and volume blending calculations are also
available.
( v i FIi )
FIB i = -------------------------------------1.8
FI i = ( 1.8 F i )
1-----0.6
(A.12)
(A.13)
where:
FIBi = Flash Point of the blended component i
FIi = Flash Point index of individual components
vi = Volume fraction of individual components
Fi = Flash Point of individual components
Mass Blend
A-11
A-12
Mole Blend
Volume Blend
Molecular Weight
The Molecular Weight is calculated using Mass Blend.
MON Clear
The MON Clear6 is calculated using Healy Method for RON and
MON.
Naphthenes By Volume
The Naphthenes By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Naphthenes By Weight
The Naphthenes By Weight3,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Ni Content
The Ni Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Nitrogen Content
The Nitrogen Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Olefins By Volume
The Olefins By Volume is calculated using Volume Blend.
Olefins By Weight
The Olefins By Weight3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-12
Paraffins By Volume
The Paraffins By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Paraffins By Weight
The Paraffins By Weight3,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Pour Point
The mass, mole, and volume blending calculations are also
available.
PIB i = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------1.8
(A.14)
(A.15)
where:
Pi = Pour Point of individual components
PIi = Pour Point index of individual components
Vi = Volume fraction of individual components
PIBi = Pour Point of the blended component i
Refractive Index
The Refractive Index is calculated using the following blending
rules:
Mass Blend
Mole Blend
Volume Blend
A-13
A-14
RON Clear
The RON Clear6 is calculated using the Healy Method for RON and
MON.
RON Leaded
The RON Leaded calculated using the following blending rules:
Mass Blend
Mole Blend
Volume Blend
( V i RVPI i )
RVPB = --------------------------------------0.145
0.8
1.25
(A.16)
(A.17)
where:
RVPi = RVP of individual components
RVPIi = RVP index of individual components
Vi = Volume fraction of individual components
RVPB = RVP of the blended component i
A-14
SG (60/60F)
The SG (60/60F)7 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Smoke Point
The Smoke Point2 calculated using the following blending rules:
Mass Blend
Mole Blend
Volume Blend
Sulfur Content
The Sulfur Content12 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Vanadium Content
The Vanadium Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Viscosity
The Viscosity is calculated using an indexing method, and there
are two methods available. One method uses 0.8 as the
parameter constant and the second method uses 0.08 as the
parameter constant.
U b = 10
U mix =
10Vmix
xi log ( log [ Vi + c ] )
(A.18)
(A.19)
where:
Ub = viscosity of blend
Ui = viscosity of component i
A-15
A-16
Wax Content
The Wax Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
(A.20)
A-16
where:
T 1 = 0.0002631 ( Sulf T ) + 0.039786 ( RVP T ) 0.012157 ( E300 T )
0.005525 ( Arom T ) 0.009594 ( MTBE T ) + 0.31658 ( ETBE T )
+ 0.24925 ( Ethanol T )
B 1 = 0.0002631 ( Sulf B ) + 0.039786 ( RVP B ) 0.012157 ( E300 B )
0.005525 ( Arom B ) 0.009594 ( MTBE B ) + 0.31658 ( ETBE B )
+ 0.24925 ( Ethanol B )
T 2 = 0.0002627 ( Sulf T ) 0.012157 ( E300 T ) 0.005548 ( Arom T )
0.05598 ( MTBET ) + 0.3164665 ( ETBE T ) + 0.2493259 ( Ethanol T )
B 2 = 0.0002627 ( Sulf B ) 0.012157 ( E300 B ) 0.005548 ( Arom B )
0.05598 ( MTBEB ) + 0.3164665 ( ETBE B ) + 0.2493259 ( Ethanol B )
SulfT = sulfur content, range 0 to 500
AromT = aromatics content, range 0 to 50
RVP T = Reid Vapor Pressure 0.145
MTBET =
ETBE T =
Ethanol T =
Aniline Point
The Aniline Point6,16 is calculated using Volume Blend.
A-17
A-18
Aromatics By Volume
The Aromatics By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Aromatics By Weight
The Aromatics By Weight16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Asphaltene Content
The Asphaltene Content3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
ExBenz B
( T1 B1 )
( T2 B2 )
ToxEmi ExBenz = ---------------------( 0.444e
+ 0.556e
)
6
10
(A.21)
where:
T 1 = 0.0006197 ( Sulf T ) 0.003376 ( E200 T ) + 0.02655 ( Arom T )
+ 0.22239 ( Benz T )
B 1 = 0.0006197 ( Sulf B ) 0.003376 ( E200 B ) + 0.02655 ( Arom B )
+ 0.22239 ( Benz B )
A-18
(A.22)
where:
BenzEHotS = 10 ( Benz T VOC HotS )
( 1.4448 0.0342 [ MTBE T ] 0.080274 [ RVP T ] )
BenzEDiu = 10 ( Benz T VOC Diu )
( 1.3758 0.029 [ MTBE T ] 0.080274 [ RVP T ] )
A-19
A-20
MTBET =
A-20
(A.23)
where:
T 1 = 0.0001552 ( Sulf T ) 0.007253 ( E200 T ) 0.014866 ( E300 T )
0.004005 ( Arom T ) + 0.028235 ( Olef T )
B 1 = 0.0001552 ( Sulf B ) 0.007253 ( E200 B ) 0.014866 ( E300 B )
0.004005 ( Arom B ) + 0.028235 ( Olef B )
T 2 = 0.043696 ( Olef T ) 0.060771 ( OxyT ) 0.007311 ( E200 T )
0.008058 ( E300 T ) 0.004005 ( Arom T )
B 2 = 0.043696 ( Olef B ) 0.060771 ( Oxy B ) 0.007311 ( E200 B )
0.008058 ( E300 B ) 0.004005 ( Arom B )
SulfT = sulfur content, range 0 to 500
AromT = aromatics content, range 0 to 50
OlefT = olefins content, range 0 to 25
Oxy T =
A-21
A-22
C To H Ratio
The C to H Ratio is calculated using Mass Blend.
(A.24)
where:
D86T50F = D86 value in F at 50% volume
(A.25)
where:
SG Corr = exp ( 3.5 [ SG 0.85 ] ) 1.0
T10Dif = D86T10 - 215.0
D86T10 = D86 value in C at 10% volume
T50Dif = D86T50 - 260.0
D86T50 = D86 value in C at 50% volume
T90Dif = D86T90 - 310.0
A-22
Cetane Number
Cetane Number17 is calculated using the following equation:
Cetane Number = 5.28 + 0.371 ( CetIdx 4737 ) + 0.0112 ( CetIdx 4737 )
(A.26)
where:
CetIdx4737 = Cetane Index (4737), see Equation (A.25)
Cloud Point
Cloud Point Blending6,16 uses two options:
The Aspen HYSYS Refining Indexing Method uses the following
equations:
0.55
( vi Ci )
CIB = -----------------------------------1.8
CI = ( 1.8 CIB )
1
---------0.55
(A.27)
(A.28)
where:
CIB = Blended Cloud Point index
CI = Cloud Point index of stream in F
vi = Volume fraction of individual components
Ci = Cloud Point of individual components in K
A-23
A-24
The Crude Manager Indexing Method for Cloud Point uses the
following equations:
CIB = ( V i exp ( 0.035 C i ) )
(A.29)
(A.30)
CIB i = 10.0
0.315
0.133 ( SG i )
(A.31)
where:
BP = average boiling point ( R)
SG = specific gravity
Copper Content
The Copper Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
DON (Clear)
DON is calculated at the Aspen HYSYS Refining stream level
using the following formula:
RON + MON
DON ( Clear ) = --------------------------------2
(A.32)
A-24
Driveability Index
The driveability index is calculated at the Aspen HYSYS Refining
stream level using the following formula:
(A.33)
where:
DI = Driveability Index
TBP10 = 10 vol % TBP F
TBP50 = 50 vol % TBP F
TBP90 = 90 vol % TBP F
Flash Point
Flash Point Blending6,10,16 is calculated using the following
methods:
Flash Point: Indexing Method:
0.6
FIB =
( v i FIi )
---------------------------------------
(A.34)
1.8
FI = ( 1.8 F i )
1
------0.6
(A.35)
where:
FIB = Blended Flash Point
FIi = Flash Point of component i in K
vi = Volume fraction of component i
FI = Flash Point of stream in K
A-25
A-26
(A.36)
where:
FP = Flash point in K
D86temp10 = 10 vol% D86 temperature in K
(A.37)
where:
NBPi = Normal boiling point of component i in K
FPi = Flash point of component i in K
(A.38)
2414.0
FP = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230.56
( 6.1188 + log 10 ( FlashPointIndex ) )
(A.39)
A-26
where:
FP = Flash point of stream in K
(A.40)
where:
D86_IBP = D86 IBP in C,
D86_5 = 5 vol % D86 in C
FP = Flash point of stream in C
Param1, param2, param3 and D86 IBP can be specified from the
correlation manager.
(A.41)
where:
Fmax = maximum freeze point of all components in K
Fmin = minimum freeze point of all components in K
Vfmax = maximum volume fraction among all components
A-27
A-28
(A.42)
(A.43)
where:
T 1 = 0.010226 ( E300 T ) 0.007166 ( Arom T ) + 0.0462131 ( MTBE T )
B 1 = 0.010226 ( E300 B ) 0.007166 ( Arom B ) + 0.0462131 ( MTBE B )
T 2 = 0.10226 ( E300 T ) 0.007166 ( Arom T ) + 0.0462131 ( MTBE T )
0.031352 ( Olef T )
B 2 = 0.10226 ( E300 B ) 0.007166 ( Arom B ) + 0.0462131 ( MTBE B )
0.031352 ( Olef B )
AromT = aromatics content, range 0 to 50
OlefT = olefins content, range 0 to 25
MTBET =
A-28
Kinematic Viscosity @ X C
Kinematic viscosity is calculated for the liquid phase. The value
for temperature can be specified in the correlation manager.
(The default value is 37.78 C (100 F)). First, pressure is
determined using TV flash (vapor fraction = 0) and then the
kinematic viscosity is determined at this condition.
Sometimes HYSYS TV flash returns two liquid phases and one
happens to be a very heavy liquid. The resulting viscosity for
this case is generally higher than than that of a single liquid
phase. If you are not expecting two liquid phases, you should
modify the maximum number of phase settings in the basis
environment.
Luminometer Number
The Luminometer Number is calculated using the following
formula:
L = 12.03 + 3.009 ( Smoke ) 0.0104 ( Smoke )
(A.44)
where:
L = The Luminometer Number
Smoke = the smoke point in mm.
A-29
A-30
where:
MABP = (Xmol * CentroidBP)
CBP =((Xvol*(
CentoridBP)))^3
Molecular Weight
The Molecular Weight is calculated using Mass Blend.
MON Clear
The MON Clear is calculated using Volume Blend.
Naphthenes By Volume
The Naphthenes By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
A-30
Naphthenes By Weight
The Naphthenes By Weight6,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Ni Content
The Ni Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Nitrogen Content
The Nitrogen Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
NOx (emission)
Emissions from NOx11 is calculated using the following
equations:
NOx B
( T1 B1 )
( T2 B2 )
NOx = -------------( 0.738e
+ 0.262e
)
6
10
(A.45)
where:
T 1 = 0.0018571 ( Oxy T ) + 0.0006921 ( Sulf T ) + 0.0090744 ( RVP T )
+ 0.000931 ( E200 T ) + 0.00846 ( E300 T ) + 0.0083632 ( Arom T )
7
A-31
A-32
Olefins By Volume
The Olefins By Volume is calculated using Volume Blend.
Olefins By Weight
The Olefins By Weight3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-32
Paraffins By Volume
The Paraffins By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Paraffins By Weight
The Paraffins By Weight3,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
(A.46)
where:
T 1 = 0.0005219 ( Sulf T ) 0.0003641 ( Oxy T ) + 0.0289749 ( RVP T )
2
A-33
A-34
Pour Point
The Pour Point6,16 of a stream may be calculated using either of
two methods:
Method 1 (Default)
12.885
PP = exp ------------------------------------------------------1.8
(A.47)
(A.48)
A-34
where:
PPidx = Pour Point index
Voli = Volume Fraction of component i
PPi = Pour point of component i in K
PP = Pour point of component i in K
Method 2.
(A.49)
log ( PPidx )
PP = ----------------------------0.03
(A.50)
where:
PPi = Pour Point of component i in F
Voli = Volume Fraction of component i
PPidx = Pour point index
PP = Pour point of stream in F
Refractive Index
The Refractive Index13 is calculated using Volume Blend
(A.51)
A-35
A-36
(A.52)
where:
RVPi = RVP of individual components in kPa
RVPIi = RVP index of individual components in kPa
Vi = Volume fraction of individual components
RVPB = RVP of the blended component i
RON Clear
The RON Clear6 may be calculated using the following methods:
RON Clear: Indexing Method
RON - Index (RONidxi) is calculated from following equation:
RONidx i = a + b ( RON iC )
(A.53)
(A.54)
A-36
RON Leaded
The RON Leaded is calculated using Volume Blend.
SG (60/60F)
The SG (60/60F)7 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Smoke Point
The Smoke Point2 is calculated using the following blend index:i
1
SPidx = Vol i --------
SP i
(A.55)
1
SP = --------------SPidx
(A.56)
where:
SPi =Smoke Point of Component i
Voli =Liquid Volume Fraction of Component i
SPidx = Smoke Point Index of Stream
SP = Smoke Point of Stream
A-37
A-38
moleFrac i MW i
SLD = ( moleFrac i MW i ) ---------------------------------------------
Den i
(A.57)
where:
moleFraci = Mole Fraction of component i
MWi = Molecular Weight of component i
Deni = Density of component i in kg/m3
SLD = Standard liquid density of stream in kg/m3
Sulfur Content
Sulfur Content12 is calculated using Mass Blend.
(A.58)
where:
ToxEmiNonExBenz = toxic emission from non-exhaust Benzene,
see Equation (A.22)
ToxEmiPoly = toxic emission from Polycyclic, see Equation
(A.46)
ToxEmiBut = toxic emission from Butadiene, see Equation
(A.23)
ToxEmiAcet = toxic emission from Acetaldehyde, see
Equation (A.20)
A-38
Vanadium Content
Vanadium Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Viscosity
Viscosity is calculated using standard HYSYS methods. (See The
Aspen HySYS Simulation Basis Reference Guide)
VOC (exhaust)
Exhaust from VOC11 is calculated using the following equations:
ExVOC B
( T 1 B1 )
( T 2 B2 )
( 0.444e
+ 0.556e
)
ExVOC = ---------------------6
10
(A.59)
where:
T 1 = 0.0005219 ( Sulf T ) 0.0003641 ( Oxy T ) + 0.0289749 ( RVP T )
2
A-40
A-40
NonExVOC total = VOC HotS + VOC Diu + VOC RunLos + VOC Reful
(A.60)
where:
RVP T = Reid Vapor Pressure 0.145
RVP 2 = ( RVP T )
Region 1:
0.031807 ( RVP 2 ) 0.3568833 ( RVP T ) + 1.226859
NonExVOC total = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
[ 0.006654 ( RVP 2 ) 0.08009 ( RVP T ) + 0.2846 ]
VOC HotS = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
[ 0.007385 ( RVP 2 ) 0.08981 ( RVP T ) + 0.3158 ]
VOC Diu = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
[ 0.017768 ( RVP2 ) 0.18746 ( RVP T ) + 0.6146 ]
VOC RunLos = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
[ 0.0004767 ( RVP T ) + 0.011859 ]
VOC Reful = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
Region 2:
0.027022 ( RVP 2 ) 0.300753 ( RVP T ) + 1.063329
NonExVOC total = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
[ 0.006078 ( RVP 2 ) 0.07474 ( RVP T ) + 0.27117 ]
VOC HotS = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
[ 0.004775 ( RVP 2 ) 0.05872 ( RVP T ) + 0.21306 ]
VOC Diu = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
A-41
A-42
VOC (total)
Total VOC11 is calculated using the following equations:
VOC total = ExVOC + NonExVOC total (for Summer)
(A.61)
Watson K
The Watson characterization factor, K, is defined by the
equation:
( MABP )1 3
K = -------------------------------Sp.Gr.
(A.62)
where:
MABP = the mean average boiling point in degrees Rankine
Sp.Gr. = the specific gravity ay 60 degrees f.
MoABP + CABP
MABP = -----------------------------------------2
MoABP = the molar average boiling point
=
XT
i i b
A-42
Wax Content
The Wax Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A list of components.
Three critical physical properties: molecular weight,
centroid boiling point, and specific gravity. The rest of the
physical properties are calculated based on the three
critical properties.
All petroleum properties.
All gas chromatography properties.
A-43
A-44
The first three lines of csv assay file contain name and date
information related to the file. For example:
Name,Assay-4
Created,19/07/2007 10:59:07
Modified,19/07/2007 11:00:03
The fourth row defines the table heading. The first column has
the heading Cpt (Component), followed by the property names
listed in sequence, separated by commas.
The remaining rows contain the corresponding component
names and property values in sequence, separated by commas:
Methane,n1,n2,n3,n4,etc,etc.
The correct case and spelling of the properties are required for
Aspen HYSYS Refining to properly import the assay values. Any
change in spelling results in Aspen HYSYS Refining reading the
in properties as user properties, and the property values will be
displayed in the UserProp column, instead of in the correct
property name column. Below are the proper designations for
Aspen HYSYS Refining properties:
Acidity, Aniline Point, Aromatics By Volume, Aromatics By
Weight, Asphaltene Content, Basic Nitrogen Content, Boiling
Temperature, C to H Ratio, C5 Mass, C5 Vol, Cloud Point,
Conradson Carbon Content, Copper Content, Copper/Iron
Content, Flash Point, Freeze Point, Mercaptan Sulfur
Content, Molecular Weight, MON (Clear), MON (Leaded),
Naphthenes By Volume, Naphthenes By Weight, Nickel
Content, Nitrogen Content, Olefins By Volume, Olefins By
Weight, Paraffins By Volume, Paraffins By Weight, Pour Point,
Refractive Index, Reid Vapour Pressure, RON (Clear), RON
(Leaded), Smoke Point, Sodium Content, Standard Liquid
Density, Sulfur Content, True Vapour Pressure, Vanadium
Content, Wax Content, Viscosity @ 50C, Benzene Content By
Volume, Benzene Content By Weight, Toluene Content By
Weight, Toluene Content By Volume, Isoparaffin By Weight
and Isoparaffin By Volume.
A-44
Unit
Acidity
Wt/Wt
Aniline Point
Kelvin
Aromatics by Volume
Vol %
Aromatics by Weight
Weight %
Asphaltene Content
Weight %
Boiling Temperature
Kelvin
C to H Ratio
No Units
Kelvin
Cloud Point
Kelvin
Composition
Mole Fraction
Weight %
Copper Content
ppmWt
Copper/Iron Content
ppmWt
Flash Point
Kelvin
Freeze Point
Kelvin
Iron Content
ppmWt
IsoParaffins by Volume
Volume %
Luminometer Number
No Units
Weight %
Molecular Weight
No Units
MON (Clear)
MON (Leaded)
No Units
Naphthenes by Volume
Volume %
Naphthenes by Weight
Weight %
Nickel Content
ppmWt
Nitrogen Content
ppmWt
Olefins by Volume
Volume %
Olefins by Weight
Weight %
Paraffins by Volume
Volume %
Paraffins by Weight
Weight %
Pour Point
Kelvin
Refractive Index
No Units
RON (Clear)
No Units
RON (Leaded)
No Units
A-45
A-46
Property
Unit
Smoke Point
Millimeters
Sodium Content
Weight %
Kg/m3
Sulfur Content
Weight %
Vanadium Content
ppmWt
Viscosity @ 100C
CentiStokes (cSt)
Viscosity @ 50C
CentiStokes (cSt)
Wax Content
Weight %
A-46
A-47
A-48
Figure A.4
A-48
A-49
A-50
Acidity
Acidity W
Aniline Point
Aniline Pt
Aromatics V
Aromatics W
Asphaltene Content
Asphaltene
Basic N2
C to H Ratio
C/H Ratio
Cloud Point
Cloud Pt
Conradson C
Copper Content
Copper
Cetane Number
Cetane No
Flash Point
Flash Pt
Freeze Point
Freeze Pt
A-50
MON (Clear)
MON-Clear
MON (Leaded)
MON-Leaded
Naphthene V
Naphthene W
Nickel Content
Nickel
Nitrogen Content
Nitrogen
Olefins V
Olefins W
Paraffins V
Paraffins W
Pour Point
Pour Pt
Refractive Index
Ref Idx
RVP
RON (Clear)
RON-Clear
RON (Leaded)
RON-Leaded
Smoke Point
Smoke Point
Sulfur Content
Sulfur
Mercaptan S
Sodium Content
Na
TVP
Vanadium Content
Vanadium
Iron Content
Iron
Luminometer Number
Lumino No
C5 Mass
C5 W
C5 Vol
C5 V
Viscosity @ 38C
Visc @ 38C
Viscosity @ 50C
Visc @ 50C
Viscosity @ 60C
Visc @ 60C
Viscosity @ 100C
Visc @ 100C
Wax Content
Wax
A-52
References
List of components.
Three critical physical properties: molecular weight,
centroid boiling point, and specific gravity. The rest of the
physical properties are calculated based on the three
critical properties.
All petroleum properties.
A.6 References
1
31.0 API Iranian Heavy Crude Oil, Chevron Oil Trading Company,
1971.
10
Hu, J., and Burns, A.B., New Method Predicts Cloud, Pour, Flash
Points of Distillate Blends, Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 49, No. 11
(November 1970), pp. 213-216.
11
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives, 2001 CFR Title 29, Volume 8,
National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federal
Regulations,viewed: 21 April 2006, http://www.access.gpo.gov/
nara/cfr/waisidx_01/40cfr80_o1.html
12
Riazi, M.R., Nasimi, N., and Roomi, Y.A., 1999, Estimation of Sulfur
Content of Petroleum Products and Crude Oils, Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res., Vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 4507-4512
13Riazi,
14Stewart,
15
16Strategic
17Technical
18
A-53
A-54
References
A-54
Index
A
access Calibration environment 4-22
access Catalytic Reformer environment 4-20
access Hydrocracker environment 5-20
access Hydrocracker sub operations 5-21
access Hydrocracker Wizard 5-21
access Reformer Configuration Wizard 4-21
access Results property view 5-22
Assay Manipulator 3-2
add 3-3
assay tab 3-6
change props page 3-7
composition page 3-9
connections page 3-4
create 3-3
design tab 3-4
notes page 3-5
options page 3-6
parameters page 3-5
property view 3-3
shift props page 3-8
user variables page 3-5
worksheet tab 3-11
B
Blend
centroid boiling point A-4
heat of formation A-5
liquid density A-4
molecular weight A-3
physical properties A-2
specific gravity A-4
Blending Rules 2-7
user define 2-23
Blends
Healy method A-8
mass A-6
mole A-7
MON A-8
RON A-8
volume A-7
C
Calibration
advanced options 4-102
catalyst 4-98
catalyst results 4-118
catalyst weight 4-104
I-1
I-2
I-2
I-3
I-3
I-4
I-4
I-5
Prediction
advanced options 4-102
catalyst 4-98
catalyst weight 4-104
coke laydown 4-104
configure reactor 4-92
design reactor 4-91
feed condition 4-96
feed data 4-94
feed properties 4-95
feed type 4-94
heater temperatures 4-106
operation measurement 4-103
operation variables 4-95
pinning percent 4-104
reactor control 4-97
reactor geometry 4-93
reactor pressure 4-105
recontactor 4-98
solver commands 4-102
solver console 4-102
solver options 4-101
solver scripts 4-102
Product Blender 9-2
add 9-5
automatic pressure assignment 9-9
connections page 9-7
connections tab 9-7
constraints configuration page 9-17
constraints inputs page 9-18
constraints results page 9-20
create 9-5
inlet flow ratios 9-8
notes page 9-7
objectives page 9-22
optimization calculation mode 9-3
optimization tab 9-10
optimizer configuration page 9-23
optimizer results page 9-25
parameters page 9-8
parameters tab 9-8
pressure 9-9
property view 9-5
simulation calculation 9-8
simulation calculation mode 9-3
switching between simulation and
optimization 9-4
theory 9-3
user variables tab 9-26
I-5
I-6
I-6