Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:

(a)
Let u be the eigenvector of
Then, the eigenvalue of

associated with the eigenvalue .

Ann

a k A k a k 1 A k 1 a1 A a 0 I

associated with the eigenvector u is

a k k a k 1k 1 a1 a 0 ,

where

a k , a k 1 , , a1 , a 0

are real numbers and k is a positive integer.

[proof:]

A k a k 1 A k 1 a1 A a 0 I u a k A k u a k 1 A k 1u a1 Au a 0 u
a k k u a k 1k 1u a1u a 0 u

a k k a k 1k 1 a1 a 0 u

since

A j u A j 1 Au A j 1u A j 1u A j 2 Au 2 A j 2 u j 1 Au j u .

Example:
1
A
9

4
,
1

what is the eigenvalues of 2 A100 4 A 12 I .

[solution:]
The eigenvalues of A are -5 and 7. Thus, the eigenvalues of 2 A100 4 A 12 I are
2 5

100

4 5 12 2 5100 32

2 7

100

4 7 12 2 7100 16 .

and

Example:
Let be the eigenvalue of A. Then, we denote

A 2 A3
An
eA I A

2! 3!
n!

i 0

i!

Then, e A has eigenvalue

2
3
n
.

e 1 i 0
2! 3!
n!
i!

Note:

Let u be the eigenvector of A associated with the eigenvalue . Then,

u is the eigenvector of A 1 associated with the eigenvalue 1 1 .

[proof:]
A 1u A 1 (u )

1
1
1
1
A 1 Au I u u .

Therefore, u is the eigenvector of A 1 associated with the eigenvalue

1

(b)
Let 1 , 2 , , n be the eigenvalues of A ( 1 , 2 , , n are not necessary
to be distinct). Then,
n

i 1

tr ( A) and

i 1

det( A) A .

[proof:]
f ( ) det(I A) 1 2 n .

Thus,

f (0) det( A) 1 det( A) 0 1 0 2 0 n

n

1 12 n 1
n

i 1

Therefore,
n

det( A) i .
i 1

Also, by diagonal expansion on the following determinant

 a11
a 21
f ( )

a n1

a12
a 22

an2

a1n

a2n

a nn

n
n 1
n
a

ii
i 1

i 1
n

and by the expansion of

n
n1
n

i ,

i 1
i 1

f ( ) 1 2 n n

therefore,
n

i 1

i 1

i aii tr ( A) .
Example:
0
A 2
0

2
0 [aij ] ,
5

1
3
4

The eigenvalues of A are 1, 1 and 6 . Then,

1 2 3 1 1 6 8 a11 a 22 a33 0 3 5

and
1 2 3 1 1 6 6 det( A) 16 10 .