sano Crop circ - Wipe, the roe encyclopedia Crop circle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A crop circle is a sizable pattem created by the flattening ofa crop such as wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rapeseed. Crop circles are ako referred to as crop formations because they are not always circular in shape, The documented cases have substantially increased from the 1970s to current times. In 1991, two hoaxers claimed authorship of many circles throughout England. ‘Twenty-six countries reported approximately 10,000 crop cicles in the last third of the 20th century; 90% of those were located in Southern England, Circles in the United Kingdomare not spread randomly across the landscape, but they appear near roads, areas of medium to dense population, and cultural heritage monuments, such as ‘A780 ft (240 m) crop circle in the form of a double Stonehenge or Avebury, and always in areas of easy (six-sided) triskelion composed of 409 circles. Milk access.'] Archeological remains can cause cropmarks in Hill, England, United Kingdom, 2001. the fields in the shapes of circles and squares, but they do not appear overnight, and they are always in the same places every year. The scientific consensus is that most or all crop circles are man-made, with a few possible exceptions due to meteorological or other natural phenomena. Contents 1 History = 1.1 Early reports of circular formations = 1.2 Modem crop circks = 1.2.1 Bower and Chorley = 1.2.2 Artand business = 1.2.3 Legal implications = 2 Explanations = 2.1 Human-made 2.2 Weather 2.3 Paranormal 2.4 Animal activity = 2.5 Changes to crops = 3 Folklore = 4 See ako = 5 Notes = 6 References = 7 Further reading pon wikipedia org itiCrep circle wesano Crop circ - Wipe, the ree encyclopedia History The concept of crop circles began with the original late- 1970s hoaxes by Doug Bower and Dave Chorley (see Bower and Chorley, below)./211/4161(61 They said that they were inspired by the Tully "saucer nest" case in Australia, where a farmer found a flattened circle of swamp reeds after observing a UFO.1 Since the 1960s, there had been a surge of UFOlogists in Wiltshire, and there were rumours of "saucer nests" appearing in the area, but they were never photographed. [5 There are other pre-1970s reports of circular formations, especially in Australia and Canada, but they were always simple circles, which could have been caused by whithwinds."] In Fortean Times David Wood reported that in 1940 he had already made crop circles using ropes near Gloucestershire.!7! In 1997, the Oxford English Dictionary recorded the earliest usage of the term "crop circles" ina 1988 issue of Journal of Meteorology, referring to a BBC film!®! The coining of the term "crop circle" is attributed to Colin Andrews in the late 1970s / early 1980s,!911191 Early reports of circular formations In 1686, British scientist Robert Plot reported on faicy rings in his The Natural History of Stafford-Shire and said they could be caused by airflows from the sky.!"Jl!2] In 1991 meteorologist Terence Meaden linked this report with moder crop circles, a claim that has been compared with Erich von Diniken's pseudohistoric claims. * !] An 1880 ketter to the editor of Nature by amateur scientist John Rand Capron describes how a recent storm had created several circles of flattened crops in a field." 2] Inthe 1960s, in Tully, Queensland, Australia, and in Canada, there were many reports of UFO sightings and circular formations in swamp reeds and sugar cane fields.21 For example, on 8 August 1967, three circles were found ina field in Duhamel, Alberta, Canada, and the Department of National Defence sent two investigators, who concluded that it was artificially made but couldn't make definite conclusions on who made them or how.'5] The most famous case is the 1966 Tully "saucer nest", when a farmer said he witnessed a saucer-shaped craft rise 30 or 40 feet (12 m) up froma swamp and then fly away. When he went to investigate the location where he thought the saucer had landed, he found a nearly circular area 32 fet long by 25 feet wide where the grass was flattened in clockwise curves to water level within the circle, and the reeds had been uprooted from the mud.@1U91 The local police officer, the Royal Australian Air Force, and the University of Queensland concluded that it was most probably caused by natural causes, like a down draught, a willy-willy (dust devil), or a waterspout.[!4I In 1973, G.J. Odgers, Director of Public Relations, Department of Defence (Air Office), wrote to a journalist that the jucer" was probably debris lifted by the causing willy-willy.."61 Hoaxers Bower and Chorley were inspired by this case to start making the modem crop circles that appear today." Modern crop circles The majority of reports of crop circles have appeared in and spread since the late 1970s'! as many circles began appearing throughout the English countryside, This phenomenon became widely known in the late 1980s, after the media started to report crop circks in Hampshire and Wilshire. Affer Bower's and Chorley's 1991 statement that they were responsible for many of them, circles started appearing all over the world.['7I To date, approximately pon wikipedia org itiCrep circle anawean Crop deta Wikipdia, the on eneyelopeda 10,000 crop circles have been reported internationally, fiom locations such as the former Soviet Union, the UK, Japan, the U.S., and Canada, Sceptics note a correlation between crop circles, recent media coverage, and the absence of fencing and/or anti-trespassing legislation.|181 Although farmers have expressed concem at the damage caused to their crops, local response to the appearance of crop circles can be enthusiastic, with locals taking advantage of the increase of tourism and visits from scientists, crop circle researchers, and individuals seeking spiritual experiences.{5] The market for crop-circle interest has consequently generated bus or helicopter tours of circle sites, walking tours, T-shirts, and book sales. The last decade has witnessed crop formations with increased size and complexity of form, some featuring as many as 2000 different shapes,"7) and some incorporating complex mathematical and scientific characteristics. {191201211 A researcher found that crop circles in the UK are not spread randomly across the landscape. They tend to appear near roads, areas of medium to dense population, and cultural heritage monuments, such as Stonehenge or Avebury. They always appear in areas that are easy to access, This suggests strongly that circles are more likely to be caused by intentional human action than by random plasma vortexes. Another strong indication is that inhabitants of the zone with the most circles have a historical tendency for making big formations, including stone circles such as Stonchenge, burial mounds such as Silbury Hil, long barrows such as West Kennet Long Barrow, and White horses in chalk hills.1) A video sequence used in connection with the opening of the Olympic Games in London in 2012 shows two crop circle areas shaped as the Olympic Rings. Another Olympic crop circle area was visible for those landing at Heathrow Airport, London, UK before and during the Olympic Games. Bower and Chorley In 1991, self-professed pranksters Doug Bower and Dave Chorley made headlines claiming it was they who started the phenomenon in 1978 with the use of simple tools consisting of a plank of wood, rope, and a baseball cap fitted with a loop of wire to help them walk in a straight line.!22] To prove their case they made a circle in front of journalists; a "cereologist" (advocate of paranormal explanations of crop circles), Pat Delgado, examined the circle and dechred it authentic before it was revealed that it was a hoax.(221[231I24] Inspired by Australian crop circle accounts from 1966, Doug and Dave claimed to be responsible for all circles made prior to 1987, and for more than 200 crop circles in 1978-1991 (with 1000 other circles not being made by them).(!7I25] A fer their announcement, the two men demonstrated making a crop circle. According to Professor Richard Taylor, "the pictographs they created inspired a second wave of crop artists. Far ffom fizziing out, crop circles have evolved into an international phenomenon, with hundreds of sophisticated pictographs now appearing annually around the globe.!71 Art and business Since the early 1990s, the UK arts collective named Circlemakers!4] founded by artists Rod Dickinson and John Lundberg (and subsequently including artists Wil Russell and Rob Irving), have been creating crop circles in the UK and around the world both as part of their art practice and for commercial clients.[271281291 On the night of July 11-12, 1992 a crop-circle making competition, for a prize of three thousand UK pounds!0] (partly funded by the Arthur Koestler Foundation), was held in Berkshire. The winning entry was produced by three Westland Helicopters engineers, using rope, PVC pipe, a plank, string, a telescopic device and two pon wikipedia org itiCrep circle anesano Crop circ - Wipe, the roe encyclopedia stepladders.3'l According to Rupert Sheldrake the competition was organised by him and John Michell and "co-sponsored by The Guardian and The Cerealogist". The prize money came fiom PM, a German magazine. Sheldrake wrote that "The experiment was conclusive, Humans could indeed make all the features of state-of the-art crop = formations at that time. Eleven of the twelve teams made more or less impressive formations that followed the set design) Accrop citcle with the logo of Swedish Railways. In 2002, Discovery Channel commissioned five aeronautics and astronautics graduate students fiom MIT to create crop circles of their own, aiming to duplicate some of the features claimed to distinguish "real" crop circles from the known fakes such as those created by Bower and Chorley. The creation of the circle was recorded and used in the Discovery Channel documentary Crop Circles: Mysteries in the Fields,39) In 2009 The Guardian reported that crop circle activity had been waning around Wiltshire, one of the reasons being that makers preferred making promotional circles for companies that pay well for their efforts.!29! Legal implications In 1992, Hungarian youths Gabor Takacs and Rébert Dallos, both then 17, were the first people to fice legal ating a crop circk., Takaes and Dalles, of the St. Stephen Agricultural Technicum, a high schoo! in Hungary specializing in agriculture, created a 36-metre (118 fi) diameter crop circle in a wheat field near Székesfehérvar, 43 miles (69 km) southwest of Budapest, on June 8, 1992. On September 3, the pair appeared on Hungarian TV and exposed the circle as a hoax, showing photos of the field before and after the circle was made, ‘Asa result, Aranykalisz Co., the owners of the land, sued the youngsters for 630,000 Ft (~$3,000 USD) in damages. The presiding judge ruled that the students were only responsible for the damage caused in the circle itself, amounting to about 6,000 Ft (~$30 USD), and that 99% of the damage to the crops was caused by the thousands of visitors who flocked to Székesfehérvar following the media's promotion of the circle. The fine was eventually paid by the TV show, as were the students’ legal fees.|¢#ation needed] In 2000, Matthew Willams became the first man in the UK to be arrested for causing criminal damage after making a crop circle near Devizes.4] In November 2000, he was fined £100 and £40 in costs.25184 As of 2008, no one else has been successfiilly prosecuted in the UK for criminal damage caused by creating crop circles. 3) Explanations Formations are usually created overnight,!'7] although some are reported to have appeared during the day.) Various theories have been put forth ranging from natural phenomena and human-made hoaxes to extraterrestrial, the paranormal, and even animals.!!7] While it is not known how all crop circles are formed, the most likely theory as put forth by a variety of scientists and sceptics is that all, or virtually all, of them were made by people.!!71691 Human-made The scientific consensus on crop circles is that most or all are constructed by human beings as a prank.4! The most widely known method for a person or group to construct a crop formation is to tie one end of a rope to an anchor point and the other end to a board which is used to crush the plants, Sceptics of the paranormal point out pon wikipedia org itiCrep circle anawean Crop deta Wikipdia, the on eneyelopeda that all characteristics of crop circles are fully compatible with them being made by hoaxers.l°1 Bower and Chorley confessed in 1991 to making the first crop circles in South England.l"7! When some people refused to believe them, they deliberately added straight lines and squares to show that they could not have natural causes.!"7I In a copycat effect, increasingly complex circles started appearing in many countries around the world, including fractal figures.('7] Physicists have suggested that the most complex formations might be made with the help of GPS and lasers.!!71 In 2009, a circle formation was made over the course of three consecutive nights and was apparently left unfinished, with some halfmade circles,!171 ‘The main criticism of alleged non-human creation of crop circles is that while evidence of these origins, besides eyewitness testimonies, is essentially absent, some are definitely known to be the work ofuman pranksters, and others can be adequately explained as such. There have been cases in which researchers declared crop circles to be "the real thing", only to be confionted with the people who created the circle and documented the fraud,{4" ike Bower and Chorley and tabloid Today hoaxing Pat Delgado, |?2!!42] the Wessex Sceptics and Channel 4's Equinox hoaxing Terence Meaden,!?51l4] or a friend of a Canadian farmer hoaxing a field researcher of the Canadian Crop Circle Research Network.'31 In his 1997 book The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, Carl Sagan concludes that crop circles were created by Bower and Chorley and their copycats, and that UFOlogists willingly ignore the evidence for hoaxing so they can keep believing in an extra- terrestrial origin of the circles.!“4] Many others have demonstrated how complex crop circles can be created.!261/451 Scientific American published an article by Matt Ridley,!?5) who started making crop circles in northern England in 1991, He wrote about how easy itis to develop techniques using simple tools that can easily fool later observers. He reported on “expert” sources such as The Wall Street Journal, who had been easily fooled and mused about why people want to believe supematural explanations for phenomena that are not yet explained. Methods of creating a crop circle are now well documented on the Internet.|261 Some crop formations are paid for by companies who use them as advertising.!29ll" 311261 Many crop circles show human symbok, like the heart and arrow symbol of love, stereotyped alien faces,!" 4 or the logo of local soccer club Feyenoord.{47) s of making new circles, for example, in 2004 in the Netherlands.(47] (See tion) Hoaxers have been caught in the proc more cases in the "legal implications Cereologists discount on-site evidence of human involvement as attempts of discrediting the phenomena.|47] Some cereologists even argue a conspiracy theory, with governments planting evidence of hoaxing to muddle the origins of the circles.!47] When scientific writer Matt Ridley wrote negative articles in newspapers, he was accused of spreading "government disinformation" and of working for the UK military intelligence service MIS.75] According to Matt Ridley, many cereologists make a good living ftom selling books and making personal tours through crop fields (they can charge more than £2,000/person), and they have a vested interest in rejecting what is by far the likely explanation for the circles.!751(48] Weather Some cereologists have suggested that crop circles are the result of extraordinary meteorological phenomena ranging from freak tomadoes to ball lightning, but there is no evidence of any crop circle being created by any of these causes (171139) pon wikipedia org itiCrep circle siewean Crop deta Wikipdia, the on eneyelopeda In 1880, an amateur scientist, John Rand Capron, wrote a letter to the editor of journal Nature about some circles in crops and blamed them on a recent storm, saying their shape was "suggestive of some cyclonic wind action"! 2] In 1980, Terence Meaden, a meteorologist and physicist, proposed that the circles were caused by whirhwinds whose course was affected by southem England hils.!"7I As circles became more complex, Terence had to create increasingly complex theories, blaming electromagneto- hydrodynamic "plasma vortexes" !'7I The meteorological theory became popular, and it was even endorsed in 1991 by physicist Stephen Hawking who said that, "Com circles are either hoaxes or formed by vortex movement of air"!"7] The weather theory sufféred a serious blow in 1991, but Hawking’s point about hoaxes was supported when Bower and Chorley stated that they had been responsible for making all those circles. {* 5! By the end of 1991 Meaden conceded that those circles that had complex designs were made by hoaxers. {501 Paranormal Since becoming the focus of widespread media attention in the 1980s, crop circles have become the subject of speculation by various paranormal, ufological, and anomalistic investigators ranging from proposals that they were created by bizarre meteorological phenomena to messages from extraterrestrial beings. 291140115112] Many crop circle have been found near ancient sites such as Stonehenge, a prehistoric ‘monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, They have also been found near mounds of earth and stones raised over a grave or grav also known as tumuli barrows, or barrows and chalk horses, or trenches dug and filled with rubble made from brighter material than the natural Sketch of a "spaceship" creating crop bedrock, often chalk. There has also been speculation that crop circles circles, sent to UK Ministry of have a relation to ley lines (51153]154] Many New Age groups incorporate Defence circa 1998. crop circles into their belief systems, Some cereologist groups think that crop circles are caused by ball lighting and that the patterns are so complex that they have to be controlled by some entity.5] Some proposed entities are: Gaia asking to stop global warming and human pollution, God, supernatural beings (for example Indian devas), the collective minds of humanity through a proposed "quantum field", or extraterrestrial beings.5) Responding to local beliefs that "extraterrestrial beings" in UFOs were responsible for crop circles appearing, the Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) described crop circles as "man-made", Thomas Djamaluddin, research professor of astronomy and astrophysics at LAPAN stated, "We have come to agree that this ‘thing’ cannot be scientifically proven." Among others, paranormal enthusiasts, ufologists, and anomalistic investigators have offered hypothetical explanations that have been criticized as pseudoscientific by sceptical groups and scientists, inchiding the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 291551(571158159] No credible evidence of extraterrestrial origin has been presented Animal activity In 2009, the attomey general for the island state of Tasmania stated that Australian wallabies had been found creating crop circles in fields of opium poppies, which are grown legally for medicinal use, affer consuming some of the opiate-laden poppies and running in circles,(1 pon wikipedia org itiCrep circle anare Crop cite - Wipe te oe enytapeda Changes to crops A small number of scientists (medical physicist Eltjo Haselhoff, semi retired biophysicist William Levengood) have found differences between the crops inside the circles and outside them, even though there is a consensus among, scientists that the circles are man-made, 171159] Levengood published papers in journal Physiologia Plantarum in 1994'7| and 1999.[°!] In his 1994 paper he found that certain deformities in the grain inside the circles were correlated to the position of the grain inside the circle.!9l In 1996 sceptic Joe Nickell objected that correlation is not causation"! raised several objections to the Levengood's methods and assumptions,{°5l and said "Until his work is independently replicated by qualified scientists doing ‘double-blind’ studies and otherwise following stringent scientific protocols, there seems no need to take seriously the many dubious claims that Levengood makes, including his similar ones involving plants at alleged ‘cattle mutilation’ sites." (in reference to cattle mutilation) {541 A study by Eltjo Haselhoff reported that the pulvini of wheat in 95% of the crop circles investigated were elongated ina pattem falling off with distance from the centre and that sceds from the bent-over plants grew much more slowly under controlled conditions, Furthermore, traces of crop circle pattems are sometimes found in the crop the following year, "suggesting long-term damage to the crop field consistent with Levengood's observations of stunted seed growth." These current investigations seem to imply that at least in some crop circles, there is more at work than the effects of mechanical crushing of plants, such as the use of microwaves by crop circle artists,!!7] Folklore Researchers of crop circles have linked modem crop circles to old folkloric tales to support the claim that they are not artificially produced.2! Circle crops are culture-dependent: they appear mostly in developed and secularized ‘Wester countries where people are receptive to New Age belief, including Japan, but they don't appear at all in (a other zones, such as Muslim countries Fungi can cause circular areas of crop to die, probably the origin of tales of "fairie rings"!] Tales also mention balls of light many times but never in relation to crop circles.(2] A 17th-century English woodcut called the Mowing-Devil depicts the devil with a scythe mowing (cutting)[®] a circular design in a field of oats. The pamphlet containing the image states that the farmer, disgusted at the wage his mower was demanding for his work, insisted that he would rather have "the devil himselt" perform the task. This is, however, not a historical precedent of crop circles because the stalks were cut down, not bent. The circular form indicated to the farmer that it had been caused by the devil 2] In the 1948 German story Die zwélf Schwéine (The Twelve Swans), a farmer every morning found a circular ring of flattened grain on his field, After several attempts, his son saw twelve princesses disguised as swans, who took off their disguises and danced in the field. Crop rings produced by fungi may have inspired such tales since folklore holds these rings are created by dancing wolves or fairies,?] See also = Center pivot irrigation = Geoglyph hepilenpedacrg inion, ele m2sano Notes 1. * Keving Greene wrote, Gerald Hawkins ——— a Hoax athe: US eDevl a Land art x satel List of hoaxes = Hartford - fhire.’ List of topics characterized as pseudoscience ead = Nazca Lines Pseudoscience Rice paddy art Crop circ - Wipe, the roe encyclopedia SUS 2! Ys Zz ‘The difficulties that exist in communicating the results of archaeology 1678 pamphlet on the have undoubtedly contributed to the flourishing of writers, such as "Mowing-Devi Erich von Daniken, who take a particular delight in deriding the inability of ‘experts’ to find explanations that seize the imagination of the public. (..) Few archaeologists have sold as many paperbacks as von Daniken; more recently, a meteorologist who linked crop circles to prehistoric ring-ditches or round barrows generated a reaction that no orthodox student of these monuments has ever achieved (Meaden 1991) [in reference to T. Meaden (1991). The Goddess of the Stones: The Language of the Megaliths. London: Souvenir Press.]!13] 2. 44> John Rand Capron wrote, of air ‘The storms about this part of Surrey have been lately local and violent, and the effects produced in some instances curious. Visiting a neighbour's farm on Wednesday evening (21st), we found a field of standing wheat considerably knocked about, not as an entirety, but in patches forming, as viewed from a distance, circular spots (...) they all presented much the same character, viz, a few standing stalks as a centre, some postrate stalks with their heads arranged pretty evenly in a direction forming acircle round the centre, and outside there a circular wall of stalks which had not suffered. (...) could not trace locally any circumstances accounting for the peculiar forms of the patches in the field, nor indicating whether it was wind or rain, or both combined, which had caused them, beyond the general evidence everywhere of heavy rainfall, They were suggestive to me of some cyclonic wind action, and may perhaps have been noticed elsewhere by some of your readers.l!4] #4 In a newspaper article Lewis Cohen wrote, "Williams is probably best known as the only person in the UK to be successfully prosecuted for making crop circles. He has since made a name for himself creating crop circles for TV companies and commercial firms..."37] * The website Crop Circle Research.com described one formation stating, "It looks reminiscent of a fake dummy constructed by ‘Balok’ in a Star Trek episode called 'Corbomite Manourvre’ [sic] (series 1)""461 4 Ina Physics World article Richard Taylor wrote, "Today, with the benefit of hindsight, such explanations sound rather contrived. At the height of the debate, though, no less a physicist than Stephen Hawking was prepared to accept some version of Meaden’s theory. When a spate of circles appeared in the countryside near his Cambridge home in 1991, Hawking told a local newspaper that "crop cireles are either hoaxes or formed by vortex movement {49] References 1, 44 Jeremy Northcote, "Spatial distribution of England's crop circles" ‘huipilen.wikipedia.orgiwit/Crop_circle enesano 6 10. ul 12. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18, 10 (op circle - Wikipedia. he ee eneylopaa (http/www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Northcote06.pdf). Geography Online (online journal, without ISSN). Southern Illinois University. nabedeSsh Peter Jan Margry; Herman Roodenburg (2007). Reframing Dutch Culture: Between Otherness and Authenticity. Progress in European Ethnology (illustrated ed,). Ashgate Publishing. pp. 150-1 ISBN 9780754647058. n@bed ef Laurie Eddie (4 November 2004). "The Skeptics SA Guide to: Crop circles” (https/www.skepticssa.org.awhtmleropeircles.htm). Skepticssa.org.au. Skeptics SA. Retrieved 2012-01-01 * Carl Sagan (1997). The Demon-Haunted World, Headline Publishing Group. pp. 72-6. ISBN 0747251568. 4b Tillary Mayell (2 August 2002). "Crop circles: Artwork or alien signs" (http:/news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0801_020801_cropcircles.htm)). National Geographic. p. 2 (http:/news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0801_020801_cropcircles_2.html), Retrieved 28 October 2010. @6 Rob Irving; Peter Brookesmith (December 15, 2009). "Crop Circles: The Art of the Hoax" (attpy/www.smithsonianmag, comvarts-culture/Crop-Circles-The-Art-of-the-Hoax. html). Smithsonian.com * Eddie 2004 citing: D. Wood (2000). "Pioneer pranksters?". Fortean Times 131 (52) * Oxford English Dictionary, "Crop: Draft additions 1997", in Jml. Meteorol. 13 290, * Brian Regal (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. p. 47 (http:/books. google.co.uk/books ei~2aNnUpPmK- LTOQWBxIGIDw &id=14AbAQAAMAAI&dq=%22crop + circles%22+-+colin-andrews*coined&focus=searchwithi nyolumeg&q=coined). ISBN 9780313355073. * "Crop circle picture gallery shows more complex forms" (http:/iwww.telegraph.co.uk/news/5452330/Crop- circle-picture-gallery-shows-more-complex-forms. html), The Telegraph. 5 Tune 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2013. * John Aubrey. The Natural History of Stafford-Shire (http://w ww biblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/nhwill 0.txt), at Project Gutenberg * "The Natural History of Staffordshire by Robert Plott; Sciotericum Telescopicum or a new Contrivance of adapting a Telescope to a Horizontall Diall, for observing the moment of time by day or night by Will Molineux". Accounts of Books. Philosophical Transactions (16831775). 16 (1686-1692): 207-16. JSTOR 101866 (uiwww jstor.orgistable/101866). * Kevin Greene (1995). Archaeology: An Introduction: The History, Principles and Methods of Modern Archaeology (http://mey. homelinux.org/companions/Kevin%20Greene/Archacology_%20An%20Introduction,%20The%20Histor %20(401)/Archacology_%20An%20Introduction, %20The%20Histor%20-%20Kevin%20Greene pdf) (3, fully revised ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0203447204. * John Rand Capron (1880). "Storm Effects" (http://www icera.org/Historical%20Research/Storm%20Effects_Nature_1880_J_Rand_Capron.pdf). Nature 22 (561): 290 (http://books. google. com/books Yid=CIIF AAAAYAAJ&pg=P A290). Bibcode:I880Natur..22..290C (http://adsabs. harvard. edu/abs/1880Natur..22..290C). doi'10.1038/022290d0 (http:/idx.doi.org/10.1038%2K022290d0). Retrieved from "Nature archive for the decade 1880-1889" (http://www nature.com/nature/journal/currentdecade. html?decade=1880&eyear~1880). nature.com. Nature. Retrieved 23 August 2011. Republished in "A case of genuine crop circles dating from July 1880 — as published in Nature in the year 1880" (http://books. google.com/books?7id=BGIUAQAALAAI). Journal of Meteorology 28: 20-1. * "Canada's Unidentified Flying Objects: The Search for the Unknown: Duhamel, Alberta: August 1967" (http://www collectionscanada.ge.ca/ufo/002029-1200-¢, html). 14 December 2007 [2005]. At Library and Archives Canada. (Original (http://www.collectionscanada. ge .ca/ovni/002029-1200.01-f.htm)) in French). abe "The 1966 Tully Saucer Nest" (http://www .ufoevidence.org/Cases/CascSubarticle.asp?ID=272). UFO. idence. Retrieved Retrieved on 2012-01-01. Citing: Bill Chalkner. A Catalogue of Australian Physical Trace Ci nabedefghijkl mn op ar Richard Taylor (August 2011), "Coming soon to a field near you" (http://pages. uoregon.edu/msiuo/taylor/human_response/CropCireles(physiesworld).pdf). Feature: Crop circles Physics World. * "Disease brings poor crop of circles" (http://news. bbe.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1496296,stm). BBC News, 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2007-02-08. 1 Reniamin Radfard (8 Tama 2010.06.08) Roautifsl Math Eanation’ Ravind in Cram Cirela! hpaon wikipedia org iiCrep circle asano Crop circ - Wipe, the ree encyclopedia (http://www. livescience.com/6546-beautiful-math-equation-crop-circle html). LiveScience, Retrieved 2012-01-01 20. * Mare West (2008-06-30). "Pi appears in crop circle" (http:/phus.maths.org/content/p-appears-crop-circle). plus.maths.org. Retrieved 2012-01-01 21. "Crop circle season arrives with a mathematical message" (http://www. independent.co.uk/news/uk/this- britain/crop-circle-season-arrives-with-a-mathematicalmessage-1982647.html), This Britain, The Independent. 2010-05-26, Retrieved 2012-01-01 22, #5 € Graham Brough (1991). "Men who conned the world", Today (defunct) (UK), 23. * William E. Schmidt (10 September 1991). "2 "Jovial Con Men! Demystify Those Crop Circles in Britain” (http://www nytimes.com/1991/09/ 1 0hworld/2-jovial-con-men-demystify-those-crop-circles-in-britain.html), New York Times. 24. 4 "Two British artists admit playing ‘circles’ hoax for the past 13 years” (httpz!'www.chron.com/CD Warchives/archive.mpl/1991_808420/two-british-artists-admit-playing.circles-hoax- for.htm). Houston Chronicle (Star ed.). Houston Chronicle News Services. 10 September 1991. p. A2 25, *@6¢4¢ Hola Ridley (15 July 2002). "Crop circle confession" (http://www. scientificamerican.com/article.cfm? id-crop-circle-confession). Scientific American. Retrieved 2007-08-16. 26, 4 €4 *Circlemakers.org" (http://www circlemakers.org). Circlemakers official webstite. Rettieved 2012-01-01 27. * Henry Hemming (2009). In Search of the English Becentric. John Murray. ISBN 0719522129. 28. "Off Kilter" (http:/www.offkiter.co.uk). John Lundberg’s official website, Retrieved 2012-01-01 29, 4 e4 John Vidal (5 June 2009). "The bizarre revival of crop circles — and advice on how to make your own" (httpy/www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jun/05/ruralaffaits). The Guardian. 30. * Andrea Pelleschi (2012). Crop Circles, Essential Libtary/ABDO. p. 73. 31. David Jenkins (25 August 2010). "Crop circle conundrum” (http://www. telegraph. co.uk/earth/7955868/Crop- circle-conundrum.html). The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 32. * Rupert Sheldrake. "The Crop Circle Making Competition” (http/www.sheldrake.org/Articles&Papers/atticles/pdf/Cropeircles_Michellany.pdf), Rupert Sheldrake. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 33. * Crop Circles: Mysteries in the Fields, Discovery Channel. 2002-10-10. 34. * Cahal Milmo (November 4, 2000). "Police unravel mystery of the crop circle” (http://w ww independent.co.uk/environment/police-unravel-mystery-of-the-crop-cirele-621923.htm). The Independent (London). 35. "Man fined £100 for making crop circle" (http://w ww.thisiswitshire.co.uk/archive/2000/11/07/7393897.Man_fined__100_for_making_erop_circle/), thisiswiltshire.co.uk (Weybridge). 7 November 2000. 36. * "Secrets of crop circles (http://www. thisiswilshire.co.uk/archive/2002/05/02/7351329.$ (Weybridge). 2 May 2002. 37. * Lewis Cohen (25 February 2008). "Mystery surrounds emergency landing” (http://www. thisiswilshire.co.uk/new/headlines/2070463. Mystery_surrounds_emergency_landing/), thisiswiltshire.co.uk (Weybridge). 38. * Margry & Roodenburg 2007, pp. 140-2. 39, A#b€d ef Joe Nickell (Seplember—October 2002). "Circular Reasoning: The ‘Mystery’ of Crop Cireles and Their ‘Orbs! of Light" (http://www csicop.org/si/show/circular_reasoning_the_mystery_of erop_circles_and_their_orbs_of light). Skeptical Inquirer 26.8. Archived (hitp:/iveb.archive.org/web/20061206012813/hitp:/ www csicop.org/si/2002- O9/crop-circles.html) from the original on 2006-12-06. 40. *# Robert Todd Carroll (19 December 2011). "crop ‘circle’ " (http://www skepdic.com/cropeire.html), The ‘Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-15. 41. * Joe Nickell. "Crop-circle mania: An investigative update". Skeptical Inquirer, Cited as reference 6 in Nickell 1996 42. *44 "Flattened. (crop circles hoax)" (http//www. highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11247968.html), The Economist (US), 14 September 1991 — via Highbeam. (subscription required (help)) 43. * "Farmer embarrassed by crop circle hoax" (http://www .canada.com/topies/newss/national/story.htmt? ide V6AeSal -rodR-ARRh-hd?1-OFFO4IIdVSIAK=KO1OP) ranada cam Canwest Nows Service 7 Octaher 2007 pion wikipedia org ihiCrop circle san rets_of_crop_circles/), thisiswiltshire.co.uksano Crop circle - Wipe the ree encyctopecta 44, 45 46. 47. 48 49, 50, sl. 52. 53. 54. 58. 56. 37, 58 59, 60, 61 62, * Sagan 1997. * Roel Van der Meulen (1994), "Faking UFOs" (httpy/Avww.galactic-guide, com/articles/2R89.html), Roel Van der Meulen, 4 "Crabwood, Pitt, just west of Winchester, Hampshire, UK" (http://cedb.cropeireleresearch.com/info.cgi? d-uk200241). The International Crop Cirele Database, Crop Circle Research.com. Paul Vigay, The Independent Research Centre for Unexplained Phenomena. n@bed Margry & Roodenburg 2007, pp. 143-5. * Matt Ridley (4 June 2011), "Houdini, crop circles and the need to believ« (http:/ontine.wsj.comvartice/SB10001424052702303657404576357462969207014.html), Wall Street Jounal. 4 Taylor 2011 * Simon Hoggart; Mike Hutchinson (1995). Bizarre Beliefs, London: Richard Cohen Books. p. 59. ISBN 9781573921565. Cited in Nickell 2002 6 Elio Haselhoff (2001). The Deepening Complexity of Crop Circles: Scientific Research & Urban Legends. Frog Ltd. ISBN 1583940464. * Jerome Clark; Nancy Pear (1995). Strange and Unexplained Happenings: When Nature Breaks the Rules of Science 3. Gale. ISBN 0810397803. * Matgry & Roodenburg 2007, pp. 138-9. * Charles Godtrey-Faussett (2004). England. Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 1903471915. 46 Margry & Roodenburg 2007, p. 138. 4b Joe Nickell (June 1996). "Levengood’s crop-circle plant research” (httpy/www.csicop.org/sb/show levengoods_crop-citck_plant_tesearch). Skeptical Inquirer 6.2, »@ 5 W.C, Levengood (1994). "Anatomical anomalies in crop formation plants" (http:/icircle.home.xsdall.nldcitcles/Levengood_Physiologia. htm). Physiologia Plantarum 92 (2): 356-63. doi:10.1111/}.1399-3054,1994.tb0S348.x (lttp://dx.doi org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054,1994,tb0S348.x). ISSN 0031- 9317 Viwww.workdcat.orgyissn/0031-9317). * Linda Moulton Howe (20 May 2004). "Biophysicist W.C. Levengood's crop circle reports" (http:/www.tonyrogers.com/news/levengood_crop_circles.htm). Tonyrogers.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01 * Ika Krismantari (6 February 2011). "Crop circles provide food for thought” (http:/thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/2/6/focus/797867 1&sec=focus). The Star * "Stoned wallabies make crop circles” (http://news.bbe.co.uk/2/hi'8118257.stm). BBC News. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011 * W.C. Levengood; Nancy P. Talbott (1999). "Dispersion of energies in worldwide crop formations". Physiologia Plantarum 105: 615-24 * Margry & Roodenburg 2007, p. 152. * Andy Thomas (22 December 2005). "The ‘Mowing Devil Investigated” (http:/www.swirlednews.comiarticle.asp?artID=844). Swirled News. Southern Circular Research. Retrieved 2012- 01-01 Further reading Rob Irving; John Lundberg (2006). Mark Pikington, ed. The Field Guide: The Art, History and Philosophy of Crop Circle Making. Strange Attractor Press. ISBN 0954805429. Jim Schnabel (1993), Round in Circles: Physicists, Poltergeists, Pranksters, and the Secret History of the Cropwatchers, Harmondsworth: Penguin, ISBN 0140179526, Ralph Noyes, ed. (1990). The Crop Circle Enigma: Grounding the Phenomenon in Science, Culture and Metaphysics. Bath: Gateway Books. ISBN 0946551669. Michael Glickman (2009). Crop Circles: The Bones of God. Frog Books, ISBN 978158394-2284. Suzanne Taylor (2011), What On Earth? Inside the Crop Circle Mystery (DVD 81-minute feature), pon wikipedia org itiCrep circle swewean Crop cele - Wika. te re encyclopedia UBC, Prod #724101746123. = Richard Taylor (2010), "The crop circle evolves". Nature 465 (7299): 693. Bibcode:201 0Natur. 465.6931 (http:/adsabs.harvard.edw/abs/2010Natur.465..693T). doi:10.1038/465693a (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F465693a). * Brian Dunning (21 August 2007). "Crop Circle Jerks" (https/skeptoid.convepisodes/4062). Skeptoid. Episode 62. httpy//skeptoid. com/episodes/4062, Retrieved fiom “http//en. wikipedia org/w/index.php’ttle=Crop_circle&oldid=600572627" Categories: Earth mysteries | Forteana | Land art | Paranormal hoaxes | Pseudoscience | UFO hoaxes UFO-related phenomena | Vandalism = This page was last modified on 21 March 2014 at 09:51. = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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