Korean e Beginning to Early Intermediate * Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2/ * Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions! * Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation! * True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points! DARAKWONPreface 4 Unit 3. Particles How to Use This Book. 6 @ nowt a @neve a Ones 74 IW Introduction to the Korean Language © Noi/a}, Nlonet, Naka 76 1. Korean Sentence Structure 4 @ na. . 78 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 0.15 @ noo i 3. Connecting Sentences ue, @ nol 2 . 83 4, Sentence Types. a © now 86 5, Honotific Expressions. 20 © Now Nova, NEEL NEAL 59 © nowiyetea a @nz 93 One 7 © netor 99 MW Getting Ready Once a @ ott (to be) 28 @ nop 105 @ 2UCt (to exist/be, to have) 28 © nope a 107 © Numbers. a1 One 410 @® Dates and Days of the Week.........97 © NAB, nztol 2 @ Time 30 © nec 114 © not 116 Unit 1. Tenses @® Present Tense A/V{A)HLICE... 42 Unit 4, Listing and Contrast @ Present Tense A/V-0/AS 45 @ w-z.... an 20 @ Past Tense A/V-Si/2OR 49 @ v7... @® Future Tense V-(2)=2 AOI @....52 @ w-xet @ Procressive Tense VT BCH @ 54 @w-eye/eei a @ Past Perlect Tense A/V-34/%ROAL ES Unit 5, Time Expressions @ N Bol, v-71 Zo... aus Unit 2. Negative Expressions ON FO, VS)E BOI an. ang Miers Near « © VB a snennnnion TB © AV -o1/0i2 AV tuorR)....22 ® v-oy/o1ns 139 @ & V-ol/o12 (v-x| Raia), 65 DING, VAO)E vines T4@ v42)84, 145 @xsves i 148 @ v-xiort 181 @N5e. v-=E Set 153 ®ve). 31 187 Unit 6, Ability and Possibility @ vigye + wcyetct 160 @ vAe)e & et}/sect 163 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition @ vae)al2, 166 @ v-x oa. 169 © AN-ol/ojor sie/atct wm @ an-o1ore sict 174 @ avez 2 sic} 176 © AN-a] Bole Sick (2h A/V—oF/0}e= SICH) : 179 Unit 8, Expressions of Hope @ v-z act 482 © AN-ay/stee Sach 184 Unit 9, Reasons and Causes @ aw-oro1y 188 @ anova 191 @ Nwea, av] Zo} 198 Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting @® Vv-ol/o} EAI, v-oF/04 FAWOH2? 198 ® V-0l/o} SAL2, V-ol/0] BL? 201 Unit 1.1. Trying New Things and Experiences @ v-oi/o1 wet 204 @ v2)- Ao] wetyetct 207 Unit ‘1.2, Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions @ v-(e)a712? & ato @ vejam27 @ ate @ v-(2)HArc. 214 @ ve)AiMoi2? air © ve)ea27 © 219 Unit 13, Intentions and Plans @ -2012 © 222 @ve)e42 225 ® v4a)<242 @ 228 Unit 14, Background Information and Explanations @w-Qreae a2 @ vigQVu7} @........ 235 Unit 15, Purpose and Intention @ veel aic/ect 238 @-9az 240 ® v4 oetm Sct 243 @ NS/S PsH(Ad), v7] HHA)... 245 @ vie att 248 Unit 6. Conditions and Suppositions @ anaeya 252 @ vo)zet 255 @ W-ov/ol=. 257Unit 17. Conjecture @ w-xol2 @ 260 @ W2)2 012 @ 262 ® we)en22 9 265 @ We) /eNeye 2 wet 267 Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech @ Bee 9)L/-EHS)EN 272 Ow 275 Orn 278 @ A-ol/orsict 281 Unit 19. Expressions of State @v-rec 2 284 @ v-or/o} ect 287 @ A-ovoizict 290 @ vA sic 293 Unit 20, Confirming Information @ ave) eal 296 @ v-= ol welcl/ect 299 @ w-ag? 301 Unit 21.. Discovery and Surprise @ w-z2/ez2 304 @a-ug 308 Unit 22. Additional Endings @ (2). 7187, v-Lie? os 310 @ w-2)- eae 312 Unit 23. Quotations @® Direct Quotations 316 @ indirect Quotations 319 ® Indirect Quotation Contracted Forms 322 Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations @ — 74 (ireguiar Conjugation) © ‘= B74 (\rrequiar Conjugation) @ ‘+ B74 (irregular Conjugation) @ ‘¢' 5574) (iregular Conjueation) © ‘© 774 (Irregular Conjugation)... @ ‘2° B74! (ireqular Conjugation) . @ ‘+ 8574! (regular Conjugation) Appendix © Good Things to Know: © Answer Key. © Grammar Explanations in Korean *® Grammar Index. 346 354 380 375Introduction to the Korean Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either “a subject + predicate (verb)" or “a subject + object + predicate (verb).” Ao] 7a. subject + predicate Carol goes. leo] ABS Bo} 2. subject + object + predicate Eric eats an apple. AB] 22. subject + predicate Carol sleeps. eo] Ez} AS gola, subject + object + predicate Eric reads a book in the library. Particles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the particle O| or 7} is used. After an | object, the particle or # is used. And after an adverbial, the particle Of] or O{|71| is used. (See also Unit 3. Particles) subject object ole] ABLE Fela, oo] EAB WS go}a, subject adverbial object While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker. Regardless of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these parts can stil be identified because of the particle attached to it. 14ABS elo] Bola. aS SAB Meo] Bole. ‘object + eubject verb) ‘object adverb + Subject + verb) anapple Eric cats abook inthelibrary Eric reads In addition, when the subject can be clearly understood from the context, it can be omitted, A oejo] aa? What is Eric doing? B (f24O]) AHS YOUR, — ets eating an apple A Ojcjol] 712.2 Where do (you) go? B Sato] 71-2, {0 900 schoo! 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated according to tense, politeness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus Ch. This form is also called the ‘dictionary form.’ Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as 7}C} (to go), SC} (to come), HC} (to eat), and QICf (to wear). When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, Cf is replaced with the appropriate form depending on the speaker's intention. @ Verbs hI otcoea HCH) + —H LICH (present formal ending) Ape et ZEATUTH (a0/g088) (referring to a superior/elder) woidstem wordendina | 7KCH) +—Al (honorific) + —HLICt (present formal ending) aoe ZU EL ver KCI) + -2t- (past tense) + LIC (present formal ending) Introcuction to the Korean Language 16© Adjectives EES aac ZSUe} (is good) (CH) + -BLICt (present formal ending) 24 OF FYSUT} was ooo) word stem wordending | (CH) + St (past tense) + —SLIC} (present formal ending) {co be good) BASU} Goams be goo) B(CH) + A+ (guess) + LICH (formal ending) 3. Connecting Sentences ‘There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (¢.9., 2JD (and), 1B1X/St (but), “ZEAE {so/therefore)), and the other is by using conjunctive endings. (2) And 29 Conjunctive Adverb Connection | Ute°] B18, 22]31 3-9].9, Itewindy- Andis cold z}o] Hat &o Conjunctive Ending Connection | “lete] Bat 912. asian (2) But =r = Conjunctive Adverb Connection | #*h= WeHet. PAI ats. Koh is spicy. But tastes good a} Auch onunctivctendiagéonnectonts| C7 )= GARE aes utt. Kimchi i spi but tastes eood (3) So/Therefore tee " : Conjunctive Advert Connection | %=°) 2:2, LeHA] do] Bo] etel2, Wssnowing, reefs tata is bac i Lo] us Conjunctive Ending Connection 0] 4) de] Bo] Hye] 2, It’s snowing, so the tratic s bad.When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the conjunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the two sentences. () HO] Bc} +2 ++ SHV > HH an S92. 2 Halt MC} + —AIE + Stole — Hal7t walet gieloi2, (3) 0] Qc+ + Of + ZO] BLO] Stel — to] Sty Zlo| Bol Bee. 4. Sentence Types Korean has four main santence types: declarative, interrogative, imparative, and propositive, Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles, which can be divided into three main types: formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain. The formal polite style (4) e§ LIC} is used most in formal or public situations, including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal polite style -Of/01 is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite style, the informal polite style is softer and less formal, and therefore it is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal polite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive), the informal polite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation, For this reason, the informal polite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the Informal plain style —O}/0}, it is mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style with somebody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal polite and informal polite styles only. (4) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) ® Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding (4) t LIC} to the word stem. + AS Sof yd, 1 goto schoo SAS SUC, temtbeas Introduction to the Korean Languecs® Informal Polite Style Declarative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/01 to the word stem. + AS Baro] 7h2, | g0 to school. + AS BS Hols, (eat breed (2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) @ Formal Polite Style Interrogative formal polite sentences are made by adding —(.) 4 L{77}? to the word stem. + Sve] ZU 7}? Doyeugato hac + abe BAUz? Do you set bread? ® Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/0{2? to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form). + ro} 748? Dervouigatesata + MS WojA? ayo ore (3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-(2)x1&) @® Formal Polite Style imperative formal polite sentences are made by adding (2)4JA|@ to the word stem. + Balo] AAAl2, Pisaze write in your notebook + AS Vora, Plaase read the book. 18® Informal Polite Style Imperative informal polite sentences can be made by adding —O}/01 to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using —(2) Ai] in place of —O}/ 013 is considered a more polite expression, and therefore —(©)Al|@ should be used. + Bao] Aye. Please writs in your notebook + aS Voye, Please read the book. (4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone alse's, ‘suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-{2) AIC) ® Formal Polite Style Propositive formal polite sentences are made by adding (2) AJC} to the word stem. -(2) AIC} can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the ‘speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to Use this expression toward a superior or elder. * 1so] SeAt, Let's meet at 11 otlock. + }7]o] A] BAS FAITH, Lets cat inch here. @ Informal Polite Style Propositive informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/04, just like in the other sentence types described above. + 114)o] eye, Lets meet at 11 o'clock. + 17/014 BAS YO]B, Lots cat unch howe. ‘The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb EC (to go). ela ael R si CMU OCR Dore FEB. \. WD go. (am going. wae | Aa? 7 aaltwiet | HAIL, | Go! Ties iL) FHIA2, Tracts trey sfots 7 FIR, > Let's go. The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context. Introduction to the Korean Language 195. Honorific Expressions Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, farnily relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy). (2) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of one's family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, (2)A| is added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, ~Al is added, and for those ending in a consonant, —2.A| is added, (to go) Jt + -AR + -BLIC} J} + -Ab + -O12 ure JE + -Ale + -210/2 = 7t + -A- + {2)2 Ade = GED (0 read) Qt + -OAP + —eLIc} eT + “SAP + -018 # + SAP + Hoe a A+ -OAk + 42)= Ao > + AAA Maps Tez) ch. + obyalalAre Shao] 4el 7c 2, (2) Honoring the Listener 7HILICE 7. JI 7H AGI Seach HONS HeAodg aoa! 701e Tho teacher teaches Korean. My father wont to Busan last year Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain styles, (See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types)EOPEAMA ZARILICH, (formal polite style) OPE A ZHAfHe, {informal polite style) oA Tope, (informal plain style) (3) Other Honorifics ® The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -()Al to the verb stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form AACE (co sleep) ZRAlct ach(ode | gor | BEBICE (wo speak) ‘HSHAICE EHPAZIEE (vo tale) axt7ict Bc (oe) | BFAICVEAICD | QC (co exist) AAI OHAICH (to drink) EAI SICH (to have) SIAC} + ofa] Aol] et AAS, Mother is not home right now. + HS AZ NOAA? Do you have time tomorow? ® Some nouns have honorific counterparts. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form L40| (age) a 82! (birthday) atl Fiwor) | ae HI (house) etm & (meal/food) a O18 (name) ae Atet (person) # ‘OH (wife) Hol + Gonz], az] saj2, Grandpa, please have some dinner. + Bele ess) 7? How is your wife? Introduction to the Korean Language@ Honorific particles can be used after nouns incicating people. OZ} a SAE AA — ollai(Steif) —> 7A FAO] APO ALS SUCH, — wyounger sting over present toa tens SoA] AFola] AeS HAU. Grandpa gives a present to a friend. AL B7|S Foe, | Yke strawberries SOU AAE B7|S SOSA, crencma ines strawbentes. @® Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the sutfix | Base Form HonorificForm | Base Form Honorific Form AV (teacher) vail 21+ (professor) ae AME (president) Abe) BEAL (doctor) SEA | SAL (pastor) SAtel BB (director) ae + AS) ASS thse] Sct. Our company president is a generous person. SA, 718) FAA Bech, Pastor, thank you for your prayer. ® Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an action by using the following words. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form | ISIC (to speak) weealc 2+ (10 ask) ofc CI (to give) Ear} SICH/BKLICE (co meee) act | + ofA) 7] 4c ag72? Shall we speak with Dad? + Bo}H{ Z|] o] Ae Szaja, Plesse giva this 400k to Grandpa.© The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own status. LE oat) 2B] ofS] ow BE BES wore + AE DAIS Solee, also heard that news + Aa] Zo] ha Sz] OQ, lease stop by our house sometime. + BAPY, BSCS! Zo] OAUTH ches nave someting to tel you. (4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics ® In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as 4! (you), L (you), “2 (he/him), “LL (she/hen), and 1 (they/ them). ANH, TAY7} QS AF Ae Heel] AS} HALQ,” PK) SABO) Yoko, did you see Jasjun al work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you), $0 Yoko (you) need to give Jaejun (him) a call" 'S{A1 is a mutual title of address used mainly between husband and wile, and therefore itis not used to address anyone other than one's spouse, Similarly, L] is a mutual title used only among close friends, + et, oft ALO] Lebel] ABHHlO} A? ooar aie you cast me? - YE 2S Fa]? ‘What are you going to do tociay? Introduction to the Korean Language@® Special expressions such as SZ}O| 017i] S|AI2? (What is your name?) and AA|7+ 048814] |i]? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone you don't know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status than you. + Bohs], Bo] OPP) SIA? (0) sr etaenp, may ask your name? opal, lS] Aya? (x) + APRA SANZ} OBA] EAI2.2 (0) mr President (ot a company), may | ask your age? APH Ho] 7b B tol 2? (x) ® In most cases, the word 4f is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the speaker. A THE A), SOps|Z] BAA} OF gi] SPA? carol, how oid is your grandfather? B Ss] US c}-olA, (0) He wil be 78 years old this year. 23] AEcpH ttojaya. (x) @ The two honorific forms of 8Cf are [2/Cf and EA/Ch. When the giver is younger than the receiver, then 2JC} is used, but when the actor is older ‘than the recipient of the action, 7EA|C} is used. + US ASS On] ERA, | gave a present to Mom. + PU AAT Lolz] ASS F2410].2. Mom gave a present tome. + Ue SAA ASS FMB, | gave a present to my litle brother/sister. mother little sister/brotherGetting Ready @ OICt (to be) @ UCt (to exist/be, to have) @® Numbers @ Dates and Days of the Week @ TimeWhat's this? A BRUM? (= HLA?) a o olalueh. (= ol2}H2..) Its a chair, > abst apeighu7t? (= a aRo}a1a2) Is she Korean? ul], et ARSE, (= Bist AHO} oFa.) Yes, she's Korean, a > ole] gut? (= olxjah.2.2) What country is this? aed, & tls.) Its Korea, Grammar Focus OC} attaches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. OIC} is used to express that the subject and predicate are the same thing. O|C} can also be used to specify something. ‘The formal descriptive form is Q{LIC}, and its interrogative form is Q{L|7}? The corresponding informal forms, 0{|$2/0]0||2, are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms, with the interrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: O1|2?/0|012? When the preceding noun ends in a vowel, Ol is used, and when the noun ends in @ consonant, O|OI[$2 is used. The negative form of O|Cfis OLLIE}. (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) CMU Gga esis mal Polite Style Noun With Final Consonant ojos. euuict ALALOlOIS. AQUICH : 4AQILIch | Awol, | LABTRILICR. : SFERILICE, 1o{LIO12. Syyoloie, | OFDILIRILIG. : SHSRILICH, 3In Conversation A Taly7? A What is this? B 7Peduct, B It's a bag A sya? 1A Are you a student? BY), Baaduch. 8 Yes, I'm a student, A tPA? ‘4 Who is that? B alfa, 8 That's my fiend, A To] ofrja].2? ‘A Where is your hometown? BAZ] a, 8 Seoul. Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using OIC. 4 Ala) 2 B 4), lal AZ a Bul, 7 io) aspen? a Aad Getting ReadyM7} 1A} ei) Bea. e (Ht 212+ So] eset, - ‘There's a dog on the chair. $2) Zo] Alo} glola. (© 92] do] AKA euch) ‘Our house is in Sinchon, wah alt dela, (= at see) have a boyfriend. Grammar Focus 1 QUC} expresses the existence or location of something and means ‘to be located in/on’ in English. Although Cf is typically used in the form of ‘NO|/7} Nipiace)Ol] ZICH, the order of the subject and place in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: ‘N(place)0l] NO|/7} QICh.” ‘The opposite of QICH is SLC} When ‘NOl| ZICH expresses a place, the following location nouns can be used. Ot, Fl, A, ObeH (= B), (SE, SF), 7HSuI), Aol, Ot Ht © aH 91 244s fad (= Hat) oa oma on top of the desk under the desk in front of the desk behind the deskome omy ee OMY Ee ® Aol beside the desk left of the desk right of the desk inbetween \ wi 9 Met 12d) one ouw con the desk: inside the house outside the house a O MS Poll ZE7t Mole. The computer is on the desk. @ Ae Oba © Het Voll) BF7t VOB. The shoes are under the desk. © Ate Stoll Six} Rois. The chair is in front of the desk. @ A! F)oll AO] Boia. ‘The bookshelf is behind the desk. © As Holl sist SAO|7} L012. The plant and coat hanger are baside the desk. © AA 2H S#0| Bole, The plant is to the left of the desk. OAS LEZ RAO|7t Yoig. The coat hanger is to the right of the desk. ® SHED} LAO| Afo|ol] Neko] 21012. The desk is between the plant and the coat hanger. ® AS HEA Clso| Vo12_ ‘The teddy bear is on the desk. © BF col Sori7t Rois. ‘The dog is inside the house. @ © Hol Deol} goa. ‘The cat is outside the house, 2 ICt is also used in the form ‘NO|/7} ACI to express possession, meaning ‘to have’ in English, The opposite of SIC is SACb. (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) + SUF goHg, FAO] gles, 1 aseeeaeh MaeianY inte pent i AAA SOS. AIF we, | have a bicycle. I don't have a car Getting Ready 29In Conversation A Jo] ofrjo] Qloya? A Whereis the book? B 7FE tol] Bola, B It’s in my bag A ZAHo] o]rjol] o1.2? A Whereis the bank? B Bil Bol] ola, B It's next to the school. A Bt AP} Qojan? 4 Do you have any Korean triands? BU], SS} 254} Woe. 8 Yes, I have Korean fiends, A BFE] NAL? 4 Do you have a computor? BU], Boa, 8 Yes, | have one. Describe this room. Look at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the exemple. (wr Uae ees Aopen, | a 24 of] BBO] NAL, @ WF 2 of AS At Vos. 8 4 AFH 7HYO] ora, (4) 7H of Ae] dela. © AZo] 7A of Qo}2. © OV 27+ LEFo] WL, 30b Sino-Korean Numbers Xos’ 5 eve aoe Gon eae Semen lcs 10 | aalaloalai|afi[e2)s|ale] =| a | ~ [| [so [ao [sc |e [mo | a |e | 100) aw [ow | ae | ae | ee | aw | ae | ee [ee | oo | 1,000 | 10,000 | 100.000] 1000000 a | o | ae | ae Grammar Focus ~................++ There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers, and the ‘other is by using native Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as telephone numbers, bus route numbers, height, weight, address numbers, years, months, minutes, seconds, and prices. wasclal aoey A8eIOe} AHIB plese onset ae Apso] & wer sel a ojsatesziel at Getting Ready<> © In Korean, large nambers are read based on units of ten thousand (2H) instead of thousands (), ‘Thus, 354,790 is interpreted as 35,4970 and read as 3561 4970 (— AOUr ApetRetel4Y). Similarly, 6,354,790 is interpreted as 635,4790 and read as 6352 4790 (+ S¥iAAlout ApAPHIALA), + 26354790 — 2635/4790 OjRRMAHISBE APRaIMEA @ When a number larger than I begins with 1, the initial 1 (i) is not pronounced. (BAL) 110: SHB (aes) 110: MR (QIENMDS11.1 10: BE RIMIAY (BRE IUADO) oi @ 16,26, 36. 96 are pronounced [ls] [0 As] [eres]... FAMED ‘is pronounced as either 2 or 2. When appearing in telephone nunabers, @ is used. + 8508-8254 — R2Bgol[ol] Poleat + 010-a789-0274 SUS AWWAS|(0\] SOIWAL @ There are two ways to read telephone numbers. + 7804-2577 — SBRAOI[OH) HORA! — HAL Solfor] owe et * In this case 9] is pronounced [0], not [21]. In Conversation A ABEAO] W Sojo].27 ‘A What floor is the ofice on? B OFol a, CF) 8 The 3th oor. A ASPAS7} Fol? 1 Wiheite your phone number? B 019-8729-9500¢I,2, # ite 018-8728-8600. Sat B87 4\ [4] HLS) A BW BAg Ea? A What bus do you tke? B 705i HAS EbA, (Ze) B take bus humbor 705 A Ho] Supe]? 'A-How much is the book? B 25,0002e]4]2., (o}zk2 44) 8 I's 25,000 won,Write the following numbers in Korean as shown in the example. 2) 4 ATAS7} Moya? 8 2734-36980]2].2, CLAMS SS7B)clo]2, (yA FAs} Qe e? B Ul, 20]2, 010-738-35094]].8, ( dala, QA S777} B aera (ke)l12? S4d eT (kg)°l4]2. ( vaEraAlke)l2. A 717F B ALE} O] EI (om) o].2? TSA] 4] E| (em)o] 2. ( Vile} 4 (cm) }.2, a Aly} ante. a? B 62,000He]>I]2., ( Jeojo}2, w o Native Korean Numbers e DP pene eee eae eee nee SES) HeM/M eu) cat | ot aa | og oe it [Pa | ee | eae [90 100 Bj oe | a | oe | we | oe | oe cm ge au =5 Ut ua CHS 7H og a Getting ReadyOat Native Korean numbers are used to express time and units. They are generally used along with unit nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns include @, Of2], 7H, &f, &, and ZH In these cases, the Korean numbers that precede these nouns are written in slighty different forms: S}Lf becomes St (S44 St H), S becomes | (7H F Otel), Ail becomes Ml (71H A] EH). ll becomes | (Z2t i] 4), and AS becomes AM (Afaap AG 7H), ete. ott + 7H | St Sh FH a ee | Mh tH | acne | Cyst + 7H CHS 2h | O16! + | O18 7H e+ 2B 2H = ols +74 5 a "| | Os + 7H Ons 7H atm | aA | Bott +H i we Se, eee AB+7H Ax IH Agel 4H | Ager 7h Age +24 AB 74Unit Nouns a4 gi et 7H ae oe] te 2 = olal re eT 3 A fel Ma MA ae 4 wo | wa wats 5 cpa] | octet StH cat 6 oor | OI | OH Oat 7 wae wes | eso | eee wat wae 8 (Of oe | ogtorl | oft Ol! 9 Oe | «(OE OOO] | OR COKE o 88 ge) go ee oA gH ome | ogee | aero | gee) ome | mete In Conversation — A ERO] B yojoya? A How many family members do you have? Be] 7S2 uy] Bolo.a. 8 We are a family of four A So] B Arojoa? ‘4 How old are your younger siblings? BENS ABA Atoloa, '8 My younger brother is 28, end my younger sisters 20. ANS AT Boa. A 47] ASHE Al) 7H, Bek SEY FEAL, 4 prease give me 0 toke/buy) these three apples and one coke. 8 Ul, BE OaoeH gelych, 1 Okay, your totals 8,600 won. Getting ReadyOy Look at the picture and write the appropriate number in Korean in each blank. 2) PAPE, of} ag Qo}, (a) AE 12. 2) Bele) ao} sre) ghey a @ avt_ 7, ABE goia. ws} AT 6) 49] e128. #9] $9] Qo} 2.201014 5% 7Y Bae 20108 Li? (what Year?) 201014: 0/4) 14, 190814: APHITALE LA, 18644: MEAS ALAS ‘3 Qi? (What Month?) va | 2m ga | aa | oa | en 7a | em | ow ga jog | ae ag | oa) ea) ae | ae | 108 118 128 awe Aolg O12!? (What Day?) 1a | ea ee aa ee ea ea ea ew) we) om | ae we | ce] ee | ae | ae ae ve | ize) ise | tae | toe | ten | 172 | 182 192 | 202 | | | ase sale! | Aloial | Alalel Alale) algal tial | Agta! | ata! | orgies | jiaeen| 222] | a AG 22) Be 24a ABU | 26 27Y | 28% | 20m | 308 | 31a ose OPUS! | ONO oI OMAR oles oysiaiad | ojgywe) | clave | AAI! | atalele fa OVATE OMA CLAW OWNER ONES OER OTe reel wae 2 22!? (What Day of the Week?) io | sera same, = use ase sige sau Bee souIn Conversation | A £30] 14Z0]o].27 ‘A What's today's date? B 5S 5U(eH O)ojo a, B It's May 5. A 230] FE 2elojo] a? ‘A What day of the week is today? B 3}2.cloloj A, 8 It’s Tuesday, A oA] ABR 2? AA When did you get married? B 20010] HA Yo] SE Rol A, 8B We got married in 2001. © The Korean words for June and October are read and written as $B and A/@, respectively, not $2 and A/a. @ When asking ‘what year, # is used, and when asking ‘what month, 3 #1 is used. However, when asking ‘what day, 0(2! is used in place of $42. + 2530] B2I0}0127 (x) — S50] MRO|0IS? (0) What is today’s date? oma Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean. 1994,3,25,(2) : MPMI AMM OISA Bae TORI (00) pein ecw «cis Se oan 2d POLS ADAG () aSCHE AL O14 AL AL AL wal St ALAA at Boe Ale Swe aA aus BAL ou BA) Salo FAME =FALHe eA AL HA) AS Grammar Focus In Korean, hours are read using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the particle Ol| is attached to the end of the time noun. 2H(P.M), MAM)Although the literal meanings of 274 and @¥ are ‘before noon’ and ‘after noon’. respectively, in Korean 2% Is typically used to mean the morning hours while 2 is used to mean the afternoon hours. Furthermore, time can also be subdivided into smaller units, including AH (daybreak), OF] (morning), 2 (noon, lunchtime}, AY (evening), and ‘ZF (night), In Conversation A Ale Ala? A What tima is it now? B 2A obs 4] Al Bole A, (9210 A.M.) B tts 98:10 in the moming. A Ale BAIR? A What time is it now? BFA] Ae Aelea. B H's tan minutas to two, (= Its 1:50.) © SA) 24) Bo]e72.) 1:50) AB Alo VojU-R? 44 What tima do you wake up? B Obs) Ue Ale] deja, (7:00) B wake up at 7:00 in the morning. gas Look at the pictures and write the appropriate time in the blanks,Wei loy=33) @ Present Tense A/V—(A)HLIC} @ Present Tense A/V—-0}/012 © Past Tense A/V-%/Y%H2 @ Future Tense V-(2)2 Ale @ @ Progressive Tense V— UC} © Past Perfect Tense A/V-St/URMOLhse? e@ Sl cones on) FAME. This is the 9 o'clock news. ae dou? Do you have any questions? A OJAS of Bai] B24 74? ‘What's your opinion ofthis? 8 eeuch, think it's good. Grammar Focus ~ ‘The present tense of the formal polite style in Korean is made by adding (A) 4 LIC}. It is used mainly in formal or public situations such as in the military, news broadcasts, presentations, meetings, and lectures. Word Stem Ends in Consonant Word Stem Ends in Vowel such Such | sume | -aume | Preis Teac) vif | ah BUC —+ QUCf (Declarative) Wee RS un satec} HLA? — ZL7\? dnterrogative) aR are ect | = —eLICf — SUC Declarative) (to come) —HLIM? —» SLM? dnterrogative)yc} BUC} — YALICH (eciarative) onan [+ avin? — 1.1212 antonooaty ech gp SHEL BOLIC eceave cost) SLIM? — BLSLIZI? drtonogatne Base Form Declarative Interrogative xc} | Lc ALDH Ends in Vowel ae om onset? + -SLICh ol etic ain Ll? O}LICh OFELICt OIL IF? “ae SHSLICt BiSUni? act wauict aiaun ae Act Catach | aeLinte + -@Uc | | aume uct | geuch | taint auc ge | eietln? Sina are In Conversation A ao] B47? A Are you going to school? BY, Sao] Zc}, B Yes, I'm going to school. AOS Baez}? ‘4 Do you eat breakfast? Bl, such. B Yes, | sat breakfast. A SES TU? fb you esi? BY, 2s2 4c}. B Yes, | exercise. ATenses 45we Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the exemple. 2 aay? 3 Sear, > a =z ay “2 AH ayy? oe e (3) (etttch) ayaa BaA gEglo}.A? Doas it taste good? Bu], Brg a. Yes, it tastes good. A ofclol] 742.2 Where are you going? B S}alo}] 742, I'm going to school. aveala, Aa I, Hove you, Carol Grammar Focus The informal polite style is the honorific form used most in deily life. Compared to the formal polite style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal polite style are the same. The declarative form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the interrogative form is made by ending the sentence in a rising tone, OF is used when the word stem ends in # or -L. (@—OER is added when the word stem ends in a consonant. BC} + OF — ROKR = BIC — WOES, AIC} — ator @ If the word stem ends in the vowel +, one | is deleted. Ji} +@QR— 72 Ach 7g, eich — ete, Buc — Bue @If the word stem ends in a vowel, the following contraction can also occur. 2+ OZ — HH (Qt+ AML) wep we 1. Tenses{2 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than - or, @—01& is added when the word stem ends in a consonant. M+ OQ —S4OIs YC} — vol, eic}— oie @ if the word stem ends in the vowal 1, 4, or 4, the 01 of -C1& is deleted. auc +Qe = LYS IMAC} — XII, ME} — A, FIC} AD @If the word stem ends in the vowel -r, + and the O{ of O1S2 combine to form 1. HHSC] + O12 HHS (HHS + 12 — WHEL) — FC} ALS, BAC} — BRS @ When the word stem ends in the vowel |, | and the O{ of C12 combine toform 4. OFAC + O12— OAS (OA + 42 — DAB) ICI — JIA, SIOIAICE — shoiAs When the predicate ends in SICK, it is changed to aH. (Originally, 12 was added to 3} to form 5/12, but StC12 is now shortened to 32.) Bott} — Bee BHC — Beaks, Uslsict — AekHe, ofsesict — clelele, aletct — eletie ‘The verb O|Ct changes to Gi|52/0|0l|S2, with Ol1S2 used when the preceding word ends in a vowel and 0[0{1$2 used when the word ends in a consonant. @ When the noun ends in a vowel: S|AfOi2 (S/A} + oil) ARBIOICH— Atmos, O101L{0IC} — o1D{LIo2 @ When the noun ends in a consonant: |} O|O1IS2 (S|AHE + O01.) ASOICE— ALOIS, AW OIct —- Meeolollse | _BaseForm OL += BaseForm O12 += BaseForm a | etc eoie | gic Hoe wet (ach oR miuCE mR istsch (Ee ee ee | SILC pe) we: wee watt use ort 22 | OAc nie | aAisIc} aL oes |_wowslenaing | ole | weve | enoie Seg | Consonant Ending | -olol2 sWojole AAfolole —wojolsz 46In Conversation A Ala 3 AR? B salsa, ‘A What are you doing now? 8 I'm doing homework. A RA AVS Yo] a? BRS 1] Ade Fog, Wet tra do youeat une ysl eck re A He AE 2/20] S99? 8 AaolLa, ‘A What is Minu's job? 8 He's a teacher. @ In Korean, the present tense forms include not only the present tense but also the present progressive tense and a future tense in which itis clear that a future event will occur. + Present — alt= OSta2ol) CIVIC, + Progressive — AE Xia BSE SUcH/eI, + Near Future ~ A= U2) Stmo|| 21UIc}/72, | 90 to colege. | am studying now, [wl go to schoo! tomorrow, ‘The present tense is also used to express general truths and to describe things that occur regularly. “NPS Hie See Sols, + AH OMBJOICH 2718 a, ‘The Earth rotates around the sun, Iran every morning.1 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. = | A SIRI? F 8 Ul, SIKIOL®, a (zh) mn te ats bl — es « a mf 8 (aa) (la) @ @ A A Hy + pe B (aw) amy 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. a | a HL? | saree, (ates) : (2) iy Ay Ha? a B «4 ? 6) (6) AF] a2? “ NS Sst) (pale198144 38 SQol] Alo}yto]. 2. (The baby) was born on March 5, 1981 200414 289] HRS SUL, | graduated from collage in February 2004, Ado] BSBA. We got married last year, Grammar Focu: The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding —2t/% to their werd stems. When the word stem ends in the vowel F or 1, ~2t0{@ is added, and when it ends in any other vowel, {012 is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in SEC}, —WO1 is added to form S++ RAL, which is then shortened to $101.2. In the case of the formal polite style, -Q/MASLIC and StSL|Cf are used. Mees usar ont et ai Maelo ecole ca aces Deh eiicisg SCH + ROS — BIOS | SIc}+-Moie—sWe0i@ | Bsc} BHsoie BaseForm 2012 | BaseForm | -R101@ | BaseForm | Moie 2c} soi ANC wigiojg | MASH | HARoia eich eHtOle oar} ois. gisteict | eletuoie ec egos auc age | gsc} | esxoe 4.Tenses 49°ct woe | Sct estos Basic} | geltoie zich weoie ech SHO | amsic} | AxigoIe “2Er} 6 BROIe “#Ect | Balle «ARISE «| AGIRLOI i a Vowelendng | -31012 ZsNgo2 Consonant Ending -0/101 swolgio1e ae Vowel Ending FOL I21019. | IBA OSLO. Consonant Ending 0] ofL|si012 | tao] OLLIgIOIR. * Irregular form In Conversation A ola A] Rol? ‘A What did you do yesterday? BeHw2, 8 | studied, A EQUOl] YstS Boj.a? ‘A Did you see a movie on Saturday? B Ul, HLA, aajaleloi a. 1B Yes, | saw a movie. It was interesting, A Fuel] 3 Mola? ‘A What did you do over the weekend? BBS SUR. B | listened to music. ‘While the past tense of 2c} can be written either as S@012 or HOS, and the past tense of SIC} can be ‘written either as 302 or §O{%2, the past tense of cfs written only as BAL, not 2242. + FCh + Rik — FRO (0) HoIg (0) + Ht + —gioi2 — wigio1@ (0) oie (0) + SE + -Ri0i2 — Bfo1@ (0) Qz1g (x)onus What did Carol do this week? Refer to the calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using 2/2012, 710} 2 eye athe th ef Beh Ao ME OFLU] gC +1279: wy) ate (2) Bz (3) Bay +129 8: @) Hs}ol Os (©) E7} ra, +129 98: 7 Hlel7}__ . BAe} Zein, +122] 102: @ mas +129 119: @ * 129 122: (10) SSS (11) GS} 4. TensesGrammar Focus 2 Fo 24S AL lala, Pi buy a car two years from now. Sto] HAS & Ada. Vl go fishing this weekend, i) Gai Behe] SH SAMA, Vil visit China during my vacation, 19 This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as ‘will’ or ‘is going to’ in English. It is formed by adding (2)= 74OI[ to the stems of verbs. = 7404|@ is used when the verb stem ends in = or a vowel, and —& 740i] is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant. Mere cuneate nA en ksi! Jie} +2 Ade — 2 role Neri Eee ud FC} +2 Ade — 42 Ade Base Form 2 Anis Base Form 2 01s sich | woe ick “gg ole at | 702 ee euch | Yo. aac we 72 Bratch ase role “ect 53 71012 “arc # Holz “ect #8 71012 comct | ste iis “sch Eg 702 * regular form 62A al 24] Soll Aaa? ‘4 When will you return to your hometown? B Use] Bolt Ajo] a., B Miireturn next year. A Sao] HS Aa? ‘A What will you do over the weekend? B aS SZ. 2 Il ide my bike, was The following calendar is from Wang Jing’s daily planner. What will Wang Jing do this week? Choose the ‘appropriate word from below to fil in each blank using -(2)= 7012. 2 ee ee ee SE 54 AMola, yale 54 5) ‘ejeop ojos, ae} yjel stazol) et 7} WS US REIS ay _. RAMEN] AatScte Bo] Q AADIEB . Bade) M9) 18 9) Nei, eA 2 Vel] Stat BAR|] (ay Eade Ae ANDINA, FAS SUS 6) alt ao Al eS @__ ee . Bade eH a : A.Tenses 5SWAVE Ai S92 Bz glola, Dane is listening to music now. eld Ab ag dol 7A glo}, ‘Minu is going home now. olay) 2177} ae] Stel] ASS, Alu ASE] Ae AAP BGO} 2, Yesterday, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Weslay was sleeping at that time. Grammar Focus © This pattem expresses the progression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of ing’ in English. It is formed by adding —72 QC} to the stems of verbs. To express the continuation of an action that occurred sometime in the past, —i1 QSACt is used. IC} + 32 UEP 7h ict ACh + al CH — FA CE _ Base Form | Bae Bae | AIC ALT OR RUHR 2c | wp goa 7 olga gole ehuch ohm gloie gem giz oct 27 012 Best Zesln goieIn Conversation © ‘22 A Yaa, Az Aol Del 72. A arg lg te pols ta eet eco B us| a, 214 S413 S31 Qo]a, 8 I'm sorry, out I'm doing my homework right now. A of ob) ashe @ eistol2? ity Sa ehamower ee pnea union 2 AF} glsiolo, i era toe A alg olejola) At 01.9? a Wea ng ra B ALSO] Ah? Yoja, 8 I'm living in Seoul. “To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form ~Sh/204 is used. A OFR| EKO? What ss you co yesterday? 8 SIONAL At stole (x) — SIOAY AISHOIS. (0) relaxed at home, gare aerretne soneenmmere nen was Lock at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. a Aa a aia? 5 Hors AT Mog, (lol ZICH) | 2) cay, Aled 8122 & A BS ¥] aL? < 8 x (aleretty) (eset we CS) ASS A Aa ot = 42? Bo} 2. (axe Bc) (3S ech) 4. Tensesé BSH] ARAL. | have been to the U.S. (wert to, and have already retumed from, the U.S) SHANA ANML, 1 (have) ved in China. (don't tive in China now) obs 17} SEO, My father was overweight. (He's not overweight now.) This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue or something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than when the speaker is describing it. It approximates to ‘did/had (in the past)’ in English. It is formed by adding -WBOAL to the stems of verbs and adjectives with stems ending in the vowel F or -L. Otherwise, -WMOH is added. For verbs ending in SHC}, 3494012 is added. NCU =ne tN anc STEN Moda ag AC} + MMOS — NOS IC} + -Aola — BIeeIOIa Besic} — Bwaoiw Base Form 21/21. Base Form R/ AOD tc ASO ect usizole Act xsi | AC susie. HEC aH S act Buroieict | eiiscie | | aringoia wsict que | Bi iBIgiole “ect SUNIL | caRsioe * Irregular form In Conversation @ & A SHS ot w]e? A You don't smoke? B AE HHS BAe a. B I smoked last year. But | don't smoke now. Ag 4|at AS et wg 2. A 2S Hfejoh Alle] gola, ee ee B SS ARTO] Bstse 2. There were many people (there) in the summer, A Satol ¥] R1a? ‘A What did you do aver the weekend? B RAYSEM ANo1#, B I went to Lotte World, It was really interesting, ob aa) go, Expresses that something simply occurred Expresses a past occurrence that does not in the past or that an action or situation that continue to the present. ended in the past has remained that way. + HAI hol eto Bois, + HS Sho} BiROH Stsio12. {Dane may sil be in Korea. We don't know what (Cane came to Korsa and later left; he isnot in Koraa happened ater ne came to Korea. He may be in ew) some place other then Korea) + HM MOL 1H Sel atgizCLO, + HIE MOI 1H agtoig. (Cane previously lived in Seoul for one year, but now (Dane has been ling in Se0u! for one year he does not ive in Seoul) He previously lived in Seoul for one year, but we don't know where he lives nove)qa ‘What was Hayeong like 10 years ago? Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks as shown in the example. SIE AS OS A HGIO12, (rag each ag ale (Pt ACH aie (olel7t ac) 8 AS i (male 2 ch a9 ae (ainis et eichi Ceveze pa Ae Expressions @ Word Negation © 2 AV-O1/O12 (A/V-AI 2012) @ & V-0l/012 (V-A] Rol 2)aS Apepolola, @ She is Korean, aS Abeto] of eya, She is not Korean. £9] Yoia, ‘eee =] Mola. | don’t have any money. aaape efop.g, 1 know Korean. see Beha, | don't know Korean, Grammar Focus © Negative sentences can be made either by negating the entire sentence or by negating a word. When making a negative sentence by negating a word, O|C} is changed to OFLICE, QIC Fis changed to SIC, and QICf is changed to SC}. Of these, OLLICt is written in the form O|/7# OFLICH, but when used in the spoken form, O|/7tis often omitted. Muu leeuecce rere Rs y OHLICH = Olt OFEILICE OFLoll BICt — QUE SEC} Sct SBuUct | eg