Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Neutral Atoms
Ions
amu
Average Atomic
Mass
Ionic Compounds
Isotopes
Molecular
Compounds
Cations
Anions
Polyatomic Ions
Binary Acids
Oxyacids
Alkanes
Alcohols
Organic
Compounds

Atoms with an equal number of protons and electrons

Formed from loss and gain of electrons
Atomic Mass Unit (1g = 6.02 x 1023 amu)
Weighted average of the isotopes of an element in terms of
percent abundance in nature
Formed through the transfer of electrons due to coulombic
attraction between metal (+) and non-metal (-) Solid at room
temp, High m.p
Atoms with of the same element w/ different numbers of
neutrons
Formed through the sharing of electrons attraction of e- to both
nuclei. Formed between two non-metals. Solid, liquid, and gas
at room temp, low m.p.
Positive ions formed by metals
Negative ions formed from non-metals
Group of atoms w/ an overall charge
Consist of H and one other element
Consist of H and a polyatomic ion containing oxygen
Hydrocarbons w/ only single bonds
Contain an OH group
Compounds containing carbon

J.J. Thomson used cathode rays to show that atoms are full of negatively charged
particles we now call electrons

Thompsons Model
Rutherford directed alpha particles at a thing gold sheet, because most of the
particles went through without deflection. He proposed that there was a positively
charged nucleus, with most of the volume empty space with electrons moving
through it.

Rutherfords Model

Atomic Structure:
Subatomic
Particles
(p+) Proton

(n0) Neutron
(e-)Electron

Charge

Mass

Location

+1.602 x 10-19
(+1)
0
-1.602 x 10-19 (-1)

1 amu

Nucleus

1amu
0 amu

Nucleus
Electron cloud

Daltons Atomic Theory

1. All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms
2. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
3. Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of
atoms
4. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms

Atomic Symbols
A

X- element symbol
A- mass number = protons + neutrons
Z- atomic number= # of protons

The Periodic Table

Rows/Periods- increasing p+/ atomic #
Columns/Groups- similar physical & chemical properites
Group
Group
Group
Group

1 (1A)- Alkali Metals

2 (2A)- Alkali Earth Metals
17 (7A)- Halogens
18 (8A)- Noble Gases

Metals- left side of periodic table

Good conductors of heat/electricity, bad insulators, most are solid at room
temp, high melting points, lustrous, and ductile
Non-metals- right side (along with hydrogen)
Poor conductors, good insulators, brittle as solid, low melting points
Metalloids- along staircase
Properties of both metals and non-metals.

Group
1
2

1+
2+

Charge

13
14
15
16
17

3+
4+/321-

Naming
Naming Cations:
-add the word ion to the element name
Naming Anions:
- change ending to -ide
Polyatomic Ions
- less oxygen -ite
-more oxygen -ate
Prefixes for Molecular Compounds
-First element has a prefix unless there is only one
-Second element has a prefix and ends in -ide
1
Mono2
Di3
Tri4
Tetra5
Penta6
Hexa7
Hepta8
Octa9
Nona10
DecaBinary Acids
- Hydro _____ -ic
Oxyacids
If polyatomic ends in -ite -ous acid
ends in -ate -ic acid
Prefixes
1
meth2
eth3
prop4
but5
pent6
hex7
hept8
oct9
non10
decAlkanes:
Prefix + -ane
[#H = #C x 2 +2]
Alcohols:
Prefix + anol