1.

differential calculus is a subfield of calculus concerned with the study of the rates at which
quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral
calculus
2. sir Isaac newton and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
3. a function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the
property that each input is related to exactly one output. An example is the function that
relates each real number x to its square x2. The output of a function f corresponding to an
input x is denoted by f(x) (read "f of x"). In this example, if the input is 3, then the output is
9, and we may write f(3) = 9. The input variable(s) are sometimes referred to as the
argument(s) of the function.
4. a variable is an alphabetic character representing a number which is either arbitrary or not
fully specified or unknown. Making algebraic computations with variables as if they were
explicit numbers allows one to solve a range of problems in a single computation. A typical
example is the quadratic formula, which allows to solve every quadratic equation by simply
substituting the numeric values of the coefficients of the given equation to the variables that
represent them.
The concept of variable is also fundamental in calculus. Typically,
a function y

= f(x) involves two variables, its argument x and its value y. The term "variable"

comes from the fact that, when the argument (also called the "variable of the
function") varies, then the value varies accordingly).
5. Variables used in an experiment or modelling can be divided into three types: "dependent
variable", "independent variable", or other. The "dependent variable" represents the output
or effect, or is tested to see if it is the effect. The "independent variables" represent the inputs
or causes, or are tested to see if they are the cause. Other variables may also be observed
for various reasons.
6. the range of a function refers to either the codomain or the image of the function,
depending upon usage. The codomain is a set containing the function's outputs, whereas the
image is the part of the codomain which consists only of the function's outputs.
7. the domain of definition or simply the domain of a function is the set of "input"
or argumentvalues for which the function is defined. That is, the function provides an "output"
or value for each member of the domain.[1] Conversely, the set of values the function takes is
termed the image of the function, which is sometimes also referred to as the range of the
function.