CHAPTER ONE: SET NOTATION AND SETS OF NUMBERS 1A

Describing a Set
Interval Notation
Closed Interval
Interval

Set Notation
Closed

{ x :c x d }

[c, d]
Open Interval
Intervals

Open

{ x : s< x <t }

(s, t)
Infinite intervals
Intervals

Infinite

{ x : x b }

(b , )

{ x : x >b }
{ x : x b }

(, b )

{ x : x <b }
Rational and Irrational numbers.

Rational numbers are ones that are written as intergers or fractions.

Irrational numbers are ones that cannot e.g. surds,

Natural numbers: are positive intergers

, logs etc.

PlaceN,Z,Q,R
NoteRincludesallrealnumbers

Note:

{ x : x >0, x Q }

set of all positive rational number

Set of real numbers is {x: x R }

Set of positive real numbers is {x: x R

x is an element of real numbers

+ }

The set of elements common to two sets A and B is called the intersection of A and B and

is denoted by A B. Thus x A B if and only if x A and x B.

If the sets A and B have no elements in common,we say A and B are disjoint and write A
B = . The set is called the empty set.
The set of elements that are in A or in B (or in both)is called the union of sets A and B,
and is denoted by A B.
For example, let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
The intersection and union are illustrated by the Venn diagram shown opposite:
A B = {1, 3, 5}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
Fill this in!

Also:

A / B=

A B
B

This represents group B

given that A occurs

For the above A / B = {1, 3, 5} This is the values of B that also occur in A

Draw on a number line

Note:
open circle is used when the bracket is curved (not included) or when

,>

is used.

closed circle is used when the bracket is square ( included) or when

is used.

Show the following on a number line

a) (2, 4]

b) {m: m < 3}
c)

{ f :3 f <12 }

d) [ - 5,

Identifying and describing relations and functions 1B

Relations

All graphs are Relations (relation between independent and dependent

variable)
Special type of Relation is a Function
o Draw vertical lines on a graph if they only hit once it is a
function!

Domain and Range:

Domain is the set of values x (independent variable) can take.

Range is the set of values y (dependent variable) can take.

E.g. A real life example is a volume control dial. The various positions of the
volume dial could be call the domain and the sound level could be called the
range. The dial's position is an independent variable because you could turn it to
any position you want. By contrast, the sound level is completely determined by
the dial's position. That is, the sound level is a dependent variable.

FUNCTIONS ( A SUBSET OF RELATIONS)

A function is a relation which has only one y-value for each x-value. (Hint: If you
draw vertical lines through a function the vertical line will only hit the graph once)
A function which is one to one has one x-value for every y-value.
An example of this is a straight line
The inverse is also one- to one (also a function)
A function which is many to one has more than one x-value for each y-value.

An example of this is a parabola

The inverse is one to many (not a function)

RELATIONS

A graph which is one to many has one x-value for more than one y-value. This is
not a function.
A graph which is many to many is not a function.
An example of this is a circle.

(You can see the vertical lines hit the graph more than once)
Example 1: Sketch a) y = 3x 6 and y = x2 - 6x + 9
State the domain and range of each.
a)
NOTE: You can restrict a graph by giving a function a smaller domain: