BENGKEL KIMIA GOMBAK 2014

The Importance of
Chemical Equations

01/04/16

Prepared By
Sir HONG BOON LIANG

Cations (Positive Ions)

Ionic Formula

Ion Name

Ionic Formula

Ion Name

NH4+

Ammonium ion

Ca2+

Calcium ion

K+

Potassium ion

Sn2+

Tin(II) ion

Na+

Sodium ion

Cu2+

Copper(II) ion

Ag+

Silver ion

Fe2+

Iron(II) ion

H+

Hydrogen ion

Pb2+

Lead(II) ion

Li+

Lithium ion

Mn2+

Manganese(II) ion

Mg2+

Magnesium ion

Al3+

Aluminium ion

Zn2+

Zinc ion

Fe3+

Iron(III) ion

Ba2+

Barium ion

Cr3+

Chromium(III) ion
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Anions (Negative Ions)

Ionic Formula

Ion Name

Ionic Formula

Ion Name

F-

Fluoride ion

ClO3-

Chlorate(V) ion

Cl-

Chloride ion

CO32-

Carbonate ion

Br-

Bromide ion

O2-

Oxide ion

I-

Iodide ion

S2-

Sulphide ion

OH-

Hydroxide ion

SO42-

Sulphate ion

NO3-

Nitrate ion

S2O32-

Thiosulphate ion

NO2-

Nitrite ion

Cr2O72-

Dichromate(VI) ion

MnO4-

Manganate(VII) ion

CrO42-

Chromate(VI) ion

CH3COO-

Ethanoate ion

PO43-

Phosphate ion
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Chemical Formula of ionic

compounds
Ionic Compound Name

Chemical Formula

Sodium oxide

Na2O

Potassium manganate(VII)

KMnO4

Aluminium nitrate

Al(NO3)3

Calcium chloride

CaCl2

Sodium nitrite

NaNO2

Copper(II) carbonate

CuCO3

Ammonium sulphate

(NH4)2SO4

Iron(II) phosphate

Fe3(PO4)2

Potassium dichromate(VI)

K2Cr2O7
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Chemical Formula of ionic

compounds
How many Chemical Formula of ionic compounds do you
have?

18 Cations
18 Anions

324 Chemical Formula

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Classify Chemical Formula into 7

groups
Group 1 - Acids (H+)
Chemical Formula
HF

Compound Name
Hydrofluoric acid

HCl
HBr

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrobromic acid

H2CrO4

Chromic(VI) acid

HNO3

Nitric acid

CH3COOH

Ethanoic acid

H2CO3

Carbonic acid

H2SO4

Sulphuric acid

H3PO4

Phosphoric acid
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Classify Chemical Formula into 7

groups
Group 2 - Alkalis (OH-) - Bases that soluble in water
Chemical Formula

Compound Name

NaOH

Sodium hydroxide solution

KOH

Potassium hydroxide solution

LiOH

Lithium hydroxide solution

Ca(OH)2

Calcium hydroxide solution

Ba(OH)2

Barium hydroxide solution

NH4OH

Ammonium hydroxide solution

Only 6 alkalis
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Classify Chemical Formula into 7

groups
Group 3 - Bases (OH- & O2-) - Insoluble in water (Solid)
Chemical Formula
Mg(OH)2

Compound Name
Magnesium hydroxide

Pb(OH)2

Lead(II) hydroxide

Al(OH)3

Aluminium hydroxide

ZnO
CuO

Zinc oxide
Copper(II) oxide

K2O

Potassium oxide

PbO
SnO

Lead(II) oxide
Tin(II) oxide

Fe2O3

Iron(III) oxide
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Classify Chemical Formula into 7

groups
Group 4 - Metal carbonate (CO32-) - Insoluble in water

(Solid, except K+, Na+, NH4+)

Chemical Formula

Compound Name

CaCO3

Calcium carbonate

MgCO3

Magnesium carbonate

ZnCO3

Zinc carbonate

PbCO3

Lead(II) carbonate

CuCO3

Copper(II) carbonate

Ag2CO3

Silver carbonate

FeCO3

Iron(II) carbonate
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Classify Chemical Formula into 7

groups
Group 5 - Metal halide (F-, Cl-, Br- & I-)
Chemical Formula
KBr

Compound Name
Potassium bromide

NaI
NaF

Sodium iodide
Sodium fluoride

MgCl2

Magnesium chloride

NaCl
ZnBr2

Sodium chloride
Zinc bromide

FeCl3

Iron(III) chloride

NH4I

Ammonium iodide

KI

Potassium iodide
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Classify Chemical Formula into 7

groups
Group 6 - Metal nitrate (NO3-)
Chemical Formula

Compound Name

KNO3

Potassium nitrate

Mg(NO3)2

Magnesium nitrate

NH4NO3

Ammonium nitrate

Zn(NO3)2

Zinc nitrate

Al(NO3)3

Aluminium nitrate

LiNO3

Lithium nitrate

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Classify Chemical Formula into 7

groups
Group 7 - Salts (Include Group 4, Group 5, Group 6)
Chemical Formula

Compound Name

PbSO4

Lead(II) sulphate

CaCrO4

Calcium chromate(VI)

ZnS

Zinc sulphide

K2S2O3

Potassium thiosulphate

AlPO4

Aluminium phosphate

FeSO4

Iron(II) sulphate

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Flow chart of equations

Chemical Equation

Describe a chemical reaction and give the

number of moles of the reactants and
products.

Ionic Equation

Find the particles involve in the chemical

reaction. (Atoms / Molecules / Ions)

2 x Half Equations

Show the transfer of electrons and change

in oxidation number of the reactants.

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CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 TARGET

SPM

Marks

SPM

Marks

Paper 1

40

Paper 1

38

75

Paper 2

60

40

Paper 3

78

Total

68

SPM

Marks

Paper 1

45

Paper 2
Paper 3
Total

YOU CAN
DO IT

Paper 2
Paper 3

A-

A+

Total

38

85
40
85
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Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas

Electrochemical Series
Kami K
Cu + HNO3 No Reaction
NakNa
Copper is less electropositive than
Cari
Ca
hydrogen.
Mangkuk
Mg
Decreasing
Aluminium
Al
order of
ZonZn
electropositivity
Felipina
Fe
Saya Sn
Pandai Pb
Metal which is more electropositive can
Hisap (H)
attract negative ions from an aqueous
Cuka Cu
Apple Ag
solution of a less electropositive metal.
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Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas

Sulphuric acid reacts with magnesium
Chemical
equation

H2SO4 + Mg MgSO4 + H2

Ionic
equation

2H+ + Mg Mg2+ + H2

Half
equations

2H+ + 2e H2

Mg Mg2+ + 2e
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Acid + Base (Solid) Salt + Water

(Neutralization reaction)
Nitric acid reacts with copper(II) oxide powder
Chemical
equation

2HNO3 + CuO Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

Ionic
equation

2H+ + CuO Cu2+ + H2O

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Acid + Alkali (Solution) Salt + Water

(Neutralization reaction)
Nitric acid reacts with ammonia solution
Chemical
equation

HNO3 + NH4OH NH4NO3 + H2O

Ionic
equation

H+ + OH- H2O

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Acid + Metal carbonate (Solid) Salt +

Water + Carbon dioxide gas
Hydrofluoric acid reacts with marble powder
Chemical
equation

2HF + CaCO3 CaF2 + H2O + CO2

Ionic
equation

2H+ + CaCO3 Ca2+ + H2O + CO2

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More reactive metal + Salt Salt + Less

reactive metal (Metal displacement reaction)
Electrochemical Series
Kami K
Cu + Zn(NO3)2 No Reaction
NakNa
Copper is less electropositive than zinc.
Cari
Ca
Mangkuk
Mg
Decreasing
Aluminium
Al
order of
ZonZn
electropositivity
Felipina
Fe
Saya Sn
Pandai Pb
Hisap (H)
Metal which is more electropositive can
Cuka Cu
displace another metal which is less
Apple Ag
electropositive from its salt solution.
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More reactive metal + Salt Salt + Less

reactive metal (Metal displacement reaction)
Zinc reacts with tin(II) nitrate solution
Chemical
equation

Zn + Sn(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 + Sn

Ionic
equation

Zn + Sn2+ Zn2+ + Sn

Half
equations

Zn Zn2+ + 2e

Sn2+ + 2e Sn
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More reactive halogen + Metal halide

Metal halide + Less reactive halogen
(Halogen displacement reaction)
FClBrI-

Decreasing
order of
electronegativity

I2 + NaCl No Reaction
Iodine is less electronegative than chlorine.

An element which is more electronegative can displace another

element which is less electronegative from its salt solution.
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More reactive halogen + Metal halide

Metal halide + Less reactive halogen
(Halogen displacement reaction)
Chlorine reacts with potassium bromide solution
Chemical
equation

Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2

Ionic
equation

Cl2 + 2Br- 2Cl- + Br2

Half
equations

Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-

2Br- Br2 + 2e
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Soluble salt + Soluble salt Insoluble salt + Soluble salt

(Precipitation reaction / Double decomposition reaction)
Salts
Insoluble salt
AgCl
PbCl2
PbSO4

Soluble salt
K+
Na+
NH4+

BaSO4

NO3-

CaSO4
PbI2

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Soluble salt + Soluble salt Insoluble salt + Soluble salt

(Precipitation reaction / Double decomposition reaction)

Lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with potassium

iodide solution
Chemical
equation

Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3

Ionic
equation

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2

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Metal oxide + Water Metal hydroxide

(Alkali solution)

Sodium oxide dissolves in water

Chemical
equation

Na2O + H2O 2NaOH

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Metal + Oxygen gas Metal oxide

Aluminium reacts with oxygen gas

Chemical
equation

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

Ionic
equation

4Al + 3O2 4Al3+ + 6O2-

Half
equations

Al Al3+ + 3e

O2 + 4e 2O227

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Metal + Halogen gas Metal halide

Zinc reacts with bromine gas

Chemical
equation

Zn + Br2 ZnBr2

Ionic
equation

Zn + Br2 Zn2+ + 2Br-

Half
equations

Zn Zn2+ + 2e

Br2 + 2e 2Br28

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Metal carbonate Metal oxide + Carbon

dioxide gas (Except alkali metal carbonate)

Magnesium carbonate decomposes by heating

Chemical
equation

MgCO3 MgO + CO2

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Alkali metal nitrate Metal nitrite +

Oxygen gas

Sodium nitrate decomposes by heating

Chemical
equation

2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2

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Metal nitrate Metal oxide + Nitrogen

dioxide gas (Brown) + Oxygen gas

Zinc nitrate decomposes by heating
Chemical
equation

2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2

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Alkali metal + Water Alkali metal

hydroxide (Alkali solution) + Hydrogen gas

Sodium dissolves in water

Chemical
equation

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

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Metal + Steam Metal oxide +

Hydrogen gas

Aluminium reacts with steam

Chemical
equation

2Al + 3H2O Al2O3 + 3H2

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Halogen + Water Mixture of acid

Bromine dissolves in water

Chemical
equation

Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr

Hydrobromic acid + Hypobromus acid

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Alkali metal thiosulphate + Acid Salt +

Sulphur + Sulphur dioxide gas + Water
Sodium thiosulphate solution reacts with
sulphuric acid
Chemical
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + S + SO2 + H2O
equation
Ionic
equation

S2O32- + 2H+ S + SO2 + H2O

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Extra reaction

Bubbling of carbon dioxide through lime water

Chemical
equation

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

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Extra reaction

Reaction between ammonia and hydrogen

chloride
Chemical
equation

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

(Thick white fume)

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Extra reaction
Reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and water
Chemical
equation

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

(Sulphurous acid)

Reaction between carbon dioxide gas and water

Chemical
equation

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

(Carbonic acid)
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Extra reaction
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Chemical
equation

2H2O2 2H2O + O2
(Catalyst - Manganese(IV) oxide)

Decomposition of potassium chlorate(V)

Chemical
equation

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

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Extra reaction
Ionization of acid in water
Chemical
equation

H2O

HCl H+ + Cl-

Ionization of alkali in water

Chemical
equation

H2O

NaOH Na+ + OH40

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Contact process
Manufacture of sulphuric acid
Chemical
equation

Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3

S + O2 SO2
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 (Oleum)
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

Stage 2 - Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5

Temperature: 450 - 500 C
Pressure: 1 atmosphere
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Haber Process

Manufacture of ammonia
Chemical
equation

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Catalyst: Iron filings, Fe
Temperature: 450 - 500 C
Pressure: 200 - 500 atmosphere
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5 Homologous series
Number of carbon atoms

Name

Meth

Mak

Eth

Engkau

Prop

Pergi

But

Brazil

Pent

Pakai

Hex

Helikopter

Hept

Hantar

Oct

Orang

Non

Nak

10

Dec

Dating
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Alkanes
CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3
Chemical Formula

Name

CH4

Methane

C2H6

Ethane

C3H8

Propane

C4H10

Butane

C5H12

Pentane

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Alkenes
CnH2n where n = 2, 3, 4
Chemical Formula

Name

C2H4

Ethene

C3H6

Propene

C4H8

Butene

C5H10

Pentene

C6H12

Hexene

Functional group Double covalent bond

between two carbon
atoms
-C=C-

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Alcohols
CnH2n+1OH where n = 1, 2, 3
Chemical Formula

Name

CH3OH

Methanol

C2H5OH

Ethanol

C3H7OH

Propanol

C4H9OH

Butanol

C5H11OH

Pentanol

Functional group Hydroxyl group

-OH

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Carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1COOH where n = 0, 1, 2
Chemical Formula

Name

HCOOH

Methanoic acid

CH3COOH

Ethanoic acid

C2H5COOH

Propanoic acid

C3H7COOH

Butanoic acid

C4H9COOH

Pentanoic acid

Functional group Carboxyl group

-COOH

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Esters
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 where n = 0, 1, 2 and m = 1, 2, 3
n from carboxylic acid and m from alcohol
Chemical Formula

Name

HCOOCH3

Methyl methanoate

CH3COOC2H5

Ethyl ethanoate

C2H5COOC3H7

Propyl propanoate

C3H7COOC4H9

Butyl butanoate

C4H9COOC5H11

Pentyl pentanoate

Functional group Carboxylate group

-COO-

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Alkane / Alkene / Alcohol + Oxygen gas

Carbon dioxide gas + Water

(Complete combustion reaction)

Complete combustion of propene

Chemical
equation

2C3H6 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

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Alkane / Alkene / Alcohol + Oxygen gas

(Limited) Carbon monoxide gas + Water

(Incomplete combustion reaction)

Incomplete combustion of propane

Chemical
equation

2C3H8 + 7O2 6CO + 8H2O

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Alkane + Halogen Haloalkane + Hydrogen

halide (Substitution reaction)
Condition: uv rays
Methane reacts with chlorine
Chemical
equation

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H
|
HCH
|
Cl

Chloromethane

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Alkene + Halogen Dihaloalkane (Addition

reaction / Halogenation reaction)
Pent-1-ene reacts with bromine
Chemical
equation

C5H10 + Br2 C5H10Br2

Observation

The brown colour of bromine changes

to colourless.

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H H H H
|
| |
| |
HCCCCCH
|
| |
|
|
1,2-dibromopentane
Br Br H H H
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Alkene + Hydrogen halide Haloalkane

(Addition reaction / Hydrohalogenation
reaction)
But-2-ene reacts with hydrogen chloride
Chemical
equation

C4H8 + HCl C4H9Cl

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H H H
|
| |
|
HCCCCH
|
| |
|
H Cl H H

2-chlorobutane

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Alkene + Hydrogen gas Alkane (Addition

reaction / Hydrogenation reaction)
Conditions: Ni / Pt and 180 C
But-1-ene reacts with hydrogen gas
Chemical
equation

C4H8 + H2 C4H10

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H H H
|
| |
|
HCCCCH
|
| |
|
H H H H

Butane

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Alkene + Water Alcohol (Addition reaction

/ Hydration reaction)
Conditions: H3PO4, 300 C and 60 atm
Ethene reacts with steam
Chemical
equation

C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H
|
|
HCCH
|
|
H OH

Ethanol

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Alkene + Water + [Oxygen atom] Alkane-diol (Oxidation

reaction)
Reactants: Acidified KMnO4 solution / Acidified K2Cr2O7
solution

Propene reacts with acidified potassium

manganate(VII) solution
Chemical
C3H6 + H2O + [O] C3H6(OH)2
equation
The purple colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII)
Observation
solution changes to colourless.
Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H H
|
| |
HCCCH
|
| |
OH OH H

Propane-1,2-diol

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nAlkene (Alkene)n (Polymerization

reaction)
Conditions: 200 C and 1500 atm
Polymerization of ethene
Chemical
equation

nC2H4 (C2H4)n

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H
| |
CC
| | n
H H

Polyethene

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Alcohol Alkene + Water (Dehydration reaction)

Conditions: Heated porcelain pieces /
Concentrated H2SO4 and 180 C
Butan-1-ol in the presence of heated porcelain
pieces
Chemical
equation

C4H9OH C4H8 + H2O

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H H H
|
| |
|
HC=CCCH
|
|
H H

But-1-ene

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Alcohol + 2[Oxygen atom] Carboxylic acid + Water

(Oxidation reaction)
Reactants: Acidified KMnO4 solution / Acidified K2Cr2O7
solution

Propan-2-ol reacts with acidified potassium

dichromate(VI) solution
Chemical
equation

C3H7OH + 2[O] C2H5COOH + H2O

Observation

The orange colour of acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

solution changes to green.

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H O
|
| ||
H C C C OH
|
|
H H

Propanoic acid

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Alcohol + Reactive metal Salt +

Hydrogen gas

Propan-1-ol reacts with potassium

Chemical
equation

2C3H7OH + 2K 2C3H7OK + H2

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Carboxylic acid + Alcohol Ester + Water

(Esterification reaction)
Conditions: Concentrated H2SO4 and reflux
Propanoic acid reacts with propan-1-ol
Chemical
equation

C2H5COOH + C3H7OH C2H5COOC3H7 + H2O

Name and
structural
formula of
the product

H H O
H H H
|
| ||
|
| |
HCCCOCCCH
|
|
|
| |
H H
H H H Propyl propanoate

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GOOD LUCK !!!

A+ Chemistry
Thank You

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