OPTIONAL BIOLOGY EOC STUDY GUIDE DUE ON EXAM DAY (before exam begins)

Answers should be handwritten on a separate sheet piece of paper.

If you are unable to finish the entire packet I will still give you partial credit (toward test grades, etc.) Numbers
at the end of questions are book page numbers if you choose to use the online textbook
just type in the page # in the search field.

Goal 2 (Ch 1-2 and 7-9)

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All living things are made of at least one________________. The_____________is considered to be the basic
building block of living things. (170)
What are the three parts of the cell theory? (170)
What determines if something is living or nonliving (i.e. Characteristics of life)? (16-19)
Are viruses considered living or nonliving? Why? (482 - 483)
What are viruses composed of? What can viruses do that living things can do? (478)
Define homeostasis. Give examples of how organisms/cells maintain homeostasis of temperature, pH, and salinity.
(19)
The Chemistry of living things is called ____________ Chemistry. All living things contain bonds between
_______________ atoms and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. (44)
List the 4 main types of organic chemicals (macromolecules). List their elements, subunits, and functions in
organisms. (44 - 48)
How can you test for the presence of starches? Simple sugars? Proteins? Lipids? (organic molecules lab)
Name a simple carbohydrate with 6 carbons. What process in plants makes this carbohydrate as its end product?
(206)
To store their food energy, plants turn the _________________they make during photosynthesis into
______________ (a complex carbohydrate). (206)
Draw a bacterial cell and label its parts. (472)
What organelles would you find in an animal cell? List the job (function) of each part. (175 181)
How would a plant cell differ from the animal cell you drew? What additional structures are present, and what is
the function of each additional part? (175 181)
How do you find the total magnification of a microscope? (1070)
What are prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes)? (173)
What are eukaryotic cells (Eukaryotes)? (173)
How prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in size, chromosome structure, internal organization? (Give examples
of each) (173)
What is meant by selectively permeable? What cell part is semi permeable or selectively permeable? (183-186)
Why is water so important to cells? (183-186)
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? (183-186)
Draw diagrams of red blood cells and plant cells in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Using words,
describe what happened in each situation. (186)
Compare active vs. passive transport. (188)
What are enzymes? What do they control /change in an organism? (51-53)
What does it mean to denature an enzyme? Explain the effects of pH and temperature on enzymes. Relate this
to the need of an organism to maintain homeostatis. (51-53)
What is the pH range of an Acid, Base, and a Neutral substance. (42 - 43)
What is photosynthesis? (206)
Compare photosynthesis to cellular respiration. (232)
What is the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis? What organisms use each process? (68)
What is Aerobic Cellular respiration? What are the reactants of aerobic cellular respiration? What are the
products? (222)
What is Aerobic respiration? Give examples of organisms that use aerobic respiration. (221-225).
What is Anaerobic respiration? What are the reactants and products? Give examples of cells that use Lactic
acid fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? (Give examples of cells that use each process. (221-225).
When do human muscles cells use lactic acid fermentation instead of aerobic respiration? (221-225).

34. What is ATP? What job does it do? (202 - 203)

Goal 3 (Ch 10 - 17)

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Define DNA and give its function. (291-297)

What is the shape of DNA? (291-297)
Who discovered the structure of DNA in 1953? (291-297)
Draw and label the three main parts of a nucleotide. (291-297)
List the four nitrogen bases present in DNA and tell how they pair up in a DNA molecule. (291-297)
What type of bond hold the base pairs together? (291-297)
What is the complimentary strand of DNA for the following base sequence: TACGGTTGC (291-297)
What is RNA? (300-306)
How does RNA differ from DNA? (300-306)
Name the four bases four in RNA. (300-306)
What is the complimentary strand of mRNA made from this strand of DNA: TAGCCAATG (300-306)
What are the three types of RNA, what jobs do they do and where are they found? (300-306)
Where is DNA found? (176)
Define DNA replication. (297-299)
When does DNA replication happen? (297-299)
Where does DNA replication happen? (297-299)
What is protein synthesis? (300-306)
What happens during transcription? (300-306)
Where does the mRNA go? (300-306)
What happens during translation? (300-306)
What are Codons and Anticodons. (300-306)
Be able to read a codon chart! (303) Hint: codons are on the _________RNA while anticodons are on the
_______RNA. (300-306)
What are mutations? (307)
How do mutations occur? (307 - 308)
How are some mutations beneficial? (308)
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? (244-248) and (275-278)
What does n and 2n mean? (275-276)
What does haploid and diploid mean? (275-276)
What happens to the chromosome in each stage of mitosis. Draw a small, simple sketch of each phase. (244-248)
What is crossing over? When can crossing over occur? What advantage does crossing over provide? (276-277)
What is nondisjunction? (352-353)
What human disorder is caused by trisomy 21? (352-353)
Explain how independent (or random) assortment of chromosomes and recombination provide genetic variation.
(271)
How does sexual reproduction lead to new genetic combinations? (341-344)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction? (278)
What do genotype and phenotype mean? (268)
Define allele, homozygous, heterozygous, gene, chromosome. (264-269)
What is a zygote? (1016)
What are the male and female gametes? (278)
How is probability related to genetic crosses? (267)
What is test cross and when is it used? (look up on Google)
Assume T = Tall and t = Short in Pea plants. Draw a Punnett square crossing a heterozygous tall pea plant with a
heterozygous tall pea plant. What are the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring? (268)
What three laws of genetics did Mendel develop based on his results and observations? (272)
What are the alleles for human blood types? Which alleles are dominant? Recessive? Codominant? (344)
Show a Punnett squares for the following parental phenotypes: AB x O. Show a test cross that could
determine the genotype of an individual with type B blood. (344)
What is meant by a codominant allele? How is this different from incomplete dominance? (272-273)

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Why should close relatives not mate? (320)

If a trait is sex-linked, where is the gene located? Name the sex-linked traits in humans. (350)
Show a Punnett square of a female carrier of colorblindness and a normal male. (350)
What is a pedigree? (342 and 343)
Who determines the sex of a child? Why? Show a Punnett square to illustrate this. (342)
What is meant by a polygenic trait? Give an example in humans. (273)
What is a karyotype? (341)
What can you tell by looking at the chromosomes in a karyotype? (341 and 353)
Explain how amniocentesis can be used to screen for genetic disorders. (look up on GOOGLE)
How can gel electrophoresis be useful in law enforcement and in medicine? (322-325)
Explain how human insulin can be produced using DNA technology. (327-329)
What is a transgenic organism? Give some examples used in agriculture. (331-332)
What is cloning. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning?? (333)
Some human health conditions like Diabetes and Heart Disease are caused by genetic and environmental
components. Discuss how the two interact to cause disease. (962 and 1008)
What is the difference between spontaneous generation and biogenesis? (423-428) and (8-13)
How did Louis Pasteur disprove abiogenesis? (12-13)
Describe Miller and Ureys early earth experiments. (424)
What is Charles Darwins theory of natural selection? (378-382)
What evidence do scientists use in developing theories of evolution? (382-385)
How can geographic isolation and reproductive isolation result in speciation? (404-405)
What is adaptive radiation (or speciation) and where is it common? (406-409)
What is vestigial structure (or organ)? Give some examples (384).
What is the role of mutations in evolution? (394-395)
Explain how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics or insects can become resistant to pesticides. (403)

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Name each of the six kingdoms and give examples of each (458 - 459)

Goal 4 - (Ch 18 - 33)

2. How are evolutionary relationships between organisms related to their DNA? (454) How has our new
understanding of DNA changed our older methods of classification? (452)
3. List the seven levels of classification from most general to most specific. (449)
4. Which classification level has the most organisms in it? (449)
5. Which has members that are most closely related? (449)
6. What is a dichotomous (taxonomic) key? CAN YOU READ ONE? (462 463)
7. What is binomial nomenclature? (448)
8. Who developed this system? (448-449)
9. What is the scientific name for humans using binomial nomenclature? (look it up)
10. What is excretion and why is it important to an organism? What is an organ in humans that is used for excretion?
(985)
11. How are flame cells in flatworms, nephridia in annelid worms (earthworms), and Malphigian tubules in insects
similar to the human kidney?(684, 696, and 717)
12. In humans, the lungs are used for respiration (breathing/exchanging gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide).
What do the following organisms use: amphibians, fish, birds, reptiles, roundworms, mollusks. (858, 717, 690,
and 703)
13. The small intestine is specially designed for absorption of nutrients. Discuss the design and how it aids in
absorption. (982-983)
14. In eukaryotic cells the mitochondrias structure is specially designed to increase surface area. Describe the
structure of the internal membrane of the mitochondria. (221)

15. In terms of Evolution which of these phyla of animals came first, second, third, etc. Chordata, Arthropoda,
Annilida, Mollusca, Porifera, and Cnidaria. Use the presence or absence of body features as evidence of your
answer (use animal phyla chart).
16. Contrast the following groups in the plant kingdom: Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms. (plant chart)
17. What are some characteristics all fungi have in common? (527)
18. What role does fungi play in an ecosystem? (538)
19. Describe the protist kingdom. (497)
20. What are the three large groups of protists and briefly describe their differences? (499 - 520)
21. How were all prokaryotes classified until recently? What two kingdoms are prokaryotes now divided into? (457 461)
22. What is the ecological role of bacteria? (476 - 477)
23. How are bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle? (476 - 477)
24. How does the thyroid help to maintain homeostasis in the body? (1005)
25. List the function of the following plant parts and where they are located: phloem, xylem, stomata, guard cells,
epidermis, meristem, mesophyll (581, 596-597 and glossary if needed)
26. What are the functions of the following? stem, roots, leaves, seeds, flower, fruit (579, 565, 569)
27. List the major plant hormones and give the functions of each (534 - 538)
28. For each of the following groups, tell if reproduction is usually sexual or asexual. For groups that use sexual
reproduction indicate internal or external reproduction, oviparous or viviparous, and aquatic or terrestrial eggs or
young: Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Cnidaria, Porifera, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata, Mosses, Ferns,
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (use charts amd study guide)
29. How can genetics, nutrition, and environmental factors impact the growth and development of a zygote (fetus) or
seed? (use glossary and internet)

Goal 5 (Ch 3 - 6)
1.

Define ecology (63)

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What is the predator-prey relationship? (93)

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List 3 types of symbiotic relationships and explain them. (93)

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List the terrestrial biomes and briefly tell about each. (98 - 104 and biome chart)

5.

List the aquatic biomes and briefly tell about each. (106 - 112)

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Define: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biome. (64 and 98)

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Explain the concept of niche (91 - 92)

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List examples of biotic and abiotic factors in an environment (90)

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What is competition? (92)

10. List some limiting factors, telling whether each is density independent or density dependent. (125 - 127)
11. What is carrying capacity? (122)
12. What happens when the carrying capacity is exceeded? (122)
13. Draw, label and describe the nitrogen cycle (78)
14. Draw, label and describe the carbon cycle (77)
15. Draw, label and describe the water cycle (75)

16. Trace the flow of energy through a terrestrial food chain. (69)
17. Trace the flow of energy through an aquatic food chain. (69)
18. What is an herbivore? Carnivore? Omnivore? (69)
19. What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? (69 - 70)
20. What is an autotroph? Heterotroph? Producer? Consumer? Decomposer? (67 - 68)
21. What is a trophic level? (70)
22. What happens to the total energy as the trophic level increases? Why? (72)
23. What is an ecological pyramid and why is it shaped like a pyramid? (72)
24. What is succession? What are the stages in succession? What is a pioneer species? (94)
25. What is a climax community? (95)
26. What is global warming? What is believed to be a major cause of this problem? How can it be reduced? (159)
27. What are the possible effects of global warming? (159)
28. What factors influence the birth and death rates of the human population? (120)
29. How does overpopulation impact the environment? (129-132)
30. What is bioaccumulation of pesticides? How did this become a problem with DDT? What did Rachel Carson do to
make people aware of this problem? (152)