Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instruments for
Tooth preparation
Hand Instruments
Rotary Instruments
Hand instruments
Hand instruments: Are those held by
hand to perform their function.
Hand Instruments
Cutting
Non-cutting
Non-cutting Instruments
:I.
Exploring instruments
Mouth mirrors & explorers.
III.
Plastic instruments:
e.g. carvers, burnishers,
packing instruments.
V. Miscellaneous instruments:
e.g. spatulas, tweezers, cotton
pliers,
:Materials
Hand cutting instruments are
manufactured from two main materials:
Carbon steel is harder than stainless
steel, but when unprotected, it will
corrode.
Stainless steel remains bright under
most conditions but loses a keen edge
during use much more quickly than
does carbon steel.
Instrument Design
Handle (shaft):
Are available in various
sizes and shapes.
They are commonly
eight-sided,
knurled to facilitate control.
Shank:
Blade:
Contrangling
G.V. Blacks classified instruments
based on the number of shank angles,
as mon-angle (one), bin-angle (two),
triple-angle (three), or quadra-angle
Balance
:Instrument Nomenclature
Black's classification system categorized
instruments by:
1) Function (e.g., scaler, excavator).
2) Manner of use (e.g., hand condenser).
3) Design of the working end (e.g., spoon
excavator).
4) Shape of the shank (e.g., mono-angle, binangle).
These names were combined to form the
complete description of the instrument (e.g.,
bin-angle spoon excavator).
width of the
Types of hand
cutting
instruments
Chisel Family
Hatchet Family
Chisels
1. Straight Chisel:
This is an instrument used primarily for:
a- Planning
b- Cleaving enamel
Has a straight shank & blade.
Characterized by a blade that
terminates in a cutting edge formed
by a one-sided bevel .
The cutting edge of a chisel is at a
right angle to the plane of the shaft.
2. Wedelsteadt Chisel
Is a modified straight chisel.
Has a slight curvature from
the shank up to the cutting
edge.
The blade has either a distal
or a mesial bevel.
3. Bin-angle chisel
4. HOE:
A form of the chisel in which
the angle of the blade more
nearly approaches a right angle.
The cutting edge would be at a
right angle to the plane of the
instrument.
Is frequently used with a pull
motion. While the chisel is
normally used with a push
motion.
5. Angle Former
used for sharpening line angles.
It is mono-angled.
The cutting edge at an angle
(other than 90)to the axis of
the blade.
The angled cutting edge as well
as the sides of the blade of the
angle former are beveled to
form three cutting edges.
Hatchets
I. Enamel Hatchet:
Is a chisel bladed instrument with
the cutting edge in the same plane
of the handle
e.g., if the blade of a hatchet is at
right angles to the shaft, the
cutting edge would be parallel to
the shaft.
Used for planning and cutting
enamel.
Comes as right & left types for use
in opposite sides of the preparation.
:II. Excavators
Uses:
Excavation and removal of carious dentin.
Shaping of the internal parts of the cavities.
Forms:
1. Hatchet excavator.
2. Hoe excavator.
3. Spoon excavator.
4. Discoid excavator.
5. Cleoid excavator.
Hatchet Excavator. 1
The blade is bibeveled; has
two bevels of equal
dimension, placing the cutting
edge in the center.
Always single-ended.
Used in scrapping action for
refining retention and
sharpening line & point
angles.
Spoon Excavator. 2
Is frequently the instrument of choice
for the removal of carious dentin.
The cutting edge is rounded.
The shape of the tip and, to some
degree, the spooning or scooping action
of the instrument in caries removal
provides an appropriate name.
Like all double-planed instruments, the
spoon is designed for lateral scraping.
It is always a paired instrument, with
the curve of one blade directed from
right to left and that of the other from
left to right.
The circular cutting edges of this
instrument are ground to a thin
sharpness.
Discoid Excavator. 3
Disk-like, the blade is circular
in form.
The cutting edge extending
around the whole periphery.
Used for caries removal.
It is also, used presently as a
carving instrument for
amalgam and wax.
Cleoid Excavator. 4
Claw-like.
Sharp pointed blades, with
cutting edges on two sides
of the blade.
Used as carving
instrument.
Is a modified hatchet.
Two distinct modifications of the basic
hatchet design are noted:
a- While the hatchet has a straight blade,
the blade of the gingival margin trimmer
is curved.
b- The cutting edge of a gingival margin
trimmer is at an angle other than right
angle to the axis of blade, the same as
hatchet.
Part II
Single Bevel
Bi-Bevel
Bi-beveled instruments
Bi-beveled instrument
have
two bevels that form the
,cutting edge
.e.g. hatched excavator
distal bevel.
pen grasp
Palm-and-Thumb Grasp
The handle of the
instrument is
placed on the
palm of the hand
and grasped by all
the
fingers while the
thumb is free of
the instrument
and rest on the
Rests
A proper instrument grasp must include a firm rest to
steady the hand during operating procedures.
When the modified pen and inverted pen grasps are used,
rests are established by placing the ring or ring and little
fingers on a tooth (or teeth) of the same arch and as close
to the operating site as possible.
The closer the rest areas are to the operating area, the more
reliable they are.
When the palm-and-thumb grasps are used, rests are
created by placing the tip of the thumb on the tooth being
operated on, on an adjacent tooth, or on a convenient
area of the same arch.
Instrument Guard
Guards are hand
instruments or other items,
such as inter-proximal
wedges, used to protect
soft tissue from contact
with sharp cutting or
abrasive instruments.
harpening Equipments
Stationary sharpening stone. 1
e.g. Arkansas stone, silicon
.carbide