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Beam
- A slender bar that carries transverse loading, that is, the
applied forces are perpendicular to the bar
- Horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding
load primarily by resisting bending
Cantilever Beam
- Anchored at only one end
Overhanging Beam
- Asymmetrical placing of supports
In a beam, the internal force system consists of a shear force and a bending
moment acting on the cross section of the bar.
The internal forces give rise to two kinds of stresses on a transverse section of
a beam: (1) axial stress that is caused by the bending moment and (2)
shear stress due to the shear force.
R. Rocaberte || MECH 313 1st Sem 2013-2014
M
R
Overhanging Beam
P
.
R1
R2
Loading Principles:
Uniformly Distributed Load
R = L
L/2
Loading Principles:
Uniformly Varying Load
R = L
2/3 L
Loading Principles:
Combination of Distributed
and Uniformly Varying Loads
2 - 1
2
1
L
R1 = 1L
L/2
2/3 L
External
Loads
Negative
Shear
Force
Bending
Moment
V
V
M
5m
10m
R2
R1
RADIUS OF GYRATION
59. What is the radius of gyration of a 5-inch
square with respect to its centroidal axis?
A. 1.44 in
C. 10.39 in
B. 0.866 in
D. 0.5 in
SECTION MODULUS
60. What is the section modulus of a 5-inch
square with respect to its centroidal axis?
A. 20.83 cm3
C. 25.7 cm3
B. 49.5 cm3
D. 57.2 cm3
Force
The scientific definition for force is simply a
push or a pull. For example, when you do
homework you exert a force on your pen or
pencil because you push and pull it across the
paper.
Net Force
The sum of the forces is called the net force. In
this case the net force is an unbalanced force.
An unbalanced force is a force that changes an
objects motion or causes it to accelerate. The
arrows show different forces and their
direction, the wider the arrow the stronger
the force.
SCALARS
Mass
A load has a mass of
5kg.
Distance
The train has traveled
a distance of 80 km.
Speed
Time
The car has reached its
destination after 1 hr.
VECTORS
Weight / Force
A force of 15 N acts on a body
in an upward direction.
Displacement
An airplane flies a distance of
100km in an easternly
direction.
Velocity
A car moves 60km/hr, 35 east
of north.
Acceleration
Addition:
Subtraction:
Multiplication:
Dot Product:
Cross Product:
A+B=B+A
AB
AB
AxB
CABLES
Used in numerous engineering applications (suspension
bridges, power transmission lines, cable supporting
heavy trolleys or telephone lines)
Incapable of developing internal forces other than
TENSION
TWO TYPES:
1. Parabolic
2. Catenary
8d 2 32d 4 256d 6
S L
3
3L
5L
7 L5
L = span; distance between supports (m, ft)
d = sag ; maximum vertical displacement (m, ft)
S = total length of the cable (m, ft)
Photo taken from http://www.solutioninn.com/engineering/civil-engineering/statics/the-cable-is-subjected-to-the-parabolic-loading-w-w0-18722-2xa
T
L/2
S/2
L
2
H
H
L
2
T H L
2
T
L/2
S/2
L
2
cw()
L L
H d 0
2 4
H
L2
H
8d
LB
2
dB
dA
x
The Catenary Curve y a cosh
a
Spiders
web [2]
Lace [5]
Freely-hanging
transmission lines [4]
Galileo claimed that the curve of a chain hanging under gravity should be a parabola. In
1669, his claim was proved to be wrong.
Galileo
called the father of
modern science precisely
because he initiated the
comparison between
theory and experiment
S
L = span (m, ft)
y = sag(m, ft)
S = total length of the cable (m, ft)
Photo taken from http://lecture.civilengineeringx.com/structural-analysis/structural-steel/suspension-bridge-analysis/
S AO
y
SAO
H
x
sinh
H
x
y cosh
1
FBD:
S AO
T H 2 S AO
y
H
S AO
x
a
T H y
x
T H cosh
H
L 2x
S 2S AO
1
If y L , you may solve catenary cable problem as
10
a parabolic cable.
(A small sag-to-span ratio means that the cable is tight,
and the uniform distribution of weight along the
cable is not very different from the same load
intensity distributed uniformly along the horizontal.)
TB
L
y
TA
A
SOB
SAO
Speed
The average speed of an object is equal to the
total distance traveled in a given unit of time.
It is a scalar quantity because it has no
direction .
d
vs
t
Velocity
We define velocity as the time rate of change of
position.
The velocity of an object moving along a straight path
is equal to the slope of the d-against-t graph. When
the graph is a straight line, the velocity is constant.
Velocity
The average velocity of an object is the total
displacement divided by the elapsed time.
d
v ave
t
Velocity
Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of the object at a
particular instant. Its magnitude is equal to the slope
of the line tangent to the point corresponding to the
given time t.
ds
v ei
dt
ei unit tan gent vector
Acceleration
We define acceleration as the time rate of
change of velocity.
average
acceleration
instantaneous
acceleration
v
a ave
t
dv
a
dt
Rectilinear Translation
Rectilinear Translation
A type of motion in which a body moves in a
straight line or is moving in the direction parallel
to its displacement.
Uniform Motion
A motion with constant speed or velocity [a = 0]
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
A motion with constant change in velocity or of
uniform acceleration [a is (+) is accelerating or
speeding up; a is (-) if decelerating or slowing
down]
D1.
v
a
(3) a ds v dv
s = displacement
v = velocity
a = acceleration
t = time
Rectilinear Translation
For uniformly accelerated motion along a
straight horizontal path:
1 2
s vot at
2
2
2
v vo 2as
v vo at
s = displacement
vo = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = elapsed time
Uniform velocity:
a = 0, v = vo
Starting from rest:
vo = 0
Stop at a point:
v=0
Theres no other
way but up!
170.3 ft
Theres no other
way but up!
Theres no other
way but up!
a g
where
g = acceleration due to
gravity
= 9.81 m/s2
= 32.2 ft/s2
1 2
y vot gt
2
2
2
v vo 2 gy
v vo gt
C (reference point)
from A to B:
y (+)
v (+)
g (-)
from B to C:
y (+)
v (-)
g (-)
from C to D:
y (-)
v (-)
g (-)
C (reference point)
Projectile Motions
Projectile Motions
Projectile motion is the
motion of a body (the
projectile) with a constant
acceleration.
It is principally determined
by two types of motion:
vertical and horizontal
motions.
Trajectory is the path of a
projectile. Projectiles follow
a parabolic path.
Flight of Projectile
vy = 0
vo
voy
ax 0
ymax
ay g
y=0
vox vo cos
y=0
vox
voy vo sin
xmax
1 2
1 2
y voyt a y t vo sin t gt
2
2
v y voy a y t vo sin gt
1 2
x voxt at vo cos t
2
vx vox a xt vo cos
vx vox 2a x x vo cos
2
v y voy 2a y y vo sin 2 gy
2
Range of a Projectile
1 2
y vot gt ;
2
for Range, y 0
1 2
0 vo sin t gt
2
2vo sin
t
g
R xmax voxt vo cos t
2vo sin vo 2 sin cos
vo cos
g
g
vo sin 2
R
g
Height of a Projectile
v fy voy 2 gH
2
vo sin 2
H
2g
y vo sin
vo cos 2 vo cos
2
sin
1
gx
y x
2
2
cos
2
v
cos
o
gx 2
y x tan
2
2vo cos 2
Guide Question
9. A shot is fired at an angle of 45 with the
horizontal and a velocity of 300 fps. Calculate
the range of the projectile.
A. 3500 yd
B. 2800 yd
C. 1471 yd
D. 932 yd
Guide Question
10. A projectile leaves at a velocity of 50 m/s at
an angle of 30 with the horizontal. Find the
maximum height that it could reach in meter.
A. 41.26
B. 28.46
C. 31.86
D. 51.26
at = r
at = r 2
Gravitational Force
m1m2
Fg G 2
r
Fg = gravitational force
G = 6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2 (CONST 39)*
m1 & m2 = masses of the particles (kg)
r = center-to-center distance (m)
*Do not confuse G with acceleration g due to gravity.
DAlemberts Principle
The resultant of the external forces applied to a body (rigid or nonrigid)
composed of a system of particles is equal to the vector summation
of the of the effective forces acting on all particles.
P2
R W P1 P2
R m1a1 m2 a2 m3a3
P1
W
The impressed forces acting on any body are in dynamic equilibrium
with the inertia forces of the particles of the body.
F m a
i 1
i 1
Guide Question
14. Riders in a bus are pushed forward during a
sudden stop. Which law of motion provides
an explanation?
A. Law of Inertia
B. Law of Interaction
C. Law of Universal Gravitation
D. Hookes Law
Guide Question
15. The force required to maintain an object at a
constant speed in free space is equal to ____.
A. The weight of the object
B. The mass of the object
C. Zero
D. The force required to stop it
Guide Question
16. A rock is dropped out of the window of a
moving car. At the same time a ball is
dropped from the rest of the same height.
Neglecting air resistance, which will reach the
ground first?
A. Rock will hit the ground first.
B. Ball will hit the ground first.
C. Both will hit at the same time.
D. Neither will hit the ground.
R F
W
R ma a
g
For rectilinea r motion :
W
Fx a x
g
W
Fy a y 0
g
W
W v
Fn a n
g
g r
W
Ft a t
g
A = 0.2
30o
B = 0.4
A = 0.2
30o
B = 0.4
A = 0.2
30o
B = 0.4
Centripetal Force
A force that makes a body follow a curved path: it
is always directed orthogonal to the velocity
of the body.
A force which keeps a body moving with a
uniform speed along a circular path and is
directed along the radius towards the center.
from Latin centrum meaning "center" and petere, meaning "to seek"
Centrifugal Force
Represents the effects of inertia that arise in
connection with rotation and which are
experienced as an outward force away from
the center of rotation.
from Latin centrum, meaning "center", and fugere, meaning "to flee"
FC = centrifugal/centripetal force
m = mass
v = velocity
r = radius
Guide Question
18. A 50,000 N car traveling with a speed of 150
km/hr rounds a curve whose radius is 150 m.
Find the centrifugal force.
A. 65 kN
B. 38 kN
C. 70 kN
D. 59 kN
W N
N
W
v2
W
Fc=
g r
r
f=N
Fc
W v2
N
g r
v2
gr
f
N
tan
N
N
tan
W
Fc
W v2
Fc
g r
tan
W
W
N
= ideal
angle of
banking
v2
tan
gr
v = rated
speed of
the curve
v2
W
Fc=
g r
c. f .
tan
Fc
W v2
Fc
g r
tan
W
W
v2
tan
gr
W v2
Fc
g r
tan
W
W
v2
tan
gr
Example 5
20. The rated speed of a highway of 200 ft radius is 30
mph. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
tires and the road is 0.60, what is the maximum speed
at which a car can round the curve without skidding?
A. 57.35 mph
B. 102.34 mph
C. 78.33 mph
D. 23.83 mph
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Test Yourself
vrated is used in what particular formula?
Formula for ideal banking of curves
Formula used when there is no frictional force
between the tires and the ground (no lateral
pressure, no side thrust, etc.)
When a car is moving at its maximum, what is the
formula?
When you consider the coefficient of friction
between the tires and the road, what angle can we
get? or ?
I want to know the coefficient of friction between
my cars tires and the ground. I parked my car on an
inclined surface, from the horizontal. How do I
determine for ?
Test Yourself
Practice Problem: Determine the angle of super
elevation for a highway curve of 600 ft radius so that
there will be no side thrust for a speed of 45 mph.
Ans. 12. 71
UNIT 4
f
d
dt
d d 2
2
dt
dt
o
r
vo
s
f
vf
ds
d
r
st
dt
v r
dv
d
r
dt
dt
a r
dv
aT
dt
aT r
v 2 r
aN
r
r
a N r 2
1 2
s vot at
2
2
2
v f vo 2as
v f vo at
(Related by)
s r
v r
a r
Rotation
1 2
ot t
2
2
2
f o 2
f o t
Theres no other
way but up!
Work-Energy Theorem
Rowel Allan Rocaberte, REE, ECE
rowelrocaberte@gmail.com
+63926 740 1530
Recall:
Work energy required to move an object by a distance
Potential Energy energy possessed by an object by
virtue of its motion (energy at rest), PE = mgh
Kinetic Energy energy possessed by an object by virtue
of its motion (energy in motion), KE = mv2
Work
ds
P
F
Fv
time
dt
Recall:
Work Ps cos
+W
if direction of W is
in the direction of
displacement
-W
if direction of W is
opposite the
direction of
displacement
Work-Energy Method
Relates the force, displacement and velocity
in a given system
Removes the analysis of internal forces like
tension
Wnet KE KE f KEi
Derivation of Formula
W
F g a
a ds v dv
v dv
a
ds
W v dv
g ds
s
W v
F 0 ds g v 0 v dv
W 2
2
F
o
2g
1
2
2
F
m
v
o
2
F s KE
resultant work
change in
kinetic energy
1 2
Espring kx
2
F = axial force
x = elongation
k = spring constant
PElost = KEgained
v = 2gh
UNIT 7
Definition
Momentum
- Measure of the motion of a body
- Quantity of motion that an object has
- Product of mass and velocity
P mv
Impulse
- Produced when force is applied over time periods
- Product of force and the time
I Ft
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Impulse equals the change in momentum
Ft mv2 v1
W
F
g
dv
a
dt
W
F
g
dv
dt
W
F dt dv
g
t
W v
F dt dv
0
g vo
W
F t v vo
g
v1 v2 u2 u1
u2 u1 relative velocity of separation after collision
v1 v2 relative velocity of approach before collision
D6.
Coefficient of Restitution
u2 u1
e
v1 v2
Collision
Remark
e=1
Perfectly elastic
P and KE is conserved
e<1
Inelastic collision
P is conserved; KE is not
conserved
e=0
Perfectly plastic
u2 u1
e
v1 v2
tan 2
e
tan 1
hr
e
ho
Sign Convention:
+v
-v
v1
Before Collision
After collision
m1
m1
v2
m2
u1
u2
m2
KE final KEinitial
KEinitial
100
Guide Question
29. A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m upon
a stationary slab. If the coefficient of
restitution is 0.40, how high will the ball
rebound?
A. 3.2 m
B. 4.6 m
C. 5.2 m
D. 8.0 m
UNIT 8
Frequency of SHM
Simple
pendulum
Conical
pendulum
h
Frequency of SHM
Helical
spring
m
k = spring
constant
m = mass
in SHM
General
formula
a= acceleration
x = displacement