Engineer'sOutlook

AnEngineer'sSimpleOutlookandJournalblog..

TA G A RCHI V E S : RE I NFO RCE D CO NCRE TE

ReinforcedConcreteDesign
PostedonMay22,2013
ReinforcedConcreteDesign.MyblogwhichIusedmostofmytime,research,writingabout
concretedesigncalculations.!!!

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

Tweet

Share

Like
Bethefirsttolikethis.

PostedinEngineering,ReinforcedConcrete|TaggedJosephMonier,Reinforced
Concrete,Structuralengineering|1Reply

ReinforcedConcreteDesign
PostedonMay21,2013
WhatmakesUniqueofRC?
ItisaCOMPOSITEMATERIAL
ItrequiresAPPLICATIONofmoreinvolvedPrinciplesofMechanics
Structural Design is iterative requiring both ANALYSIS and DESIGN DECISIONS
aidedbyjudgmentandEXPERIENCE.

ACI318themodelcodeintheUnitedStatesofAmericaforguidingthedesignofRC
members,lookatChapter8.
NSCP Code the code in the Philippines..conforms to the provisions of ACI 318
Code!!!
ImportantMaterialProperties
ConcreteStrengthandSteelStrength
28dayCompressiveStrength,fc:ACI318Code2011edition,Chapter5.
ModulusofElasticityofConcrete,Ec:ACI318Code2011edition,Chapter8.5
Strengthpropertyoryieldstrength,fy..
ModulusofElasticityofSteel,Es:29,000,000psiACI318Code2011edition.
1.ProceduresonhowtoDesignReinforcedConcreteBeams!!!
ConcreteBeamSizing..!

BeamSectionDiagram

DeterminationofBeamSize(bxh)USESpreadsheetorHandCalculation!!!
ConcreteBeamSize(bxh)or(bxd),FORMULA:

BeamSizeFormula

BeamSection,StrainandForceDiagram

EquilibriumEquationormNeutralAxisDistance,cQuadraticEquationforc

RebarsDetermination..
AreaofSteel(As)determination!!!

StrengthFormula

As

Rho

TheACICode10.3.3to10.3.5limitsontheSteelRatio(rho):

1.1MinimumBeamSizeforwhichDeflectionsareNOTLIKELYtobeaProblem.
1.1.1SetNeutralAxisdistance,c=0.375cb.

SmallestBeamSizeNOTLIKELYTOHAVEDEFLECTIONPROBLEM

1.2 Arrangement of Rebars, Splicing points and splice length, development length, hooks
requirement,andrequiredStirrups.

StirrupSpacingRequirementsperACI

StirrupMaximumSpacing

ACIBottomBarSpliceRequirements

ACIStandardsforTopandBottomSpliceRequirements

ACIStandardsforBeamsReinforcements

2.ProceduresonhowtoDesignReinforcedConcreteColumns!!!

TieDesignStandards

ACIStandardsColumnsBarsDetails

ACIColumnSpliceDetails

ACIBarBendingDetails

ACIBarBendingDetails

ACIColumnTiesRequirements

2.A.StructuralDesignforcolumnusingInteractionDiagram!!!

InteractionDiagramplotusingColumndesignsoftwareandMSExcelSpreadsheet

2.B.ExampleofACIInteractionDiagram.

InteractionDiagramRectangularSectionCourtesyofACI

InteractionDiagramSpiralColumnCourtesyofACI

2.C.SummaryofColumnDesignRequirements!!!

ColumnDesignRequirements

2.1 Strength Reduction Factor, phi =0.70 applicable up through ACI 3181999 they have
beenchangedtophi=0.65,forcompressioncontrolledmembers(columnsandbeamsunder
compressioncontrols)beginningwithACI3182002Code,andcontinuingwiththeACI318
05and2008uptopresent.
3.Example: Design of Concrete Members, i.e. Frame Analysis, Beams, Columns,
FootingsusingMSSpreadsheet.

FRAMEANALYSISMyownSpreadsheetProgram

MSExcelSpreadsheetforColumn

ColumnExcelSpreadsheet

RCBEAMS

RCFOOTING1

RCFOOTING2

REFERENCES:
1. DesignofReinforcedConcretebyJack.C.McCormc,3rdedition1993,7thedition
2005,9thedition2011
2. DesignofConcreteStructuresbyArthurH.Nilson,12thedition1997,International
edition
3. DesignofConcreteStructuresbyArthurH.Nilson,14thedition2010,International
edition
4. ReinforcedConcrete(AFundamentalApproach),byEdwardG.Nawy,6thedition
2008,
5. ReinforcedConcrete,MechanicsandDesign,byJamesK.WightandJamesG.
MacGregor,6thedition2012,

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

578

Tweet

Share

Like
Bethefirsttolikethis.

PostedinEngineering,ReinforcedConcrete|TaggedReinforcedConcrete,Structural
engineering|2Replies

HistoryofReinforcedConcrete
andStructuralDesign
PostedonMay4,2012

Engineer'sOutlook
The average person thinks that concrete has been in common use for many
centuries, but such is not the case. Although the Romans made cement called
Pozzolana before Christ by mixing slaked lime with a volcanic ash from Mount
Vesuviusandusedittomakeconcreteforbuilding,theartwaslostduringtheDark
Ages 5th century 15th century A.D. and was not revived until eighteenth and
nineteenthcenturies(A.D.).MarcusVitruviusPollio,Vitruvius,anArchitect/Engineer
duringthegoldenageofCaesarAugustus(around25BC).Inhiswritingsaround25
BCinTenBooksonArchitecturedistinguishedtypesofaggregateappropriateforthe
preparations of lime mortars. For the use of structural members, he recommended
pozzolana, which were volcanic sand from the sandlike beds of Puteoli, brownish
yellowgray in color near Naples and reddish brown at Rome. He specifies 1 part
limeto3parts
Vieworiginalpost1,867morewords

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

Tweet

Share

Like
Bethefirsttolikethis.

PostedinEngineering|TaggedEarlyRenaissance,Greekengineering,Hannebique,
JosephMonier,ReinforcedConcrete,Romansengineering,Structuralengineering

HistoryofStructuralAnalysis
PostedonApril8,2012

Engineer'sOutlook

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS as we know it today evolved over several thousand

years. During this time many types of structures such as beams, arches, trusses
andframeswereusedinconstructionforHundredoreventhousandofyearsbefore
satisfactorymethodsofanalysisweredevelopedforthem.
While ancient engineers showed some understanding of structural behavior (as
evidencedbytheirsuccessfulconstructionofbridges,cathedrals),realprogresswith
thetheoryofstructuralanalysisoccurredonlyinthepast150years.
TheEGYPTIANSandotherancientbuilderssurelyhadsomekindsofempiricalrules
drawnfrompreviousexperiencesfordeterminingsizesofstructuralmembers.There
is, However, NO EVIDENCE that they had developed any THEORY of
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. The Egyptian Imhotep built the great PYRAMID of
Saqqara, the Step Pyramid of Djoser Egypts first pyramid, built during the third
dynastyoftheoldkingdomincirca2630B.C.sometimesisreferredto
Vieworiginalpost2,496morewords

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

Tweet

Share

Like
Bethefirsttolikethis.

PostedinEngineering|TaggedAncientEgypt,BuildingDesign,Construction,History,
ReinforcedConcrete,StructuralAnalysis,StructuralDesign,Structuralengineering|
Leaveareply

HARDYCROSSMETHOD
StructuralAnalysis
PostedonJanuary20,2012

MypassionforStructuralEngineering,Ifocusedmysighttodelveintomany
books for Structural Analysis and Design calculations, so most of the time
given to me by God, I used to study and to research the history of this
interestingmajorsubjectsincivilengineering
1. StructuralReinforcedConcreteDesign
2. StructuralSteelDesign
3. TimberDesign

4. EngineeringMechanics
5. StrengthofMaterials(MechanicsofMaterials),
6. TheoryofStructures
7. Hydraulics
8. TransportationEngineering
9. SoilMechanicsandFoundationDesign
10. DifferentialandIntegralCalculus
11. Physics
12. AnalyticGeometry
13. PlaneTrigonometry
14. AdvanceAlgebra.

Havingalotofexperiencesinlife,andmypassionforstructuralengineering,
I was challenged to research and study continuously particularly structural
engineering.Fortunately,Ihavecollectedandacquiredmanybooks,design
codesforcivilengineersvaluedinUSDollars,namely
1. ACIManualofConcretePractice,2008AmericanConcreteInstitute
2. ACIDesignhandbook,2004AmericanConcreteInstitute
3. ACI 318Building Code Requirements for Structural concrete, 2011

edition,
4. DETAILINGMANUAL2004edition,
5. PCIDesignHandbook,PrecastandPrestressedConcrete7thedition,
6. CRSIDesignHandbook,2008edition,
7. ASCE7StandardMinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandotherVerticalStructures,
8. UniformBuildingCode(UBC),
9. BritishSteelDesignersManual6thedition,
10. AmericanSteelConstructionmanual13thedition,
11. NationalStructuralCodeofthePhilippines2001edition,etc.
12. Numerous Historic Books in Civil Engineering, e.g. Theory of

Structures,ReinforcedConcrete,MechanicsofMaterials,Mechanicsof
Engineeringdated1750A.D.to1930A.D.

ACI2008MANUALOFCONCRETEPRACTICE

ACI2008MANUALOFCONCRETEPRACTICE

Actually,since1995,Istartedcollectingbooksandstudiedmostofthetime
ifnoprojectstobesupervised.Inmyeagernesstoacquiremoreknowledge,
I focused my mind and sight to study and research the structural analysis
and design calculation methods to make works easier for civil / structural
engineersandstructuraldesigners.
I have a friend who has the desire in structural analysis and design
computationsandconstruction,thisfriendofmineisnotreallyarecognized
StructuralEngineerbyProfessionalRegulationCommissionorbyPhilippine
Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE), but he is just a practicing engineer
Fabian,heusedtodesignsimplebuildings,heconstructedsomebuildings
inCatarmantown,Idoubtedthemethodofcalculationsheusedbecausehe
uses the balance condition in concrete designs. The method he used was
erroneousitshouldbeactualconditionoftheconcretecolumns.
I had met a lot of people with different characters and personalities, the
SCRUFFY, the CLEAN, the INCOMPLETE, the DEFENSIVE ones, the
NONCHALANTandtheBRILLIANTones.Asmuchastherearedifferences
in peoples character, so is there, in their works and calculations. Also, to
mention,throughsocialnetworkingIhaveacquiredcomputersoftware,e.g.
Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets software for design, and adopted their
procedures, methodology and style with some modification to suit my
satisfactionandmethodofanalysis.Further,throughsocialnetworkingIhad
learnedtodevelopSpreadsheetsformyanalysisanddesignsince2006up
to present, I am self taught in Microsoft Excel and had developed frames
andbeamsanalysis,concretebeams,concretecolumns,footingsinmetric

versions.
I used to think that being a practicing engineer for almost two decades, I
surmise myself as a Structural design engineer already, like for instance
professor Besavilla who authored reviewer books, and also Gillesania also
authored reviewer books, my friend Redeem Legaspi a software
programmer who developed steelpro program, they are all considered
structural engineer. Accordingly, in my indepth study and research, I had
learned various methods for Structural Analysis in Hand or conventional
methodwiththeaidofcalculatorandalsousingcomputersoftware,namely
1. MSExcelSpreadsheetssoftware,
2. STAADsoftware,
3. PCAsoftware,
4. ETABS,SAP2000,SAFEdesignsoftware.

In my more than 22 years of experience as practicing engineer with

continuousresearch,study,practicesolvingforbuildingframes/beamsand
bridgestructures,IhaveacquiredknowledgeandbecomeStructuraldesign
engineer. Henceforth, as structural design engineer and specialist, I prefer
to use the method developed by Professor Hardy Cross the Moment
Distribution.

Prof.HardyCross

HARDY CROSS method (innovation), to me its the best method for

Structural Analysis and Design Calculation, developed by Professor Hardy
Crossin1924.HepublishedthemethodintheproceedingsoftheAmerican
SocietyofCivilEngineersinMay1930afterhavingtaughtthesubjecttohis
studentsattheUniversityofIllinoissince1924.HisPaperbegananewera
intheAnalysisofStaticallyindeterminateframesandgaveaddedimpetusto
theiruse.Thismethodcanbeusedincomplexbuildingframes,continuous
beamsandsimplebeamsandorverticalstructures.

Formula:
UniformlyDistributedLoad:
M=W(L^2)/12forfixedendmoment
ConcentratedLoadorPointLoad:
M=Pa(b^2)/L^2fixedendmoment
M=Pb(a^2)/L^2fixedendmoment
Prof. Hardy Cross method was a popular method and was used for the
AnalysisofContinuousBeamsandFramesandinStructuralEngineeringas
a Hand Calculations method and/or Conventional Calculations method
from 1930 until 1960. Since the 1960s, however, there has been an ever
increasing use of computers for the analysis of all types of structures.
Computers are extremely efficient for solving the simultaneous equations
that are generated by other methods of analysis. Generally, computers
softwareusedisdevelopedfromthematrixanalysisprocedures.Reference:
J.C.McCormac,S.E.,StructuralAnalysis.
I developed a spreadsheet for Continuous Span Frame Analysis using
HardyCrossmethod:

Distribution
factorformula

FBDofabeamsubjectedtoUniformlyloadedatdistanceL

FBDofaBeamSegment

Framediagramformomentdistribution

MomentDistributionscreenshotofmyMSSpreadsheet

ShearDiagramscreenshotofMSexcelSpreadsheetIdeveloped

Moment Diagramscreen shot of MS Excel spreadsheets, which I have

developed

Relevant Web Sites: This external links open a new window, any of their contents the
engineersoutlook is not responsible nor endorses it. HardyCross, Biography, Hardy Cross
School.

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

Tweet

Share

Like
Bethefirsttolikethis.

PostedinEngineering|TaggedGreedofMoney,Matrixcalculations,Microsoftexcel
Spreadsheet,ProfessorHardyCross,ReinforcedConcrete|Leaveareply

HistoryofReinforcedConcrete
andStructuralDesign

PostedonJanuary13,2012
HistoryofReinforcedConcreteandStructuralDesign.
Mypassionforreinforcedconcretedesignisworthtopress.

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

Tweet

Share

Like
Onebloggerlikesthis.

PostedinEngineering|TaggedGreekengineering,JosephMonier,Reinforced
Concrete,Romansengineering,Structuralengineering|Leaveareply

HistoryofReinforcedConcrete
andStructuralDesign
PostedonOctober11,2011
The average person thinks that concrete has been in common use for many centuries, but
suchisnotthecase.AlthoughtheRomansmadecementcalledPozzolanabeforeChrist
by mixing slaked lime with a volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius and used it to make
concrete for building, the art was lost during the Dark Ages 5th century 15th century A.D.
and was not revived until eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (A. D.). Marcus Vitruvius
Pollio,Vitruvius,anArchitect/EngineerduringthegoldenageofCaesarAugustus(around25
BC). In his writings around 25 BC in Ten Books on Architecture distinguished types of
aggregateappropriateforthepreparationsoflimemortars.Fortheuseofstructuralmembers,
he recommended pozzolana, which were volcanic sand from the sandlike beds of Puteoli,
brownishyellowgray in color near Naples and reddish brown at Rome. He specifies 1 part
lime to 3 parts pozzolana for cements use in buildings. In his textbook, quite humbly titled
On the Origin of all Things, Vitruvius held forth on the fundamental behavior of building
materials,andthenpresentedhisviewsaboutthenatureoftheoryversuspractice,Vitruvius
suggestionthatdesignengineersshouldhavemoreconstructionexperience,andviceversa.
Vitruviusexpressedhisfeelingsandcomplainedthat:
The WORKMEN are in a HURRY, the UNEDUCATED rather than the educated are in
HIGHERFAVORandARCHITECTUREandENGINEERINGareprofessedbymen,who
havenoknowledgeevenofcarpenterstrade.

He wrote the textbook De Architectura libri decem (Ten books on Architecture), the only
completetreatiseonarchitecturetosurvivefromclassicalantiquity.Itinfluenceddeeplyfrom
the Early Renaissance onward artist, thinkers and architects, engineers, among them
LeonardoDaVinci(14521519),Michelangelo(14751564).

BasilicaatFanodesignbyVitruvius19BC

Inthemid1800s,JosephLambotinFranceconstructedasmallboatandreceivedapatentin
1855. Another Frenchman, Francois Coignet, published a book in 1861 describing many
applicationsandusesofreinforcedconcrete.

FrancoisCoignetHouse,FirstHouseinreinforcedconcrete,builtin1853

FrancoisCoignetHouse,1853

F.CoignetReinforcedConcreteSystem

JosephMonier,theownerofanimportantnurseryinParis,generallydeservesthecreditfor
makingthefirstpracticaluseofreinforcedconcretein1849to1867.HeacquiredfirstFrench
patentin1867forironreinforcedconcretetubs,thenfollowedbyhispipes,tanksin1868,flat
plates in 1869, bridges in 1873, stairways in 1875. He apparently had NO QUANTITATIVE
KNOWLEDGEregardingitsbehaviororANYMETHODofmakingdesignCALCULATIONS.

ChazeletBridgedesignbuiltbyJosephMonier,1875PhotobyDr.SidFrench

ReinforcedConcreteMonierSystem1867

ReinforcedConcretedetailsMonierSystem1867

In the United States, the pioneering were made by Thaddeus Hyatt, who conducted
experiments on reinforced concrete beams in 1850s. However, Hyatts experiments were
unknown until 1877 when published his work privately. Ernest L. Ransome was the first to
use and patent in 1884 the deformed (twisted) bar. In 1890, Ransome built the Leland
Stanford Jr. Museum in San Francisco, a reinforced concrete building two stories high and
312ft (95m) long. Since that time, development of reinforced concrete in the United States
hasbeenrapid.

ErnestL.RansomeSystem

BridgedesignedbyF.Hannebique18991900,PhotobyJacquesMossot

DragonBridgedesignbyProf.JosefMelan1901

LarimerAve.Bridge,USAJosefMelansystem1912

GAWayssandProf.EmilMorschTestofBeam

G.A.WayssandProf.EmilMorschTestofBeam

During18911894,variousinvestigatorsinEuropepublishedtheoriesandtestresultsamong
them were, Professor Moller system (Germany), Robert Wunsch, 1884 (Hungary builder),
JosefMelan1892,(Austriaprofessor/engineer,theinventorofMelansystem(dragonbridge),
theGermanG.A.Wayssthefirstengineerwhomadetheory,andthenfurnishformulasand
methods for design Francois Hannebique 1892 (France contracting engineer), received
patent in Brussels in 1892, and he first used reinforced concrete in 1879, in this he
demonstratestheutilityofstirrupstoreinforcebeamsagainstSHEAR,Hannebiquewhowas
probably the first to use stirrups and bentup bars, and then F. von Emperger (Hungary
professor/engineer),butpracticalusewaslessextensivethaninUnitedStates,likeC.A.P.
Turner,ArthurTalbotattheUniversityofIllinois,W.A.Slater,MortonO.WitheyandFederick
TurneaureattheUniversityofWisconsin.

ConcreteSteelRodDetailing,HannebiqueSystem1892

ContinuousBeams,HannebiqueSystem1892

TypicalArrangementofReinforcementforBeamsandColumnsHannebiqueSystem

ProfessorMollerSystem(Germany)1894

ProfessorTalbotTestofReinforcedConcreteBeam

Throughout the entire period 1850 1900, relatively little was published, as the engineers
working in the reinforced concrete field considered construction and computational methods
astradesecrets.

BridgeatMenier,byArmandConsiderbuiltin1906PhotoJacquesMossot

One of the first publications that might be classified as a textbook was that of
ArmandConsiderein1899.
In1903,withtheformationintheUnitedStatesofajointcommitteeofrepresentativesofall
organizations interested in reinforced concrete, uniform applications of knowledge to design
wereinitiated.

PrinciplesofReinforced
concreteconstruction,by
F.E.Turneaure

TheearliesttextbookinEnglishwasthatofFrederickE.TurneaureandMaurerpublishedin
1907 entitled Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction. In the first decade of the
twentiethcentury,progressinreinforcedconcretewasrapid.Extensivetestingtodetermine
beambehavior,compressivestrengthofconcrete,andmodulusofelasticitywasconducted
by Arthur N. Talbot at the University of Illinois, by Frederick E. Turneaure and Morton O.
WitheyattheUniversityofWisconsin,andbyBachinGermany,C.A.PTurnerUS,among
others. Ernest L. Ransome (18521917) engineer architect an early innovator of reinforced
concrete and was the first to use twisted bars. In 1912 Ernest L. Ransome and Alexis
SaurbreycoauthoredReinforcedConcreteBuildings.

Firstreinforcedconcreteskyscraper,1903byE.L.
Ransome

M.WitheyTestofConcreteBeams

TurnerSystem

TestofBeamconductedbyProf.Talbot

In 1906 major earthquake struck San Francisco, California (magnitude is 7.9), hence,
engineershadconductedresearchextensivelyandrevisedthemethodofdesigns.

SanFranciscoEarthquake,magnitude7.9,1906

1906SanFranciscoEarthquake

Fromabout1916tothemid1930s,researchcenteredonaxiallyloadedcolumnbehavior.In
thelate1930sand1940s,eccentricallyloadedcolumns,footings,andtheUltimateStrength
ofbeamsreceivedspecialattention.
Withtheinterestinandunderstandingoftheelasticmethodsofanalysisintheearly1900s,
the elastic Working Stress method(also called AllowableStress Design or straightline
design)wasadoptedalmostuniversallybycodesasthebestfordesign.

HistoricWorkingStressDesignFormula,ACI,Prof.Taylor1907

HistoricWSDFormula,ACI,Prof.Taylor1907

HistoricformulabyF.Turneaure1907#1

HistoricFormulabyF.TurneaureandMaurer1907#2

HistoricFormulaforUltimateLoadsbyTurneaure1907#3

HistoricFormulabyF.TurneaureandMaurer,1907#4

HistoricFormulabyTurneaureandMaurer,1907#5

TurneaureandMaurer,1907#6

HistoricFormulabyCharlesWhitney,1921

HistoricWSDFormulaCharlesWhitney,1921

ThefirstmodificationoftheelasticWorkingStressmethodresultedfromthestudyofaxially
loaded columns in the early 1930s. By 1940s, the design of axially loaded columns was
basedonUltimateStrength.

CharlesS.WhitneyRectangularStressBlock

In the 1930s, Charles S. Whitney an american civil engineer graduated from Cornell
University in 1915 proposed the use of a rectangular compressive stress distribution to
replace that an average stress of 0.85fc is used with a rectangle of depth a = 1 x,
determine so that a/2 = k x. In 1942 Charles S. Whitney hisimage , presented a paper
emphasizing this fact and showing how a probable stressstrain curve with reasonable
accuracy,aparabolabereplacedwithanartificialrectangularstressblock.

CharlesS.Whitneystressblockaandc

With the rectangular stress block simplification, the 1956 ACI318 code added an appendix
permittingUltimateStrengthDesign(USD)asanalternatetoWorkingStressDesign(WSD).
The1963ACI318Codegavebothmethodsequalstanding.

StrengthDesignStress

FlexureFormula,BeamDesign

BeamAnalysis1

BeamAnalysis2

BeamAnalysis3

Since the mid1950s, reinforced concrete design practice has made the transition from that
basedonelasticmethodstotheonebasedonstrength.
Hence, my viewpoint, reinforced concrete design has been continuously studied for one
hundredfifty(150)yearsand/oroneandonehalfcenturyalreadysinceitwasinventedby
Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867. Therefore, It is ridiculous to say that
working and drafting proposed projects in short period of time would suffice them to
pretend they know the processes, methods of design. If the manager, however, does not
knowsomethingaboutTHEORYofDESIGN,thentheowneristakingagreatchances.The
maninchargeshouldbeanengineer.
References All Books below are on the Shelves of my Private/Personal Library for
additionalsourcesofinformation:
1. AmericanConcreteInstitute(ACI)ManualofConcretePractice,six(6)volumes,2004
and2008
2. AmericanConcreteInstituteACIDESIGNHANDBOOK,SpecialPublication(SP17),
circa1997andreapproved2004

3. BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcrete2002,2005,2008
4. BuildingCodeRequirementsforReinforcedConcrete1977
5. BuildingCodeRequirementsforReinforcedConcrete1963
6. ATreatiseonConcretePlainandReinforcedbyFrederickW.TaylorSanford
Thompson,1stedition1905,2ndedition1912,3rdedition1916
7. CyclopediaofCivilEngineeringAmericanTechnicalSchool,8Volumes1908
8. CyclopediaofConstruction(Radfords)(Carpentry,BuildingandArchitecture,based
onthepracticalexperienceofalargestaffofexpertsinactualconstructionworks),
volumes1to121909
9. CassellsReinforcedConcretebyBernardE.Jones1913
10. ConcreteEngineersHandbookbyGeorgeHool1918
11. ConcreteDesignersManualbyCharlesWhitneyandGeorgeHool1921
12. ConcreteSteelbyW.N.Twelvetrees1905
13. ConcreteSteelBuildingsbyW.N.Twelvetrees1905
14. ConcreteandReinforcedConcretebyW.N.Twelvetrees1922
15. ConcreteandReinforcedConcreteConstructionbyHomerReid1907and1908
16. ConcreteandReinforcedConcretebyWalterLoringWebbandW.HerbertGibson
1919
17. ConcreteSteelConstructionbyProf.EmilMorschandtranslatedbyE.P.Goodrich,
3rdedition1909
18. ConcreteSteelConstructionbyC.A.TurnerandHenryEddy,1stedition1909,2nd
edition1914,3rdedition1919
19. EngineersPocketbookofReinforcedConcretebyE.LeeHeidenreich1908
20. ExperimentalResearchonReinforcedConcretebyArmandConsidere1903
21. ElementaryReinforcedConcreteBuildingDesignbyLeonardC.Urquhart1915
22. HandbookofCostandDataforContractorsandEngineersbyHalbertP.Gillette,
memberASCE,1,888pages,2ndedition1920
23. HandbookofBuildingConstructionvolumes1and2,byGeorgeA.Hool,2ndedition
1929
24. HandbookonReinforcedConcretebyF.D.Warren1906
25. PlainandReinforcedConcreteArchesbyJosefMelan,1stedition1915,2ndedition
1917
26. PracticalReinforcedConcreteStandardsbyHiramB.Andrews1908
27. PrinciplesofReinforcedConcretebyFrederickE.TurneaureandEdwardR.Maurer,
1stedition1907,2ndedition1909,3rdedition1919
28. ReinforcedConcretebyCharlesF.Marsh1904
29. ReinforcedConcretebyA.W.BuelandC.S.Hill1904
30. ReinforcedConcreteinEuropebyAlbertL.Colby,1909
31. ReinforcedConcretebyFrederickRings1910
32. ReinforcedConcretebyJohnP.Brooks1911
33. ReinforcedConcreteDesign,volume1Theory,byOscarFaberandP.G.Bowie1st
edition1912,2ndedition1919
34. ReinforcedConcreteDesign,volume2Practice,byOscarFaberandP.G.Bowie

1920
35. ReinforcedConcreteAManualofPracticebyErnsetMcCullough,1908
36. ReinforcedConcreteConstructionFundamentalPrinciples,volume1,byGeorgeA.
Hool1912
37. ReinforcedConcreteConstructionRetainingWallsandBUILDINGS,volume2,by
GeorgeA.Hool1913
38. ReinforcedConcreteConstructionBRIDGESandCULVERTS,volume3,byGeorge
A.Hool1916
39. ReinforcedConcreteandConstructionbyHenryAdamsandErnestR.Matthews1911
and1920
40. ReinforcedConcreteforBuildingsbyErnestL.RansomeandAlexisSaurbrey1912
41. MechanicsofBuildingConstructionbyHenryAdams1912
42. SteelandReinforcedConcreteinbuildingbyEdwardGodfrey1911
43. StructuralEngineeringConcrete,Book2,byEdwardGodfrey1908
44. StructuralEngineeringSteelDesigning,Book3,byEdwardGodfrey1913
45. TestofReinforcedConcreteBeamsbyArthurTalbot,Bul.No.11904
46. TestofReinforcedConcreteColumnsbyArthutTalbotandArthurA.Lord,Bul.No.56
1912
47. TestofReinforcedConcreteBuildingsunderloadbyArthurTalbotandW.A.Slater,
BulletinNo.641913
48. TestofReinforcedConcreteFlatSlabStructuresbyArthurTalbotandW.A.Slater
1912
49. ReinforcedConcreteWallFootingsandColumnFootings,BulletinNo.67,byArthurN.
Talbot1913
50. MomentsandStressesProceedingsoftheAmericanConcreteInstitute,volume17by
H.M.WestergaardandW.A.Slater1921
51. KahnSystemofReinforcedConcretebyTrussedConcreteSteelCompany5thedition
1913
52. JohnsonsMaterialsofConstructionbyJohnB.Johnson,1stedition,2ndedition,3rd
edition,4thedition1907
53. JohnsonsMaterialsofConstructionbyF.E.Turneaure,M.O.Withey,Aston5th
edition1919
54. HistoryofArchitecturalDevelopmentvolume1,2and3,byF.M.Simpson1913
55. ManualofStructuralDesignbyJackSingleton,3rdedition1947
56. DesignofReinforcedConcretebyJackC.McCormac,3rdedition1993
57. ReinforcedConcreteFundamentalsbyP.Ferguson,J.Breen,J.Jirsa,5thedition
1988
58. DesignofConcreteStructuresbyArthurH.Nilson,12thedition1997
59. DesignofPrestressedConcretebyArthurH.Nilson,2ndedition1987
60. ReinforcedConcreteDesignbyC.K.WangandCharlesG.Salmon6thedition1997
61. BuildingDesignandConstructionHandbookbyFrederickS.MerrittandJonathant.
Ricketts,6thedition2002
62. FoundationAnalysisandDesign,4theditionbyJosephE.Bowles1988.

RelevantWebSites:thefollowingexternallinksopeninnewwindow,Engineersoutlookis
not responsible their contents nor endorses it. Charles Whitney, Reinforced Concrete
analysis, Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks, History of Concrete and cement. Luzon
PhilippinesEarthquake, Philippine Earthquake and tsunami, Marcus Vitruvius. Vituvius 46
30BC.VitruviusBook6,WaterHistoryqanat.Historyofconcrete,Bridgehunter.Structurae.en.

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

14

Tweet

Share

Like
2bloggerslikethis.

PostedinEngineering,ReinforcedConcrete|TaggedErnestL.Ransome,Great
PyramidofGiza,JosephMonier,ProfessorHardyCross,ReinforcedConcrete,
StructuralAnalysis,Structuralengineering,Vitruvius|6Replies

HARDYCROSSMETHOD
StructuralAnalysis
PostedonOctober5,2011

MypassionforStructuralEngineering,Ifocusedmysighttodelveintomany
books for Structural Analysis and Design calculations, so most of the time
given to me by God, I used to study and to research the history of this
interesting major major subjects (venus raj expression miss universe 4th
runnerup)incivilengineering.
1. structuralreinforcedconcretedesign
2. structuralsteeldesign
3. timberdesign
4. engineeringmechanics
5. mechanicsofmaterials
6. theoryofstructures
7. Hydraulics.
8. SoilMechanics
9. FoundationDesign
10. DifferentialandIntegralCALCULUS
11. AnalyticGeometry
12. Trigonometry
13. Algebra.

Havingalotofexperiencesinlife,andmypassionforstructuralengineering,
I was challenged to research and study continuously particularly structural
engineering.Fortunately,Ihavecollectedandacquiredmanybooks,design

codesforcivilengineersvaluedinUSDollars,namely
1. ACI2008ManualofConcretePractice,
2. ACIDesignhandbook2004,
3. ACI 318 Building Code Requirements

for Structural concrete 2011

edition,
4. DetailingManual,ACI2004edition,
5. ASCE7StandardsMinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandotherVerticalStructures,
6. BritishSteelDesignersManual6thedition,
7. AmericanSteelConstructionmanual13thedition,
8. NationalStructuralCodeofthePhilippines2001editionvolume1and

2,etc.
9. Numerous Historic books for Reinforced Concrete and Structural
Analysis,MechanicsofEngineeringdatedcirca1750A.D.to1930A.D.

ACI2008MANUALOFCONCRETEPRACTICE

ACI2008MANUALOFCONCRETEPRACTICE

Actually,since1995,Istartedcollectingbooksandstudiedmostofthetime
ifnoprojectstobesupervised.Inmyeagernesstoacquiremoreknowledge,
I focused my mind and sight to study and research the structural analysis
and design calculation methods to make works easier for civil / structural
engineersandstructuraldesigners.
I have a friend whose expertise is structural analysis and design
computationsandconstruction,thisfriendofmineisnotreallyarecognized
Structural Engineer by Profession Regulation Commission or by Philippine
InstituteofCivilEngineers(PICE),butheisjustapracticingengineerFabs,
he used to design simple buildings, he constructed some buildings in
catarman town, I doubted the method of calculations he used, because he
usesthebalanceconditionoftheconcretecolumndesigns,inmyviewpoint
thismethodiserroneous!Itshouldbetheactualconditionofthestructural
membersIhaveaHardCopyofhisDesignCalculations.So,Icantfathom
his way of design, indeed he show off himself to be all knowing and
criticized me about my design of the CFIC building for using a 50 psf
dormitorydwellingandnotgoodindesign.
I had met a lot of people with different characters and personalities, the
SCRUFFY, the CLEAN, the INCOMPLETE, the DEFENSIVE ones, the
NONCHALANTandtheBRILLIANTones.Asmuchastherearedifferences
in peoples character, so is there, in their works and calculations. Also, to
mention,throughsocialnetworkingIhaveacquiredcomputersoftware,e.g.
Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets software for design, and adopted their
procedures, methodology and style with some modification to suit my
satisfactionandmethodofanalysis.Further,throughsocialnetworkingIhad
learnedtodevelopSpreadsheetsformyanalysisanddesignsince2006up
to present, I am self taught in Microsoft Excel and had developed frames

andbeamsanalysis,concretebeams,concretecolumns,footingsinmetric
versions.
I used to think that being a practicing engineer for almost two decades, I
surmise myself as a Structural design engineer already, like for instance
professor Besavilla who authored reviewer books, and also Gillesania also
authored reviewer books, my friend Redeem Legaspi a software
programmer who developed steelpro program, they are all considered
structural engineer. Accordingly, in my indepth study and research, I had
learned various methods for Structural Analysis in Hand or conventional
methodwiththeaidofcalculatorandalsousingcomputersoftware,namely
1. MSExcelSpreadsheetssoftware,
2. STAADsoftware,
3. PCAsoftware,
4. ETABS,SAP2000,SAFEdesignsoftware.

In my more than 22 years of experience as practicing engineer with

continuousresearch,study,practicesolvingforbuildingframes/beamsand
bridgestructures,IhaveacquiredknowledgeandbecomeStructuraldesign
engineer. Henceforth, as structural design engineer and specialist, I prefer
to use the method developed by Professor Hardy Cross the Moment
Distribution.

Prof.HardyCross

HARDY CROSS method (innovation) is the best method (for me) for
Structural Analysis and Design Calculation, developed by Professor Hardy
Crossin1924.HepublishedthemethodintheproceedingsoftheAmerican
SocietyofCivilEngineersinMay1930afterhavingtaughtthesubjecttohis
studentsattheUniversityofIllinoissince1924.HisPaperbegananewera
intheAnalysisofStaticallyindeterminateframesandgaveaddedimpetusto
theiruse.Thismethodcanbeusedincomplexbuildingframes,continuous
beamsandsimplebeamsandorverticalstructures.

Formula:
UniformlyDistributedLoad:
M=W(L^2)/12forfixedendmoment
ConcentratedLoadorPointLoad:
M=Pa(b^2)/L^2fixedendmoment
M=Pb(a^2)/L^2fixedendmoment
Prof. Hardy Cross method was a popular method and was used for the
AnalysisofContinuousBeamsandFramesandinStructuralEngineeringas
a Hand Calculations method and/or Conventional Calculations method
from 1930 until 1960. Since the 1960s, however, there has been an ever
increasing use of computers for the analysis of all types of structures.
Computers are extremely efficient for solving the simultaneous equations
that are generated by other methods of analysis. Generally, computers
softwareusedisdevelopedfromthematrixanalysisprocedures.Reference:
J.C.McCormac,S.E.,StructuralAnalysis.
I developed a spreadsheet for Continuous Span Frame Analysis using
HardyCrossmethod:

Distribution
factorformula

FBDofabeamsubjectedtoUniformlyloadedatdistanceL

FBDofaBeamSegment

Framediagramformomentdistribution

MomentDistributionscreenshotofmyMSSpreadsheet

ShearDiagramscreenshotofMSexcelSpreadsheetIdeveloped

MomentDiagramscreenshotofMSExcelspreadsheetsIhaveIdeveloped

Relevant Web Sites: This external links open a new window, any of their contents the
engineersoutlookisnotresponsiblenorendorsesit.HardyCross,HardyCrossSchool.

SH A R ETH IS:
Share

Tweet

Share

Like
Bethefirsttolikethis.

PostedinEngineering|TaggedGreedofMoney,Matrixcalculations,Microsoftexcel
Spreadsheet,ProfessorHardyCross,ReinforcedConcrete,StructuralAnalysis,
Structuralengineering|3Replies