O O

IC

ii

Abstract
The Study of the Solar Max Power Point Track
In recent years, the price of the oil keeps rising continuously. As a result, the prices of the
commodities are rising, too. But what does this mean? This situation stands for the resources on are
becoming more and more valuable. A few months ago, I read a Weekly Business Magazine and a
Scientist Magazine. They both pointed out that the resources such as oil would disappear after fifty
years, and that was a horrible phenomenon. Since almost everything in our modern lives are related
to oil, like automobile, motorcycle and air plane. They all need oil for its ingredient. Even plastic
bag plays a part in the products of it. I really cannot imagine what it would be like if we dont have
oil after fifty years.
Owing to the green house effect is becoming more severe, there are many substitution resources
found, such as hydraulic power, wind power and solar energyetc. What were discussing in our
topic is how to enhance the power of solar energy, because for now, we all know that the solar
module is very expensive and it cost a great deal of money just only one square meter, but the price
of module converted from sunlight or heat energy cant be higher. Therefore, the work is mainly to
design and carry out a solar max power point track.

??

iii


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iv

1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
2 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
8 NMOS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
9 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
11 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
13 PWM------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
14 ADC-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
15 TCC-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
16 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
18 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
19 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
20 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
21 ()-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
22 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
23 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
24 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
25 ------------------------------------------------------ 11
26 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13

1
2

IL

RTH

VTH

RL

1
1 VTH RTH R L
I L
IL=

VTH
RTH + RL

R L P L
PL=I2L*RL=(

RL
VTH
)2*RL =V2TH*
RTH + RL
( RTH + RL ) 2

=V2TH*

RL
1
=V2TH*
2
2
RL L) + 4 RTH RL
( RTH RL ) / RL + 4 RTH

( RTH

RTH R L P L

IL

2
2

RL

,
MPPT

(Pmax),,

MPPT

Pmax , ,

,
,

94 3 9

1
4 5 4
5

40

30

20

10

10

15

10

11

6 MCU
MCU MCU

MCU
78P419

D1

L1
C3
1000uF

100uH

BAT

R9
2.2k

SR1060

R1
1k

C4
1000u

R2
1k

SOLAR
10V/ 3.2A

C1
0.1uF

Q4
NMOS

Q1
NPN

Q2
R8
2k

NMOS

Q5 R15
PNP 2K

PWM
R3

J1

-Ii

R101k
0.1

BT1
12V

VDD

Vi

LOAD

J2
2
1

Q3
PMOS

Vo

C6
0.1u

R4
1k

C2
0.1uF

2
1
LOAD

R17
R11

1k
R12

1k
D2
R

D3
R

4
5
Vi

6
7

Vo

S1
1
2
3
4

8
7
6
5
SW DIP-4

8
9
10
11
12

A=-15

-Ii

15K

U1
P72

P73

P71

P74

P70/C+

P57/C-

P60/AD0/CO

P56/TCC

P61/AD1

P55/OSCI

P62/AD2

P54/OSCO

Vss

VDD

P63/AD3

P53/PWM3

P64/AD4

P52/PWM2

P65/AD5

P51/PWM1

P66/AD6

RST

P67/AD7

P50/INT

24

R13

23

1k
R14
1k

22

D4
R

21

D5
R

20
Y1
16M

19
18
17

VDD
VDD

LOAD

16
15

R16
100K

PWM

14
13

R6

C7
104

1K

EM78P419

D8
WK

S2
D6

BAT

1N5819
C5
1000U

U2

HT-7550

V
IN

V
OUT
GND

C8
470U

VDD
R7
1K

C9
100U

ON/OFF

D7
PWR

1
EM78P419N() CPU
CPU
CPU 20MHz
5V (interrupt)
IC IC ADCPWM
OPA 3 IC
IC ADC

PWM
OPA
OPA
OPA

II

LED

3
16MHz 2
0.125
4
VDD
Q1
NPN

PWM

Q5 R15
PNP 2K

Q2
NMOS

8 NMOS
NMOS

5
C3
1000u
R1
1k
Vi
R2
1k

C1
0.1uF

10V/ 3.2A

9
10V R2
5V 10V IC 5V
IC AD 10V IC
R2 5V 10V

AD CPU
2
PWM PWM

6
D1

L1
100uH

SR1060

VDD
Q1
NPN

PWM

Q5
PNP

Q2
R15
2K

NMOS

10
10V 12V

NMOS D


Interrupt

Program start
Y

Initial setting

ADC_int?

ADC start

Y
PWM_int?

Night mode?

Set Tcc

Y
TCC_int?

N
Y

Vbat full?

Set out on

Reti

N
Pwm enable

Vbat empty?

Out end

12

Pn=Vn*In
N

Day mode?
Y

Vn<Vn-1?

Adjust Pwm

Pn>Pn-1
N
Y
Vn>Vn-1?

D?

N
D?

D?

D?

11

Reti

13 PWM

ADC TCC

PWM
ADC A
PWM B TCC C

B
C
A

N
ADC0

ADC1

ADC2

ADC3

Second-1=0 ?

Reti

Y
Set
Measurement
ADC1

Record
Solarcurrent

Record
Solar Volt

Record
Vbat Volt

Set second=100

Reti

Set
Measurement
ADC2

Set
Measurement
ADC3

Set
Measurement
ADC1

Reti

Reti

Reti

Minute-1=0 ?

Reti

Y
Set Second=60

Hour-1=0 ?

Reti

Y
Out off/Tcc_off
Reti

14 ADC

15 TCC

A ADC0 ADC1 ADC2

ADC3 ADC1
C 100 60 60
C TCC

1
2 PROTEL
3
4
9

5 90
6
7
8

9
10
11 PCB

16

17

18

12

19
13
14 ELAN WICE
15 ICE
16

10

20

21 ()

23 24

22

25

PWM PWM

200s
95%
11

10 2

12

10V/ 3. 2A

10V/ 3. 2A

,
,

26

200s

100% 80~90%

13

 95%

1 95 9 4 95 9 4
http://stn.nsc.gov.tw/view_detail.asp?doc_uid=0950831004
2 94 3 9 94 3 9
http://wwwme.nchu.edu.tw/Enter/html/College/coreport/03070311/332401.ppt
3

http://www.nsc.gov.tw/dept/acro/version01/battery/electric/types/solar.htm#basic
4

http://www.phys.ncku.edu.tw/~astrolab/e_book/sun/images/spectra_sun.jpg
5 95 10 Scientieic 95 10
6 88 EM78447 88
7 90 Protel Schematic 90
8 90 Protel PCB 90
9 95 III 95
10 94 II 94
11 http://www.emc.com.tw/twn/products.htm

14

Taiwan international science fair 2008

Engineering ()

The Study of the Solar Max Power Point Track

Keywords : Impedance matching

solar max power point track.

Solar Max Power Point Track

No: 100002-02
i

Catalog
I. Introduction ....1
II. Thesis.1
III. Conclusions ..7
IV. Reference .8

ii

Picture Index
Figure1 Solar wave length2
Figure2 Maximum work rate2
Figure3 Solar Power max point circuit.3
Figure4 Solar module distinction curve...3
Figure5 Solar Power max point trochoid circuit...3
Figure6 circuit..4
Figure7 main program processes...5
Figure8 interrupts processes..5
Figure9 PWM processes....5
Figure10.ADC processes...6
Figure11 TCC processes.......................................................................................................................6

iii

I. Introduction
In recent years, the price of the oil keeps rising continuously. As a result, the prices of the
commodities are rising, too. But what does this mean? This situation stands for the resources on are
becoming more and more valuable. A few months ago, I read a Weekly Business Magazine and a
Scientist Magazine. They both pointed out that the resources such as oil would disappear after fifty
years, and that was a horrible phenomenon. Since almost everything in our modern lives are related
to oil, like automobile, motorcycle and air plane. They all need oil for its ingredient. Even plastic
bag plays a part in the products of it. I really cannot imagine what it would be like if we dont have
oil after fifty years.
Owing to the green house effect is becoming more severe, there are many substitution resources
found, such as hydraulic power, wind power and solar energyetc. What were discussing in our
topic is how to enhance the power of solar energy, because for now, we all know that the solar
module is very expensive and it cost a great deal of money just only one square meter, but the price
of module converted from sunlight or heat energy cant be higher. Therefore, the paper is mainly
written to design and carry out a Solar Power max point track.

II. Thesis
1.What is the Solar Power Max Power Point Track
Some people might associate our work with the Sun-flower track system, but their theory is
oppositely to each other. That is to say, the Sun-flower track system was set to follow the angle
that the sun moves, yet the time of the Suns maximum power that we measured was around 10a.m.
to 2p.m., so the angle wont be that wide, and the powers variation wont be very extensive either.
Furthermore, the Sun-flower track system is mechanically structured. In terms of the future trend,
the solar energy will be developed in generating electricity. So the Solar module must be installed
on the top floor, set to follow the Sun. But if a furious storm were to strike the building, the module
should certainly out of order.
By comparison, our work Solar Max Power Point Track was not reformed structurally but from
the circuit. We used some simple theories for the work to get the maximum power, and the parts
were all very cheap.
2. The artificial of the light
After measuring the artificial light, we found it for more inferior than the sunlight, so we came up
with same methods such as changing the bulb into a economy one, but it was of the same brightness,
1

so it proved that it was wrong to use paper box to simulate like this way.
Afterwards, I went on the Internet to search some information about sunlight, I found that the
sunlight is made up with many kinds of spectrums, but our artificial light was made up with only
one spectrum, which was incomparable with the sunlight.

Figure1 solar wave length

3. Power supply
Finally we thought of the best alternative that was to use power supply, for it was capable of
controlling the voltage, current and after the experiment, the curve of the feature was alike with the
original one.
4. Maximum work rate formula

IL

RTH

VTH

RL

Figure2 Maximum work rate

As figure2, VTH and RTH are power, and RL is load. Load current equal

IL=

VTH
RTH + RL

Thus, the load resister burns power is

PL=I2L*RL=(

RL
VTH
)2*RL =V2TH*
RTH + RL
( RTH + RL ) 2

=V2TH*

RL
1
=V2TH*
(1)
2
2
RL L) + 4 RTH RL
( RTH RL ) / RL + 4 RTH

( RTH

With formula (1) we can know if RTH= R L the denominator is the smallest or the P L is the highest. If we
use this theory into solar battery, and control load resister =solar battery resister abstemiously, we can
annex Solar Power max point track.

IL

Current meter

V
Volt meter

RL

Solar board
Figure3 Solar Power max point circuit
5. Solar battery distinction
Solar battery volt and current has nonlinearity, the power will change with suntemperature and
load, too. The solar battery in this experiment, like figure3 and we can see in figure4.The relations
of solar voltage and current are nonlinearity, that is, the solar battery equivalent resister is not
constant. In figure5, we can see solar battery produce maximum power at some condition.

1
0
0

10

15

Figure4 Solar module distinction curve

40

30

20

10
0
1

10

11

Figure5 Solar Power max point trochoid circuit

3

6. Control circuit
We need a device to do the work, so we designed a completely circuit like figure6.

D1

L1
C3
1000uF

BAT

R9
2.2k

SR1060

R1
1k

C4
1000u
Vi

R2
1k

C1
0.1uF

Q4
NMOS

Q1
NPN

SOLAR
10V/ 3.2A

Q2
R8
2k

NMOS

Q5 R15
PNP 2K

PWM
R3

J1

-Ii

R101k
0.1

BT1
12V

VDD
LOAD

J2
2
1

Q3
PMOS

100uH

Vo

C6
0.1u

R4
1k

C2
0.1uF

2
1
LOAD

R17
R11

1k
R12

1k
D2
R

D3
R

6
7

Vo

S1
1
2
3
4

8
7
6
5

P73

P71

P74

P55/OSCI

P62/AD2

P54/OSCO

Vss

10
11

SW DIP-4
12

P52/PWM2

P65/AD5

P51/PWM1

P66/AD6

RST

P67/AD7

P50/INT

1k
D4
R

18
17

VDD
VDD

LOAD

16
15

R16
100K

PWM

14
13

R6

C7
104

1K

EM78P419

D8
WK

S2
D6

BAT

1
1N5819
C5
1000U

U2

HT-7550

V
IN

V
OUT
GND

C8
470U

VDD
R7
1K

C9
100U

ON/OFF

Figure6 circuit

D5
R

Y1
16M

19

P53/PWM3

P64/AD4

1k
R14

20

VDD

P63/AD3

R13

23

21

P56/TCC

P61/AD1

24

22

P57/C-

P60/AD0/CO

-Ii

P72

P70/C+

Vi

A=-15

15K

U1

D7
PWR

7. Software processes
Program start

Interrupt

Initial setting

Y
ADC_int?

ADC start

N
Y

Night mode?

PWM_int?

Set Tcc

N
Y

Y
TCC_int?

Vbat full?

Set out on
N

N
Pwm enable

Vbat empty?

Reti

Out end

Pn=Vn*In

Figure8 interrupts processes

N

Day mode?

Pn>Pn-1

Y
Vn>Vn-1?

D?

Vn<Vn-1?
N
D?

Y
D?

Adjust Pwm

D?

Reti
Figure7 main program processes

Figure9 PWM processes

Main program:
Program startInitial settingADC startNight mode yetYes, then set TCCSet out
onBattery empty or notDay mode yetPWM onStart to trace Solar max power point.
Interrupts program: Detects where the severance signal isADC or notyes, then jump to A
modeno , then detects PWM or notyes, then jump to B modeno, then detects TCC or
notyes, then jump to C modeno, then return.

ADC0

Second-1=0 ?

ADC1

ADC2

Reti

ADC3

Set second=100
Set
Measurement
ADC1

Record
Solarcurrent

Record
Solar Volt

Record
Vbat Volt

Minute-1=0 ?

Reti

Reti

Set
Measurement
ADC2

Set
Measurement
ADC3

Set
Measurement
ADC1

Set Second=60

Reti

Reti

Reti

Hour-1=0 ?

Reti

Y
Out off/Tcc_off
Reti

Figure10.ADC processes

Figure11 TCC processes

A mode: ADC0measurement ADC1record solar current set measurement

ADC2returnrecord solar voltage set measurement ADC3 return record solar battery
voltage set measurement ADC1 return.
C mode: Judge 1 second or not Judge 1 minute or not Judge1 hour or not Judge whether
arrived the hypothesis time no, then jump to C mode yes, then out off/TCC off.
8. What is the PWM
PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) is used to control duty cycle.

TON

TOFF

9. Comparison of the results

To reach the maximal power, we need a variety of resister to live up the function of resister mating,
but in this competition, we used PWN to work on the experiment. PWN is used to control the data
of resistances by adjusting the width of pulse. The wider pulse, the bigger current and smaller
voltage we will get. So the data of resistance will be relatively smaller. On the contrary, the
narrower pulse, then comes the smaller current, thus the voltage and the resistance will be bigger.
Therefore, if the width of pulse is properly adjusted, we can change the equivalent resister of the
circuit, and the inner resistance of matching solar board, thus we can obtain the maximal power of
the solar energy board.
Furthermore, our Solar Power Max Point Track has two modes, one is for daytime and the other is
for nighttime. But how do we set them apart? After discussions, we came up with using the simple
scrolling light to differentiate its modes. It represents daytime with twists from side to side, and it
stands for nighttime when the light alternates between flashing and dark. The orange-colored light
means whether the battery is fully recharged or not. If yes, it will be flashing, if not, it will be dark.
The statement above, of course, is a tiny part of the functions. The controller we made can track the
maximal power of the solar energy. The speed of renewing is 200s, which is very fast. After testing,
our work can make use of 95% of the solar energy tracked down. Therefore, there is nearly no loss
of the energy received when diverting.
In the future, if the solar-energy-powered battery can be in collaboration with our work, we believe
that they can attain the best efficiency.

III. Conclusion
Our work was eventually carried out under our teachers instructions as well as our teamwork. So
lets sum up some of the features of our work. The most outstanding feature of our work is that it
can track down the maximal power of the solar energy at a high speed of 200 s of renewing, and
its also featured with the load-arranging system and the recharging arrangement system. Tracking
the solar energy has become one of the hottest topics recently, and everyone devotes their self to
conducting experiments of it. But I found that they dont achieve the maximal power whatsoever.
However, after testing, our work can be used to track down the power of 95% or even above. In the
future, if the solar-energy-powered battery can be in collaboration with our work, we believe that
they can attain the best efficiency.

IV. Reference
1 95 9 4 95 9 4
http://stn.nsc.gov.tw/view_detail.asp?doc_uid=0950831004
2 94 3 9 94 3 9
http://wwwme.nchu.edu.tw/Enter/html/College/coreport/03070311/332401.ppt
3

http://www.nsc.gov.tw/dept/acro/version01/battery/electric/types/solar.htm#basic
4

http://www.phys.ncku.edu.tw/~astrolab/e_book/sun/images/spectra_sun.jpg
5 95 10 Scientieic 95 10
6 88 EM78447 88
7 90 Protel Schematic 90
8 90 Protel PCB 90
9 95 III 95
10 94 II 94
11 http://www.emc.com.tw/twn/products.htm