ADDRESSING POVERTY

AND POPULATIONS

FOREIGN AID

SOLUTIONS TO POVERTY
Since WWII the developed world has been providing
aid to the nations of South America, Africa, and Asia.
Foreign aid programs were chosen as the way to foster
development in these countries, while at the same time
countering the growing influence of the communist bloc.

Developing nations receive foreign aid from various

sources:
International bodies like the UN
national government agencies such as the Canadian
International Development Agency CIDA)
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) representing religious
groups or other non-profit organizations, such as Oxfam.

 Multilateral aid is funded by a number of

governments, and usually involves large-scale
programs like dam building.
Often, bilateral aid is tied aid, given with
conditions attached.
More than 30% of Canadian bilateral and multilateral aid
is tied to Canadian purchases.

CIDA
Its objective is to work with people in developing
countries and to develop the tools for them to
meet their own needs eventually.
CIDA no longer exists as the Canadian
government did away with the name and
bureaucracy though Canada still contributes
foreign aid

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
NGO aid projects often provide direct assistance to
people. Initiatives range from well-known, large
organizations such as the Red Cross and Doctors
without Borders to smaller groups dealing with
local projects.
In recent years, governments have followed the lead of
NGOs in promoting small-scale, sustainable projects that
are appropriate to the local environment and that can be
maintained locally.
Wells with simple pumps replace irrigation projects, tools
are made from local or recycled materials, and local people
are given the means to sustain their own development
initiatives.

ASSESS THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID

Read both selections and decide for yourself
which direction we should go in

There should be more foreign aid

There should be less foreign aid and more loans
There should be trade not aid

KEY TERMS
Demographers use rates per thousand when
figuring population change.
Birth rate is # births per 1000 people in a country that
year
Death rate is # of deaths per 1000 in a country that year
Immigration rate is the # of new arrivals in a country per
1000 people
Emigration rate is the # of people leaving a country in a
given year per 1000 people

STUDYING POPULATION
Demographers are most interested in statistics that
help them predict and explain changes in society.
For example, the number of working women will have an
effect on the birth rate.
The components of population change are:
how many people are born
how many die
how many move in or out of an area.

Equation: Births deaths + immigrants emigrants =

increase or decrease of population (expressed as a
percentage)

MODELING POPULATIONS

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Stage theory
assumes that in any country high birth rates and high
death rates will gradually fall.

Remember: it shows changes over a period of

time in 3 elements: birth rates, death rates, and
trends in overall population numbers.
Because the model is based on what has happened in
developed countries, it assumes that countries will pass
through periods of industrialization and urbanization on
the way to reduced birth and death rates.

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

PREDICTING FROM PYRAMIDS

The dependency ratio is the proportion of the
population that is being supported by the
productive/working age group
The dependency load is the percentage of those
younger than 19 and older than 64
Takes the info from the dependency ratio and makes it
easier to comprehend or use
The youth demographic dependency ratio is the ratio of
the youth population to the working-age population; the
senior demographic dependency ratio is the ratio of
seniors to the working-age population

IMPLICATIONS
The shrinking percentage of young people means
that in the future, the number of workers may be
insufficient to finance the pensions of retirees
The increasing senior population relative to working-age
people has implications for the care of seniors.

Substantial numbers of women, who historically have

been the primary caregivers of children and seniors,
have entered the labour force in recent decades.
Because many couples have children at older ages, a
generation has emerged that is responsible for young children
and elderly parents at the same timethe "sandwich
generation

THINKING ABOUT GLOBAL

DEVELOPMENT