Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Asian Institute of Technology
In Association with
Pushover Analysis
Using ETABS (and SAP2000)
By
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software
Asian Institute of Technology
In Association with
Acknowledgements
Objectives
Introduce the basic Modeling and Analysis
Concepts
To provide an understanding of Static
Nonlinear Pushover Analysis for Seismic
Performance
To demonstrate the application of Pushover
Analysis for buildings using ETABS and
SAP2000 and to provide a comparison
The Questions
Summary
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
pv
Structural
Model
Analysis of Structures
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x
y
z
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
pv
pv
3D-CONTINUM
MODEL
CONTINUOUS MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
DISCRETE MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by algebraic
equations)
Actual Structure
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x y z
Partial
Differential
Equations
FEM
Assumptions
Classical
Structural Model
Kr R
Stress-Strain Law
Compatibility
Algebraic
Equations
_
dV p u dV p u ds
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
R = Loads
Loads (F)
Fv
F=KD
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Static
Dynamic
Elastic
Inelastic
Linear
Nonlinear
Elastic
Ku F
2. Linear-Dynamic
Elastic
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic
Inelastic
Elastic OR
Structure
Response
Static
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Non-linear Analysis
P-Delta Analysis
Buckling Analysis
Static Pushover Analysis
Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
Large Displacement Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Steady State Dynamic Analysis
Analysis Type
Static Vs Dynamic
Static Excitation
Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
When the Inertial Force becomes significant
Elastic Vs Inelastic
Elastic Material
Follows the same path during loading and unloading
and returns to initial state of deformation, stress,
strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and
unloading and may not returns to initial state of
deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/
excitation
Linear Vs Nonlinear
Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
Non-Linearity
The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
Linear-Elastic
Action
Action
Deformation
Action
Action
Deformation
Linear-Inelastic
Nonlinear-Elastic
Deformation
Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation
Ku F
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
FNL
(t ) Cu (t ) Ku(t ) F (t )
Mu
Ku = F
Ku - FNL = F
Ku FNL F
u
ry
uy
y
u x rx
x
z
uz
rz
wz
DOF
Picture
uz The
AxialComplete
deformation Axial
strain
Axial stress
ux Shear deformation Shear strain Shear stress
uy Shear deformation Shear strain Shear stress
rz Torsion Shear strain Shear stress
r y Curvature Axial strain Axial stress
rx Curvature Axial strain Axial stress
wz Warping Axial strain Axial stress
What is Stiffness ?
In structural terms, stiffness
may be defined as
Resistance to Deformation
So for each type of
deformation, there is a
corresponding stiffness
Stiffness can be considered
or evaluated at various levels
Stiffness is also the
constant in the ActionDeformation Relationship
uF
Ku F
F
K
u
Cross-section Geometry
Section Stiffness
Member Geometry
Member Stiffness
Structure Geometry
Structure Stiffness
N-Matrix
Shape Functions
Step-by-Step Integration
Use of Mode Superposition with Eigen or LoadDependent Ritz Vector for Fast Nonlinear Analysis
(FNA)
Pushover Analysis
Solution gives
Natural Frequencies
Associated mode shapes
An insight into the dynamic behavior and response of the structure
Unsymmetrical Mass
and Stiffness
Mode-1
Mode-2
Mode-3
Base Isolation
Isolators
Building Impact
Building Impact
Analysis
Dampers
Friction device
Concentrated damper
Nonlinear element
Bridge Deck
ABUTMENT
Hinges
PLASTIC HINGES
2 Rotational DOF
Degrading Stiffness?
Dampers
Mechanical Damper
F= f(u,v,umax)
F= ku
F= CvN
Mathematical Model
Uplift
Uplifting
Allowed
Structural Modeling
Structure Types
Cable Structures
Cable Nets
Cable Stayed
Bar Structures
2D/3D Trusses
2D/3D Frames, Grids
Surface Structures
Plate, Shell
In-Plane, Plane Stress
Solid Structures
(c) 3D Plate-Frame
(d) 3D Fram e
(f) Grid-Plate
(e) 2D Fram e
Fig. 1 Various Ways to Model a Real Struture
Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
Brick Elements
Point Object
Line Object
Area Object
Brick Object
Represents Node
Represents 1D Elements
Represents 2D Elements
Represents 3D Elements
Applied Loads
Building Analysis
Member Actions
Cross-section Actions
Material Stress/Strain
Section Response
Member Response
Building Response
Load Capacity
Serviceability
Design
Strength Design
Performance
Design
A Serviceability
B Cracking Limit
C Strength Limit
D Failure Limit
C
B
Load
Deformation
Cross-section Reponses
Stresses
Tension
Compression
Shear > Tension-Compression
Strains
Normal strain
Shear Strain
Deformations
Rotation
Shortening
Shearing
Twisting
Performance
Given P value
Given Moments
P-M Curve
M-M Curve
Moment-Curvature Curves
Mx for Given My
My for Given Mx
Capacity Ratio
Strength
Capacity
Interaction Surface
Capacity
Interaction Surface
P
My
Mx
Cross-section Stresses
Original Cross-sections
Composite section
Reinforced concrete,
composite section
Ductility can be
defined as the ratio
of deformation and a
given stage to the
maximum
deformation
capacity
Normally ductility is
measured from the
deformation at design
strength to the
maximum
deformation at failure
Load
Yield/ Design
Strength
Dy
Du
Deformation
Ductility = Dy / Du
By computations
Use material models, cross-section dimensions to
get Moment-Curvature Curves
Yield Point
Failure Point
Ductility
Stiffness
Crack Width
Rotation
Deflection
Strain
What is Curvature
In geometry, it is rate
of change of rotation
In structural behavior,
Curvature is related to
Moment
For a cross-section
undergoing flexural
deformation, it can
computed as the ratio
of the strain to the
depth of neutral axis
e
C
2 -Failure Point
1 -Yield Point
y
3 - Ductility
u
EI
M
EI
M
dx
EI
a
M
D x dx
EI
a
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
W s X
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
W yX
NA
Rebar Centroid
W
X
y
EI
Determine curvature
at known moment
Determine Flexural
Stiffness (EI)
b
M
D
EI
a
b
x dx
Determine Deflection
M
dx
EI
Determine Slope
Determine Strain
W s X
s
Determine Crack
Spacing/Width
P=160 K
L/2
24 in
EI
36 in
15 ft
EI=600x12/0.00006
EI=1.2E8 k-in^2
M
dx
EI
a
=600x7.5x144/1.2E8
=0.0054 rad
M
D x dx
EI
a
Pushover Analysis, ACECOMS, AIT
=600x7.5x144x15x12/(6x1.2E8)
=0.162 in
Strain in Steel
c
M = 600 k-ft, y=16
=0.00006x16
=0.00096
NA
Rebar Centroid
W s X
NA
=0.00096 x 18
=0.01728 in
Crack Spacing
Assuming crack width of 0.02 in
W
s
=0.02/0.00096
=20.8 in
Rebar Centroid
12#8 bars
a)
b)
8#8
8#8bars
bars
2#8 bars
8#8 bars
c)
4#8 bars
8#8 bars
d)
8#8 bars
8#8 bars
300
Moment (kip-ft)
250
200
Whitney Rectangle
Mander Circular Confined
150
50
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
Curvature (rad/in)
a)
8#8 bars
Whitney Rectangle
(both)
b)
c)
8#8 bars
8#8 bars
Whitney Rectangle (outside)
Whitney Rectangle (outside)
Mander Circular Confined (inside) Mander Pipe Filled (inside)
140
Moment (kip-ft)
120
100
Spacing = 3in
80
Spacing = 6 in
60
Spacing = 12 in
40
20
0
-0.0005
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
-20
Curvature (in/rad)
a)
8#6 bars
Manders Rectangular
Confined
a)
8#6 bars
Manders Rectangular
Confined
b)
a)
8#6 bars
Manders Circular
Confined
8#6 bars
Whitney Rectangle
Introducing
Pushover Analysis
Fully Operational
Operational
Life Safe
Near Collapse
Collapse
Pushover Spectrum
Demand Vs Capacity
Non-linearity in Pushover
Material nonlinearity at discrete, user-defined hinges
in frame/line elements.
1. Material nonlinearity in the link elements.
Important Considerations
Important Considerations
Mathematically, static nonlinear analysis
does not always guarantee a unique solution.
Small changes in properties or loading can
cause large changes in nonlinear response.
It is Important to consider many different
loading cases, and sensitivity studies on the
effect of varying the properties of the
structure
Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience.
Dont Rush it or Push to Hard
Summary
We have to think in terms of
Displacements and not in terms of loads,
stresses or strains
The main idea is to compare expected
displacements or required displacements
with the ability of the structure to reach
those displacements without failing
OR
indicating that it will not reach those
displacements
Pushover Analysis
Technical Background
By:
ATC-40
ATC-33 (FEMA 273 and 274)
Force Measure
Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Deformation Measure
Define Loads
Gravity
Lateral Load Patterns
Types
Truss Yielding and Buckling
3D Beam Major direction Flexural and Shear
Hinging
3D Column P-M-M Interaction and shear Hinging
Panel Zone Shear Yielding
In-Fill Panel Shear Failure
Shear Wall P-M-Shear Interaction!
Spring for foundation modeling
Force
B
D
A
Deformation
Span Loads
Shear Hinge
Flexible connection
Plastic Hinge
Rigid Zone
Shear Hinge
Plastic Hinge
Rigid Zone
Pushover Modeling
Axial
Moment only
P-M : Uniaxial P-M Interaction
P-M-M : Biaxial P-M Interaction
Shear
Uniform
Code Static Lateral Load Distribution
First Mode
Combination of Modes
Story Drift
Limit of Analysis
Instability Loss of Gravity Load Carry Capacity
Excessive Distortions
Spectral
Acceleration
Capacity Spectrum
Spectral Displacement
Spectral
Acceleration
2.5CA
Cv/T
Time Period
Spectral
Acceleration
2.5CA/Bs
Cv /(T BL)
Time Period
Spectral
Acceleration
Performance Point
Spectral Displacement
Force Measure
Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Deformation Measure
Full 3D implementation
Single Model for
Force
B
D
A
Deformation
Span Loads
Shear Hinge
Flexible connection
Plastic Hinge
Rigid Zone
Nodal Loads
Element Loads
Load Controlled Analysis
Pushover Analysis
Starts from Gravity loads
Nodal Load Patterns (User, Modal, Mass)
Multi-Step Displacement or Drift Controlled
Base Shear
Element Forces
Section Forces
Joint Displacement
Drifts
Element hinge Deformations
Limit Points reached
Graphs
Examples
Example 1
P=100 Kip
Gravity Load
m=3.6
W36x120
10 ft
Lateral Push to
0.5ft Disp
Default M3
Pushover Hinge
Capacity Spectrum
Example 2
P=Unit Load
Axial Force, P
(Kips)
12 ft
Desired Behavior
User P Hinge
2100
1700
1000
0.1
0.6
0.8
Find Column E
Determine Column E to
give Appropriate Initial
Stiffness:
PL
E
AD
= (1700 *12*12)/(24*24*0.1)
= 4250 Ksi
Axial Force, P
(Kips)
Column
Desired Behavior
2100
1700
1000
0.1
0.6
0.8
Column
PL
D
AE
= [(2100-1700) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
= 0.0235 in
Axial Force, P
(Kips)
Desired Behavior
2100
1700
1000
0.1
0.6
0.8
Column D
PL
AE
= [(2100-1000) *12*12)]/(24*24*4250)
= 0.0647 in
Axial Force, P
(Kips)
Desired Behavior
2100
1700
1000
0.1
0.6
0.8
Column
PL
D
AE
= 1000 *12*12)/(24*24*4250)
= 0.0588 in
Desired Behavior
Axial Force, P
(Kips)
Determine Elastic
Column Lengthening
when loading from 1000
to 0 K:
2100
1700
1000
0.1
0.6
0.8
2100
1700
1000
0.8
0.7412
0.4765
0.5412
A
0.0
1000
Axial Force, P
(Kips)
2100
1700
Desired Behavior
B = 0.1 - 0.1 = 0
C = 0.6 - 0.1 - 0.0235 = 0.4765
D = 0.6 - 0.1 - 0.0235 + 0.0647 = 0.5412
E = 0.8 - 0.1 - 0.0235 + 0.0647 = 0.7412
0.1
0.6
0.8
Hinge Properties
Pushover Curve
0.8 kip/ft
W14x90
Push
0
19
2x
0
W1
x1
W8
W1
2x
19
0
W8
x1
0
W14x90
Example 3
1.2 kip/ft
0.8 kip/ft
W24x55
Example 3
M3
M3
PMM
M3 V M3 M3
MR
MR
PMM
MR
PMM
M3
P
Legend
P = Axial Hinge
MR = Moment Release
M3 = Moment Hinge
V2 = Shear Hinge
PMM = PMM Hinge
PMM
MR
Conversion to
ADRS Spectra ATC-40
Acceleration-Displacement Response
Spectra (ADRS)
Every Point on a Response Spectrum curve
has a unique
Spectral Acceleration, Sa
Spectral Velocity, Sv
Spectral Displacement, Sd
Time, T
Ti
S di
S ai g
2
4
2
S ai g
Sv
Ti
Ti
S di
Sv
2
S di
D roof
PF
1
1, roof
Procedure
EI
M
EI
M
dx
EI
a
Reinforced Concrete
Beam-Column CrossSection
24x24
Reinforced with 12 #9
bars
Length is 12 ft
24"
24"
Example
Example
370
0.00028
Example
M
EI
So EI = 370/0.00028 = 1321428.6
b
M
M
Ip
dx
EI
EI
a
So = 0.00336 rad
Find for other Moment Values and input in
Hinge Property
Considerations
Comparisons of
SAP2000 and ETABS
SAP2000 vs ETABS
SAP2000
General Purpose FEA
Software
ETABS
Specialized FEA Software
for Building analysis and
design
Fully Object based Modeling
and Design
Steel, concrete, composite
Frame Element design
Supports Shear wall design
SAP2000 vs ETABS
SAP2000
General output related to
nodes and elements is
reported
ETABS
Floor wise representation of
results such as story drift,
floor mass participation,
story shear, etc.
Professional Report
Powerful load cases,
combinations, envelopes,
multiple case, etc.
Cables, Dampers, and NL
Links and Hinges
SAP2000 vs ETABS
SAP2000
Supports Solid Elements
ETABS
Does not support solid
elements
Powerful grid system
definition and editing
ETABS Pushover
ETABS Pushover
ETABS Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
SAP2000 Pushover
1
Use Load Patterns
Steps to compute the
Displacement
(Displacement not
Monitored)
Divide the Specified
Displacement into
Steps and apply loads
to attain that
displacement
Monitor which DOF at
what level/story
Save Positive Results
only
2
After a member fails
redistribute loads
locally around failed
members or reanalyze
structure using a new
stiffness matrix
3
Which Pattern Loads
to apply and what is
the scaling factor for
each loading case
included in the load
factor
ETABS Pushover
4
Consider P-Delta
effects and Large
Displacements due to
gravity loads caused
by each step of lateral
loading
5
For Construction
Sequence analysis.
Specify which
Pushover case to be
applied to which stage
of construction or
strengthening.
SAP Pushover
1
Weather to start from
unstressed condition
or if more than one
Pushover cases are
defined then may be
start the later pushover
case from the final
state of the pervious
case
2
When the load type in
3 is set to Loads this
becomes irrelevant
and if the Load Type in
3 is set to Acceleration
then to find modal
masses, select the
analysis case from
which the modal
masses may be
3
Specify if Loads or
Accelerations needs to
be applied and what is
the scale factor for
each load case
4
Load Application
Use full load
application without
monitoring the
displacement or use
the displacement
control. Also specify
the DOF to be
Monitored and the
Joint at which the DOF
is to be monitored
Results Saved
Save Results at only
final stage of Loading
or after each step.
Specify Max and Min
number of steps
Staged Construction
For Construction
Sequence analysis.
Specify which
Pushover case to be
applied to which stage
of construction or
strengthening
Nonlinear Parameters
Those explained in 2
and 4 on previous slide
2
3
4
1
V=Base Shear
D=Displacement
Sa=Spectral
Acceleration
Sd=Spectral Disp
Teff=Effective
Fundamental Period
Beff=Effective Viscous
Damping
3
Demand Curves
plotted for these
Damping Ratios
4
Grey Lines are the
Constant Period Lines
drawing for period
specified here
5
If there is additional viscous
damping provided in the
structure, perhaps by viscous
dampers that are not
specifically included in the
model
The Structural Behavior Types
A, B and C default to the
values defined for those
structural behavior types in
Section 8.2.2.1.1 of ATC-40 .
The User Defined Kappa