Review Packet

Meiosis & Genetics

1) Define asexual reproduction

Reproduction involving one parent cell producing identical offspring. 2n 2n (Ex:
worm, ameba, paramecium, body cells, bacteria, some plants, star fish, mold, yeast.)
2) Define sexual reproduction. Reproduction involving the fusion of gametes, each
contributing half of the genetic makeup to the zygote. Sperm + egg 2n.
3) State two similarities between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
a. Both transfer genetic material
b. Both produce new offspring
4) State two differences between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
a. Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells, sexual reproduction uses sex
cells
b. Asexual reproduction does not result in variation among offspring, in sexual
reproducing organisms there is great variation among species. (variation
allows for the species to exists for a longer period of time for example, the
differences in the immune system)
c. Sexual reproduction results from a fusion of different nuclei.
7) Why arent the offspring that result from sexual reproduction exactly like either
parent? Fertilization involves the union of sex cells from each parent; fusion of
genetic nucleiwe are a combination of our parents genetic information. Also,
crossing over occurs.
8) Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes by onehalf? The zygote would have too many chromosomes (polyploid, which is 4n);
chromosome number of a species wont be maintained.
9) What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis? Oogenesis
(ovaries); results in a single ovum (large) and 3 polar bodies;
Spermatogenesis( testes); results in 4 sperm cells that are identical in size.
Similarities? Both types of gametogenesis (meiosis); result in the production of sex
cells; similar chromosome number (Haploid cells)
10)

Briefly describe the steps involved in meiotic cell division: Homologous

chromosomes duplicate, crossing over occurs (synapsis); disjunction of pairs of

homologous chromosomes, meiosis II, resulting in 4 daughter cells each with
chromatid strands.

11)

Draw the cell undergoing meiotic cell division in the space below. Please

include a drawing of what the parent cell and daughter cell would look like.

12)

What makes gametes different from body cells? Genetic information carried

in gametes are transferred to offspring, Body cells contain homologous

chromosomes (2N) and gametes have the haploid number (N)
13)

After gametogenesis, how is the normal chromosome number (2n) restored?

Fertilization
14)

What is crossing over? When does it occur? Why is it important? Crossing

over occurs during synapsis (prophase I), it is an exchange of genetic

information among chromatid strands; results in variation among offspring.
15)

Why is sexual reproduction more advantageous than asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction produces organisms with variation in the genetic information

(variation allows us to survive); in asexually reproducing species, all offspring
have the same genetic information; therefore a single event can wipe out an
entire species (virus, environmental factor)
16) What did Mendel do and why was he successful? He studied genetics; performed
mathematical analysis on transmission of traits.
17) Describe his three principles of genetics:
a. Law of Segregation & Recombination: states that allele pairs separate or
segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.
b. Law of Independent Assortment: states that allele pairs separate independently
during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to
offspring independently of one another. Think number of combinations
sandwich. (opposite= gene linkage.)
c. Law of Dominance: When a dominant allele is present, it will be the one that is
expressed.
20) What do the following represent (stand for):
d. P=parent generation
e. F1=first filial (first generation)

f. F2=second filial ( second generation)

21) Define homozygous( pure): __two of the same form(alleles) of a gene_
22) The possible genotypes for someone that is homozygous are: tt and TT
23) Define heterozygous(hybrid): two different forms of a trait
24) The possible genotype for someone that is heterozygous trait is: _Tt
25) What is an allele? Letter that represents a form of a gene
26) Provide an example of an allele. example of allele: eye color trait represent by letter
B
27 )A diploid cell has 2 forms of an allele, a haploid cell has _1_form of an allele. (Body =
2 form. Sex= 1 form)
28) Show the results of a cross between homozygous black coated guinea pig and a
hybrid coated guinea pig. (Black is dominant over white coat) BBxBb; BB, BB, Bb, Bb
50% dominant. 50% hybrid
29)How would you determine the genotype of a phenotypically tall plant? Tall can be
pure dominant or hybridcross it with a pure recessive.
30)What is incomplete dominance? Offspring does not resemble either parent; neither
allele is fully expressed (blending of traits)
31)Give an example of incomplete dominance. Japanese 4 oclock plant; pink roses
32) What is codominance? Both alleles are fully expressed (mixture of traits); I AIB
33)Give an example of codominance. I AIB
34)What is linkage? Genes that are located on the same chromosome are inherited
together (opposite of independent assortment) ex: red hair and freckles.
35)What is an exception to linkage? Why? Crossing over; exchange of segments
produces variation
36) What is karyotype? Picture of chromosomes
37) Why are karyotypes important? When would someone request a karyotype? Allow us
to identify genetic disorders
38)What is a sex linked trait? Sex linked traits are passed down from the X chromosome
39) Provide an example of a sex linked trait. Hemophilia, color blindness, gender
40)Why do more males have sex linked disorders than females? Males only need one
defective gene sequence on the X chromosome, whereas a female requires both parents
to transmit the defective gene on both X chromosomes.
41) Base your answers on the karyotype below.
g. Identify the sex of the individual. female

Does this individual have any disorders? How can you tell? No, all
chromosomes are correctly paired. (2 for each)

42) Base your answers on the karyotype below.

a. Identify the sex of the individual._male_
b. Does this individual have any disorders? Identify the disorder if any. How can
you tell? Yes. Downs syndrome. Pair 21 has trisomy.

43)What is a mutation? Change in the dna sequence

44)What are the two types of mutations? Which can be inherited? Genetic mutations
(passed via sex cells)deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation); chromosomal
mutations.
45)What are the effects of mutations on phenotype? Genotype? Mutations always
affect the genotype, and may affect the phenotype.
46)What is nondisjunction? Failure of the homologous chromosomes to separate
properly. Uneven distribution
47)What human disorder can result from nondisjunction? Trisomy, monosomy

48)When non disjunction occurs in the sex cells, each sex cell can have the following
combinations: n, n+1 (trisomy) , n-1 (monosomy), n

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